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Olszewska M, Malcher A, Stokowy T, Pollock N, Berman AJ, Budkiewicz S, Kamieniczna M, Jackowiak H, Suszynska-Zajczyk J, Jedrzejczak P, Yatsenko AN, Kurpisz M. Effects of Tcte1 knockout on energy chain transportation and spermatogenesis: implications for male infertility. Hum Reprod Open 2024; 2024:hoae020. [PMID: 38650655 PMCID: PMC11035007 DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hoae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is the Tcte1 mutation causative for male infertility? SUMMARY ANSWER Our collected data underline the complex and devastating effect of the single-gene mutation on the testicular molecular network, leading to male reproductive failure. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Recent data have revealed mutations in genes related to axonemal dynein arms as causative for morphology and motility abnormalities in spermatozoa of infertile males, including dysplasia of fibrous sheath (DFS) and multiple morphological abnormalities in the sperm flagella (MMAF). The nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC) coordinates the dynein arm activity and is built from the DRC1-DRC7 proteins. DRC5 (TCTE1), one of the N-DRC elements, has already been reported as a candidate for abnormal sperm flagella beating; however, only in a restricted manner with no clear explanation of respective observations. STUDY DESIGN SIZE DURATION Using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technique, a mouse Tcte1 gene knockout line was created on the basis of the C57Bl/6J strain. The mouse reproductive potential, semen characteristics, testicular gene expression levels, sperm ATP, and testis apoptosis level measurements were then assessed, followed by visualization of N-DRC proteins in sperm, and protein modeling in silico. Also, a pilot genomic sequencing study of samples from human infertile males (n = 248) was applied for screening of TCTE1 variants. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS SETTING METHODS To check the reproductive potential of KO mice, adult animals were crossed for delivery of three litters per caged pair, but for no longer than for 6 months, in various combinations of zygosity. All experiments were performed for wild-type (WT, control group), heterozygous Tcte1+/- and homozygous Tcte1-/- male mice. Gross anatomy was performed on testis and epididymis samples, followed by semen analysis. Sequencing of RNA (RNAseq; Illumina) was done for mice testis tissues. STRING interactions were checked for protein-protein interactions, based on changed expression levels of corresponding genes identified in the mouse testis RNAseq experiments. Immunofluorescence in situ staining was performed to detect the N-DRC complex proteins: Tcte1 (Drc5), Drc7, Fbxl13 (Drc6), and Eps8l1 (Drc3) in mouse spermatozoa. To determine the amount of ATP in spermatozoa, the luminescence level was measured. In addition, immunofluorescence in situ staining was performed to check the level of apoptosis via caspase 3 visualization on mouse testis samples. DNA from whole blood samples of infertile males (n = 137 with non-obstructive azoospermia or cryptozoospermia, n = 111 samples with a spectrum of oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, including n = 47 with asthenozoospermia) was extracted to perform genomic sequencing (WGS, WES, or Sanger). Protein prediction modeling of human-identified variants and the exon 3 structure deleted in the mouse knockout was also performed. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE No progeny at all was found for the homozygous males which were revealed to have oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, while heterozygous animals were fertile but manifested oligozoospermia, suggesting haploinsufficiency. RNA-sequencing of the testicular tissue showed the influence of Tcte1 mutations on the expression pattern of 21 genes responsible for mitochondrial ATP processing or linked with apoptosis or spermatogenesis. In Tcte1-/- males, the protein was revealed in only residual amounts in the sperm head nucleus and was not transported to the sperm flagella, as were other N-DRC components. Decreased ATP levels (2.4-fold lower) were found in the spermatozoa of homozygous mice, together with disturbed tail:midpiece ratios, leading to abnormal sperm tail beating. Casp3-positive signals (indicating apoptosis) were observed in spermatogonia only, at a similar level in all three mouse genotypes. Mutation screening of human infertile males revealed one novel and five ultra-rare heterogeneous variants (predicted as disease-causing) in 6.05% of the patients studied. Protein prediction modeling of identified variants revealed changes in the protein surface charge potential, leading to disruption in helix flexibility or its dynamics, thus suggesting disrupted interactions of TCTE1 with its binding partners located within the axoneme. LARGE SCALE DATA All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files. RNAseq data are available in the GEO database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) under the accession number GSE207805. The results described in the publication are based on whole-genome or exome sequencing data which includes sensitive information in the form of patient-specific germline variants. Information regarding such variants must not be shared publicly following European Union legislation, therefore access to raw data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION In the study, the in vitro fertilization performance of sperm from homozygous male mice was not checked. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study contains novel and comprehensive data concerning the role of TCTE1 in male infertility. The TCTE1 gene is the next one that should be added to the 'male infertility list' because of its crucial role in spermatogenesis and proper sperm functioning. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by National Science Centre in Poland, grants no.: 2015/17/B/NZ2/01157 and 2020/37/B/NZ5/00549 (to M.K.), 2017/26/D/NZ5/00789 (to A.M.), and HD096723, GM127569-03, NIH SAP #4100085736 PA DoH (to A.N.Y.). The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Olszewska
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Malcher
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stokowy
- Scientific Computing Group, IT Division, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nijole Pollock
- Department of OB/GYN and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrea J Berman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sylwia Budkiewicz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Hanna Jackowiak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Jedrzejczak
- Division of Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Alexander N Yatsenko
- Department of OB/GYN and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maciej Kurpisz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Yadav SA, Khatri D, Soni A, Khetan N, Athale CA. Wave-like oscillations of clamped microtubules driven by collective dynein transport. Biophys J 2024; 123:509-524. [PMID: 38258292 PMCID: PMC10912927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are observed to move and buckle driven by ATP-dependent molecular motors in both mitotic and interphasic eukaryotic cells as well as in specialized structures such as flagella and cilia with a stereotypical geometry. In previous work, clamped MTs driven by a few kinesin motors were seen to buckle and occasionally flap in what was referred to as flagella-like motion. Theoretical models of active-filament dynamics and a following force have predicted that, with sufficient force and binding-unbinding, such clamped filaments should spontaneously undergo periodic buckling oscillations. However, a systematic experimental test of the theory and reconciliation to a model was lacking. Here, we have engineered a minimal system of MTs clamped at their plus ends and transported by a sheet of dynein motors that demonstrate the emergence of spontaneous traveling-wave oscillations along single filaments. The frequencies of tip oscillations are in the millihertz range and are statistically indistinguishable in the onset and recovery phases. We develop a 2D computational model of clamped MTs binding and unbinding stochastically to motors in a "gliding-assay" geometry. The simulated MTs oscillate with a frequency comparable to experiment. The model predicts the effect of MT length and motor density on qualitative transitions between distinct phases of flapping, regular oscillations, and looping. We develop an effective "order parameter" based on the relative deflection along the filament and orthogonal to it. The transitions predicted in simulations are validated by experimental data. These results demonstrate a role for geometry, MT buckling, and collective molecular motor activity in the emergence of oscillatory dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aman Soni
- Division of Biology, IISER Pune, Pune, India
| | - Neha Khetan
- Division of Biology, IISER Pune, Pune, India
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Meng X, Xu C, Li J, Qiu B, Luo J, Hong Q, Tong Y, Fang C, Feng Y, Ma R, Shi X, Lin C, Pan C, Zhu X, Yan X, Cong Y. Multi-scale structures of the mammalian radial spoke and divergence of axonemal complexes in ependymal cilia. Nat Commun 2024; 15:362. [PMID: 38191553 PMCID: PMC10774353 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Radial spokes (RS) transmit mechanochemical signals between the central pair (CP) and axonemal dynein arms to coordinate ciliary motility. Atomic-resolution structures of metazoan RS and structures of axonemal complexes in ependymal cilia, whose rhythmic beating drives the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, however, remain obscure. Here, we present near-atomic resolution cryo-EM structures of mouse RS head-neck complex in both monomer and dimer forms and reveal the intrinsic flexibility of the dimer. We also map the genetic mutations related to primary ciliary dyskinesia and asthenospermia on the head-neck complex. Moreover, we present the cryo-ET and sub-tomogram averaging map of mouse ependymal cilia and build the models for RS1-3, IDAs, and N-DRC. Contrary to the conserved RS structure, our cryo-ET map reveals the lack of IDA-b/c/e and the absence of Tektin filaments within the A-tubule of doublet microtubules in ependymal cilia compared with mammalian respiratory cilia and sperm flagella, further exemplifying the structural diversity of mammalian motile cilia. Our findings shed light on the stepwise mammalian RS assembly mechanism, the coordinated rigid and elastic RS-CP interaction modes beneficial for the regulation of asymmetric ciliary beating, and also facilitate understanding on the etiology of ciliary dyskinesia-related ciliopathies and on the ependymal cilia in the development of hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Meng
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Cong Xu
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Benhua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Hong
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yujie Tong
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Chuyu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Feng
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Institute of Early Life Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Shanghai Nanoport, Thermofisher Scientific, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyi Shi
- Shanghai Nanoport, Thermofisher Scientific, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Chen Pan
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiumin Yan
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Institute of Early Life Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yao Cong
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
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Wang Y, Yang J, Hu F, Yang Y, Huang K, Zhang K. Cryo-EM reveals how the mastigoneme assembles and responds to environmental signal changes. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202301066. [PMID: 37882754 PMCID: PMC10602792 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202301066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastigonemes are thread-like structures adorning the flagella of protists. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, filamentous mastigonemes find their roots in the flagella's distal region, associated with the channel protein PKD2, implying their potential contribution to external signal sensing and flagellar motility control. Here, we present the single-particle cryo-electron microscopy structure of the mastigoneme at 3.4 Å. The filament unit, MST1, consists of nine immunoglobulin-like domains and six Sushi domains, trailed by an elastic polyproline-II helix. Our structure demonstrates that MST1 subunits are periodically assembled to form a centrosymmetric, non-polar filament. Intriguingly, numerous clustered disulfide bonds within a ladder-like spiral configuration underscore structural resilience. While defects in the mastigoneme structure did not noticeably affect general attributes of cell swimming, they did impact specific swimming properties, particularly under varied environmental conditions such as redox shifts and heightened viscosity. Our findings illuminate the potential role of mastigonemes in flagellar motility and suggest their involvement in diverse environmental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fangheng Hu
