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Albishi AM. Why do different motor cortical areas activate the same muscles? Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:2017-2024. [PMID: 37709903 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The cortex contains multiple motor areas, including the primary motor cortex (M1) and supplementary motor area (SMA). Many muscles are represented in both the M1 and SMA, but the reason for this dual representation remains unclear. Previous work has shown that the M1 and SMA representations of a specific human muscle can be differentiated according to their functional connectivity with different brain areas located outside of the motor cortex. It is our perspective that this differential functional connectivity may be the neural substrate that allows an individual muscle to be accessed by distinct neural processes, such as those implementing volitional vs. postural task control. Here, we review existing human and animal literature suggesting how muscles are represented in the M1 and SMA and how these brain regions have distinct functions. We also discuss potential studies to further elucidate the distinct roles of the SMA and M1 in normal and dysfunctional motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M Albishi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences-Physical Therapy Division, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Karim AKMR, Proulx MJ, de Sousa AA, Likova LT. Do we enjoy what we sense and perceive? A dissociation between aesthetic appreciation and basic perception of environmental objects or events. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2022; 22:904-951. [PMID: 35589909 PMCID: PMC10159614 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-01004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This integrative review rearticulates the notion of human aesthetics by critically appraising the conventional definitions, offerring a new, more comprehensive definition, and identifying the fundamental components associated with it. It intends to advance holistic understanding of the notion by differentiating aesthetic perception from basic perceptual recognition, and by characterizing these concepts from the perspective of information processing in both visual and nonvisual modalities. To this end, we analyze the dissociative nature of information processing in the brain, introducing a novel local-global integrative model that differentiates aesthetic processing from basic perceptual processing. This model builds on the current state of the art in visual aesthetics as well as newer propositions about nonvisual aesthetics. This model comprises two analytic channels: aesthetics-only channel and perception-to-aesthetics channel. The aesthetics-only channel primarily involves restricted local processing for quality or richness (e.g., attractiveness, beauty/prettiness, elegance, sublimeness, catchiness, hedonic value) analysis, whereas the perception-to-aesthetics channel involves global/extended local processing for basic feature analysis, followed by restricted local processing for quality or richness analysis. We contend that aesthetic processing operates independently of basic perceptual processing, but not independently of cognitive processing. We further conjecture that there might be a common faculty, labeled as aesthetic cognition faculty, in the human brain for all sensory aesthetics albeit other parts of the brain can also be activated because of basic sensory processing prior to aesthetic processing, particularly during the operation of the second channel. This generalized model can account not only for simple and pure aesthetic experiences but for partial and complex aesthetic experiences as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K M Rezaul Karim
- Department of Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
- Envision Research Institute, 610 N. Main St., Wichita, KS, USA.
- The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, 2318 Fillmore St., San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - Lora T Likova
- The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, 2318 Fillmore St., San Francisco, CA, USA
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3
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Abstract
Female mate choice is a dynamic process that allows individuals to selectively mate with those of the opposite sex that display a preferred set of traits. Because in many species males compete with each other for fertilization opportunities, female mate choice can be a powerful agent of sexual selection, often resulting in highly conspicuous traits in males. Although the evolutionary causes and consequences of the ornamentation and behaviors displayed by males to attract mates have been well studied, embarrassingly little is known about the proximate neural mechanisms through which female choice occurs. In vertebrates, female mate choice is inherently a social behavior, and although much remains to be discovered about this process, recent evidence suggests the neural substrates and circuits underlying other fundamental social behaviors (such as pair bonding, aggression and parental care) are likely similarly recruited during mate choice. Notably, female mate choice is not static, as social and ecological environments can shape the brain and, consequently, behavior in specific ways. In this Review, we discuss how social and/or ecological influences mediate female choice and how this occurs within the brain. We then discuss our current understanding of the neural substrates underlying female mate choice, with a specific focus on those that also play a role in regulating other social behaviors. Finally, we propose several promising avenues for future research by highlighting novel model systems and new methodological approaches, which together will transform our understanding of the causes and consequences of female mate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross S DeAngelis
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hans A Hofmann
