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Matoba K, Matsumoto R, Shimotake A, Nakae T, Imamura H, Togo M, Yamao Y, Usami K, Kikuchi T, Yoshida K, Matsuhashi M, Kunieda T, Miyamoto S, Takahashi R, Ikeda A. Basal temporal language area revisited in Japanese language with a language function density map. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae218. [PMID: 38858838 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We revisited the anatomo-functional characteristics of the basal temporal language area (BTLA), first described by Lüders et al. (1986), using electrical cortical stimulation (ECS) in the context of Japanese language and semantic networks. We recruited 11 patients with focal epilepsy who underwent chronic subdural electrode implantation and ECS mapping with multiple language tasks for presurgical evaluation. A semiquantitative language function density map delineated the anatomo-functional characteristics of the BTLA (66 electrodes, mean 3.8 cm from the temporal tip). The ECS-induced impairment probability was higher in the following tasks, listed in a descending order: spoken-word picture matching, picture naming, Kanji word reading, paragraph reading, spoken-verbal command, and Kana word reading. The anterior fusiform gyrus (FG), adjacent anterior inferior temporal gyrus (ITG), and the anterior end where FG and ITG fuse, were characterized by stimulation-induced impairment during visual and auditory tasks requiring verbal output or not, whereas the middle FG was characterized mainly by visual input. The parahippocampal gyrus was the least impaired of the three gyri in the basal temporal area. We propose that the BTLA has a functional gradient, with the anterior part involved in amodal semantic processing and the posterior part, especially the middle FG in unimodal semantic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Matoba
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Riki Matsumoto
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shimotake
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takuro Nakae
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shiga General Hospital, 5-4-30 Moriyama, Moriyama, Shiga 524-0022, Japan
| | - Hisaji Imamura
- Department of Neurology, Fukui Red Cross Hospital, 2-4-1, Tsukimi, Fukui, 918-8011, Japan
| | - Masaya Togo
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yamao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kiyohide Usami
- Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders and Physiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kikuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuhashi
- Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders and Physiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kunieda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, 454 Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Susumu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akio Ikeda
- Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders and Physiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Seidel K, Wermelinger J, Alvarez-Abut P, Deletis V, Raabe A, Zhang D, Schucht P. Cortico-cortical evoked potentials of language tracts in minimally invasive glioma surgery guided by Penfield stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 161:256-267. [PMID: 38521679 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.12.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the feasibility of recording cortico-cortical evoked potentials (CCEPs) in patients with low- and high-grade glioma. We compared CCEPs during awake and asleep surgery, as well as those stimulated from the functional Broca area and recorded from the functional Wernicke area (BtW), and vice versa (WtB). We also analyzed CCEP properties according to tumor location, histopathology, and aphasia. METHODS We included 20 patients who underwent minimally invasive surgery in an asleep-awake-asleep setting. Strip electrode placement was guided by classical Penfield stimulation of positive language sites and fiber tracking of the arcuate fascicle. CCEPs were elicited with alternating monophasic single pulses of 1.1 Hz frequency and recorded as averaged signals. Intraoperatively, there was no post-processing of the signal. RESULTS Ninety-seven CCEPs from 19 patients were analyzed. There was no significant difference in CCEP properties when comparing awake versus asleep, nor BtW versus WtB. CCEP amplitude and latency were affected by tumor location and histopathology. CCEP features after tumor resection correlated with short- and long-term postoperative aphasia. CONCLUSION CCEP recordings are feasible during minimally invasive surgery. CCEPs might be surrogate markers for altered connectivity of the language tracts. SIGNIFICANCE This study may guide the incorporation of CCEPs into intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Seidel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jonathan Wermelinger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Alvarez-Abut
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vedran Deletis
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andreas Raabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Schucht
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Lin Z, Li X, Qi G, Yang J, Sun H, Guo Q, Wu J, Xu M. Phonological properties of logographic words modulate brain activation in bilinguals: a comparative study of Chinese characters and Japanese Kanji. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae150. [PMID: 38652552 PMCID: PMC11037275 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain networks for the first (L1) and second (L2) languages are dynamically formed in the bilingual brain. This study delves into the neural mechanisms associated with logographic-logographic bilingualism, where both languages employ visually complex and conceptually rich logographic scripts. Using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, we examined the brain activity of Chinese-Japanese bilinguals and Japanese-Chinese bilinguals as they engaged in rhyming tasks with Chinese characters and Japanese Kanji. Results showed that Japanese-Chinese bilinguals processed both languages using common brain areas, demonstrating an assimilation pattern, whereas Chinese-Japanese bilinguals recruited additional neural regions in the left lateral prefrontal cortex for processing Japanese Kanji, reflecting their accommodation to the higher phonological complexity of L2. In addition, Japanese speakers relied more on the phonological processing route, while Chinese speakers favored visual form analysis for both languages, indicating differing neural strategy preferences between the 2 bilingual groups. Moreover, multivariate pattern analysis demonstrated that, despite the considerable neural overlap, each bilingual group formed distinguishable neural representations for each language. These findings highlight the brain's capacity for neural adaptability and specificity when processing complex logographic languages, enriching our understanding of the neural underpinnings supporting bilingual language processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglong Lin
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiujun Li
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7186, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China
| | - Geqi Qi
- Department of Psychology, College of Education Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, West College Road 235, Huhhot 010021, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jiajia Yang
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 2-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hongzan Sun
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street 36, Shenyang 110055, Liaoning, China
| | - Qiyong Guo
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street 36, Shenyang 110055, Liaoning, China
| | - Jinglong Wu
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 2-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and System, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision of Complex Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street No 5, Beijing 100811, China
