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Tran J, Parekh S, Rockcole J, Wilson D, Parmar MS. Repurposing antidiabetic drugs for Alzheimer's disease: A review of preclinical and clinical evidence and overcoming challenges. Life Sci 2024; 355:123001. [PMID: 39173996 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Repurposing antidiabetic drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. This review examines the potential of repurposing antidiabetic drugs for AD treatment, focusing on preclinical evidence, clinical trials, and observational studies. In addition, the review aims to explore challenges and opportunities in repurposing antidiabetic drugs for AD, emphasizing the importance of well-designed clinical trials that consider patient selection criteria, refined outcome measures, adverse effects, and combination therapies to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Preclinical evidence suggests that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, metformin, thiazolidinediones, and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors exhibit neuroprotective effects in AD preclinical models. In preclinical studies, antidiabetic drugs have demonstrated neuroprotective effects by reducing amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and cognitive impairment. Antidiabetic drug classes, notably GLP-1 analogs and SGLT2 inhibitors, and a reduced risk of dementia in patients with diabetes mellitus. While the evidence for DPP4 inhibitors is mixed, some studies suggest a potential protective effect. On the other hand, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) and sulfonylureas may potentially increase the risk, especially in those experiencing recurrent hypoglycemic events. Repurposing antidiabetic drugs for AD is a promising therapeutic strategy, but challenges such as disease heterogeneity, limited biomarkers, and benefits versus risk evaluation need to be addressed. Ongoing clinical trials in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early AD patients without diabetes will be crucial in determining the clinical efficacy and safety of the antidiabetic drugs, paving the way for potential treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Tran
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, FL, USA
| | - Sneh Parekh
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, FL, USA
| | - Julia Rockcole
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, FL, USA
| | - Danielle Wilson
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, FL, USA
| | - Mayur S Parmar
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, FL, USA.
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Peng Y, Yao SY, Chen Q, Jin H, Du MQ, Xue YH, Liu S. True or false? Alzheimer's disease is type 3 diabetes: Evidences from bench to bedside. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102383. [PMID: 38955264 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Globally, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most widespread chronic neurodegenerative disorder, leading to cognitive impairment, such as aphasia and agnosia, as well as mental symptoms, like behavioral abnormalities, that place a heavy psychological and financial burden on the families of the afflicted. Unfortunately, no particular medications exist to treat AD, as the current treatments only impede its progression.The link between AD and type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been increasingly revealed by research; the danger of developing both AD and T2D rises exponentially with age, with T2D being especially prone to AD. This has propelled researchers to investigate the mechanism(s) underlying this connection. A critical review of the relationship between insulin resistance, Aβ, oxidative stress, mitochondrial hypothesis, abnormal phosphorylation of Tau protein, inflammatory response, high blood glucose levels, neurotransmitters and signaling pathways, vascular issues in AD and diabetes, and the similarities between the two diseases, is presented in this review. Grasping the essential mechanisms behind this detrimental interaction may offer chances to devise successful therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China.