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA .,Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Xie K, Jin Z, Ni X, Zhang J, Li L. Distinct neural substrates underlying target facilitation and distractor suppression: A combined voxel-based morphometry and resting-state functional connectivity study. Neuroimage 2020; 221:117149. [PMID: 32659355 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective attention, the ability to filter relevant from a sea of sensory information, relies on the prioritization of goal-relevant information (target facilitation) and the suppression of goal-irrelevant information (distractor suppression). Although several lines of evidence have shown that target facilitation and distractor suppression were mediated by distinct mechanisms, the underlying neural substrates remain unclear. To address this question, we acquired structural and resting-state magnetic resonance imaging scans, as well as behavioral data from a modified Posner cueing task. Specifically, the location of a target (Target Cue, TC) and a distractor (Distractor Cue, DC) was either cued in advance to separately trigger target facilitation and distractor suppression, or no predictive information was provided, serving as a baseline. We combined voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) analyses to explore the neural correlates of behavioral benefits, yielding the following results. First, behavioral data showed faster responses to TC and DC conditions compared to baseline, the benefits of which were named TC-benefit and DC-benefit. Second, the VBM analysis revealed that the gray matter volume (GMV) in the superior frontal (SFG) and postcentral gyrus inversely correlated with individual TC-benefit, while the GMV in the superior parietal lobe, middle frontal gyrus, and angular gyrus inversely correlated with individual DC-benefit, indicating that target facilitation and distractor suppression was associated with the GMV of distinct and distributed regions in the frontoparietal cortex. Third, the rsFC analysis with the SFG as a seed region further found distinct patterns of rsFC for target facilitation and distractor suppression. Specifically, individual TC-benefit were positively correlated with distributed connections between the SFG and brain regions, mainly within the ventral attention and somato-motor network; but individual DC-benefit were positively correlated with centralized connections between the SFG and brain regions, mainly within the frontoparietal, dorsal attention and ventral attention network. Finally, a multiple linear regression analysis showed that the GMV and rsFC could jointly explain individual differences in TC- and DC-benefit. Taken together, these results provided neural evidence for different structural and functional substrates underlying target facilitation and distractor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xie
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Zhenlan Jin
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
| | - Xuejin Ni
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
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He ABH, Huang CL, Kozłowska A, Chen JC, Wu CW, Huang ACW, Liu YQ. Involvement of neural substrates in reward and aversion to methamphetamine addiction: Testing the reward comparison hypothesis and the paradoxical effect hypothesis of abused drugs. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 166:107090. [PMID: 31521799 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies of drug addiction focus on the reward impact of abused drugs that produces compulsive drug-seeking behavior and drug dependence. However, a small amount of research has examined the opposite effect of aversion to abused drugs to balance the reward effect for drug taking. An aversive behavioral model of abused drugs in terms of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) was challenged by the reward comparison hypothesis (Grigson, 1997). To test the reward comparison hypothesis, the present study examined the rewarding or aversive neural substrates involved in methamphetamine-induced conditioned suppression. The behavioral data showed that methamphetamine induced conditioned suppression on conditioning and reacquisition but extinguished it on extinction. A higher level of stressful aversive corticosterone occurred on conditioning and reacquisition but not extinction. The c-Fos or p-ERK immunohistochemical activity showed that the cingulated cortex area 1 (Cg1), infralimbic cortex (IL), prelimbic cortex (PrL), basolateral amygdala (BLA), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus were overexpressed in aversive CTA induced by methamphetamine. These data may indicate that the Cg1, IL, PrL, BLA, NAc, and DG probably mediated the paradoxical effect-reward and aversion. Altogether, our data conflicted with the reward comparison hypothesis, and methamphetamine may simultaneously induce the paradoxical effect of reward and aversion in the brain to support the paradoxical effect hypothesis of abused drugs. The present data implicate some insights for drug addiction in clinical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Bo Han He
- Department of Psychology, Fo Guang University, Yilan County 26247, Taiwan
| | - Chung Lei Huang
- Department of Psychology, Fo Guang University, Yilan County 26247, Taiwan
| | - Anna Kozłowska
- Department of Human Physiology, School Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska Av, 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jun Chien Chen
- Department of Substance Abuse and Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital Beitou Branch, Taipei 11243, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wen Wu
- Department of Psychology, Fo Guang University, Yilan County 26247, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, Keelung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Keelung City 20148, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu Qin Liu
- Department of Psychology, Fo Guang University, Yilan County 26247, Taiwan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aphasia is often characterized in terms of subtype and severity, yet these constructs have limited explanatory power, because aphasia is inherently multifactorial both in its neural substrates and in its symptomatology. The purpose of this review is to survey current and emerging multivariate approaches to understanding aphasia. RECENT FINDINGS Techniques such as factor analysis and principal component analysis have been used to define latent underlying factors that can account for performance on batteries of speech and language tests, and for characteristics of spontaneous speech production. Multivariate lesion-symptom mapping has been shown to outperform univariate approaches to lesion-symptom mapping for identifying brain regions where damage is associated with specific speech and language deficits. It is increasingly clear that structural damage results in functional changes in wider neural networks, which mediate speech and language outcomes. Multivariate statistical approaches are essential for understanding the complex relationships between the neural substrates of aphasia, and resultant profiles of speech and language function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Wilson
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - William D Hula
