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Zhang Q, Ul Ain Q, Schulz C, Pircher J. Role of antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin in thrombosis and thromboinflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1151926. [PMID: 37090695 PMCID: PMC10114025 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1151926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is a frequent cause of cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization. Current antithrombotic strategies, however, target both thrombosis and physiological hemostasis and thereby increase bleeding risk. In recent years the pathophysiological understanding of thrombus formation has significantly advanced and inflammation has become a crucial element. Neutrophils as most frequent immune cells in the blood and their released mediators play a key role herein. Neutrophil-derived cathelicidin next to its strong antimicrobial properties has also shown to modulates thrombosis and thus presents a potential therapeutic target. In this article we review direct and indirect (immune- and endothelial cell-mediated) effects of cathelicidin on platelets and the coagulation system. Further we discuss its implications for large vessel thrombosis and consecutive thromboinflammation as well as immunothrombosis in sepsis and COVID-19 and give an outlook for potential therapeutic prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität, Munich, Germany
- Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich, Germany
| | - Qurrat Ul Ain
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität, Munich, Germany
- Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Pircher
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität, Munich, Germany
- Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Joachim Pircher,
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Ozen G, Aljesri K, Abdelazeem H, Norel X, Turkyılmaz G, Turkyılmaz S, Topal G. Comparative study on the effect of aspirin, TP receptor antagonist and TxA 2 synthase inhibitor on the vascular tone of human saphenous vein and internal mammary artery. Life Sci 2021; 286:120073. [PMID: 34688694 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Thromboxane (TxA2) is synthesized from arachidonic acid (AA) via thromboxane synthase (TxS) enzyme and induces vasoconstriction via TP receptor. Our aim is to compare the effects of aspirin, TxS inhibitor and TP receptor antagonist on vascular reactivity of bypass grafts (saphenous vein and internal mammary artery). MAIN METHODS Using isolated organ bath, saphenous vein and internal mammary artery preparations were incubated with TP receptor antagonist, TxS inhibitor, aspirin, IP or EP4 receptor antagonist. Then prostaglandin (PG)E2, PGF2α, phenylephrine and AA were administered in concentration-dependent manner. The expression of prostanoid receptor and PGI2 synthase (PGIS) enzyme was determined by Western Blot. KEY FINDINGS TP receptor antagonist inhibited the contraction induced by PGE2, PGF2α, and AA but not that induced by phenylephrine in both types of vessels. Aspirin increased phenylephrine-induced contraction only in internal mammary artery and decreased AA-induced contraction in saphenous vein. TxS inhibitor decreased both PGE2 and AA-induced contraction in both types of vessels. This decrease was reversed by co-incubation of TxS inhibitor and IP/EP4 receptor antagonists. The expressions of EP3 receptor and PGIS enzyme were greater in internal mammary artery compared to saphenous vein while IP and TP receptors expressed at similar levels. SIGNIFICANCE TP receptor antagonist and TxS inhibitor are more effective to reduce contraction induced by different spasmogens in comparison to aspirin. Our results suggest that TP receptor antagonist and TxS inhibitor might have an advantage over aspirin due to their preventive effect on increased vascular reactivity observed in post-operative period of coronary artery bypass grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsev Ozen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Khadija Aljesri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Heba Abdelazeem
- Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430 Villetaneuse, France; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Xavier Norel
- Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Gulsum Turkyılmaz
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital Bakırkoy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Saygın Turkyılmaz
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital Bakırkoy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gokce Topal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Yamanaka K, Yamamoto O, Honda T. Pathophysiology of psoriasis: A review. J Dermatol 2021; 48:722-731. [PMID: 33886133 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a complex chronic inflammatory skin disease caused by the dynamic interplay between multiple genetic risk foci, environmental risk factors, and excessive immunological abnormalities. Psoriasis affects approximately 2% of the population worldwide, and dramatic advances have been achieved in the understanding and treatment options for psoriasis. Recent progress in biological therapies has revealed the fundamental roles of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-23p19, and the IL-17A axis together with skin-resident immune cells and major