| | - Min Xu
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
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Kuang SY, Xu Y, Wang YY, Wang ZG, Dong Q, Han X, Yang SL. Post-stroke Chinese pure alexia: linguistic features and neuropsychological profiles. Acta Neurol Belg 2024; 124:611-620. [PMID: 38393608 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-024-02479-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Very few cases of Chinese pure alexia have been reported to date. We aim to summarize the linguistic features and neuropsychological profiles of Chinese pure alexia through a case series study. METHODS 11 consecutive patients with post-stroke Chinese pure alexia and 11 healthy controls were included. The Aphasia Battery of Chinese (ABC) and 68-Chinese character oral reading test (68-character test) were used to evaluate the reading and writing ability. Reading errors were classified based on the performance of 68-character test. Neuropsychological profiles were evaluated with corresponding scales. The possible correlation between the reading ability and the writing ability or neuropsychological performance was analyzed. RESULTS The patients had a correct rate of 43.7 ± 23.2% in the 68-character test, significantly lower (P < 0.001) than that of controls. Shape-similar error was the most common type of reading error (101/209, 48.3%). The ABC total writing score rate of the patients ranged from 68.9% to 98.7% (median, 90.5%), significantly lower (P < 0.001) than that of the controls. The patients also showed worse performance in MMSE, auditory verbal learning test, Boston naming test, intersecting pentagons copying and clock-drawing test (all P < 0.05). In the patient group, the correct rate of 68-character test was significantly correlated with the ABC total writing score rate (P = 0.008), the score rate of Boston naming test (P = 0.017), and the clock-drawing test score (P = 0.010). CONCLUSION Shape-similar errors may be a characteristic of Chinese pure alexia. The correlation between visuospatial dysfunction and pure alexia might explain the frequent occurrence of shape-similar errors in Chinese pure alexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Yi Kuang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Yuan Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Gao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xiang Han
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Shi-Lin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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Lawrence A, Carvajal M, Ormsby J. Beyond Broca's and Wernicke's: Functional Mapping of Ancillary Language Centers Prior to Brain Tumor Surgery. Tomography 2023; 9:1254-1275. [PMID: 37489468 PMCID: PMC10366753 DOI: 10.3390/tomography9040100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional MRI is a well-established tool used for pre-surgical planning to help the neurosurgeon have a roadmap of critical functional areas that should be avoided, if possible, during surgery to minimize morbidity for patients with brain tumors (though this also has applications for surgical resection of epileptogenic tissue and vascular lesions). This article reviews the locations of secondary language centers within the brain along with imaging findings to help improve our confidence in our knowledge on language lateralization. Brief overviews of these language centers and their contributions to the language networks will be discussed. These language centers include primary language centers of "Broca's Area" and "Wernicke's Area". However, there are multiple secondary language centers such as the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), frontal eye fields, pre- supplemental motor area (pre-SMA), Basal Temporal Language Area (BTLA), along with other areas of activation. Knowing these foci helps to increase self-assurance when discussing the nature of laterality with the neurosurgeon. By knowing secondary language centers for language lateralization, via fMRI, one can feel confident on providing neurosurgeon colleagues with appropriate information on the laterality of language in preparation for surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Lawrence
- Center for Neuropsychological Services, University of New Mexico, MSC 10 5530 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-5001, USA
| | - Michael Carvajal
- Center for Neuropsychological Services, University of New Mexico, MSC 10 5530 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-5001, USA
| | - Jacob Ormsby
- Department of Radiology, University of New Mexico, MSC 10 5530 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-5001, USA
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Giampiccolo D, Duffau H. Controversy over the temporal cortical terminations of the left arcuate fasciculus: a reappraisal. Brain 2022; 145:1242-1256. [PMID: 35142842 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The arcuate fasciculus has been considered a major dorsal fronto-temporal white matter pathway linking frontal language production regions with auditory perception in the superior temporal gyrus, the so-called Wernicke's area. In line with this tradition, both historical and contemporary models of language function have assigned primacy to superior temporal projections of the arcuate fasciculus. However, classical anatomical descriptions and emerging behavioural data are at odds with this assumption. On one hand, fronto-temporal projections to Wernicke's area may not be unique to the arcuate fasciculus. On the other hand, dorsal stream language deficits have been reported also for damage to middle, inferior and basal temporal gyri which may be linked to arcuate disconnection. These findings point to a reappraisal of arcuate projections in the temporal lobe. Here, we review anatomical and functional evidence regarding the temporal cortical terminations of the left arcuate fasciculus by incorporating dissection and tractography findings with stimulation data using cortico-cortical evoked potentials and direct electrical stimulation mapping in awake patients. Firstly, we discuss the fibers of the arcuate fasciculus projecting to the superior temporal gyrus and the functional rostro-caudal gradient in this region where both phonological encoding and auditory-motor transformation may be performed. Caudal regions within the temporoparietal junction may be involved in articulation and associated with temporoparietal projections of the third branch of the superior longitudinal fasciculus, while more rostral regions may support encoding of acoustic phonetic features, supported by arcuate fibres. We then move to examine clinical data showing that multimodal phonological encoding is facilitated by projections of the arcuate fasciculus to superior, but also middle, inferior and basal temporal regions. Hence, we discuss how projections of the arcuate fasciculus may contribute to acoustic (middle-posterior superior and middle temporal gyri), visual (posterior inferior temporal/fusiform gyri comprising the visual word form area) and lexical (anterior-middle inferior temporal/fusiform gyri in the basal temporal language area) information in the temporal lobe to be processed, encoded and translated into a dorsal phonological route to the frontal lobe. Finally, we point out surgical implications for this model in terms of the prediction and avoidance of neurological deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Giampiccolo