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yuchen Yang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kaiyao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Deretic J, Odabasi E, Firat-Karalar EN. The multifaceted roles of microtubule-associated proteins in the primary cilium and ciliopathies. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261148. [PMID: 38095645 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a conserved microtubule-based organelle that is critical for transducing developmental, sensory and homeostatic signaling pathways. It comprises an axoneme with nine parallel doublet microtubules extending from the basal body, surrounded by the ciliary membrane. The axoneme exhibits remarkable stability, serving as the skeleton of the cilium in order to maintain its shape and provide tracks to ciliary trafficking complexes. Although ciliary trafficking and signaling have been exhaustively characterized over the years, less is known about the unique structural and functional complexities of the axoneme. Recent work has yielded new insights into the mechanisms by which the axoneme is built with its proper length and architecture, particularly regarding the activity of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). In this Review, we first summarize current knowledge about the architecture, composition and specialized compartments of the primary cilium. Next, we discuss the mechanistic underpinnings of how a functional cilium is assembled, maintained and disassembled through the regulation of its axonemal microtubules. We conclude by examining the diverse localizations and functions of ciliary MAPs for the pathobiology of ciliary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Deretic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Odabasi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Elif Nur Firat-Karalar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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Chen J, Wang Y, Wu B, Shi H, Wang L. Experimental and molecular support for Cfap70 as a causative gene of 'multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella' with male infertility†. Biol Reprod 2023; 109:450-460. [PMID: 37458246 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella, a severe form of asthenozoospermia, can lead to male infertility. Recent studies have implicated an association between human CFAP70 deficiency and multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella; however, the underlying biological mechanism and supporting experimental evidence in animal models remain unclear. To address this gap, we used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate Cfap70-deficient mice to investigate the relationship between Cfap70 deficiency and multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella. Our findings show that the loss of CFAP70 leads to multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella and spermiogenesis defects. Specifically, the lack of CFAP70 impairs sperm flagellum biogenesis and head shaping during spermiogenesis. Late-step spermatids from Cfap70-deficient mouse testis exhibited club-shaped sperm heads and abnormal disassembly of the manchette. Furthermore, we found that CFAP70 interacts with DNAI1 and DNAI2; Cfap70 deficiency also reduces the level of AKAP3 in sperm flagella, indicating that CFAP70 may participate in the flagellum assembly and transport of flagellar components. These findings provide compelling evidence implicating Cfap70 as a causative gene of multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella and highlight the consequences of CFAP70 loss on flagellum biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Reproductive Health Drug and Devices, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaling Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bangguo Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Reproductive Health Drug and Devices, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijuan Shi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Reproductive Health Drug and Devices, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingbo Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Tsai M, Rayner RE, Chafin L, Farkas D, Adair J, Mishan C, Mallampalli RK, Kim SH, Cormet-Boyaka E, Londino JD. Influenza virus reduces ubiquitin E3 ligase MARCH10 expression to decrease ciliary beat frequency. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L666-L676. [PMID: 36852930 PMCID: PMC10151042 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00191.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses, such as influenza, decrease airway cilia function and expression, which leads to reduced mucociliary clearance and inhibited overall immune defense. Ubiquitination is a posttranslational modification using E3 ligases, which plays a role in the assembly and disassembly of cilia. We examined the role of membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) family of E3 ligases during influenza infection and determined that MARCH10, specifically expressed in ciliated epithelial cells, is significantly decreased during influenza infection in mice, human lung epithelial cells, and human lung tissue. Cellular depletion of MARCH10 in differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) using CRISPR/Cas9 showed a decrease in ciliary beat frequency. Furthermore, MARCH10 cellular knockdown in combination with influenza infection selectively decreased immunoreactive levels of the ciliary component, dynein axonemal intermediate chain 1. Cellular overexpression of MARCH10 significantly decreased influenza hemagglutinin protein levels in the differentiated HBECs and knockdown of MARCH10 increased IL-1β cytokine expression, whereas overexpression had the reciprocal effect. These findings suggest that MARCH10 may have a protective role in airway pulmonary host defense and innate immunity during influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- MuChun Tsai
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Rachael E Rayner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Lexie Chafin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Daniela Farkas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Jessica Adair
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Chelsea Mishan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Sun Hee Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Estelle Cormet-Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - James D Londino
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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8
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Van Houten J. A Review for the Special Issue on Paramecium as a Modern Model Organism. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040937. [PMID: 37110360 PMCID: PMC10143506 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides background and perspective for the articles contributing to the Special Issue of MDPI Micro-organisms on Paramecium as a Modern Model Organism. The six articles cover a variety of topics, each taking advantage of an important aspect of Paramecium biology: peripheral surface proteins that are developmentally regulated, endosymbiont algae and bacteria, ion channel regulation by calmodulin, regulation of cell mating reactivity and senescence, and the introns that dwell in the large genome. Each article highlights a significant aspect of Paramecium and its versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Van Houten
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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9
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Arora S, Rana M, Sachdev A, D’Souza JS. Appearing and disappearing acts of cilia. J Biosci 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-023-00326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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10
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Chen Z, Greenan GA, Shiozaki M, Liu Y, Skinner WM, Zhao X, Zhao S, Yan R, Yu Z, Lishko PV, Agard DA, Vale RD. In situ cryo-electron tomography reveals the asymmetric architecture of mammalian sperm axonemes. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:360-369. [PMID: 36593309 PMCID: PMC10023559 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00861-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The flagella of mammalian sperm display non-planar, asymmetric beating, in contrast to the planar, symmetric beating of flagella from sea urchin sperm and unicellular organisms. The molecular basis of this difference is unclear. Here, we perform in situ cryo-electron tomography of mouse and human sperm, providing the highest-resolution structural information to date. Our subtomogram averages reveal mammalian sperm-specific protein complexes within the microtubules, the radial spokes and nexin-dynein regulatory complexes. The locations and structures of these complexes suggest potential roles in enhancing the mechanical strength of mammalian sperm axonemes and regulating dynein-based axonemal bending. Intriguingly, we find that each of the nine outer microtubule doublets is decorated with a distinct combination of sperm-specific complexes. We propose that this asymmetric distribution of proteins differentially regulates the sliding of each microtubule doublet and may underlie the asymmetric beating of mammalian sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Garrett A Greenan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Momoko Shiozaki
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Yanxin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Will M Skinner
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Shumei Zhao
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Rui Yan
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Zhiheng Yu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Polina V Lishko
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Center for Reproductive Longevity and Equality, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - David A Agard
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.
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11
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Morleo M, Pezzella N, Franco B. Proteome balance in ciliopathies: the OFD1 protein example. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:201-217. [PMID: 36494254 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The balance of protein synthesis and degradation is finely regulated and influences cellular homeostasis and biological processes (e.g., embryonic development and neuronal plasticity). Recent data demonstrated that centrosomal/ciliary proteins enable proteome control in response to spatial or microenvironmental stimuli. Here, we discuss recent discoveries regarding the role in the balance of the proteome of centrosomal/ciliary proteins associated with genetic disorders known as ciliopathies. In particular, OFD1 was the first example of a ciliopathy protein controlling both protein expression and autophagic/proteasomal degradation. Understanding the role of proteome balance in the pathogenesis of the clinical manifestations of ciliopathies may pave the way to the identification of a wide range of putative novel therapeutic targets for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Morleo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Nunziana Pezzella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Scuola Superiore Meridionale (SSM, School of Advanced Studies), Genomics and Experimental Medicine program, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Brunella Franco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Scuola Superiore Meridionale (SSM, School of Advanced Studies), Genomics and Experimental Medicine program, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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12
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Rabiasz A, Ziętkiewicz E. Schmidtea mediterranea as a Model Organism to Study the Molecular Background of Human Motile Ciliopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054472. [PMID: 36901899 PMCID: PMC10002865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are evolutionarily conserved organelles that form protrusions on the surface of many growth-arrested or differentiated eukaryotic cells. Due to the structural and functional differences, cilia can be roughly classified as motile and non-motile (primary). Genetically determined dysfunction of motile cilia is the basis of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a heterogeneous ciliopathy affecting respiratory airways, fertility, and laterality. In the face of the still incomplete knowledge of PCD genetics and phenotype-genotype relations in PCD and the spectrum of PCD-like diseases, a continuous search for new causative genes is required. The use of model organisms has been a great part of the advances in understanding molecular mechanisms and the genetic basis of human diseases; the PCD spectrum is not different in this respect. The planarian model (Schmidtea mediterranea) has been intensely used to study regeneration processes, and-in the context of cilia-their evolution, assembly, and role in cell signaling. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the use of this simple and accessible model for studying the genetics of PCD and related diseases. The recent rapid development of the available planarian databases with detailed genomic and functional annotations prompted us to review the potential of the S. mediterranea model for studying human motile ciliopathies.