| | - Shun-Yu Yao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Quan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Miao-Qiao Du
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Hui Xue
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
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Sun Z, Zhang X, So KF, Jiang W, Chiu K. Targeting Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Biomolecules 2024; 14:833. [PMID: 39062547 PMCID: PMC11274940 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia, as resident macrophages in the central nervous system, play a multifunctional role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Their clustering around amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits is a core pathological feature of AD. Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) have revealed dynamic changes in microglial phenotypes over time and across different brain regions during aging and AD progression. As AD advances, microglia primarily exhibit impaired phagocytosis of Aβ and tau, along with the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that damage synapses and neurons. Targeting microglia has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for AD. Treatment strategies involving microglia can be broadly categorized into two aspects: (1) enhancing microglial function: This involves augmenting their phagocytic ability against Aβ and cellular debris and (2) mitigating neuroinflammation: Strategies include inhibiting TNF-α signaling to reduce the neuroinflammatory response triggered by microglia. Clinical trials exploring microglia-related approaches for AD treatment have garnered attention. Additionally, natural products show promise in enhancing beneficial effects and suppressing inflammatory responses. Clarifying microglial dynamics, understanding their roles, and exploring novel therapeutic approaches will advance our fight against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqing Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Kai Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Kai Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Kai Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Kin Chiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Kai Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Kai Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Guo R, Shen X, Ealing J, Zhou J, Lu J, Ning Y. Efficacy and safety of acupuncture for cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. FRONTIERS IN DEMENTIA 2024; 3:1380221. [PMID: 39081600 PMCID: PMC11285646 DOI: 10.3389/frdem.2024.1380221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Objective To systematically evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) by meta-analysis, in order to provide evidence-based evidence for the application of acupuncture therapy in the clinical process of AD. Methods From the establishment of the database to December 31, 2022, China Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), China National Knowledge Network (CNKI), VIP database, WanFang Database, Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane Library Database were systematically searched. To collect published randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTS) of acupuncture in the treatment of cognitive impairment in AD. The subjects in the intervention group were given acupuncture alone or combined with other treatments the same as the control group; the control group received conventional Western medicine treatment. The main outcome indicators of the study were cognitive function assessment of subjects, including: Simple Mental State Examination Scale (MMSE), Assessment of daily Living Ability Scale (ADL), Alzheimer's Disease Cognitive Function Assessment Scale (ADAS-Cog), TCM syndrome score (SDSD), Montreal Cognitive Test (MoCA), Secondary outcome indicators were the occurrence of adverse reactions. Literature screening, data extraction, and quality evaluation of the included literature were performed independently by two researchers, according to bias risk assessment tools recommended in the Cochrane manual. Data were analyzed by RevMan5.3 software. Dichotomous variables were represented by risk ratio (OR) and 95% CI, and continuity variables were represented by mean difference (MD) and 95% CI. For heterogeneity analysis, when P > 0.1 and I 2 ≤ 50%, fixed effect model was applied. When P ≤ 0.1 and I 2 > 50%, the random effects model is applied. Results A total of 1,172 eligible subjects were included in 18 RCTS, including 595 in the intervention group and 577 in the control group. The results of meta-analysis are as follows: acupuncture intervention group improved MMSE [MD = 1.67, 95% CI (0.94, 2.41), P < 0.00001], ADL [MD = -1.18, 95% CI (-3.09, 0.72), P = 0.22], ADAS-Cog [MD = 3.31, 95% CI (5.84, 0.78), P = 0.01], SDSD [MD = 2.40, 95% CI (3.53, 1.26), P < 0.0001], MoCA [MD = 4.80, 95% CI (3.74, 5.86), P = 0.04] were better than the control group. No serious adverse reactions related to acupuncture were observed in the intervention group, and the incidence and severity of adverse reactions were lower than those in the control group, with statistical significance [OR = 0.17, 95% CI (0.04, 0.67), P = 0.01]. Conclusion Existing data show that acupuncture therapy has certain advantages in improving cognitive dysfunction and improving self-care ability of patients with Alzheimer's disease. However, due to the small number of RCTS and cases evaluating the efficacy of acupuncture, and the possibility of measurement bias and selectivity bias in included studies, it is still unable to conduct high-intensity demonstration on its effectiveness. Further large-scale, high-quality randomized, double-blind controlled trials are needed to evaluate its efficacy. Systematic Review Registration https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2021-12-0125/, identifier: INPLASY2021120125.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Guo