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University Hospital, Verona, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic London, Grosvenor Place, London, UK.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Hugues Duffau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier University Medical Center, Montpellier, France.,Team "Neuroplasticity, Stem Cells and Low-grade Gliomas," INSERM U1191, Institute of Genomics of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Drane DL, Pedersen NP, Sabsevitz DS, Block C, Dickey AS, Alwaki A, Kheder A. Cognitive and Emotional Mapping With SEEG. Front Neurol 2021; 12:627981. [PMID: 33912122 PMCID: PMC8072290 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.627981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mapping of cortical functions is critical for the best clinical care of patients undergoing epilepsy and tumor surgery, but also to better understand human brain function and connectivity. The purpose of this review is to explore existing and potential means of mapping higher cortical functions, including stimulation mapping, passive mapping, and connectivity analyses. We examine the history of mapping, differences between subdural and stereoelectroencephalographic approaches, and some risks and safety aspects, before examining different types of functional mapping. Much of this review explores the prospects for new mapping approaches to better understand other components of language, memory, spatial skills, executive, and socio-emotional functions. We also touch on brain-machine interfaces, philosophical aspects of aligning tasks to brain circuits, and the study of consciousness. We end by discussing multi-modal testing and virtual reality approaches to mapping higher cortical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Drane
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Epilepsy Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nigel P. Pedersen
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Epilepsy Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - David S. Sabsevitz
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Cady Block
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Adam S. Dickey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Abdulrahman Alwaki
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ammar Kheder
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Nakagawa Y, Sano Y, Funayama M, Kato M. Prognostic factors for long-term improvement from stroke-related aphasia with adequate linguistic rehabilitation. Neurol Sci 2019; 40:2141-2146. [PMID: 31183673 PMCID: PMC6745027 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-03956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, several studies have reported potential prognostic factors for aphasia after stroke. However, these reports covered no more than 1 year after stroke onset, even though patients often continue to improve over longer periods. The present study included 121 patients with aphasia who received cognitive-based linguistic rehabilitation for at least 2 years post-onset. All were right-handed and had a lesion only in the left hemisphere. Aphasia outcome was predicted using multiple linear regression analysis. Age at onset, lesion in the left superior temporal gyrus including Wernicke’s area, and baseline linguistic abilities including aphasia severity and both phonological and semantic functions were significant predictors of long-term aphasia outcome. These findings suggest that the long-term outcome of aphasia following adequate linguistic rehabilitation can be predicted by age at onset, lesion area, and baseline linguistic abilities and that linguistic rehabilitation is particularly recommended for younger individuals with aphasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Nakagawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Edogawa Hospital, 2-24-18, Higashikoiwa, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, 133-0052, Japan.
| | - Yoko Sano
- Department of Rehabilitation, Edogawa Hospital, 2-24-18, Higashikoiwa, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, 133-0052, Japan
| | - Michitaka Funayama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ashikaga Red Cross Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kato
- Department of Neurology, Edogawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Drane DL, Pedersen NP. Knowledge of language function and underlying neural networks gained from focal seizures and epilepsy surgery. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2019; 189:20-33. [PMID: 30615986 PMCID: PMC7183240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of epilepsy and its treatments have contributed significantly to language models. The setting of epilepsy surgery, which allows for careful pre- and postsurgical evaluation of patients with cognitive testing and neuroimaging, has produced a wealth of language findings. Moreover, a new wave of surgical interventions, including stereotactic laser ablation and radio frequency ablation, have contributed new insights and corrections to language models as they can make extremely precise, focal lesions. This review covers the common language deficits observed in focal dyscognitive seizure syndromes. It also addresses the effects of surgical interventions on language, and highlights insights gained from unique epilepsy assessment methods (e.g., cortical stimulation mapping, Wada evaluation). Emergent findings are covered including a lack of involvement of the hippocampus in confrontation word retrieval, possible roles for key white matter tracts in language, and the often-overlooked basal temporal language area. The relationship between language and semantic memory networks is also explored, with brief consideration given to the prevailing models of semantic processing, including the amodal Hub and distributed, multi-modal processing models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Drane
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Nigel P Pedersen
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Shimotake A, Matsumoto R, Ueno T, Kunieda T, Saito S, Hoffman P, Kikuchi T, Fukuyama H, Miyamoto S, Takahashi R, Ikeda A, Lambon Ralph MA. Direct Exploration of the Role of the Ventral Anterior Temporal Lobe in Semantic Memory: Cortical Stimulation and Local Field Potential Evidence From Subdural Grid Electrodes. Cereb Cortex 2015; 25:3802-17. [PMID: 25491206 PMCID: PMC4585516 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Semantic memory is a crucial higher cortical function that codes the meaning of objects and words, and when impaired after neurological damage, patients are left with significant disability. Investigations of semantic dementia have implicated the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) region, in general, as crucial for multimodal semantic memory. The potentially crucial role of the ventral ATL subregion has been emphasized by recent functional neuroimaging studies, but the necessity of this precise area has not been selectively tested. The implantation of subdural electrode grids over this subregion, for the presurgical assessment of patients with partial epilepsy or brain tumor, offers the dual yet rare opportunities to record cortical local field potentials while participants complete semantic tasks and to stimulate the functionally identified regions in the same participants to evaluate the necessity of these areas in semantic processing. Across 6 patients, and utilizing a variety of semantic assessments, we evaluated and confirmed that the anterior fusiform/inferior temporal gyrus is crucial in multimodal, receptive, and expressive, semantic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Riki Matsumoto
- Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders and Physiology
| | - Taiji Ueno
- Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit (NARU), School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Satoru Saito
- Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit (NARU), School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Cognitive Psychology in Education, Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Paul Hoffman
- Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit (NARU), School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Hidenao Fukuyama
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Akio Ikeda
- Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders and Physiology
| | - Matthew A. Lambon Ralph
- Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit (NARU), School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Neural correlates of mirth and laughter: A direct electrical cortical stimulation study. Cortex 2015; 66:134-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Araki K, Terada K, Usui K, Usui N, Araki Y, Baba K, Matsuda K, Tottori T, Inoue Y. Bidirectional neural connectivity between basal temporal and posterior language areas in humans. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 126:682-8. [PMID: 25190148 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The basal temporal language area (BTL) is known to be involved in the semantic processing of language. To investigate the neural connectivity between BTL and the posterior language area (PL), we used cortico-cortical evoked potential (CCEP) technique. METHODS Four patients with intractable epilepsy who underwent presurgical evaluation with subdural electrodes were examined. All patients were right-handed and left language dominance by Wada test. We directly stimulated 20 pairs of electrodes placed on BTL in patient 1-3, putative BTL in patient 4, and PL in patient 1-4. In patient 4, all electrodes on the left temporal basal area were stimulated. RESULTS We could record 132 CCEP responses including 40 responses by the left basal temporal stimulation in patient 4. The waveforms from PL to BTL were triphasic, while those from BTL to PL were biphasic. The mean latency of the first negative peak (N1) was shorter at BTL (31.8-41.0ms; mean 35.1ms) than at PL (39.6-73.2ms; mean 52.3ms). CONCLUSIONS We revealed the uneven bidirectional connection between BTL and PL. SIGNIFICANCE We speculated that the two language areas are connected mainly through subcortical fibers from PL to BTL and through cortico-cortical fibers from BTL to PL, mediated by multisynaptic transmissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiko Araki
- Department of Neurology, National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Terada
- Department of Neurology, National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Japan.
| | - Keiko Usui
- Department of Neurology, National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Japan
| | - Naotaka Usui
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Japan
| | - Yasukiyo Araki
- Department of Neurology, National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Japan
| | - Koichi Baba
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Japan
| | - Kazumi Matsuda
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Japan
| | - Takayasu Tottori
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Japan
| | - Yushi Inoue
- Department of Psychiatry, National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Japan
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Roux FE, Durand JB, Réhault E, Planton S, Draper L, Démonet JF. The neural basis for writing from dictation in the temporoparietal cortex. Cortex 2014; 50:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Maeda K, Ogawa N. Temporal lobe epilepsy manifesting as alexia with agraphia for kanji. Epilepsy Behav 2011; 22:592-5. [PMID: 21907629 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alexia with agraphia results from lesions of the left angular gyrus or the left posteroinferior temporal lobe. In Japanese or Korean persons, lesions of the latter cause alexia with agraphia for ideograms. We describe a case of alexia with agraphia for kanji (Japanese ideograms) caused by temporal lobe epilepsy. After generalized convulsions, a 32-year-old man noticed that he had difficulty in reading and writing kanji, although he could read and write kana (Japanese syllabograms). His EEG showed frequent sharp waves on the left occipitotemporal region. MRI of the brain revealed a hyperintense lesion on the left hippocampus. Single-photon-emission computed tomography revealed marked hyperperfusion at the left hippocampus and the left posteroinferior temporal cortex. Antiepileptic drugs improved his alexia with agraphia for kanji. This is the first report describing alexia with agraphia for kanji caused by temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Maeda
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Shiga Hospital, Shiga, Japan.
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15
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Koubeissi MZ, Lesser RP, Sinai A, Gaillard WD, Franaszczuk PJ, Crone NE. Connectivity between perisylvian and bilateral basal temporal cortices. Cereb Cortex 2011; 22:918-25. [PMID: 21715651 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Language processing requires the orchestrated action of different neuronal populations, and some studies suggest that the role of the basal temporal (BT) cortex in language processing is bilaterally distributed. Our aim was to demonstrate connectivity between perisylvian cortex and both BT areas. We recorded corticocortical evoked potentials (CCEPs) in 8 patients with subdural electrodes implanted for surgical evaluation of intractable epilepsy. Four patients had subdural grids over dominant perisylvian and BT areas, and 4 had electrode strips over both BT areas and left posterior superior temporal gyrus (LPSTG). After electrocortical mapping, patients with grids had 1-Hz stimulation of language areas. Patients with strips did not undergo mapping but had 1-Hz stimulation of the LPSTG. Posterior language area stimulation elicited CCEPs in ipsilateral BT cortex in 3/4 patients with left hemispheric grids. CCEPs were recorded in bilateral BT cortices in 3/4 patients with strips upon stimulation of the LPSTG, and in the LPSTG in the fourth patient upon stimulation of either BT area. This is the first in vivo demonstration of connectivity between LPSTG and both BT cortices. The role of BT cortex in language processing may be bilaterally distributed and related to linking visual information with phonological representations stored in the LPSTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Z Koubeissi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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16
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Suh MK, Kim EJ, Lee BH, Seo SW, Chin J, Kang SJ, Na DL. Hanja (Ideogram) alexia and agraphia in patients with semantic dementia. Neurocase 2010; 16:146-56. [PMID: 19967597 DOI: 10.1080/13554790903339629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Posterior fusiform gyrus (BA 37) is responsible for Hanja (ideogram) alexia in stroke patients. Patients with semantic dementia (SD) have lesions in the basal temporal area. The close proximity in these two lesions and the fact that reading ideograms requires holistic processing as is necessary in recognition of objects, suggests a possibility that ideogram alexia/agraphia may occur in patients with SD. We established and carried out Hanja and Hangul (phonogram) reading/writing tasks on six SD patients and nine Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients as control to see if these two patient groups show dissociation in the two sets of tests. SPM analysis was performed on the SD patients' PET images to look for any dysfunctions in the posterior fusiform gyrus. The SD patients manifested Hanja alexia/agraphia whereas Hangul reading/writing ability was relatively preserved. There were group differences between SD and AD in the Hanja tasks but not in the Hangul tasks. The SPM analysis revealed no hypometabolism in the posterior fusiform gyrus, but only in the middle and the anterior part of the temporal gyrus. Dysfunction in the middle temporal gyrus (BA 21) may have disrupted the temporal lobe connections preventing the function of the posterior fusiform gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Kyung Suh
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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17