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13
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LRP2 contributes to planar cell polarity-dependent coordination of motile cilia function. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 392:535-551. [PMID: 36764939 PMCID: PMC10172251 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03757-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Motile cilia are protruding organelles on specialized epithelia that beat in a synchronous fashion to propel extracellular fluids. Coordination and orientation of cilia beating on individual cells and across tissues is a complex process dependent on planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. Asymmetric sorting of PCP pathway components, essential to establish planar polarity, involves trafficking along the endocytic path, but the underlying regulatory processes remain incompletely understood. Here, we identified the endocytic receptor LRP2 as regulator of PCP component trafficking in ependyma, a multi-ciliated cell type that is involved in facilitating flow of the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricular system. Lack of receptor expression in gene-targeted mice results in a failure to sort PCP core proteins to the anterior or posterior cell side and, consequently, in the inability to coordinate cilia arrangement and to aligned beating (loss of rotational and translational polarity). LRP2 deficiency coincides with a failure to sort NHERF1, a cytoplasmic LRP2 adaptor to the anterior cell side. As NHERF1 is essential to translocate PCP core protein Vangl2 to the plasma membrane, these data suggest a molecular mechanism whereby LRP2 interacts with PCP components through NHERF1 to control their asymmetric sorting along the endocytic path. Taken together, our findings identified the endocytic receptor LRP2 as a novel regulator of endosomal trafficking of PCP proteins, ensuring their asymmetric partition and establishment of translational and rotational planar cell polarity in the ependyma.
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14
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Dynamic 3D Modeling for Human Sperm Motility through the Female Cervical Canal and Uterine Cavity to Predict Sperm Chance of Reaching the Oocyte. Cells 2023; 12:cells12010203. [PMID: 36611996 PMCID: PMC9818231 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm motility in the female genital tract is a key factor in the natural selection of competent cells that will produce a healthy offspring. We created a dynamic three-dimensional (3D) mechanical model of human sperm cells swimming inside cervical canal and uterine cavity dynamic 3D models, all generated based on experimental studies. Using these simulations, we described the sperm cells' behaviors during swimming inside the 3D tract model as a function of 3D displacement and time. We evaluated normal- and abnormal-morphology sperm cells according to their chances of reaching the oocyte site. As expected, we verified that the number of normal sperm cells that succeeded in reaching the fallopian tube sites is greater than the number of abnormal sperm cells. However, interestingly, after inspecting various abnormal sperm cells, we found out that their scores changed compared to swimming in an infinite medium, as is the case with in vitro fertilization. Thus, the interactions of abnormal sperm cells and the complicated geometry and dynamics of the uterus are significant factors in the filtering of abnormal sperm cells until they reach the oocyte site. Our study provides an advanced tool for sperm analysis and selection criteria for fertility treatments.
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15
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Morleo M, Vieira HL, Pennekamp P, Palma A, Bento-Lopes L, Omran H, Lopes SS, Barral DC, Franco B. Crosstalk between cilia and autophagy: implication for human diseases. Autophagy 2023; 19:24-43. [PMID: 35613303 PMCID: PMC9809938 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2067383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a self-degradative process necessary for cells to maintain their energy balance during development and in response to nutrient deprivation. Autophagic processes are tightly regulated and have been found to be dysfunctional in several pathologies. Increasing experimental evidence points to the existence of an interplay between autophagy and cilia. Cilia are microtubule-based organelles protruding from the cell surface of mammalian cells that perform a variety of motile and sensory functions and, when dysfunctional, result in disorders known as ciliopathies. Indeed, selective autophagic degradation of ciliary proteins has been shown to control ciliogenesis and, conversely, cilia have been reported to control autophagy. Moreover, a growing number of players such as lysosomal and mitochondrial proteins are emerging as actors of the cilia-autophagy interplay. However, some of the published data on the cilia-autophagy axis are contradictory and indicate that we are just starting to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this review, the current knowledge about this axis and challenges are discussed, as well as the implication for ciliopathies and autophagy-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Morleo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy,Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Helena L.A. Vieira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa1169-056, Portugal,UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Petra Pennekamp
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Münster48149, Germany,Member of the European Reference Networks ERN-LUNG, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alessandro Palma
- Department of Onco-hematology, Gene and Cell Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Liliana Bento-Lopes
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa1169-056, Portugal
| | - Heymut Omran
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Münster48149, Germany,Member of the European Reference Networks ERN-LUNG, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana S. Lopes
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa1169-056, Portugal,Member of the European Reference Networks ERN-LUNG, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Duarte C. Barral
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa1169-056, Portugal
| | - Brunella Franco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy,Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy,Scuola Superiore Meridionale, School for Advanced Studies, Naples, Italy,CONTACT Brunella Franco CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa1169-056, Portugal
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16
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Arora S, Rana M, Sachdev A, D'Souza JS. Appearing and disappearing acts of cilia. J Biosci 2023; 48:8. [PMID: 36924208 PMCID: PMC10005925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The past few decades have seen a rise in research on vertebrate cilia and ciliopathy, with interesting collaborations between basic and clinical scientists. This work includes studies on ciliary architecture, composition, evolution, and organelle generation and its biological role. The human body has cells that harbour any of the following four types of cilia: 9+0 motile, 9+0 immotile, 9+2 motile, and 9+2 immotile. Depending on the type, cilia play an important role in cell/fluid movement, mating, sensory perception, and development. Defects in cilia are associated with a wide range of human diseases afflicting the brain, heart, kidneys, respiratory tract, and reproductive system. These are commonly known as ciliopathies and affect millions of people worldwide. Due to their complex genetic etiology, diagnosis and therapy have remained elusive. Although model organisms like Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been a useful source for ciliary research, reports of a fascinating and rewarding translation of this research into mammalian systems, especially humans, are seen. The current review peeks into one of the complex features of this organelle, namely its birth, the common denominators across the formation of both 9+0 and 9+2 ciliary types, the molecules involved in ciliogenesis, and the steps that go towards regulating their assembly and disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Arora
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Kalina Campus, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400098, India
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17
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Junker AD, Woodhams LG, Soh AWJ, O’Toole ET, Bayly PV, Pearson CG. Basal bodies bend in response to ciliary forces. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar146. [PMID: 36287828 PMCID: PMC9727800 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-10-0468-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia beat with an asymmetric waveform consisting of a power stroke that generates a propulsive force and a recovery stroke that returns the cilium back to the start. Cilia are anchored to the cell cortex by basal bodies (BBs) that are directly coupled to the ciliary doublet microtubules (MTs). We find that, consistent with ciliary forces imposing on BBs, bending patterns in BB triplet MTs are responsive to ciliary beating. BB bending varies as environmental conditions change the ciliary waveform. Bending occurs where striated fibers (SFs) attach to BBs and mutants with short SFs that fail to connect to adjacent BBs exhibit abnormal BB bending, supporting a model in which SFs couple ciliary forces between BBs. Finally, loss of the BB stability protein Poc1, which helps interconnect BB triplet MTs, prevents the normal distributed BB and ciliary bending patterns. Collectively, BBs experience ciliary forces and manage mechanical coupling of these forces to their surrounding cellular architecture for normal ciliary beating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D. Junker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Louis G. Woodhams
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Adam W. J. Soh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Eileen T. O’Toole
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80302
| | - Philip V. Bayly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Chad G. Pearson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045,*Address correspondence to: Chad G. Pearson ()
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18
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Intertwined Wdr47-NTD dimer recognizes a basic-helical motif in Camsap proteins for proper central-pair microtubule formation. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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19
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Cho JH, Li ZA, Zhu L, Muegge BD, Roseman HF, Lee EY, Utterback T, Woodhams LG, Bayly PV, Hughes JW. Islet primary cilia motility controls insulin secretion. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq8486. [PMID: 36149960 PMCID: PMC9506710 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq8486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are specialized cell-surface organelles that mediate sensory perception and, in contrast to motile cilia and flagella, are thought to lack motility function. Here, we show that primary cilia in human and mouse pancreatic islets exhibit movement that is required for glucose-dependent insulin secretion. Islet primary cilia contain motor proteins conserved from those found in classic motile cilia, and their three-dimensional motion is dynein-driven and dependent on adenosine 5'-triphosphate and glucose metabolism. Inhibition of cilia motion blocks beta cell calcium influx and insulin secretion. Human beta cells have enriched ciliary gene expression, and motile cilia genes are altered in type 2 diabetes. Our findings redefine primary cilia as dynamic structures having both sensory and motile function and establish that pancreatic islet cilia movement plays a regulatory role in insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hoon Cho
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zipeng A. Li
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lifei Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian D. Muegge
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, 915 North Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Henry F. Roseman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eun Young Lee
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Toby Utterback
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University McKelvey School of Engineering, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Louis G. Woodhams