- Department of Encephalopathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Shen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - John Ealing
- Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Jiao Zhou
- Department of Encephalopathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jin Lu
- Department of Encephalopathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yunfan Ning
- Department of Encephalopathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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Schröder S, Fuchs U, Gisa V, Pena T, Krüger DM, Hempel N, Burkhardt S, Salinas G, Schütz AL, Delalle I, Sananbenesi F, Fischer A. PRDM16-DT: A Brain and Astrocyte-Specific lncRNA Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.27.600964. [PMID: 39005272 PMCID: PMC11244882 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.27.600964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Astrocytes provide crucial support for neurons, contributing to synaptogenesis, synaptic maintenance, and neurotransmitter recycling. Under pathological conditions, deregulation of astrocytes contributes to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), highlighting the growing interest in targeting astrocyte function to address early phases of AD pathogenesis. While most research in this field has focused on protein-coding genes, non-coding RNAs, particularly long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have emerged as significant regulatory molecules. In this study, we identified the lncRNA PRDM16-DT as highly enriched in the human brain, where it is almost exclusively expressed in astrocytes. PRDM16-DT and its murine homolog, Prdm16os, are downregulated in the brains of AD patients and in AD models. In line with this, knockdown of PRDM16-DT and Prdm16os revealed its critical role in maintaining astrocyte homeostasis and supporting neuronal function by regulating genes essential for glutamate uptake, lactate release, and neuronal spine density through interactions with the RE1-Silencing Transcription factor (Rest) and Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2). Notably, CRISPR-mediated overexpression of Prdm16os mitigated functional deficits in astrocytes induced by stimuli linked to AD pathogenesis. These findings underscore the importance of PRDM16-DT in astrocyte function and its potential as a novel therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disorders characterized by astrocyte dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Schröder
- Department for Systems Medicine and Epigenetics, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Fuchs
- Department for Systems Medicine and Epigenetics, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Verena Gisa
- Department for Systems Medicine and Epigenetics, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tonatiuh Pena
- Department for Systems Medicine and Epigenetics, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
- Bioinformatics Unit, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dennis M Krüger
- Department for Systems Medicine and Epigenetics, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
- Bioinformatics Unit, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nina Hempel
- Department for Systems Medicine and Epigenetics, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Burkhardt
- Department for Systems Medicine and Epigenetics, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS- Integrative Genomics Core Unit, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Schütz
- Research Group for Genome Dynamics in Brain Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivana Delalle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Farahnaz Sananbenesi
- Research Group for Genome Dynamics in Brain Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andre Fischer
- Department for Systems Medicine and Epigenetics, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Sahelijo N, Rajagopalan P, Qian L, Rahman R, Priyadarshi D, Goldstein D, Thomopoulos SI, Bennett DA, Farrer LA, Stein TD, Shen L, Huang H, Nho K, Andrew SJ, Davatzikos C, Thompson PM, Tcw J, Jun GR. Brain Cell-based Genetic Subtyping and Drug Repositioning for Alzheimer Disease. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.06.21.24309255. [PMID: 38947056 PMCID: PMC11213108 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.21.24309255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is characterized by its complex and heterogeneous etiology and gradual progression, leading to high drug failure rates in late-stage clinical trials. In order to better stratify individuals at risk for AD and discern potential therapeutic targets we employed a novel procedure utilizing cell-based co-regulated gene networks and polygenic risk scores (cbPRSs). After defining genetic subtypes using extremes of cbPRS distributions, we evaluated correlations of the genetic subtypes with previously defined AD subtypes defined on the basis of domain-specific cognitive functioning and neuroimaging biomarkers. Employing a PageRank algorithm, we identified priority gene targets for the genetic subtypes. Pathway analysis of priority genes demonstrated associations with neurodegeneration and suggested candidate drugs currently utilized in diabetes, hypertension, and epilepsy for repositioning in AD. Experimental validation utilizing human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived astrocytes demonstrated the modifying effects of estradiol, levetiracetam, and pioglitazone on expression of APOE and complement C4 genes, suggesting potential repositioning for AD.
