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Wu D, Zhang K, Guan K, Tan J, Huang C, Sun F. Retinoic acid tiers mitochondrial metabolism to Sertoli Cell-Mediated efferocytosis via a non-RAR-dependent mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116281. [PMID: 38744379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Efferocytosis of massive non-viable germ cells by Sertoli cells (SCs), the specialized phagocytes, is essential for maintaining testis homeostasis. What elusive is the contribution of mitochondrial metabolism to this energy-consuming process, as SC has a preference of aerobic glycolysis. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA, hereafter referred to as RA) is a well-known morphogen that primarily acts through the nuclear RA receptor (RAR). It sustains SC blood-testisbarrier integrity, and it's SC-derived RA sets the timing of meiotic commitment. In this study, we revisited RA in SC biology, from the perspective of SC-mediated efferocytosis. We provide evidence that RA induces transcriptional programming of multiple regulators involved in efferocytosis, which thereby represses SC-mediated efferocytosis, via a RAR-independent mechanism, as blocking pan-RAR activity fails to rescue RA-induced defective efferocytosis. RA-treated SCs exhibit alternations in mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism, and the hindered efferocytosis can be rescued by stimulating mitochondrial OXPHOS via pharmacological targeting of AMPK and PDK. We thus prefer to propose a signaling axis of RA-mitochondrial metabolism-efferocytosis. Our study uncovers a hitherto unappreciated role of RA in SC biology and tiers mitochondria metabolism to SC-mediated efferocytosis, contributing a deeper understanding of SC in male reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Kejia Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Kaifeng Guan
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiachen Tan
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Chunjie Huang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
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2
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Wu D, Khan FA, Zhang K, Pandupuspitasari NS, Negara W, Guan K, Sun F, Huang C. Retinoic acid signaling in development and differentiation commitment and its regulatory topology. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 387:110773. [PMID: 37977248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the derivative of vitamin A/retinol, is a signaling molecule with important implications in health and disease. It is a well-known developmental morphogen that functions mainly through the transcriptional activity of nuclear RA receptors (RARs) and, uncommonly, through other nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Intracellular RA is under spatiotemporally fine-tuned regulation by synthesis and degradation processes catalyzed by retinaldehyde dehydrogenases and P450 family enzymes, respectively. In addition to dictating the transcription architecture, RA also impinges on cell functioning through non-genomic mechanisms independent of RAR transcriptional activity. Although RA-based differentiation therapy has achieved impressive success in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, RA also has pro-tumor activity. Here, we highlight the relevance of RA signaling in cell-fate determination, neurogenesis, visual function, inflammatory responses and gametogenesis commitment. Genetic and post-translational modifications of RAR are also discussed. A better understanding of RA signaling will foster the development of precision medicine to improve the defects caused by deregulated RA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Faheem Ahmed Khan
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta Pusat, 10340, Indonesia
| | - Kejia Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | | | - Windu Negara
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta Pusat, 10340, Indonesia
| | - Kaifeng Guan
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Chunjie Huang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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3
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Malolina EA, Galiakberova AA, Mun VV, Sabirov MS, Dashinimaev EB, Kulibin AY. A comparative analysis of genes differentially expressed between rete testis cells and Sertoli cells of the mouse testis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20896. [PMID: 38017073 PMCID: PMC10684643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The rete testis (RT) is a region of the mammalian testis that plays an important role in testicular physiology. The RT epithelium consists of cells sharing some well-known gene markers with supporting Sertoli cells (SCs). However, little is known about the differences in gene expression between these two cell populations. Here, we used fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to obtain pure cultures of neonatal RT cells and SCs and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between these cell types using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). We then compared our data with the RNA-seq data of other studies that examined RT cells and SCs of mice of different ages and generated a list of DEGs permanently upregulated in RT cells throughout testis development and in culture, which included 86 genes, and a list of 79 DEGs permanently upregulated in SCs. The analysis of studies on DMRT1 function revealed that nearly half of the permanent DEGs could be regulated by this SC upregulated transcription factor. We suggest that useful cell lineage markers and candidate genes for the specification of both RT cells and SCs may be present among these permanent DEGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Malolina