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University McKelvey School of Engineering, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Philip V. Bayly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University McKelvey School of Engineering, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jing W. Hughes
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, USA
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20
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Salman HE, Jurisch-Yaksi N, Yalcin HC. Computational Modeling of Motile Cilia-Driven Cerebrospinal Flow in the Brain Ventricles of Zebrafish Embryo. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9090421. [PMID: 36134967 PMCID: PMC9495466 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia are hair-like microscopic structures which generate directional flow to provide fluid transport in various biological processes. Ciliary beating is one of the sources of cerebrospinal flow (CSF) in brain ventricles. In this study, we investigated how the tilt angle, quantity, and phase relationship of cilia affect CSF flow patterns in the brain ventricles of zebrafish embryos. For this purpose, two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed to determine the flow fields generated by the motile cilia. The cilia are modeled as thin membranes with prescribed motions. The cilia motions were obtained from a two-day post-fertilization zebrafish embryo previously imaged via light sheet fluorescence microscopy. We observed that the cilium angle significantly alters the generated flow velocity and mass flow rates. As the cilium angle gets closer to the wall, higher flow velocities are observed. Phase difference between two adjacent beating cilia also affects the flow field as the cilia with no phase difference produce significantly lower mass flow rates. In conclusion, our simulations revealed that the most efficient method for cilia-driven fluid transport relies on the alignment of multiple cilia beating with a phase difference, which is also observed in vivo in the developing zebrafish brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Enes Salman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara 06510, Turkey
| | - Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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21
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Wijesekara P, Yadav P, Perkins LA, Stolz DB, Franks JM, Watkins SC, Reinoso Jacome E, Brody SL, Horani A, Xu J, Barati Farimani A, Ren X. Engineering rotating apical-out airway organoid for assessing respiratory cilia motility. iScience 2022; 25:104730. [PMID: 35942088 PMCID: PMC9356180 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia project from the airway apical surface and directly interface with inhaled external environment. Owing to cilia's nanoscale dimension and high beating frequency, quantitative assessment of their motility remains a sophisticated task. Here we described a robust approach for reproducible engineering of apical-out airway organoid (AOAO) from a defined number of cells. Propelled by exterior-facing cilia beating, the mature AOAO exhibited stable rotational motion when surrounded by Matrigel. We developed a computational framework leveraging computer vision algorithms to quantify AOAO rotation and correlated it with the direct measurement of cilia motility. We further established the feasibility of using AOAO rotation to recapitulate and measure defective cilia motility caused by chemotherapy-induced toxicity and by CCDC39 mutations in cells from patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia. We expect our rotating AOAO model and the associated computational pipeline to offer a generalizable framework to expedite the modeling of and therapeutic development for genetic and environmental ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyumi Wijesekara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Prakarsh Yadav
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lydia A. Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Donna B. Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Franks
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Emily Reinoso Jacome
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven L. Brody
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amjad Horani
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amir Barati Farimani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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22
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Gao Y, Liu L, Shen Q, Fu F, Xu C, Geng H, Lv M, Li K, Tang D, Song B, Wu H, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Tao F, Zhou P, Wei Z, He X, Cao Y. Loss of function mutation in DNAH7 induces male infertility associated with abnormalities of the sperm flagella and mitochondria in human. Clin Genet 2022; 102:130-135. [PMID: 35543642 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Male infertility is an increasingly serious health problem affecting couples of reproductive age. Mutations in axoneme-associated genes cause male infertility. Dynein arm proteins are essential in sustaining normal axonemes and promote flagellar motility. However, the function of DNAH7 in male fertility in vivo remains unclear. Herein, we showed that DNAH7 disruption in humans results in male infertility, which was characterised by multiple morphological abnormalities of sperm flagella. The axoneme structure of the sperm from a DNAH7-deficient patient revealed the loss of inner dynein arms. Moreover, the mitochondria of the sperm flagella detached and dispersed outside the axoneme, leading to abnormalities in the mitochondrial sheath in the mid-piece region. Live birth was achieved via intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Thus, DNAH7 is critical for axoneme and mitochondrial development in human sperm. These findings further clarify the spectrum of DNAH7 biology and provide new insights for diagnosing infertility and treating patients harbouring DNAH7 mutations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University),Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liting Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University),Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qunshan Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Human Sperm Bank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Feifei Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Human Sperm Bank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Geng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mingrong Lv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Kuokuo Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dongdong Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University),Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bing Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University),Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huan Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University),Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuping Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University),Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University),Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhaolian Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaojin He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University),Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yunxia Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University),Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
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23
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Cilia metasurfaces for electronically programmable microfluidic manipulation. Nature 2022; 605:681-686. [PMID: 35614247 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04645-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cilial pumping is a powerful strategy used by biological organisms to control and manipulate fluids at the microscale. However, despite numerous recent advances in optically, magnetically and electrically driven actuation, development of an engineered cilial platform with the potential for applications has remained difficult to realize1-6. Here we report on active metasurfaces of electronically actuated artificial cilia that can create arbitrary flow patterns in liquids near a surface. We first create voltage-actuated cilia that generate non-reciprocal motions to drive surface flows at tens of microns per second at actuation voltages of 1 volt. We then show that a cilia unit cell can locally create a range of elemental flow geometries. By combining these unit cells, we create an active cilia metasurface that can generate and switch between any desired surface flow pattern. Finally, we integrate the cilia with a light-powered complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) clock circuit to demonstrate wireless operation. As a proof of concept, we use this circuit to output voltage pulses with various phase delays to demonstrate improved pumping efficiency using metachronal waves. These powerful results, demonstrated experimentally and confirmed using theoretical computations, illustrate a pathway towards fine-scale microfluidic manipulation, with applications from microfluidic pumping to microrobotic locomotion.
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24
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Han L, Rao Q, Yang R, Wang Y, Chai P, Xiong Y, Zhang K. Cryo-EM structure of an active central apparatus. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:472-482. [PMID: 35578022 PMCID: PMC9113940 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00769-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accurately regulated ciliary beating in time and space is critical for diverse cellular activities, which impact the survival and development of nearly all eukaryotic species. An essential beating regulator is the conserved central apparatus (CA) of motile cilia, composed of a pair of microtubules (C1 and C2) associated with hundreds of protein subunits per repeating unit. It is largely unclear how the CA plays its regulatory roles in ciliary motility. Here, we present high-resolution structures of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CA by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and its dynamic conformational behavior at multiple scales. The structures show how functionally related projection proteins of CA are clustered onto a spring-shaped scaffold of armadillo-repeat proteins, facilitated by elongated rachis-like proteins. The two halves of the CA are brought together by elastic chain-like bridge proteins to achieve coordinated activities. We captured an array of kinesin-like protein (KLP1) in two different stepping states, which are actively correlated with beating wave propagation of cilia. These findings establish a structural framework for understanding the role of the CA in cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Han
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Qinhui Rao
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Renbin Yang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pengxin Chai
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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25
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Nassir M, Levi M, Dardikman-Yoffe G, Mirsky SK, Shaked NT. Prediction of Sperm Progression in Three Dimensions Using Rapid Optical Imaging and Dynamic Mechanical Modeling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081319. [PMID: 35455999 PMCID: PMC9030059 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a multidisciplinary approach for predicting how sperm cells with various morphologies swim in three-dimensions (3D), from milliseconds to much longer time scales at spatial resolutions of less than half a micron. We created the sperm 3D geometry and built a numerical mechanical model using the experimentally acquired dynamic 3D refractive-index profiles of sperm cells swimming in vitro as imaged by high-resolution optical diffraction tomography. By controlling parameters in the model, such as the size and shape of the sperm head and tail, we can then predict how different sperm cells, normal or abnormal, would swim in 3D, in the short or long term. We quantified various 3D structural factor effects on the sperm long-term motility. We found that some abnormal sperm cells swim faster than normal sperm cells, in contrast to the commonly used sperm selection assumption during in vitro fertilization (IVF), according to which sperm cells should mainly be chosen based on their progressive motion. We thus establish a new tool for sperm analysis and male-infertility diagnosis, as well as sperm selection criteria for fertility treatments.