signal transduction pathways in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. In addition to IL-17-producing T helper17 cells, innate lymphoid cell (ILC)3 induces psoriasis rashes directly without T-cell/antigen interaction in response to the released antimicrobial peptides from activated keratinocytes and inflammatory cytokines. ILC3 typically expresses retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma t in the nucleus, matures in the presence of IL-7 and IL-23, and produces IL-17 and IL-22. The number of ILC3s is increased in the blood, psoriasis rash, and even in nonrash areas of psoriatic skin. Psoriasis is significantly associated with cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and inflammatory disorders, particularly the severe type. The similarity of enterobacteria in the psoriasis gut to that in diabetic patients may be related to its pathogenesis. In the current review, we focus on the pathophysiology of psoriasis in the accelerated immunological inflammatory loop, danger signal from keratinocytes, and cytokines, particularly IL-17 and IL-23p19. In addition, pathophysiological speculation with regard to morphology has been supplemented. Finally, the differences and similarities between psoriasis and atopic dermatitis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Yamanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamamoto
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Coptis chinensis Franch Directly Inhibits Proteolytic Activation of Kallikrein 5 and Cathelicidin Associated with Rosacea in Epidermal Keratinocytes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235556. [PMID: 33256158 PMCID: PMC7729574 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosacea is a common and chronic inflammatory skin disease that is characterized by dysfunction of the immune and vascular system. The excessive production and activation of kallikerin 5 (KLK5) and cathelicidin have been implicated in the pathogenesis of rosacea. Coptis chinensis Franch (CC) has been used as a medicinal herb in traditional oriental medicine. However, little is known about the efficacy and mechanism of action of CC in rosacea. In this study, we evaluate the effect of CC and its molecular mechanism on rosacea in human epidermal keratinocytes. CC has the capacity to downregulate the expression of KLK5 and cathelicidin, and also inhibits KLK5 protease activity, which leads to reduced processing of inactive cathelicidin into active LL-37. It was determined that CC ameliorates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines through the inhibition of LL-37 processing. In addition, it was confirmed that chitin, an exoskeleton of Demodex mites, mediates an immune response through TLR2 activation, and CC inhibits TLR2 expression and downstream signal transduction. Furthermore, CC was shown to inhibit the proliferation of human microvascular endothelial cells induced by LL-37, the cause of erythematous rosacea. These results demonstrate that CC improved rosacea by regulating the immune response and angiogenesis, and revealed its mechanism of action, indicating that CC may be a useful therapeutic agent for rosacea.
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The Novel Small-molecule Annexin-A1 Mimetic, Compound 17b, Elicits Vasoprotective Actions in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041384. [PMID: 32085666 PMCID: PMC7073122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The formyl peptide receptor (FPR) family are a group of G-protein coupled receptors that play an important role in the regulation of inflammatory processes. It is well-established that activation of FPRs can have cardioprotective properties. Recently, more stable small-molecule FPR1/2 agonists have been described, including both Compound 17b (Cmpd17b) and Compound 43 (Cmpd43). Both agonists activate a range of signals downstream of FPR1/2 activation in human-engineered FPR-expressing cells, including ERK1/2 and Akt. Importantly, Cmpd17b (but not Cmpd43) favours bias away from intracellular Ca2+ mobilisation in this context, which has been associated with greater cardioprotection in response to Cmpd17b over Cmpd43. However, it is unknown whether these FPR agonists impact vascular physiology and/or elicit vasoprotective effects in the context of diabetes. First, we localized FPR1 and FPR2 receptors predominantly in vascular smooth muscle cells in the aortae of male C57BL/6 mice. We then analysed the vascular effects of Cmpd17b and Cmpd43 on the aorta using wire-myography. Cmpd17b but not Cmpd43 evoked a concentration-dependent relaxation of the mouse aorta. Removal of the endothelium or blockade of endothelium-derived relaxing factors using pharmacological inhibitors had no effect on Cmpd17b-evoked relaxation, demonstrating that its direct vasodilator actions were endothelium-independent. In aortae primed with elevated K+ concentration, increasing concentrations of CaCl2 evoked concentration-dependent contraction that is abolished by Cmpd17b, suggesting the involvement of the inhibition of Ca2+ mobilisation via voltage-gated calcium channels. Treatment with Cmpd17b for eight weeks reversed endothelial dysfunction in STZ-induced diabetic aorta through the upregulation of vasodilator prostanoids. Our data indicate that Cmpd17b is a direct endothelium-independent vasodilator, and a vasoprotective molecule in the context of diabetes.