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Adelya A Galiakberova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery V Mun
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marat S Sabirov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - Erdem B Dashinimaev
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Institutskiy Per., 141701, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Andrey Yu Kulibin
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Inoue H, Sakurai T, Hasegawa K, Suzuki A, Saga Y. NANOS3 suppresses premature spermatogonial differentiation to expand progenitors and fine-tunes spermatogenesis in mice. Biol Open 2022; 11:274984. [PMID: 35394008 PMCID: PMC9002807 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mouse testis, sperm originate from spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). SSCs give rise to spermatogonial progenitors, which expand their population until entering the differentiation process that is precisely regulated by a fixed time-scaled program called the seminiferous cycle. Although this expansion process of progenitors is highly important, its regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. NANOS3 is an RNA-binding protein expressed in the progenitor population. We demonstrated that the conditional deletion of Nanos3 at a later embryonic stage results in the reduction of spermatogonial progenitors in the postnatal testis. This reduction was associated with the premature differentiation of progenitors. Furthermore, this premature differentiation caused seminiferous stage disagreement between adjacent spermatogenic cells, which influenced spermatogenic epithelial cycles, leading to disruption of the later differentiation pathway. Our study suggests that NANOS3 plays an important role in timing progenitor expansion to adjust to the proper differentiation timing by blocking the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Inoue
- Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, Mammalian Development Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, 411-8540Japan
| | - Takayuki Sakurai
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advised Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, 411-8540Japan
| | - Kazuteru Hasegawa
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advised Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, 411-8540Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Division of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501Japan
| | - Yumiko Saga
- Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, Mammalian Development Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, 411-8540Japan.,Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advised Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, 411-8540Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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5
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Action and Interaction between Retinoic Acid Signaling and Blood–Testis Barrier Function in the Spermatogenesis Cycle. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030352. [PMID: 35159162 PMCID: PMC8834282 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a complex process occurring in mammalian testes, and constant sperm production depends on the exact regulation of the microenvironment in the testes. Many studies have indicated the crucial role of blood–testis barrier (BTB) junctions and retinoic acid (RA) signaling in the spermatogenesis process. The BTB consists of junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells, comprised mainly of tight junctions and gap junctions. In vitamin A-deficient mice, halted spermatogenesis could be rebooted by RA or vitamin A administration, indicating that RA is absolutely required for spermatogenesis. Accordingly, this manuscript will review and discuss how RA and the BTB regulate spermatogenesis and the interaction between RA signaling and BTB function.
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Topping T, Griswold MD. Global Deletion of ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A2 Genes Does Not Affect Viability but Blocks Spermatogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:871225. [PMID: 35574006 PMCID: PMC9097449 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.871225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition of undifferentiated A spermatogonia to differentiated spermatogonia requires the action of retinoic acid (RA). The synthesis of retinoic acid from retinal in the seminiferous epithelium is a result of the action of aldehyde dehydrogenases termed ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2, and ALDH1A3. We used a mouse with a global deletion of the Aldh1a1 gene that is phenotypically normal and the CRE-loxP approach to eliminate Aldh1a2 genes globally and from Sertoli cells and germ cells. The results show that global elimination of Aldh1a1 and Aldh1a2 genes blocks spermatogenesis but does not appear to affect viability. The cell specific elimination of Aldh1a2 gene showed that retinoic acid synthesis by Sertoli cells is required for the initial round of spermatogonial differentiation but that there is no requirement for retinoic acid synthesis by germ cells. In both the global gene deletion and the cell specific gene deletions the maintenance of Aldh1a3 activity could not compensate.