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26
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Bouhouche K, Valentine MS, Le Borgne P, Lemullois M, Yano J, Lodh S, Nabi A, Tassin AM, Van Houten JL. Paramecium, a Model to Study Ciliary Beating and Ciliogenesis: Insights From Cutting-Edge Approaches. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:847908. [PMID: 35359441 PMCID: PMC8964087 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.847908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are ubiquitous and highly conserved extensions that endow the cell with motility and sensory functions. They were present in the first eukaryotes and conserved throughout evolution (Carvalho-Santos et al., 2011). Paramecium has around 4,000 motile cilia on its surface arranged in longitudinal rows, beating in waves to ensure movement and feeding. As with cilia in other model organisms, direction and speed of Paramecium ciliary beating is under bioelectric control of ciliary ion channels. In multiciliated cells of metazoans as well as paramecia, the cilia become physically entrained to beat in metachronal waves. This ciliated organism, Paramecium, is an attractive model for multidisciplinary approaches to dissect the location, structure and function of ciliary ion channels and other proteins involved in ciliary beating. Swimming behavior also can be a read-out of the role of cilia in sensory signal transduction. A cilium emanates from a BB, structurally equivalent to the centriole anchored at the cell surface, and elongates an axoneme composed of microtubule doublets enclosed in a ciliary membrane contiguous with the plasma membrane. The connection between the BB and the axoneme constitutes the transition zone, which serves as a diffusion barrier between the intracellular space and the cilium, defining the ciliary compartment. Human pathologies affecting cilia structure or function, are called ciliopathies, which are caused by gene mutations. For that reason, the molecular mechanisms and structural aspects of cilia assembly and function are actively studied using a variety of model systems, ranging from unicellular organisms to metazoa. In this review, we will highlight the use of Paramecium as a model to decipher ciliary beating mechanisms as well as high resolution insights into BB structure and anchoring. We will show that study of cilia in Paramecium promotes our understanding of cilia formation and function. In addition, we demonstrate that Paramecium could be a useful tool to validate candidate genes for ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Bouhouche
- CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - P. Le Borgne
- CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M. Lemullois
- CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J. Yano
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - S. Lodh
- Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - A. Nabi
- Luminex, Austin, TX, United States
| | - A. M. Tassin
- CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- *Correspondence: A. M. Tassin, ; J. L. Van Houten,
| | - J. L. Van Houten
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- *Correspondence: A. M. Tassin, ; J. L. Van Houten,
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27
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Nommick A, Boutin C, Rosnet O, Schirmer C, Bazellières E, Thomé V, Loiseau E, Viallat A, Kodjabachian L. Lrrcc1 and Ccdc61 are conserved effectors of multiciliated cell function. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274401. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliated epithelia perform essential functions across animal evolution, ranging from locomotion of marine organisms to mucociliary clearance of airways in mammals. These epithelia are composed of multiciliated cells (MCCs) harbouring myriads of motile cilia, which rest on modified centrioles called basal bodies (BBs), and beat coordinately to generate directed fluid flows. Thus, BB biogenesis and organization is central to MCC function. In basal eukaryotes, the coiled-coil domain proteins Lrrcc1 and Ccdc61 were shown to be required for proper BB construction and function. Here, we used the Xenopus embryonic ciliated epidermis to characterize Lrrcc1 and Ccdc61 in vertebrate MCCs. We found that they both encode BB components, localized proximally at the junction with striated rootlets. Knocking down either gene caused defects in BB docking, spacing, and polarization. Moreover, their depletion impaired the apical cytoskeleton, and altered ciliary beating. Consequently, cilia-powered fluid flow was greatly reduced in morphant tadpoles, which displayed enhanced mortality when exposed to pathogenic bacteria. This work illustrates how integration across organizational scales make elementary BB components essential for the emergence of the physiological function of ciliated epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Nommick
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Camille Boutin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Rosnet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Schirmer
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Elsa Bazellières
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Virginie Thomé
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Etienne Loiseau
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Annie Viallat
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Kodjabachian
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
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28
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Gadadhar S, Hirschmugl T, Janke C. The tubulin code in mammalian sperm development and function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 137:26-37. [PMID: 35067438 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal elements that play key roles throughout the different steps of sperm development. As an integral part of the sperm flagellum, the molecular machine that generates sperm motility, microtubules are also essential for the progressive swimming of sperm to the oocyte, which is a prerequisite for fertilisation. Given the central role of microtubules in all steps of spermatogenesis, their functions need to be tightly controlled. Recent work has showcased tubulin posttranslational modifications as key players in sperm development and function, with aberrations often leading to male infertility with a broad spectrum of sperm defects. Posttranslational modifications are part of the tubulin code, a mechanism that can control microtubule functions by modulating the properties of their molecular building blocks, the tubulin proteins. Here we review the current knowledge on the implications of the tubulin code in sperm development and functions and its importance for male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Gadadhar
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, F-91401 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, F-91401 Orsay, France.
| | | | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, F-91401 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, F-91401 Orsay, France.
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29
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Valentine MS, Van Houten J. Ion Channels of Cilia: Paramecium as a Model. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2022; 69:e12884. [PMID: 34995386 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Holotrichous ciliates, like Paramecium, swim through their aqueous environment by beating their many cilia. They can alter swimming speed and direction, which seems to have mesmerized early microscopists of the 1600's. We know from extensive and elegant physiological studies and generation of mutants that these cells can be considered little swimming neurons because their ciliary beating is under bioelectric control of ion channels in the cilia. This chapter will focus on the ionic control of swimming behavior by ciliary ion channels, primarily in the holotrichous ciliate Paramecium. Voltage gated and calcium activated channels for calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium are regulated in a closely orchestrated manner that allows cilia to bend and propel the cell forward or backward. Sensory input that generates receptor potentials feeds into the control of this channel activity and allows the cell to turn or speed up. This in turn helps the cell to avoid predators or toxic conditions. While the focus is on P. tetraurelia and P. caudatum, the principles of ciliary ion channel activity and control are easily extendable to other ciliates and protists. The high conservation of channel and ion pump structures also extends the lessons from Paramecium to higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Valentine
- SUNY Plattsburgh, Department of Biological Sciences, 101 Broad Street, Plattsburgh, NY, USA, 518-564-3174
| | - Judith Van Houten
- University of Vermont, Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 109 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, 802-434-4006
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30
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Chebli J, Rahmati M, Lashley T, Edeman B, Oldfors A, Zetterberg H, Abramsson A. The localization of amyloid precursor protein to ependymal cilia in vertebrates and its role in ciliogenesis and brain development in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19115. [PMID: 34580355 PMCID: PMC8476544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is expressed in many tissues in human, mice and in zebrafish. In zebrafish, there are two orthologues, Appa and Appb. Interestingly, some cellular processes associated with APP overlap with cilia-mediated functions. Whereas the localization of APP to primary cilia of in vitro-cultured cells has been reported, we addressed the presence of APP in motile and in non-motile sensory cilia and its potential implication for ciliogenesis using zebrafish, mouse, and human samples. We report that Appa and Appb are expressed by ciliated cells and become localized at the membrane of cilia in the olfactory epithelium, otic vesicle and in the brain ventricles of zebrafish embryos. App in ependymal cilia persisted in adult zebrafish and was also detected in mouse and human brain. Finally, we found morphologically abnormal ependymal cilia and smaller brain ventricles in appa−/−appb−/− mutant zebrafish. Our findings demonstrate an evolutionary conserved localisation of APP to cilia and suggest a role of App in ciliogenesis and cilia-related functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Chebli
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maryam Rahmati
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Brigitta Edeman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Oldfors
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Abramsson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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31
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Valentine M, Van Houten J. Using Paramecium as a Model for Ciliopathies. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101493. [PMID: 34680887 PMCID: PMC8535419 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramecium has served as a model organism for the studies of many aspects of genetics and cell biology: non-Mendelian inheritance, genome duplication, genome rearrangements, and exocytosis, to name a few. However, the large number and patterning of cilia that cover its surface have inspired extraordinary ultrastructural work. Its swimming patterns inspired exquisite electrophysiological studies that led to a description of the bioelectric control of ciliary motion. A genetic dissection of swimming behavior moved the field toward the genes and gene products underlying ciliary function. With the advent of molecular technologies, it became clear that there was not only great conservation of ciliary structure but also of the genes coding for ciliary structure and function. It is this conservation and the legacy of past research that allow us to use Paramecium as a model for cilia and ciliary diseases called ciliopathies. However, there would be no compelling reason to study Paramecium as this model if there were no new insights into cilia and ciliopathies to be gained. In this review, we present studies that we believe will do this. For example, while the literature continues to state that immotile cilia are sensory and motile cilia are not, we will provide evidence that Paramecium cilia are clearly sensory. Other examples show that while a Paramecium protein is highly conserved it takes a different interacting partner or conducts a different ion than expected. Perhaps these exceptions will provoke new ideas about mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Valentine
- State University of New York at Plattsburgh, 101 Broad Street, Plattsburgh, NY 12901, USA;
| | - Judith Van Houten
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 120 Marsh Life Science, 109 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Correspondence:
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32
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McKelvey MC, Brown R, Ryan S, Mall MA, Weldon S, Taggart CC. Proteases, Mucus, and Mucosal Immunity in Chronic Lung Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5018. [PMID: 34065111 PMCID: PMC8125985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated protease activity has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases and especially in conditions that display mucus obstruction, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. However, our appreciation of the roles of proteases in various aspects of such diseases continues to grow. Patients with muco-obstructive lung disease experience progressive spirals of inflammation, mucostasis, airway infection and lung function decline. Some therapies exist for the treatment of these symptoms, but they are unable to halt disease progression and patients may benefit from novel adjunct therapies. In this review, we highlight how proteases act as multifunctional enzymes that are vital for normal airway homeostasis but, when their activity becomes immoderate, also directly contribute to airway dysfunction, and impair the processes that could resolve disease. We focus on how proteases regulate the state of mucus at the airway surface, impair mucociliary clearance and ultimately, promote mucostasis. We discuss how, in parallel, proteases are able to promote an inflammatory environment in the airways by mediating proinflammatory signalling, compromising host defence mechanisms and perpetuating their own proteolytic activity causing structural lung damage. Finally, we discuss some possible reasons for the clinical inefficacy of protease inhibitors to date and propose that, especially in a combination therapy approach, proteases represent attractive therapeutic targets for muco-obstructive lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. McKelvey