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Suzuki K, Ohkuma M, Nagaoka I. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide and antimicrobial LL-37 enhance ICAM-1 expression and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation in senescent endothelial cells. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:1187-1196. [PMID: 31364735 PMCID: PMC6713406 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is associated with the induction of a proinflammatory phenotype. Notably, senescent endothelial cells are detected at the sites of atherosclerotic lesions, suggesting the involvement of senescent endothelial cells in atherogenesis. Moreover, bacterial infection has been speculated to contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The present study investigated the effects of Gram‑negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LL‑37 (a human antimicrobial peptide of the cathelicidin family), on senescent endothelial cells, using serially passaged human endothelial cells. The results indicated that senescent endothelial cells exhibited the basal proinflammatory phenotype, as evidenced by higher intercellular adhesion molecule‑1 (ICAM‑1) expression and NF‑κB p65 phosphorylation, compared with non‑senescent cells. Additionally, exposure to LPS and LL‑37 further enhanced the expression of ICAM‑1 in senescent endothelial cells, compared with non‑senescent cells. Of note, the NF‑κB p65 pathway was more activated in senescent endothelial cells stimulated with LPS and LL‑37. Furthermore, the expression levels of the receptors for LPS and LL‑37 [toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR4) and purinergic receptor P2X 7 (P2X7), respectively] were upregulated in senescent endothelial cells. These observations indicated that LPS and LL‑37 enhanced the ICAM‑1 expression and NF‑κB p65 activation in senescent endothelial cells, potentially via the upregulated TLR4 and P2X7. Thus, senescent endothelial cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis via the basal proinflammatory phenotype and the enhanced inflammatory responses against atherogenic factors, including LPS and LL‑37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Suzuki
- Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113‑8421, Japan
| | - Mari Ohkuma
- Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113‑8421, Japan
| | - Isao Nagaoka
- Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113‑8421, Japan
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Hao L, Lei X, Zhou H, Marshall AJ, Liu L. Critical role for PI3Kγ-dependent neutrophil reactive oxygen species in WKYMVm-induced microvascular hyperpermeability. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1117-1127. [PMID: 31216371 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0518-184rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PI3K has been indicated in regulating microvascular permeability changes during inflammation. However, its role in neutrophil-driven microvascular leakage in acute inflammation remains unclear. Using intravital microscopy in mice, we examined the role of PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ in formyl peptide WKYMVm- and chemokine CXCL2-induced permeability changes and assessed simultaneously neutrophil adhesion and emigration in post-capillary venules of murine cremaster muscle. We found a PI3Kγ-specific mechanism in WKYMVm-induced but not CXCL2-induced microvascular hyperpermeability. The increased microvascular permeability triggered by WKYMVm was not entirely due to neutrophil adhesion and emigration in cremasteric microvasculature in different PI3K transgenic mouse strains. The PI3Kγ-specific hyperpermeability was neutrophil-mediated as this was reduced after depletion of neutrophils in mouse circulation. Chimeric mice with PI3Kγ-deficient neutrophils but wild-type endothelium also showed reduced hyperpermeability. Furthermore, we found that the catalytic function of PI3Kγ was required for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in neutrophils stimulated with WKYMVm. Pharmacological scavenging PI3Kγ-dependent ROS in the tissue eliminated the discrepancy in hyperpermeability between different PI3K transgenic mice and alleviated WKYMVm-induced microvascular leakage in all mouse strains tested. In conclusion, our study uncovers the critical role for PI3Kγ-dependent ROS generation by neutrophils in formyl peptide-induced microvascular hyperpermeability during neutrophil recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Xi Lei
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aaron J Marshall