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Albadrani HM, Chauhan P, Ashique S, Babu MA, Iqbal D, Almutary AG, Abomughaid MM, Kamal M, Paiva-Santos AC, Alsaweed M, Hamed M, Sachdeva P, Dewanjee S, Jha SK, Ojha S, Slama P, Jha NK. Mechanistic insights into the potential role of dietary polyphenols and their nanoformulation in the management of Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116376. [PMID: 38508080 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a very common neurodegenerative disorder associated with memory loss and a progressive decline in cognitive activity. The two major pathophysiological factors responsible for AD are amyloid plaques (comprising amyloid-beta aggregates) and neurofibrillary tangles (consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau protein). Polyphenols, a class of naturally occurring compounds, are immensely beneficial for the treatment or management of various disorders and illnesses. Naturally occurring sources of polyphenols include plants and plant-based foods, such as fruits, herbs, tea, vegetables, coffee, red wine, and dark chocolate. Polyphenols have unique properties, such as being the major source of anti-oxidants and possessing anti-aging and anti-cancerous properties. Currently, dietary polyphenols have become a potential therapeutic approach for the management of AD, depending on various research findings. Dietary polyphenols can be an effective strategy to tackle multifactorial events that occur with AD. For instance, naturally occurring polyphenols have been reported to exhibit neuroprotection by modulating the Aβ biogenesis pathway in AD. Many nanoformulations have been established to enhance the bioavailability of polyphenols, with nanonization being the most promising. This review comprehensively provides mechanistic insights into the neuroprotective potential of dietary polyphenols in treating AD. It also reviews the usability of dietary polyphenol as nanoformulation for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind Muteb Albadrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Payal Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanad University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Sumel Ashique
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Durgapur 713212, West Bengal, India
| | - M Arockia Babu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Danish Iqbal
- Department of Health Information Management, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah 51418, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed G Almutary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mosleh Mohammad Abomughaid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehnaz Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mohammed Alsaweed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Munerah Hamed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Zoology, Kalindi College, University of Delhi, 110008, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Petr Slama
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura- 140401, Punjab, India.; School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India.
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Edison P. Astroglial activation: Current concepts and future directions. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:3034-3053. [PMID: 38305570 PMCID: PMC11032537 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Astrocytes are abundantly and ubiquitously expressed cell types with diverse functions throughout the central nervous system. Astrocytes show remarkable plasticity and exhibit morphological, molecular, and functional remodeling in response to injury, disease, or infection of the central nervous system, as evident in neurodegenerative diseases. Astroglial mediated inflammation plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. This review focus on the role of astrocytes as essential players in neuroinflammation and discuss their morphological and functional heterogeneity in the normal central nervous system and explore the spatial and temporal variations in astroglial phenotypes observed under different disease conditions. This review discusses the intimate relationship of astrocytes to pathological hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, this review considers the putative therapeutic strategies that can be deployed to modulate the astroglial functions in neurodegenerative diseases. HIGHLIGHTS: Astroglia mediated neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Activated astrocytes exhibit diverse phenotypes in a region-specific manner in brain and interact with β-amyloid, tau, and α-synuclein species as well as with microglia and neuronal circuits. Activated astrocytes are likely to influence the trajectory of disease progression of neurodegenerative diseases, as determined by the stage of disease, individual susceptibility, and state of astroglial priming. Modulation of astroglial activation may be a therapeutic strategy at various stages in the trajectory of neurodegenerative diseases to modify the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Edison
- Division of NeurologyDepartment of Brain SciencesFaculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
- Division of Psychological medicine and clinical neurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityWalesUK
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Hashim N, Babiker R, Mohammed R, Chaitanya NC, Rahman MM, Gismalla B. Highlighting the Effect of Pro-inflammatory Mediators in the Pathogenesis of Periodontal Diseases and Alzheimer's Disease. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2024; 16:S1120-S1128. [PMID: 38882732 PMCID: PMC11174192 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1120_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological condition that is much more common as people get older. It may start out early or late. Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation, both of which contribute to the central nervous system's inflammatory state, are characteristics of AD. As opposed to this, periodontitis is a widespread oral infection brought on by Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria. By releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines into the systemic circulation, periodontitis can be classified as a "low-grade systemic disease." Periodontitis and AD are linked by inflammation, which is recognized to play a crucial part in both the disease processes. The current review sought to highlight the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are released during periodontal and Alzheimer's diseases in the pathophysiology of both conditions. It also addresses the puzzling relationship between AD and periodontitis, highlighting the etiology and potential ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Hashim