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Ryan Brown
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Sinéad Ryan
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Marcus A. Mall
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Clifford C. Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
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33
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Yamamoto R, Hwang J, Ishikawa T, Kon T, Sale WS. Composition and function of ciliary inner-dynein-arm subunits studied in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:77-96. [PMID: 33876572 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Motile cilia (also interchangeably called "flagella") are conserved organelles extending from the surface of many animal cells and play essential functions in eukaryotes, including cell motility and environmental sensing. Large motor complexes, the ciliary dyneins, are present on ciliary outer-doublet microtubules and drive movement of cilia. Ciliary dyneins are classified into two general types: the outer dynein arms (ODAs) and the inner dynein arms (IDAs). While ODAs are important for generation of force and regulation of ciliary beat frequency, IDAs are essential for control of the size and shape of the bend, features collectively referred to as waveform. Also, recent studies have revealed unexpected links between IDA components and human diseases. In spite of their importance, studies on IDAs have been difficult since they are very complex and composed for several types of IDA motors, each unique in composition and location in the axoneme. Thanks in part to genetic, biochemical, and structural analysis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we are beginning to understand the organization and function of the ciliary IDAs. In this review, we summarize the composition of Chlamydomonas IDAs particularly focusing on each subunit, and discuss the assembly, conservation, and functional role(s) of these IDA subunits. Furthermore, we raise several additional questions/challenges regarding IDAs, and discuss future perspectives of IDA studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Juyeon Hwang
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Takahide Kon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Winfield S Sale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Aprea I, Raidt J, Höben IM, Loges NT, Nöthe-Menchen T, Pennekamp P, Olbrich H, Kaiser T, Biebach L, Tüttelmann F, Horvath J, Schubert M, Krallmann C, Kliesch S, Omran H. Defects in the cytoplasmic assembly of axonemal dynein arms cause morphological abnormalities and dysmotility in sperm cells leading to male infertility. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009306. [PMID: 33635866 PMCID: PMC7909641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonemal protein complexes, such as outer (ODA) and inner (IDA) dynein arms, are responsible for the generation and regulation of flagellar and ciliary beating. Studies in various ciliated model organisms have shown that axonemal dynein arms are first assembled in the cell cytoplasm and then delivered into axonemes during ciliogenesis. In humans, mutations in genes encoding for factors involved in this process cause structural and functional defects of motile cilia in various organs such as the airways and result in the hereditary disorder primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Despite extensive knowledge about the cytoplasmic assembly of axonemal dynein arms in respiratory cilia, this process is still poorly understood in sperm flagella. To better define its clinical relevance on sperm structure and function, and thus male fertility, further investigations are required. Here we report the fertility status in different axonemal dynein preassembly mutant males (DNAAF2/ KTU, DNAAF4/ DYX1C1, DNAAF6/ PIH1D3, DNAAF7/ZMYND10, CFAP300/C11orf70 and LRRC6). Besides andrological examinations, we functionally and structurally analyzed sperm flagella of affected individuals by high-speed video- and transmission electron microscopy as well as systematically compared the composition of dynein arms in sperm flagella and respiratory cilia by immunofluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, we analyzed the flagellar length in dynein preassembly mutant sperm. We found that the process of axonemal dynein preassembly is also critical in sperm, by identifying defects of ODAs and IDAs in dysmotile sperm of these individuals. Interestingly, these mutant sperm consistently show a complete loss of ODAs, while some respiratory cilia from the same individual can retain ODAs in the proximal ciliary compartment. This agrees with reports of solely one distinct ODA type in sperm, compared to two different ODA types in proximal and distal respiratory ciliary axonemes. Consistent with observations in model organisms, we also determined a significant reduction of sperm flagellar length in these individuals. These findings are relevant to subsequent studies on the function and composition of sperm flagella in PCD patients and non-syndromic infertile males. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the fertility status in PCD-affected males and should help guide genetic and andrological counselling for affected males and their families. Impaired male fertility is a major issue and affects several men worldwide. Patients may present with reduced number or complete absence of sperm in the ejaculate, as well as functional and/or morphological sperm defects compromising sperm motility. Despite several diagnostic efforts, the underlying causes of these defects often remain unknown („idiopathic“). The beating of sperm flagella as well as motile cilia, such as those of the respiratory tract, is driven by dynein-based motor protein complexes, namely outer and inner dynein arms. In motile cilia these protein complexes are known to be first assembled in the cytoplasm and then delivered into the cilium. In sperm, this process is still poorly understood. Here we analyze sperm cells of male individuals with mutations in distinct genes encoding factors involved in the preassembly of these motor protein complexes. Consistent with defects in their respiratory ciliated cells, these individuals also demonstrate defects in sperm flagella that cause male infertility due to immotile sperm, with a reduction of flagellar length. Our results strengthen the assumption that the preassembly process of outer and inner dynein arms is clinically relevant also in sperm and provide knowledge that should guide genetic and andrological counselling for a subgroup of men with idiopathic infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Aprea
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Johanna Raidt
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Inga Marlena Höben
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Niki Tomas Loges
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Tabea Nöthe-Menchen
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Petra Pennekamp
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Heike Olbrich
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Thomas Kaiser
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Luisa Biebach
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Frank Tüttelmann
- Institute of Reproductive Genetics, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Judit Horvath
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Maria Schubert
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Claudia Krallmann
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sabine Kliesch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Heymut Omran
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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35
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Centrosome dysfunction in human diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 110:113-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Distinct architecture and composition of mouse axonemal radial spoke head revealed by cryo-EM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021180118. [PMID: 34871179 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021180118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The radial spoke (RS) heads of motile cilia and flagella contact projections of the central pair (CP) apparatus to coordinate motility, but the morphology is distinct for protozoa and metazoa. Here we show the murine RS head is compositionally distinct from that of Chlamydomonas Our reconstituted murine RS head core complex consists of Rsph1, Rsph3b, Rsph4a, and Rsph9, lacking Rsph6a and Rsph10b, whose orthologs exist in the protozoan RS head. We resolve its cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure at 3.2-Å resolution. Our atomic model further reveals a twofold symmetric brake pad-shaped structure, in which Rsph4a and Rsph9 form a compact body extended laterally with two long arms of twisted Rsph1 β-sheets and potentially connected dorsally via Rsph3b to the RS stalk. Furthermore, our modeling suggests that the core complex contacts the periodic CP projections either rigidly through its tooth-shaped Rsph4a regions or elastically through both arms for optimized RS-CP interactions and mechanosignal transduction.
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Grossman-Haham I, Coudray N, Yu Z, Wang F, Zhang N, Bhabha G, Vale RD. Structure of the radial spoke head and insights into its role in mechanoregulation of ciliary beating. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021; 28:20-28. [PMID: 33318704 PMCID: PMC7855469 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-00519-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Motile cilia power cell locomotion and drive extracellular fluid flow by propagating bending waves from their base to tip. The coordinated bending of cilia requires mechanoregulation by the radial spoke (RS) protein complexes and the microtubule central pair (CP). Despite their importance for ciliary motility across eukaryotes, the molecular function of the RSs is unknown. Here, we reconstituted the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii RS head that abuts the CP and determined its structure using single-particle cryo-EM to 3.1-Å resolution, revealing a flat, negatively charged surface supported by a rigid core of tightly intertwined proteins. Mutations in this core, corresponding to those involved in human ciliopathies, compromised the stability of the recombinant complex, providing a molecular basis for disease. Partially reversing the negative charge on the RS surface impaired motility in C. reinhardtii. We propose that the RS-head architecture is well-suited for mechanoregulation of ciliary beating through physical collisions with the CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Grossman-Haham
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Coudray
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zanlin Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gira Bhabha
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.
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Schneiter M, Halm S, Odriozola A, Mogel H, Rička J, Stoffel MH, Zuber B, Frenz M, Tschanz SA. Multi-scale alignment of respiratory cilia and its relation to mucociliary function. J Struct Biol 2020; 213:107680. [PMID: 33359072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The tracheobronchial tree is lined by a mucociliary epithelium containing millions of multiciliated cells. Their integrated oscillatory activity continuously propels an overlying pollution-protecting mucus layer in cranial direction, leading to mucociliary clearance - the primary defence mechanism of the airways. Mucociliary transport is commonly thought to co-emerge with the collective ciliary motion pattern under appropriate geometrical and rheological conditions. Proper ciliary alignment is therefore considered essential to establish mucociliary clearance in the respiratory system. Here, we used volume electron microscopy in combination with high-speed reflection contrast microscopy in order to examine ciliary orientation and its spatial organization, as well as to measure the propagation direction of metachronal waves and the direction of mucociliary transport on bovine tracheal epithelia with reference to the tracheal long axis (TLA). Ciliary orientation is measured in terms of the basal body orientation (BBO) and the axonemal orientation (AO), which are commonly considered to coincide, both equivalently indicating the effective stroke as well as the mucociliary transport direction. Our results, however, reveal that only the AO is in line with the mucociliary transport, which was found to run along a left-handed helical trajectory, whereas the BBO was found to be aligned with the TLA. Furthermore, we show that even if ciliary orientation remains consistent between adjacent cells, ciliary orientation exhibits a gradual shift within individual cells. Together with the symplectic beating geometry, this intracellular orientational pattern could provide for the propulsion of highly viscous mucus and likely constitutes a compromise between efficiency and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schneiter
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, Switzerland; Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Halm
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, Switzerland
| | - Adolfo Odriozola
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, Switzerland
| | - Helga Mogel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, Switzerland
| | - Jaroslav Rička
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, Switzerland
| | - Michael H Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Zuber
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Frenz
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, Switzerland.