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Abstract
Male meiosis is a complex process whereby spermatocytes undergo cell division to form haploid cells. This review focuses on the role of retinoic acid (RA) in meiosis, as well as several processes regulated by RA before cell entry into meiosis that are critical for proper meiotic entry and completion. Here, we discuss RA metabolism in the testis as well as the roles of stimulated by retinoic acid gene 8 (STRA8) and MEIOSIN, which are responsive to RA and are critical for meiosis. We assert that transcriptional regulation in the spermatogonia is critical for successful meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Gewiss
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - M Christine Schleif
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Michael D Griswold
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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8
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Labenski M, Voortman L, Medikonda AP, Sherratt PJ, Corin AF. A chemoproteomics approach to determine the mechanism of testicular toxicity for the Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor CC-292. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 379:166-174. [PMID: 34373353 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During drug development, potential safety issues can occur at any time. Understanding the cause of a toxicity can help with deciding on how to advance the drug development program. Chemoproteomics provides a way to help understand the cause of a toxicity where the affected tissue is accessible and can be probed with a covalently binding compound that is analogous to the offending drug. In this case, CC-292, a covalently binding Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitor, had produced testicular toxicity in rodents. Experiments were conducted using a CC-292 analogue that could be chemically modified with biotin to probe rodent testes homogenates for potential binding sites that were subsequently recovered with avidin beads. These biotin-tagged proteins undergo trypsin digest on the avidin beads to yield peptides that are identified using mass spectrometry. Two proteins were identified from the testicular homogenates of both rats and mice, namely retinal dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (ALDH1A1 and 1A2). Literature confirmed a link between inhibition of these enzymes and testicular toxicity. Subsequently, molecular modelling was used to demonstrate that CC-292 can be docked into both the NAD and retinal binding pockets of the analogous human ALDH1A2 enzyme. These data suggest that the off-target binding site for CC-292 on ALDH enzymes may provide a mechanistic explanation to the testicular toxicity observed in rodents and that there may be a potential concern for human male fertility. Significance Statement Biotinylated covalently binding drug analogues are used to enrich bound proteins from tissue homogenates where toxicity was observed in rodents. Bound proteins were subsequently identified by mass spectroscopy. Competition of the analogue binding with the parent inhibitor itself and 3D molecular modeling were used to establish a likely link between the off-targets of CC-292, ALDH1A1 and 1A2, with potential testicular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Labenski
- Celgene Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of BMS, United States
| | - Lukas Voortman
- Celgene Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of BMS, United States
| | | | | | - Alan F Corin
- Celgene Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of BMS, United States
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9
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Gewiss RL, Shelden EA, Griswold MD. STRA8 induces transcriptional changes in germ cells during spermatogonial development. Mol Reprod Dev 2021; 88:128-140. [PMID: 33400349 PMCID: PMC7920925 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogonial development is a key process during spermatogenesis to prepare germ cells to enter meiosis. While the initial point of spermatogonial differentiation is well‐characterized, the development of spermatogonia from the onset of differentiation to the point of meiotic entry has not been well defined. Further, STRA8 is highly induced at the onset of spermatogonial development but its function in spermatogonia has not been defined. To better understand how STRA8 impacts spermatogonia, we performed RNA‐sequencing in both wild‐type and STRA8 knockout mice at multiple timepoints during retinoic acid (RA)‐stimulated spermatogonial development. As expected, in spermatogonia from wild‐type mice we found that steady‐state levels of many transcripts that define undifferentiated progenitor cells were decreased while transcripts that define the differentiating spermatogonia were increased as a result of the actions of RA. However, the spermatogonia from STRA8 knockout mice displayed a muted RA response such that there were more transcripts typical of undifferentiated cells and fewer transcripts typical of differentiating cells following RA action. While spermatogonia from STRA8 knockout mice can ultimately form spermatocytes that fail to complete meiosis, it appears that the defect likely begins as a result of altered messenger RNA levels during spermatogonial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Gewiss
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Eric A Shelden
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Michael D Griswold
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
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10