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Schwartz MF, Kimberg DY, Walker GM, Faseyitan O, Brecher A, Dell GS, Coslett HB. Anterior temporal involvement in semantic word retrieval: voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping evidence from aphasia. Brain 2010; 132:3411-27. [PMID: 19942676 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of error types provides useful information about the stages and processes involved in normal and aphasic word production. In picture naming, semantic errors (horse for goat) generally result from something having gone awry in lexical access such that the right concept was mapped to the wrong word. This study used the new lesion analysis technique known as voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping to investigate the locus of lesions that give rise to semantic naming errors. Semantic errors were obtained from 64 individuals with post-stroke aphasia, who also underwent high-resolution structural brain scans. Whole brain voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping was carried out to determine where lesion status predicted semantic error rate. The strongest associations were found in the left anterior to mid middle temporal gyrus. This area also showed strong and significant effects in further analyses that statistically controlled for deficits in pre-lexical, conceptualization processes that might have contributed to semantic error production. This study is the first to demonstrate a specific and necessary role for the left anterior temporal lobe in mapping concepts to words in production. We hypothesize that this role consists in the conveyance of fine-grained semantic distinctions to the lexical system. Our results line up with evidence from semantic dementia, the convergence zone framework and meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies on word production. At the same time, they cast doubt on the classical linkage of semantic error production to lesions in and around Wernicke's area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna F Schwartz
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, MossRehab 4th fl. Sley, 1200 West Tabor Road, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA.
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18
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Melrose RJ, Campa OM, Harwood DG, Osato S, Mandelkern MA, Sultzer DL. The neural correlates of naming and fluency deficits in Alzheimer's disease: an FDG-PET study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009; 24:885-93. [PMID: 19296551 PMCID: PMC2743128 DOI: 10.1002/gps.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the neural processes associated with language deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and in particular to elucidate the correlates of confrontation naming and word retrieval impairments. METHODS Sixty patients with probable AD were included. Confrontation naming was assessed using the number of words spontaneously named correctly on the Boston Naming Test. We recorded the number of additional words stated following phonemic cuing. We also assessed phonemic (FAS) and semantic (supermarket items) fluency. We then correlated performance on each measure with resting cortical metabolic activity using FDG-PET images. RESULTS We found that poorer ability to spontaneously name an object was associated with hypometabolism of bilateral inferior temporal lobes. In contrast, when a phonemic cue was provided, successful naming under this condition was associated with higher metabolic activity in bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), right superior frontal gyrus (SFG), left temporal, and occipital regions. Consistent with these findings, we found that poorer semantic fluency was associated with hypometabolism in regions including both IFG and temporal regions, and poorer phonemic fluency was associated with hypometabolism in only left IFG. Across analyses, measures that required cued retrieval were associated with metabolism in the left IFG, whereas measures taxing semantic knowledge were associated with metabolic rate of left temporal cortex. CONCLUSIONS Naming deficits in AD reflect compromise to temporal regions involved in the semantic knowledge network, and frontal regions involved in the controlled retrieval of information from that network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Melrose
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Lab, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Dept. of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Olivia M. Campa
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Lab, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System
| | - Dylan G. Harwood
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Lab, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Dept. of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Sheryl Osato
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Lab, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Dept. of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Mark A. Mandelkern
- Nuclear Medicine Service, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System; and Dept. of Physics, University of California, Irvine
| | - David L. Sultzer
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Lab, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Dept. of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
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19
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Temporal Dynamics of Japanese Morphogram and Syllabogram Processing in the Left Basal Temporal Area Studied by Event-Related Potentials. J Clin Neurophysiol 2009; 26:160-6. [DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0b013e3181a184c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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20
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Electrophysiological study of the basal temporal language area: A convergence zone between language perception and production networks. Clin Neurophysiol 2009; 120:539-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Takaya S, Mikuni N, Mitsueda T, Satow T, Taki J, Kinoshita M, Miyamoto S, Hashimoto N, Ikeda A, Fukuyama H. Improved cerebral function in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy after subtemporal amygdalohippocampectomy. Brain 2008; 132:185-94. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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22
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Seghier ML, Lee HL, Schofield T, Ellis CL, Price CJ. Inter-subject variability in the use of two different neuronal networks for reading aloud familiar words. Neuroimage 2008; 42:1226-36. [PMID: 18639469 PMCID: PMC2724104 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive models of reading predict that high frequency regular words can be read in more than one way. We investigated this hypothesis using functional MRI and covariance analysis in 43 healthy skilled readers. Our results dissociated two sets of regions that were differentially engaged across subjects who were reading the same familiar words. Some subjects showed more activation in left inferior frontal and anterior occipito-temporal regions while other subjects showed more activation in right inferior parietal and left posterior occipito-temporal regions. To explore the behavioural correlates of these systems, we measured the difference between reading speed for irregularly spelled words relative to pseudowords outside the scanner in fifteen of our subjects and correlated this measure with fMRI activation for reading familiar words. The faster the lexical reading the greater the activation in left posterior occipito-temporal and right inferior parietal regions. Conversely, the slower the lexical reading the greater the activation in left anterior occipito-temporal and left ventral inferior frontal regions. Thus, the double dissociation in irregular and pseudoword reading behaviour predicted the double dissociation in neuronal activation for reading familiar words. We discuss the implications of these results which may be important for understanding how reading is learnt in childhood or re-learnt following brain damage in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Seghier
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK.