| | - Stefan A Tschanz
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, Switzerland
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Jiao SY, Yang YH, Chen SR. Molecular genetics of infertility: loss-of-function mutations in humans and corresponding knockout/mutated mice. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 27:154-189. [PMID: 33118031 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infertility is a major issue in human reproductive health, affecting an estimated 15% of couples worldwide. Infertility can result from disorders of sex development (DSD) or from reproductive endocrine disorders (REDs) with onset in infancy, early childhood or adolescence. Male infertility, accounting for roughly half of all infertility cases, generally manifests as decreased sperm count (azoospermia or oligozoospermia), attenuated sperm motility (asthenozoospermia) or a higher proportion of morphologically abnormal sperm (teratozoospermia). Female infertility can be divided into several classical types, including, but not limited to, oocyte maturation arrest, premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), fertilization failure and early embryonic arrest. An estimated one half of infertility cases have a genetic component; however, most genetic causes of human infertility are currently uncharacterized. The advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies has greatly facilitated the identification of infertility-associated gene mutations in patients over the past 20 years. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review aims to conduct a narrative review of the genetic causes of human infertility. Loss-of-function mutation discoveries related to human infertility are summarized and further illustrated in tables. Corresponding knockout/mutated animal models of causative genes for infertility are also introduced. SEARCH METHODS A search of the PubMed database was performed to identify relevant studies published in English. The term 'mutation' was combined with a range of search terms related to the core focus of the review: infertility, DSD, REDs, azoospermia or oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF), primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), acephalic spermatozoa syndrome (ASS), globozoospermia, teratozoospermia, acrosome, oocyte maturation arrest, POI, zona pellucida, fertilization defects and early embryonic arrest. OUTCOMES Our search generated ∼2000 records. Overall, 350 articles were included in the final review. For genetic investigation of human infertility, the traditional candidate gene approach is proceeding slowly, whereas high-throughput sequencing technologies in larger cohorts of individuals is identifying an increasing number of causative genes linked to human infertility. This review provides a wide panel of gene mutations in several typical forms of human infertility, including DSD, REDs, male infertility (oligozoospermia, MMAF, PCD, ASS and globozoospermia) and female infertility (oocyte maturation arrest, POI, fertilization failure and early embryonic arrest). The causative genes, their identified mutations, mutation rate, studied population and their corresponding knockout/mutated mice of non-obstructive azoospermia, MMAF, ASS, globozoospermia, oocyte maturation arrest, POI, fertilization failure and early embryonic arrest are further illustrated by tables. In this review, we suggest that (i) our current knowledge of infertility is largely obtained from knockout mouse models; (ii) larger cohorts of clinical cases with distinct clinical characteristics need to be recruited in future studies; (iii) the whole picture of genetic causes of human infertility relies on both the identification of more mutations for distinct types of infertility and the integration of known mutation information; (iv) knockout/mutated animal models are needed to show whether the phenotypes of genetically altered animals are consistent with findings in human infertile patients carrying a deleterious mutation of the homologous gene; and (v) the molecular mechanisms underlying human infertility caused by pathogenic mutations are largely unclear in most current studies. WILDER IMPLICATIONS It is important to use our current understanding to identify avenues and priorities for future research in the field of genetic causes of infertility as well as to apply mutation knowledge to risk prediction, genetic diagnosis and potential treatment for human infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ya Jiao
- Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation & Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Hong Yang
- Reproduction Medical Center of West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Su-Ren Chen
- Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation & Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China
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40
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The molecular structure of mammalian primary cilia revealed by cryo-electron tomography. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2020; 27:1115-1124. [PMID: 32989303 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-0507-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that are important for signaling and sensing in eukaryotic cells. Unlike the thoroughly studied motile cilia, the three-dimensional architecture and molecular composition of primary cilia are largely unexplored. Yet, studying these aspects is necessary to understand how primary cilia function in health and disease. We developed an enabling method for investigating the structure of primary cilia isolated from MDCK-II cells at molecular resolution by cryo-electron tomography. We show that the textbook '9 + 0' arrangement of microtubule doublets is only present at the primary cilium base. A few microns out, the architecture changes into an unstructured bundle of EB1-decorated microtubules and actin filaments, putting an end to a long debate on the presence or absence of actin filaments in primary cilia. Our work provides a plethora of insights into the molecular structure of primary cilia and offers a methodological framework to study these important organelles.
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Abstract
Motile cilia are highly complex hair-like organelles of epithelial cells lining the surface of various organ systems. Genetic mutations (usually with autosomal recessive inheritance) that impair ciliary beating cause a variety of motile ciliopathies, a heterogeneous group of rare disorders. The pathogenetic mechanisms, clinical symptoms and severity of the disease depend on the specific affected genes and the tissues in which they are expressed. Defects in the ependymal cilia can result in hydrocephalus, defects in the cilia in the fallopian tubes or in sperm flagella can cause female and male subfertility, respectively, and malfunctional motile monocilia of the left-right organizer during early embryonic development can lead to laterality defects such as situs inversus and heterotaxy. If mucociliary clearance in the respiratory epithelium is severely impaired, the disorder is referred to as primary ciliary dyskinesia, the most common motile ciliopathy. No single test can confirm a diagnosis of motile ciliopathy, which is based on a combination of tests including nasal nitric oxide measurement, transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence and genetic analyses, and high-speed video microscopy. With the exception of azithromycin, there is no evidence-based treatment for primary ciliary dyskinesia; therapies aim at relieving symptoms and reducing the effects of reduced ciliary motility.
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42
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Greenan GA, Vale RD, Agard DA. Electron cryotomography of intact motile cilia defines the basal body to axoneme transition. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133537. [PMID: 31874113 PMCID: PMC7039205 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Greenan et al. use electron cryotomography on intact motile cilia to elucidate how basal bodies template the formation of motile axonemes. Cells use motile cilia to generate force in the extracellular space. The structure of a cilium can be classified into three subdomains: the intracellular basal body (BB) that templates cilium formation, the extracellular axoneme that generates force, and the transition zone (TZ) that bridges them. While the BB is composed of triplet microtubules (TMTs), the axoneme is composed of doublet microtubules (DMTs), meaning the cilium must convert between different microtubule geometries. Here, we performed electron cryotomography to define this conversion, and our reconstructions reveal identifying structural features of the BB, TZ, and axoneme. Each region is distinct in terms of microtubule number and geometry, microtubule inner proteins, and microtubule linkers. TMT to DMT conversion occurs within the BB, and microtubule geometry changes to axonemal by the end of the TZ, followed by the addition of axoneme-specific components essential for cilium motility. Our results provide the highest-resolution images of the motile cilium to date and reveal how BBs template axonemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett A Greenan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - David A Agard
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
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Beckers A, Adis C, Schuster-Gossler K, Tveriakhina L, Ott T, Fuhl F, Hegermann J, Boldt K, Serth K, Rachev E, Alten L, Kremmer E, Ueffing M, Blum M, Gossler A. The FOXJ1 target Cfap206 is required for sperm motility, mucociliary clearance of the airways and brain development. Development 2020; 147:dev.188052. [PMID: 32376681 DOI: 10.1242/dev.188052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are complex cellular protrusions consisting of hundreds of proteins. Defects in ciliary structure and function, many of which have not been characterised molecularly, cause ciliopathies: a heterogeneous group of human syndromes. Here, we report on the FOXJ1 target gene Cfap206, orthologues of which so far have only been studied in Chlamydomonas and Tetrahymena In mouse and Xenopus, Cfap206 was co-expressed with and dependent on Foxj1 CFAP206 protein localised to the basal body and to the axoneme of motile cilia. In Xenopus crispant larvae, the ciliary beat frequency of skin multiciliated cells was enhanced and bead transport across the epidermal mucociliary epithelium was reduced. Likewise, Cfap206 knockout mice revealed ciliary phenotypes. Electron tomography of immotile knockout mouse sperm flagella indicated a role in radial spoke formation reminiscent of FAP206 function in Tetrahymena Male infertility, hydrocephalus and impaired mucociliary clearance of the airways in the absence of laterality defects in Cfap206 mutant mice suggests that Cfap206 may represent a candidate for the subgroup of human primary ciliary dyskinesias caused by radial spoke defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Beckers
- Institute for Molecular Biology, OE5250, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Adis
- Institute for Molecular Biology, OE5250, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karin Schuster-Gossler
- Institute for Molecular Biology, OE5250, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lena Tveriakhina
- Institute for Molecular Biology, OE5250, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim Ott
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Franziska Fuhl
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, OE8840, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Institute of Ophthalmic Research, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Serth
- Institute for Molecular Biology, OE5250, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ev Rachev
- Institute for Molecular Biology, OE5250, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Leonie Alten
- Institute for Molecular Biology, OE5250, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Core Facility Monoclonal Antibodies, Marchioninistr. 25, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute of Ophthalmic Research, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Blum
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Achim Gossler