- Audiology and Speech Pathology Program, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Drane DL, Pedersen NP. Knowledge of language function and underlying neural networks gained from focal seizures and epilepsy surgery. Brain Lang 2019; 189:20-33. [PMID: 30615986 PMCID: PMC7183240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of epilepsy and its treatments have contributed significantly to language models. The setting of epilepsy surgery, which allows for careful pre- and postsurgical evaluation of patients with cognitive testing and neuroimaging, has produced a wealth of language findings. Moreover, a new wave of surgical interventions, including stereotactic laser ablation and radio frequency ablation, have contributed new insights and corrections to language models as they can make extremely precise, focal lesions. This review covers the common language deficits observed in focal dyscognitive seizure syndromes. It also addresses the effects of surgical interventions on language, and highlights insights gained from unique epilepsy assessment methods (e.g., cortical stimulation mapping, Wada evaluation). Emergent findings are covered including a lack of involvement of the hippocampus in confrontation word retrieval, possible roles for key white matter tracts in language, and the often-overlooked basal temporal language area. The relationship between language and semantic memory networks is also explored, with brief consideration given to the prevailing models of semantic processing, including the amodal Hub and distributed, multi-modal processing models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Drane
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Nigel P Pedersen
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Shen YT, Li JY, Yuan YS, Wang XX, Wang M, Wang JW, Zhang H, Zhu L, Zhang KZ. Disrupted amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations and causal connectivity in Parkinson's disease with apathy. Neurosci Lett 2018; 683:75-81. [PMID: 29953925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Apathy is a common non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed to explore its associated neural substrates changes via amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and granger causality analysis (GCA). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) scans were performed in 20 PD patients with apathy (PD-A), 22 PD patients without apathy (PD-NA) and 19 healthy volunteers. GCA, a new method exploring direction from one brain region to another, was based on brain regions showing alterations of neural activity as seeds, which were examined utilizing ALFF approach. The relationships between ALFF or GCA and apathetic symptoms were also assessed. Relative to PD-NA group, PD-A group indicated decreased ALFF in left orbital middle frontal gyrus and bilateral superior frontal gyrus (SFG). Only ALFF values in right SFG were negatively correlated with Apathy Scale (AS) scores. Then GCA with the seed of right SFG showed a positive feedback from right thalamus to ipsilateral SFG, which was positively correlated with AS scores. In conclusion, dysfunction in SFG and a positive feedback from thalamus to ipsilateral SFG contributed to presence of PD-related apathy, providing a new perspective for future studies on apathy in PD.
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Assogna F, Cravello L, Orfei MD, Cellupica N, Caltagirone C, Spalletta G. Alexithymia in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review of the literature. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 28:1-11. [PMID: 27086264 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this systematic review, we aimed to evaluate the role of alexithymia in Parkinson's disease (PD) and its relationship to neurological, neuropsychiatric, cognitive, and neuroimaging correlates. METHODS The database was selected using PubMed Services, Cochrane, PsycNET and Scopus and a number of key words. Further studies were sought by manually searching for secondary sources, including relevant journals and references in primary articles. The search was restricted to articles written in English between January 1980 and August 2015. RESULTS Ten studies reported that alexithymia prevalence was about double in PD patients compared to control subjects and that specific dimensions of alexithymia might be related to depression, anxiety, apathy and impulsivity. Some studies investigated the relationship between alexithymia and neuropsychological symptoms and found correlations with frontal and parietal lobe functions. Two studies on neurological features reported a link between alexithymia and disease stage or a specific motor subtype of PD; the remaining studies found that alexithymia was independent from neurological symptoms, dopaminergic therapy and laterality of motor symptom onset. Data on neuroimaging correlates and therapeutic intervention on alexithymia in PD patients are still lacking. CONCLUSION Although results suggest that alexithymia is a primary characteristics of PD, further studies with larger patient samples are needed to definitively clarify the impact of alexithymia on the clinical features of PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Cravello
- I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; ASST-Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlo Caltagirone
- I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine of Systems, University "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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Kring AM, Barch DM. The motivation and pleasure dimension of negative symptoms: neural substrates and behavioral outputs. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:725-36. [PMID: 24461724 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A range of emotional and motivation impairments have long been clinically documented in people with schizophrenia, and there has been a resurgence of interest in understanding the psychological and neural mechanisms of the so-called "negative symptoms" in schizophrenia, given their lack of treatment responsiveness and their role in constraining function and life satisfaction in this illness. Negative symptoms comprise two domains, with the first covering diminished motivation and pleasure across a range of life domains and the second covering diminished verbal and non-verbal expression and communicative output. In this review, we focus on four aspects of the motivation/pleasure domain, providing a brief review of the behavioral and neural underpinnings of this domain. First, we cover liking or in-the-moment pleasure: immediate responses to pleasurable stimuli. Second, we cover anticipatory pleasure or wanting, which involves prediction of a forthcoming enjoyable outcome (reward) and feeling pleasure in anticipation of that outcome. Third, we address motivation, which comprises effort computation, which involves figuring out how much effort is needed to achieve a desired outcome, planning, and behavioral response. Finally, we cover the maintenance emotional states and behavioral responses. Throughout, we consider the behavioral manifestations and brain representations of these four aspects of motivation/pleasure deficits in schizophrenia. We conclude with directions for future research as well as implications for treatment.
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