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23
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Ino T, Tokumoto K, Usami K, Kimura T, Hashimoto Y, Fukuyama H. Longitudinal fMRI study of reading in a patient with letter-by-letter reading. Cortex 2008; 44:773-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pyun SB, Sohn HJ, Jung JB, Nam K. Differential reorganization of fusiform gyrus in two types of alexia after stroke. Neurocase 2007; 13:417-25. [PMID: 18781441 DOI: 10.1080/13554790701881715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lesions affecting the left fusiform gyrus (FG) commonly result in dyslexia and recovery largely depends on efficient reorganization of the reading network. We performed a follow-up fMRI study to elucidate the reorganization patterns of the FG according to the recovery of reading ability in two patients (MH with pure alexia and KM with alexia with agraphia) after stroke involving the left FG. Initially, MH was an effortful letter-by-letter (LBL) reader, and she improved to become a proficient LBL reader. The initial fMRI results showed scattered activation on occipital and ventral temporal cortex during reading, which was localized to right FG in the follow-up study. KM's severe alexia with agraphia did not improve, even after 6 months had passed since the onset of the alexia. The initial and follow-up fMRI results showed no significant activation in the bilateral FG or central higher language areas during word reading. Our results suggest that the reorganization of the FG is different according to the type of alexia and the amount of clinical recovery in each patient. Also, the successful reorganization of the visual component of reading in the right FG is responsible for the recovery of LBL reading in pure alexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Bom Pyun
- Korea University Medical Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Harrington GS, Farias D, Davis CH, Buonocore MH. Comparison of the neural basis for imagined writing and drawing. Hum Brain Mapp 2007; 28:450-9. [PMID: 16944477 PMCID: PMC6871467 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Drawing and writing are complex processes that require the synchronization of cognition, language, and perceptual-motor skills. Drawing and writing have both been utilized in the treatment of aphasia to improve communication. Recent research suggests that the act of drawing an object facilitated naming, whereas writing the word diminished accurate naming in individuals with aphasia. However, the relationship between object drawing and subsequent phonological output is unclear. Although the right hemisphere is characteristically mute, there is evidence from split-brain research that the right hemisphere can integrate pictures and words, likely via a semantic network. We hypothesized that drawing activates right hemispheric and left perilesional regions that are spared in aphasic individuals and may contribute to semantic activation that supports naming. Eleven right-handed subjects participated in a functional MRI (fMRI) experiment involving imagined drawing and writing and 6 of the 11 subjects participated in a second fMRI experiment involving actual writing and drawing. Drawing and writing produced very similar group activation maps including activation bilaterally in the premotor, inferior frontal, posterior inferior temporal, and parietal areas. The comparison of drawing vs. writing revealed significant differences between the conditions in areas of the brain known for language processing. The direct comparison between drawing and writing revealed greater right hemisphere activation for drawing in language areas such as Brodmann area (BA) 46 and BA 37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg S Harrington
- Department of Radiology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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26
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Shibasaki H, Ikeda A, Nagamine T. Use of magnetoencephalography in the presurgical evaluation of epilepsy patients. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118:1438-48. [PMID: 17452007 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is used twofold for presurgical evaluation of patients with medically intractable partial epilepsy; to identify epileptogenic focus and to investigate functions of cortical areas at or near the epileptogenic focus or structural lesion. For the precise localization of the current source of epileptic discharge, the question as to whether MEG is superior to electroencephalography (EEG) is often addressed. To answer this question, so many factors, both biologically and technically related, have to be taken into consideration. The biological factors include the magnitude of epileptic discharge, its distribution over the cortex, depth of its source from the head surface, and the proportion of large pyramidal neurons tangentially oriented with respect to the head surface within the cortical area. The technical factors include the quality of the recording instrument such as the number of sensors and the use of gradiometer vs. magnetometer, the employed method of source analysis, and availability of experts in each institute. As far as the importance of ictal recording is emphasized, long-term video/EEG monitoring is of utmost importance. Thus, it is concluded that, once the epileptogenic focus is identified by the video/EEG monitoring, then MEG is superior to EEG in order to precisely localize the current source of the interictal epileptic discharge. Another question often addressed is whether MEG can replace the invasive intracranial EEG recording or not. In addition to the above-described factors, different coverage of the cortical areas by MEG vs. invasive intracranial EEG recording has to be taken into account to explain some of the recent reports related to this question. MEG can be effectively applied to the investigation of cortical functions near the epileptogenic focus. It is especially so when combined with other non-invasive studies like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In addition to the source analysis of magnetic fields related to various events or tasks, analysis of the task-related change of rhythmic cortical oscillations is a useful tool for studying higher cortical functions such as language in the presurgical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Shibasaki
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Ueki Y, Mima T, Nakamura K, Oga T, Shibasaki H, Nagamine T, Fukuyama H. Transient functional suppression and facilitation of Japanese ideogram writing induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of posterior inferior temporal cortex. J Neurosci 2006; 26:8523-30. [PMID: 16914678 PMCID: PMC6674341 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0846-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Japanese writing system is unique in that it is composed of two different orthographies: kanji (morphograms) and kana (syllabograms). The retrieval of the visual orthographic representations of Japanese kanji is crucial to the process of writing in Japanese. We used low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to clarify the functional relevance of the left and right posterior inferior temporal cortex (PITC) to this process in native Japanese speakers. The experimental paradigms included the mental recall of kanji, kana-to-kanji transcription, semantic judgment, oral reading, and copying of kana and kanji. The first two tasks require the visualization of the kanji image of the word. We applied 0.9 Hz rTMS (600 total pulses) over individually determined left or right PITC to suppress cortical activity and measured subsequent task performance. In the mental recall of kanji and kana-to-kanji transcription, rTMS over the left PITC prolonged reaction times (RTs), whereas rTMS over the right PITC reduced RTs. In the other tasks, which do not involve the mental visualization of kanji, rTMS over the left or right PITC had no effect on performance. These results suggest that the left PITC is crucial for the retrieval of the visual graphic representation of kanji. Furthermore, the right PITC may work to suppress the dominant left PITC in the neural network for kanji writing, which involves visual word recognition.