- Institute for Molecular Biology, OE5250, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Ishijima S. Modulatory mechanisms of sliding of nine outer doublet microtubules for generating planar and half-helical flagellar waves. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 25:320-328. [PMID: 30824931 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that sperm flagellar motility is generated and modulated by metachronal sliding and two types of synchronous sliding of the outer doublet microtubules. Metachronal sliding propagates around the axoneme circumferentially from one doublet to another along the flagellum, whereas the two types of synchronous sliding occur synchronously throughout an extended region along the doublet microtubules. Oscillatory synchronous sliding occurs between most pairs of the nine doublet microtubules, whereas non-oscillatory synchronous sliding occurs between a specific pair of the nine doublet microtubules. These types of sliding coexist in the flagellum and create beat cycles of flagellar movement. The circumferential propagation of active sliding around the nine doublet microtubules in the metachronal sliding suggests that it is easier for a flagellum to produce helical waves than planar waves. Most sperm flagellar movements are planar to a certain extent. Therefore, mechanisms that modulate the helical waves into planar waves may be present. Structures such as the central pair microtubules in 9 + 2 sperm flagella and the fusion of fibrous-sheath and 3-,8-doublet microtubules in mammalian sperm flagella partition the nine outer doublet microtubules into two groups. Accordingly, the sliding between these two groups generates planar flagellar waves. A similar effect is caused by the sliding between a specific pair of the nine doublet microtubules of the non-oscillatory synchronous sliding, occurring in a Ca2+ concentration-dependent manner. These hard- and soft-wired systems produce the nearly planar flagellar waves required for the efficient propulsion of spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumio Ishijima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama 225-8502, Japan
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Ringers C, Olstad EW, Jurisch-Yaksi N. The role of motile cilia in the development and physiology of the nervous system. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 375:20190156. [PMID: 31884916 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia are miniature, whip-like organelles whose beating generates a directional fluid flow. The flow generated by ciliated epithelia is a subject of great interest, as defective ciliary motility results in severe human diseases called motile ciliopathies. Despite the abundance of motile cilia in diverse organs including the nervous system, their role in organ development and homeostasis remains poorly understood. Recently, much progress has been made regarding the identity of motile ciliated cells and the role of motile-cilia-mediated flow in the development and physiology of the nervous system. In this review, we will discuss these recent advances from sensory organs, specifically the nose and the ear, to the spinal cord and brain ventricles. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Ringers
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emilie W Olstad
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St Olavs University Hospital, Edvard Griegs Gate 8, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
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Imhof S, Zhang J, Wang H, Bui KH, Nguyen H, Atanasov I, Hui WH, Yang SK, Zhou ZH, Hill KL. Cryo electron tomography with volta phase plate reveals novel structural foundations of the 96-nm axonemal repeat in the pathogen Trypanosoma brucei. eLife 2019; 8:e52058. [PMID: 31710293 PMCID: PMC6974359 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 96-nm axonemal repeat includes dynein motors and accessory structures as the foundation for motility of eukaryotic flagella and cilia. However, high-resolution 3D axoneme structures are unavailable for organisms among the Excavates, which include pathogens of medical and economic importance. Here we report cryo electron tomography structures of the 96-nm repeat from Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite in the Excavate lineage that causes African trypanosomiasis. We examined bloodstream and procyclic life cycle stages, and a knockdown lacking DRC11/CMF22 of the nexin dynein regulatory complex (NDRC). Sub-tomogram averaging yields a resolution of 21.8 Å for the 96-nm repeat. We discovered several lineage-specific structures, including novel inter-doublet linkages and microtubule inner proteins (MIPs). We establish that DRC11/CMF22 is required for the NDRC proximal lobe that binds the adjacent doublet microtubule. We propose that lineage-specific elaboration of axoneme structure in T. brucei reflects adaptations to support unique motility needs in diverse host environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Imhof
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Jiayan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Khanh Huy Bui
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealUnited States
| | - Hoangkim Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Ivo Atanasov
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Wong H Hui
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Shun Kai Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealUnited States
| | - Z Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Kent L Hill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
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Nabi A, Yano J, Valentine MS, Picariello T, Van Houten JL. SF-Assemblin genes in Paramecium: phylogeny and phenotypes of RNAi silencing on the ciliary-striated rootlets and surface organization. Cilia 2019; 8:2. [PMID: 31673332 PMCID: PMC6819543 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-019-0062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cilia emanate from basal bodies just underneath the cell membrane. Basal bodies must withstand torque from the ciliary beat and be appropriately spaced for cilia to beat in metachronal waves. Basal body rootlets provide stability for motile cilia. Paramecium has three. Our focus is on the largest one, the striated rootlet (SR). Paramecium basal bodies align in straight rows. Previously we found a potential role for the SR in this alignment. Here we present a phylogeny of the Paramecium homologs of the SF-Assemblin gene of the SR of Chlamydomonas, and the organization of these genes. We describe the phenotypes from RNA interference (RNAi) silencing of genes and gene groups. Methods Phenotypes of the RNAi depletions were characterized by immunofluorescence (IF), electron microscopy, and mass spectrometry. Results We found 30 genes for Paramecium SF-Assemblin homologs (SFA) organized into 13 Paralog Groups (further categorized in five Structural Groups). Representatives of Paralog Groups were found in the SRs. Silencing the transcripts of any of the Structural Groups correlates with misaligned rows of basal bodies, SRs, and cortical units. The silencing of Structural Groups was key and gave us the ability to systematically disrupt SR structures and cell surface organization. Conclusions Silencing of SFA genes and Paralog Groups shows no effects on the SR or the cell surface organization. Silencing of the larger Structural Groups has an enormous impact on rows of basal bodies, SRs and cortical units, and SR striations, and length. Misaligned basal bodies have cilia causing the cells to swim in abnormal paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashikun Nabi
- 1University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 USA.,4Present Address: Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Junji Yano
- 1University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - Megan S Valentine
- 2State University of New York at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY 12901 USA
| | - Tyler Picariello
- 3University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
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Abstract
Cells from all three domains of life on Earth utilize motile macromolecular devices that protrude from the cell surface to generate forces that allow them to swim through fluid media. Research carried out on archaea during the past decade or so has led to the recognition that, despite their common function, the motility devices of the three domains display fundamental differences in their properties and ancestry, reflecting a striking example of convergent evolution. Thus, the flagella of bacteria and the archaella of archaea employ rotary filaments that assemble from distinct subunits that do not share a common ancestor and generate torque using energy derived from distinct fuel sources, namely chemiosmotic ion gradients and FlaI motor-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis, respectively. The cilia of eukaryotes, however, assemble via kinesin-2-driven intraflagellar transport and utilize microtubules and ATP-hydrolyzing dynein motors to beat in a variety of waveforms via a sliding filament mechanism. Here, with reference to current structural and mechanistic information about these organelles, we briefly compare the evolutionary origins, assembly and tactic motility of archaella, flagella and cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Khan
- Molecular Biology Consortium, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Jonathan M Scholey
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California @ Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Jungnickel MK, Sutton KA, Baker MA, Cohen MG, Sanderson MJ, Florman HM. The flagellar protein Enkurin is required for mouse sperm motility and for transport through the female reproductive tract. Biol Reprod 2019; 99:789-797. [PMID: 29733335 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enkurin was identified initially in mouse sperm where it was suggested to act as an intracellular adaptor protein linking membrane calcium influx to intracellular signaling pathways. In order to examine the function of this protein, a targeted mutation was introduced into the mouse Enkurin gene. Males that were homozygous for this mutated allele were subfertile. This was associated with lower rates of sperm transport in the female reproductive tract, including reduced entry into the oviduct and slower migration to the site of fertilization in the distal oviduct, and with poor progressive motility in vitro. Flagella from wild-type animals exhibited symmetrical bending and progressive motility in culture medium, and demembranated flagella exhibited the "curlicue" response to Ca2+ in vitro. In contrast, flagella of mice homozygous for the mutated allele displayed only asymmetric bending, nonprogressive motility, and a loss of Ca2+-responsiveness following demembrantion. We propose that Enkurin is part of a flagellar Ca2+-sensor that regulates bending and that the motility defects following mutation of the locus are the proximate cause of subfertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Jungnickel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keith A Sutton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark A Baker
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael G Cohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael J Sanderson
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harvey M Florman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Osinka A, Poprzeczko M, Zielinska MM, Fabczak H, Joachimiak E, Wloga D. Ciliary Proteins: Filling the Gaps. Recent Advances in Deciphering the Protein Composition of Motile Ciliary Complexes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070730. [PMID: 31319499 PMCID: PMC6678824 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are highly evolutionarily conserved, microtubule-based cell protrusions present in eukaryotic organisms from protists to humans, with the exception of fungi and higher plants. Cilia can be broadly divided into non-motile sensory cilia, called primary cilia, and motile cilia, which are locomotory organelles. The skeleton (axoneme) of primary cilia is formed by nine outer doublet microtubules distributed on the cilium circumference. In contrast, the skeleton of motile cilia is more complex: in addition to outer doublets, it is composed of two central microtubules and several diverse multi-protein complexes that are distributed periodically along both types of microtubules. For many years, researchers have endeavored to fully characterize the protein composition of ciliary macro-complexes and the molecular basis of signal transduction between these complexes. Genetic and biochemical analyses have suggested that several hundreds of proteins could be involved in the assembly and function of motile cilia. Within the last several years, the combined efforts of researchers using cryo-electron tomography, genetic and biochemical approaches, and diverse model organisms have significantly advanced our knowledge of the ciliary structure and protein composition. Here, we summarize the recent progress in the identification of the subunits of ciliary complexes, their precise intraciliary localization determined by cryo-electron tomography data, and the role of newly identified proteins in cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Osinka
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martyna Poprzeczko
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena M Zielinska
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Fabczak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dorota Wloga
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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