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Zhong G, Seaman CJ, Paragas EM, Xi H, Herpoldt KL, King NP, Jones JP, Isoherranen N. Aldehyde Oxidase Contributes to All- Trans-Retinoic Acid Biosynthesis in Human Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 49:202-211. [PMID: 33355213 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) is a critical endogenous signaling molecule. atRA is predominantly synthesized from retinaldehyde by aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1), but aldehyde oxidase (AOX) may also contribute to atRA biosynthesis. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that AOX contributes significantly to atRA formation in human liver. Human recombinant AOX formed atRA from retinaldehyde (Km ∼1.5 ± 0.4 µM; kcat ∼3.6 ± 2.0 minute-1). In human liver S9 fractions (HLS9), atRA formation was observed in the absence of NAD+, suggesting AOX contribution to atRA formation. In the presence of NAD+, Eadie-Hofstee plots of atRA formation in HLS9 indicated that two enzymes contributed to atRA formation. The two enzymes were identified as AOX and ALDH1A1 based on inhibition of atRA formation by AOX inhibitor hydralazine (20%-50% inhibition) and ALDH1A1 inhibitor WIN18,446 (50%-80%inhibition). The expression of AOX in HLS9 was 9.4-24 pmol mg-1 S9 protein, whereas ALDH1A1 expression was 156-285 pmol mg-1 S9 protein measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) quantification of signature peptides. The formation velocity of atRA in the presence of NAD+ correlated significantly with the expression of ALDH1A1 and AOX protein. Taken together, the data show that both AOX and ALDH1A1 contribute to atRA biosynthesis in the human liver, with ALDH1A1 being the high-affinity, low-capacity enzyme and AOX being the low-affinity, high-capacity enzyme. The results suggest that in the case of ALDH1A dysfunction or excess vitamin A, AOX may play an important role in regulating hepatic vitamin A homeostasis and that inhibition of AOX may alter atRA biosynthesis and signaling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study provides direct evidence to show that human AOX converts retinaldehyde to atRA and contributes to hepatic atRA biosynthesis. The finding that AOX may be responsible for 20%-50% of overall hepatic atRA formation suggests that alterations in AOX activity via drug-drug interactions, genetic polymorphisms, or disease states may impact hepatic atRA concentrations and signaling and alter vitamin A homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.Z., C.J.S., H.X., N.I.); Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (E.M.P., J.P.J.); and Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.-L.H., N.P.K.)
| | - Chris J Seaman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.Z., C.J.S., H.X., N.I.); Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (E.M.P., J.P.J.); and Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.-L.H., N.P.K.)
| | - Erickson M Paragas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.Z., C.J.S., H.X., N.I.); Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (E.M.P., J.P.J.); and Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.-L.H., N.P.K.)
| | - Huaqing Xi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.Z., C.J.S., H.X., N.I.); Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (E.M.P., J.P.J.); and Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.-L.H., N.P.K.)
| | - Karla-Luise Herpoldt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.Z., C.J.S., H.X., N.I.); Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (E.M.P., J.P.J.); and Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.-L.H., N.P.K.)
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.Z., C.J.S., H.X., N.I.); Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (E.M.P., J.P.J.); and Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.-L.H., N.P.K.)
| | - Jeffrey P Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.Z., C.J.S., H.X., N.I.); Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (E.M.P., J.P.J.); and Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.-L.H., N.P.K.)
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.Z., C.J.S., H.X., N.I.); Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (E.M.P., J.P.J.); and Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.-L.H., N.P.K.)
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11
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Edelsztein NY, Rey RA. Regulation of meiosis initiation in the mammalian testis: novel aspects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Xie Y, Wei BH, Ni FD, Yang WX. Conversion from spermatogonia to spermatocytes: Extracellular cues and downstream transcription network. Gene 2020; 764:145080. [PMID: 32858178 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spermatocyte (spc) formation from spermatogonia (spg) differentiation is the first step of spermatogenesis which produces prodigious spermatozoa for a lifetime. After decades of studies, several factors involved in the functioning of a mouse were discovered both inside and outside spg. Considering the peculiar expression and working pattern of each factor, this review divides the whole conversion of spg to spc into four consecutive development processes with a focus on extracellular cues and downstream transcription network in each one. Potential coordination among Dmrt1, Sohlh1/2 and BMP families mediates Ngn3 upregulation, which marks progenitor spg, with other changes. After that, retinoic acid (RA), as a master regulator, promotes A1 spg formation with its helpers and Sall4. A1-to-B spg transition is under the control of Kitl and impulsive RA signaling together with early and late transcription factors Stra8 and Dmrt6. Finally, RA and its responsive effectors conduct the entry into meiosis. The systematic transcription network from outside to inside still needs research to supplement or settle the controversials in each process. As a step further ahead, this review provides possible drug targets for infertility therapy by cross-linking humans and mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xie