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28
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Mikuni N, Miyamoto S, Ikeda A, Satow T, Taki J, Takahashi J, Ohigashi Y, Hashimoto N. Subtemporal Hippocampectomy Preserving the Basal Temporal Language Area for Intractable Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Preliminary Results. Epilepsia 2006; 47:1347-53. [PMID: 16922880 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Decline in verbal memory as a surgical complication remains an unresolved problem in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Some areas in the temporal lobe associated with the language function, often including the basal temporal language area, have been removed or transected by conventional surgical procedures. The authors defined the basal temporal language area and removed only the epileptogenic zone with a subtemporal approach. METHODS The basal temporal language area was evaluated by using long-term subdural electrodes in five patients with language-dominant-side mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. While preserving this area, the hippocampus and the parahippocampal gyrus were removed by using a combined subtemporal, transventricular, transchoroidal fissure approach. Verbal memory performance was assessed with the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) before and after the operation. RESULTS The basal temporal language area, defined as a part of the inferior temporal gyrus, the fusiform gyrus, and the parahippocampal gyrus, was spared by entering the temporal horn via collateral sulcus. Verbal memory was significantly improved by 3 months and 1 year after the operation. CONCLUSIONS In language-dominant-side mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, preserving the basal temporal language area would have potential to improve verbal memory outcomes after removal of the epileptogenic zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Mikuni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Gaillard R, Naccache L, Pinel P, Clémenceau S, Volle E, Hasboun D, Dupont S, Baulac M, Dehaene S, Adam C, Cohen L. Direct intracranial, FMRI, and lesion evidence for the causal role of left inferotemporal cortex in reading. Neuron 2006; 50:191-204. [PMID: 16630832 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Models of the "visual word form system" postulate that a left occipitotemporal region implements the automatic visual word recognition required for efficient reading. This theory was assessed in a patient in whom reading was explored with behavioral measures, fMRI, and intracranial local field potentials. Prior to surgery, when reading was normal, fMRI revealed a normal mosaic of ventral visual selectivity for words, faces, houses, and tools. Intracranial recordings demonstrated that the left occipitotemporal cortex responded with a short latency to conscious but also to subliminal words. Surgery removed a small portion of word-responsive occipitotemporal cortex overlapping with the word-specific fMRI activation. The patient developed a marked reading deficit, while recognition of other visual categories remained intact. Furthermore, in the post-surgery fMRI map of visual cortex, only word-specific activations disappeared. Altogether, these results provide direct evidence for the causal role of the left occipitotemporal cortex in the recognition of visual words.
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30
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Harrington GS, Tomaszewski Farias S, Buonocore MH, Yonelinas AP. The intersubject and intrasubject reproducibility of FMRI activation during three encoding tasks: implications for clinical applications. Neuroradiology 2006; 48:495-505. [PMID: 16703360 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-006-0083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to evaluate the inter- and intrasubject reproducibility of FMRI activation for three memory encoding tasks previously used in the context of presurgical functional mapping. The primary region of interest (ROI) was the medial temporal lobe (MTL). Comparative ROIs included the inferior frontal and fusiform gyri which are less affected by susceptibility-induced signal losses than the MTL regions. Eighteen subjects were scanned using three memory encoding paradigms: word-pair, pattern, and scene encoding. Nine subjects underwent repeat scanning. Intersubject reproducibility of FMRI activation was evaluated by examining the percent of subjects who showed activation within a given ROI and the range to which individual laterality indices (LIs) varied from the mean. Intrasubject test-retest reproducibility was evaluated by examining the LI test-retest correlation, the average difference between LIs from two separate imaging sessions, and concordance ratios of activation volumes (R(volume) and R(overlap)). For scene encoding the reproducibility of activation volume and LIs within the MTL were as good as or better than the reproducibility within the fusiform and inferior frontal ROIs. For pattern encoding and word-pair encoding, the reproducibility of activation volume and LIs within the MTL tended to be worse compared to the fusiform and inferior frontal ROIs. The differences in FMRI reproducibility appeared more dependent on the task than the susceptibility effects. The results of this study suggest that FMRI-based assessment of the neural substrates of memory using a scene encoding task may be a useful clinical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg S Harrington
- Department of Radiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E Marshall Street, Sanger Hall, B3-020, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Tanji K, Suzuki K, Delorme A, Shamoto H, Nakasato N. High-frequency gamma-band activity in the basal temporal cortex during picture-naming and lexical-decision tasks. J Neurosci 2006; 25:3287-93. [PMID: 15800183 PMCID: PMC6724909 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4948-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-band activity (GBA) in electroencephalograms (EEGs) has been shown to reflect various cognitive processes. GBA has typically been recorded in the 30-60 Hz range in scalp EEGs. Recently, task-related "high GBA" (HGBA) with frequencies up to 100 Hz has been observed in studies with invasive electrocorticograms (ECoGs). In the present study, we recorded ECoGs from the bilateral basal temporal cortices in a patient with epilepsy and evaluated the task-related HGBA (most prominently in the 80-120 Hz range) accompanying picture-naming and lexical-decision tasks. We examined picture naming using two categories (line drawings of animals and tools). The lexical-decision task was performed using words and pseudowords of two distinct Japanese writing forms, kanji (morphograms) and kana (syllabograms). Task-related HGBA was observed bilaterally during the naming task. Recordings from some electrodes revealed significant differences in HGBA between animal and tool pictures. In contrast to the naming task, there was apparent left dominance in the lexical-decision task. Furthermore, significant differences in HGBA were observed between the Japanese kanji and kana words and between the kanji words and kanji pseudowords. A number of differences in the HGBA observed in the recordings from the basal temporal area were consistent with previous findings from neuroimaging and patient studies and suggest that HGBA is a good correlate of visual cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyo Tanji
- Graduate School of International Cultural Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan.