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lixin Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Qin X, Zhu G, Huang L, Zhang W, Huang Y, Xi X. LL-37 and its analog FF/CAP18 attenuate neutrophil migration in sepsis-induced acute lung injury. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:4863-4871. [PMID: 30537236 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sepsis can result in acute lung injury. LL-37 is a small cationic host defense peptide involved in anti-inflammatory. In the current study, it was hypothesized that antimicrobial peptide LL-37 could play a protective role in attenuating the progression of sepsis-induced acute lung injury. METHODS Forty male C57BL/6 mice were induced into sepsis using cecal ligation and puncture, and subsequently administered with recombinant mouse osteopontin. Peptides LL-37, the LL-37 analog (FF/CAP18, called sLL-37), or normal saline was intravenously administered into septic mice for 20 hours. Then, proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1β), acute lung injury markers (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]), the neutrophil infiltration marker (myeloperoxidase [MPO]), and neutrophil infiltration were detected. Furthermore, the neutrophil migration and expression of migration-related factors (focal adhesion kinase [FAK], ERK, and P38) in differentiated HL-60 cells were detected. RESULTS Septic mice had upregulated IL-6, IL-1β, ALT, AST, LDH, MPO, p-FAK, p-ERK, and p-P38, infiltrated neutrophils, and migrated neutrophil-like HL-60 cells. In contrast, the administration of peptide LL-37 and sLL-37 inhibited all these changes. Compared with septic mice, it was found that proinflammatory cytokines, lung injury markers, MPO, and infiltrated neutrophils decreased in mice treated with LL-37 and sLL-37. In addition, the migrated neutrophil-like HL-60 cells and activated p-FAK, p-ERK, and p-P38 proteins were suppressed by LL-37 and sLL-37 treatments. CONCLUSIONS Peptide LL-37 and its analog sLL-37 attenuated the progression of sepsis-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting neutrophil infiltration and migration through the FAK, ERK, and P38 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuchuan Qin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Experimenter Center, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.,Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Guangfa Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Experimenter Center, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lixue Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Experimenter Center, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwei Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Experimenter Center, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Experimenter Center, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Experimenter Center, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
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Pathological Role and Diagnostic Value of Endogenous Host Defense Peptides in Adult and Neonatal Sepsis: A Systematic Review. Shock 2018; 47:673-679. [PMID: 27941592 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a systemic host response to an infection leading to organ failure. This is associated with dynamic expression of endogenous host defense peptides. Dysregulation of these peptides is associated with septic morbidity and mortality. METHODS We performed a systematic search of articles indexed in PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, EmBase, and Scopus database from inception to October 2016. Both preclinical and clinical studies investigating the role of host defense peptides in pathogenesis and as biomarkers for sepsis were included. RESULTS Of the available literature, cathelicidin, defensin, and hepcidin are among the best-characterized peptides. These regulate immune response, and crosstalk with pyroptosis and coagulation cascades. The applicability of these peptides as septic biomarkers has been investigated in vitro and in vivo studies. However, numerous studies were based on endotoxemia without an infection, jeopardizing interpretation of the outcomes. Cathelicidin and defensin were frequently reported in adult sepsis while hepcidin in neonatal sepsis. The expression level of these peptides is significantly associated with septic condition. Most of the studies employed a cross-sectional design, precluding the establishment of a temporal relationship between candidate peptide biomarkers and sepsis. CONCLUSIONS Innate defense peptides have been insufficiently evaluated as either diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. In the future, evaluation of host defense peptides as septic biomarkers may employ a longitudinal design and consider a panel of multiple peptides.