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bang-Hong Wei
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei-Da Ni
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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13
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Isoherranen N, Zhong G. Biochemical and physiological importance of the CYP26 retinoic acid hydroxylases. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 204:107400. [PMID: 31419517 PMCID: PMC6881548 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Cytochrome P450 (CYP) family 26 enzymes contribute to retinoic acid (RA) metabolism and homeostasis in humans, mammals and other chordates. The three CYP26 family enzymes, CYP26A1, CYP26B1 and CYP26C1 have all been shown to metabolize all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) it's 9-cisRA and 13-cisRA isomers and primary metabolites 4-OH-RA and 4-oxo-RA with high efficiency. While no crystal structures of CYP26 enzymes are available, the binding of various ligands has been extensively explored via homology modeling. All three CYP26 enzymes are inducible by treatment with atRA in various prenatal and postnatal tissues and cell types. However, current literature shows that in addition to regulation by atRA, CYP26 enzyme expression is also regulated by other endogenous processes and inflammatory cytokines. In humans and in animal models the expression patterns of CYP26 enzymes have been shown to be tissue and cell type specific, and the expression of the CYP26 enzymes is believed to regulate the formation of critical atRA concentration gradients in various tissue types. Yet, very little data exists on direct disease associations of altered CYP26 expression or activity. Nevertheless, data is emerging describing a variety of human genetic variations in the CYP26 enzymes that are associated with different pathologies. Interestingly, some of these genetic variants result in increased activity of the CYP26 enzymes potentially leading to complex gene-environment interactions due to variability in dietary intake of retinoids. This review highlights the current knowledge of structure-function of CYP26 enzymes and focuses on their role in human retinoid metabolism in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Guo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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14
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Retinoic Acid and Germ Cell Development in the Ovary and Testis. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120775. [PMID: 31771306 PMCID: PMC6995559 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), a derivative of vitamin A, is critical for the production of oocytes and sperm in mammals. These gametes derive from primordial germ cells, which colonize the nascent gonad, and later undertake sexual differentiation to produce oocytes or sperm. During fetal development, germ cells in the ovary initiate meiosis in response to RA, whereas those in the testis do not yet initiate meiosis, as they are insulated from RA, and undergo cell cycle arrest. After birth, male germ cells resume proliferation and undergo a transition to spermatogonia, which are destined to develop into haploid spermatozoa via spermatogenesis. Recent findings indicate that RA levels change periodically in adult testes to direct not only meiotic initiation, but also other key developmental transitions to ensure that spermatogenesis is precisely organized for the prodigious output of sperm. This review focuses on how female and male germ cells develop in the ovary and testis, respectively, and the role of RA in this process.
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Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), a metabolite of retinol (vitamin A), functions as a ligand for nuclear RA receptors (RARs) that regulate development of chordate animals. RA-RARs can activate or repress transcription of key developmental genes. Genetic studies in mouse and zebrafish embryos that are deficient in RA-generating enzymes or RARs have been instrumental in identifying RA functions, revealing that RA signaling regulates development of many organs and tissues, including the body axis, spinal cord, forelimbs, heart, eye and reproductive tract. An understanding of the normal functions of RA signaling during development will guide efforts for use of RA as a therapeutic agent to improve human health. Here, we provide an overview of RA signaling and highlight its key functions during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert B Ghyselinck
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Gregg Duester
- Development, Aging, and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Wang S, Moise AR. Recent insights on the role and regulation of retinoic acid signaling during epicardial development. Genesis 2019; 57:e23303. [PMID: 31066193 PMCID: PMC6682438 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid, carries out essential and conserved roles in vertebrate heart development. Retinoic acid signals via retinoic acid receptors (RAR)/retinoid X receptors (RXRs) heterodimers to induce the expression of genes that control cell fate specification, proliferation, and differentiation. Alterations in retinoic acid levels are often associated with congenital heart defects. Therefore, embryonic levels of retinoic acid need to be carefully regulated through the activity of enzymes, binding proteins and transporters involved in vitamin A metabolism. Here, we review evidence of the complex mechanisms that control the fetal uptake and synthesis of retinoic acid from vitamin A precursors. Next, we highlight recent evidence of the role of retinoic acid in orchestrating myocardial compact zone growth and coronary vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suya Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alexander R. Moise