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Usui K, Ikeda A, Takayama M, Matsuhashi M, Satow T, Begum T, Kinoshita M, Miyamoto S, Hashimoto N, Nagamine T, Fukuyama H, Shibasaki H. Processing of Japanese morphogram and syllabogram in the left basal temporal area: electrical cortical stimulation studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 24:274-83. [PMID: 15993765 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Revised: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Language functions in the left basal temporal area (LBTA) were investigated using electrical cortical stimulation during functional mapping in six Japanese patients with refractory epilepsy. This study provides the first direct evidence that kana (Japanese syllabogram) is processed in the LBTA. Electrical stimulation of some areas within LBTA induced disturbance in overt reading of kana words only in the first trials, with no errors in the subsequent trials. By contrast, stimulation of the same area caused obvious disturbance in kana non-word reading in all trials. Since a kana word carries both meaning and sound while a kana non-word carries only sounds of a letter string, the contrasting results of partial and complete disturbance imply a possibility that there are two distinct pathways for kana reading: one dealing with both phonological and semantic aspects of the words and the other dealing only with phonological aspect. Kanji words (Japanese morphogram) and objects/pictures were found to be processed in an area different from the area for the kana non-word processing. Furthermore, the present study also identified the common area for processing kanji reading and object/picture naming. There were no errors in matching pictures with kanji words, indicating that concepts of pictures and meanings of kanji words were not interfered by the electrical stimulation of that area. The new insight provides a clue for partial description of processing pathways for language-related visual information in LBTA. Three types of information (morphological, phonological, and semantic) are conveyed together at some stages and are separated into different routes at some other stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Usui
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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Thuy DHD, Matsuo K, Nakamura K, Toma K, Oga T, Nakai T, Shibasaki H, Fukuyama H. Implicit and explicit processing of kanji and kana words and non-words studied with fMRI. Neuroimage 2004; 23:878-89. [PMID: 15528088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2003] [Revised: 07/16/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated the implicit language processing of kanji and kana words (i.e., hiragana transcriptions of normally written kanji words) and non-words. Twelve right-handed native Japanese speakers performed size judgments for character stimuli (implicit language task for linguistic stimuli), size judgments for scrambled-character stimuli (implicit language task for non-linguistic stimuli), and lexical decisions (explicit language task). The size judgments for scrambled-kanji stimuli and scrambled-kana stimuli produced activations on the bilateral lingual gyri (BA 18), the bilateral occipitotemporal regions (BA 19/37), and the bilateral superior and inferior parietal cortices (BA 7/40). Interestingly, besides these areas, activations of the left inferior frontal region (Broca's area, BA 44/45) and the left posterior inferior temporal cortex (PITC, BA 37), which have been considered as language areas, were additionally activated during size judgment for kanji character stimuli. Size judgment for kana character stimuli also activated Broca's area, the left PITC, and the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG, BA 40). The activations of these language areas were replicated in the lexical decisions for both kanji and kana. These findings suggest that language processing of both kanji and kana scripts is obligatory to literate Japanese subjects. Moreover, comparison between the scrambled kanji and the scrambled kana showed no activation in the language areas, while greater activation in the bilateral fusiform gyri (left-side predominant) was found in kanji vs. kana comparison during the size judgment and the lexical decision. Kana minus kanji activated the left SMG during the size judgment, and Broca's area and the left middle/superior temporal junction during the lexical decision. These results probably reflect that in implicit or explicit reading of kanji words and kana words (i.e., hiragana transcriptions of kanji words), although using largely overlapping cortical regions, there are still some differences. Kanji reading may involve more heavily visual orthographic retrieval and lexical-semantic system through the ventral route, while kana transcriptions of kanji words require phonological recoding to gain semantic access through the dorsal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Ha Duy Thuy
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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Shirahama Y, Ohta K, Takashima A, Matsushima E, Okubo Y. Magnetic brain activity elicited by visually presented symbols and Japanese characters. Neuroreport 2004; 15:771-5. [PMID: 15073512 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200404090-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A standard model of word reading postulates that the posterior inferior temporal cortex is involved in the processing of written words. This processing probably occurs within 200 ms after stimulus presentation. In order to characterize this process more precisely, we conducted a MEG study during a reading task in nine right-handed normal Japanese subjects. The subjects were required to respond to a word pertaining to the human body so that all stimuli would be subject to the same semantic processing. The trials for non-target conditions, such as kanji words, meaningful kana words, kana pseudowords and symbols were analysed to avoid possible P300 effect. The magnetic response peak of around 200 ms for symbols was smaller than any of the other three letter conditions. This result may suggest that M200 reflects the word-specific process such as visual word form recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shirahama
- Section of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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