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FPR2/ALX activation reverses LPS-induced vascular hyporeactivity in aorta and increases survival in a pneumosepsis model. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 746:267-73. [PMID: 25478948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The formylpeptide receptor 2 (FPR2/ALX) is a very promiscuous receptor, utilized by lipid and protein ligands that trigger pro- or anti-inflammatory responses. FPR2/ALX expression is increased in lung tissues of septic animals and its activation has a beneficial therapeutic effect by controlling exacerbated inflammation. Although FPR2/ALX expression was observed in vascular smooth muscle cells, its role in vascular reactivity in inflammatory conditions has not been studied. In this study, we report that LPS increases FPR2/ALX expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (A7r5 cells) and aorta tissue, and that the selective agonist WKYMVm reverses LPS-induced vascular hyporeactivity in mouse aorta rings. Mice bearing pneumosepsis by Klebsiella pneumoniae and treated with WKYMVm recovered the reactivity to vasoconstrictors and the survival improved by 40%. As for the mechanisms involved, FPR2/ALX activation decreases NO production in LPS-stimulated cells and aorta, but it does not seem involve the regulation of NOS-2 expression. The molecular mechanism by which the peptide inhibits NO production still needs to be elucidated, but our data suggests an important role for NO in the WKYMVm beneficial effect observed in LPS injury and sepsis. In conclusion, our data suggest, for the first time, that a receptor, primarily described as a mediator of immune responses, may have an important role in the vascular dysfunctions observed in sepsis and may be a possible target for new therapeutic interventions.
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Koziel J, Bryzek D, Sroka A, Maresz K, Glowczyk I, Bielecka E, Kantyka T, Pyrć K, Svoboda P, Pohl J, Potempa J. Citrullination alters immunomodulatory function of LL-37 essential for prevention of endotoxin-induced sepsis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5363-72. [PMID: 24771854 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cathelicidin LL-37 plays an essential role in innate immunity by killing invading microorganisms and regulating the inflammatory response. These activities depend on the cationic character of the peptide, which is conferred by arginine and lysine residues. At inflammatory foci in vivo, LL-37 is exposed to peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD), an enzyme released by inflammatory cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that PAD-mediated citrullination of the arginine residues within LL-37 will abrogate its immunomodulatory functions. We found that, when citrullinated, LL-37 was at least 40 times less efficient at neutralizing the proinflammatory activity of LPS due to a marked decrease in its affinity for endotoxin. Also, the ability of citrullinated LL-37 to quench macrophage responses to lipoteichoic acid and poly(I:C) signaling via TLR2 and TLR3, respectively, was significantly reduced. Furthermore, in stark contrast to native LL-37, the modified peptide completely lost the ability to prevent morbidity and mortality in a mouse model of d-galactosamine-sensitized endotoxin shock. In fact, administration of citrullinated LL-37 plus endotoxin actually exacerbated sepsis due to the inability of LL-37 to neutralize LPS and the subsequent enhancement of systemic inflammation due to increased serum levels of IL-6. Importantly, serum from septic mice showed increased PAD activity, which strongly correlated with the level of citrullination, indicating that PAD-driven protein modification occurs in vivo. Because LL-37 is a potential treatment for sepsis, its administration should be preceded by a careful analysis to ensure that the citrullinated peptide is not generated in treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Danuta Bryzek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Sroka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Maresz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Izabela Glowczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Bielecka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kantyka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pyrć
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Pavel Svoboda
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333; and
| | - Jan Pohl
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333; and
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Center for Oral Health and Systemic Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202
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12
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Immune modulation by multifaceted cationic host defense (antimicrobial) peptides. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:761-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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13
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Schuerholz T, Brandenburg K, Marx G. Antimicrobial peptides and their potential application in inflammation and sepsis. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2012; 16:207. [PMID: 22429567 PMCID: PMC3681352 DOI: 10.1186/cc11220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schuerholz
- Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Byfield FJ, Wen Q, Leszczynska K, Kulakowska A, Namiot Z, Janmey PA, Bucki R. Cathelicidin LL-37 peptide regulates endothelial cell stiffness and endothelial barrier permeability. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 300:C105-12. [PMID: 20943960 PMCID: PMC3023190 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00158.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