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6 Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
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Zhong G, Hogarth C, Snyder JM, Palau L, Topping T, Huang W, Czuba LC, LaFrance J, Ghiaur G, Isoherranen N. The retinoic acid hydroxylase Cyp26a1 has minor effects on postnatal vitamin A homeostasis, but is required for exogenous atRA clearance. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:11166-11179. [PMID: 31167781 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) hydroxylase Cyp26a1 is essential for embryonic development and may play a key role in regulating atRA clearance also in adults. We hypothesized that loss of Cyp26a1 activity via inducible knockout in juvenile or adult mice would result in decreased atRA clearance and increased tissue atRA concentrations and atRA-related adverse effects. To test these hypotheses, Cyp26a1 was knocked out in juvenile and adult male and female Cyp26a1 floxed mice using standard Cre-Lox technology and tamoxifen injections. Biochemical and histological methods were used to study the effects of global Cyp26a1 knockout. The Cyp26a1 knockout did not result in consistent histopathological changes in any major organs. Cyp26a1 -/- mice gained weight normally and exhibited no adverse phenotypes for up to 1 year after loss of Cyp26a1 expression. Similarly, atRA concentrations were not increased in the liver, testes, spleen, or serum of these mice, and the Cyp26a1 knockout did not cause compensatory induction of lecithin:retinol acetyltransferase (Lrat) or retinol dehydrogenase 11 (Rdh11) mRNA or a decrease in aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a1 (Aldh1a1) mRNA in the liver compared with tamoxifen-treated controls. However, the Cyp26a1 -/- mice showed increased bone marrow cellularity and decreased frequency of erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow consistent with a retinoid-induced myeloid skewing of hematopoiesis. In addition, the Cyp26a1 knockout decreased clearance of exogenous atRA by 70% and increased atRA half-life 6-fold. These findings demonstrate that despite lacking a major impact on endogenous atRA signaling, Cyp26a1 critically contributes as a barrier for exogenous atRA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Cathryn Hogarth
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Jessica M Snyder
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Laura Palau
- School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Traci Topping
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Weize Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Lindsay C Czuba
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Jeffrey LaFrance
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Gabriel Ghiaur
- School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Teletin M, Vernet N, Yu J, Klopfenstein M, Jones JW, Féret B, Kane MA, Ghyselinck NB, Mark M. Two functionally redundant sources of retinoic acid secure spermatogonia differentiation in the seminiferous epithelium. Development 2019; 146:dev.170225. [PMID: 30487180 PMCID: PMC6340151 DOI: 10.1242/dev.170225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is instrumental to spermatogenesis. It is synthesized by two retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (RALDH) present in both Sertoli cells (SCs) and germ cells (GCs). In order to determine the relative contributions of each source of ATRA, we have generated mice lacking all RALDH activities in the seminiferous epithelium (SE). We show that both the SC- and GC-derived sources of ATRA cooperate to initiate and propagate spermatogenetic waves at puberty. In adults, they exert redundant functions and, against all expectations, the GC-derived source does not perform any specific roles despite contributing to two-thirds of the total amount of ATRA present in the testis. The production from SCs is sufficient to maintain the periodic expression of genes in SCs, as well and the cycle and wave of the SE, which account for the steady production of spermatozoa. The production from SCs is also specifically required for spermiation. Importantly, our study shows that spermatogonia differentiation depends upon the ATRA synthesized by RALDH inside the SE, whereas initiation of meiosis and expression of STRA8 by spermatocytes can occur without ATRA. Summary: All-trans retinoic acid made by Sertoli cells is instrumental to spermatogenesis and is specifically required for spermatid release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Teletin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France.,Service de Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), France
| | - Nadège Vernet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Jianshi Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Muriel Klopfenstein
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Jace W Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Betty Féret
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Norbert B Ghyselinck
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Manuel Mark
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France .,Service de Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), France
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