LL-37 peptide is a multifunctional host defense molecule essential for normal immune responses to infection or tissue injury. In this study we assess the impact of LL-37 on endothelial stiffness and barrier permeability. Fluorescence microscopy reveals membrane localization of LL-37 after its incubation with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). A concentration-dependent increase in stiffness was observed in HUVECs, bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs), human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, and mouse aorta upon LL-37 (0.5-5 μM) addition. Stiffening of BAECs by LL-37 was blocked by P2X7 receptor antagonists and by the intracellular Ca²(+) chelator BAPTA-AM. Increased cellular stiffness correlated with a decrease in permeability of HUVEC cell monolayers after LL-37 addition compared with nontreated cells, which was similar to the effect observed upon treatment with sphingosine 1-phosphate, and both treatments increased F-actin content in the cortical region of the cells. These results suggest that the antiinflammatory effect of LL-37 at the site of infection or injury involves an LL-37-mediated increase in cell stiffening that prevents increased pericellular permeability. Such a mechanism may help to maintain tissue fluid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitzroy J Byfield
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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15
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Cathelicidin LL-37: a multitask antimicrobial peptide. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:15-25. [PMID: 20049649 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-009-0057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is the only known member of the cathelicidin family of peptides expressed in humans. LL-37 is a multifunctional host defense molecule essential for normal immune responses to infection and tissue injury. LL-37 peptide is a potent killer of different microorganisms with the ability to prevent immunostimulatory effects of bacterial wall molecules such as lipopolysaccharide and can therefore protect against lethal endotoxemia. Additional reported activities of LL-37 include chemoattractant function, inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis, and stimulation of angiogenesis, tissue regeneration, and cytokine release (e.g. IL-8). Cellular production of LL-37 is affected by multiple factors, including bacterial products, host cytokines, availability of oxygen, and sun exposure through the activation of CAP-18 gene expression by vitamin D(3). At infection sites, the function of LL-37 can be inhibited by charge-driven interactions with DNA and F-actin released from dead neutrophils and other cells lysed as the result of inflammation. A better understanding of LL-37's biological properties is necessary for its possible therapeutic application for immunomodulatory purposes as well as in treating bacterial infection.
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16
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Li Y. The role of antimicrobial peptides in cardiovascular physiology and disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 390:363-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Pistolic J, Cosseau C, Li Y, Yu J(J, Filewod NC, Gellatly S, Rehaume LM, Bowdish DM, Hancock RE. Host defence peptide LL-37 induces IL-6 expression in human bronchial epithelial cells by activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. J Innate Immun 2008; 1:254-67. [PMID: 20375583 PMCID: PMC7312842 DOI: 10.1159/000171533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
LL-37, the only member of the cathelicidin family of cationic host defence peptides in humans, has been shown to mediate multiple immunomodulatory effects and as such is thought to be an important component of innate immune responses. A growing body of evidence indicates that LL-37 affects lung mucosal responses to pathogens through altered regulation of cell migration, proliferation, wound healing and cell apoptosis. These functions are consistent with LL-37 playing a role in regulating lung epithelial inflammatory responses; however, that role has not been clearly defined. In this report we have demonstrated that host defence peptide LL-37 induced cytokine (IL-6) and chemokine (CXCL-1/GRO-alpha and CXCL-8/IL-8) release from human bronchial epithelial cells. It was demonstrated that LL-37-mediated IL-6 release was time and dose dependent and that LL-37 up-regulated this pleiotropic cytokine at the transcriptional level. Using specific inhibitors it was shown that NF-kappaB signaling led to the LL-37-stimulated production of IL-6. LL-37 stimulation of airway epithelial cells activated NF-kappaB signaling, as demonstrated by the phosphorylation and degradation of Ikappa-Balpha, and consequent nuclear translocation of p65 and p50 NF-kappaB subunits. Furthermore this host defence peptide augmented flagellin-mediated cytokine production, indicating that LL-37 likely modulates Toll-like receptor 5-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Pistolic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Celine Cosseau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Yuexin Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Jie (Jessie) Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Niall C.J. Filewod
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Shaan Gellatly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Linda M. Rehaume
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Dawn M.E. Bowdish
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Universityof Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert E.W. Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
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