- Periodontology, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras al-Khaimah, UAE
| | - Rasha Babiker
- Physiology, RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras al-Khaimah, UAE
| | - Riham Mohammed
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras al-Khaimah, UAE
| | - Nallan Csk Chaitanya
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras al-Khaimah, UAE
| | - Muhammed M Rahman
- Periodontology, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras al-Khaimah, UAE
| | - Bakri Gismalla
- Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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10
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Quan Q, Ma X, Li M, Li X, Yuan H. Ginsenoside Rg1 promotes β‑amyloid peptide degradation through inhibition of the ERK/PPARγ phosphorylation pathway in an Alzheimer's disease neuronal model. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:31. [PMID: 38125359 PMCID: PMC10731411 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Amyloid peptide (Aβ) deposition in the brain is an important pathological change in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), which is regulated transcriptionally by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), is able to proteolyze Aβ. One of the members of the MAPK family, ERK, is able to mediate the phosphorylation of PPARγ at Ser112, thereby inhibiting its transcriptional activity. Ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the active ingredients in the natural medicine ginseng and has inhibitory effects on Aβ production. The present study was designed to investigate whether ginsenoside Rg1 is able to affect the regulation of PPARγ based on the expression of its target gene, IDE, and whether it is able to promote Aβ degradation via inhibition of the ERK/PPARγ phosphorylation pathway. In the present study, primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons were treated with Aβ1-42, ginsenoside Rg1 and the ERK inhibitor PD98059, and subsequently TUNEL staining was used to detect the level of neuronal apoptosis. ELISA was subsequently employed to detect the intra- and extracellular Aβ1-42 levels, immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were used to detect the translocation of ERK from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, immunofluorescence double staining was used to detect the co-expression of ERK and PPARγ, and finally, western blotting was used to detect the phosphorylation of PPARγ at Ser112 and IDE expression. The results demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg1 or PD98059 were able to inhibit primary cultured hippocampal neuron apoptosis induced by Aβ1-42 treatment, reduce the levels of intra- and extraneuronal Aβ1-42 and inhibit the translocation of ERK from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Furthermore, administration of ginsenoside Rg1 or PD98059 resulted in attenuated co-expression of ERK and PPARγ, inhibition of phosphorylation of PPARγ at Ser112 mediated by ERK and an increase in IDE expression. In addition, the effects when PD98059 to inhibit ERK followed by treatment with ginsenoside Rg1 were found to be more pronounced than those when using PD98059 alone. In conclusion, ginsenoside Rg1 was demonstrated to exert neuroprotective effects on AD via inhibition of the ERK/PPARγ phosphorylation pathway, which led to an increase in IDE expression, the promotion of Aβ degradation and the decrease of neuronal apoptosis. These results could provide a theoretical basis for the clinical application of ginsenoside Rg1 in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Quan
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Ma
- Department of Psychology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Yuan
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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11
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Birajdar SV, Mazahir F, Alam MI, Kumar A, Yadav AK. Repurposing and clinical attributes of antidiabetic drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 961:176117. [PMID: 37907134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The risk of neurodegeneration was found to be increased among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Brain disorders like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and others are considered neurodegenerative diseases and can be characterized by progressive loss of neurons. The deficiency of insulin, impaired signaling, and its resistance lead to alteration in the neuronal functioning of the brain. Insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) plays a significant role in the amyloid β metabolism, aggregation, and deposition of misfolded proteins in the brain's hippocampal and cortical neuronal regions. The insulin signaling via IP3 activation upregulates the IDE and could be a promising approach to regulate neurodegeneration. The repurposing of existing antidiabetic drugs such as Metformin, DPP-4 inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, glucagon-like peptides (GLP-1), sodium-glucose co-transport-2 (SGCT-2) inhibitors, and insulin could be an alternative and effective strategy to treat neurodegeneration via modulating insulin signaling, insulin resistance, IDE activity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, serum lipid profile and neuroinflammation in the brain. Antidiabetic medications reduce the risk of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and Aβ deposition by enhancing their clearance rate. The downregulation of IDE alters the degradation of Aβ monomers in the Tg2576 APP mice. Also, the treatment with metformin activated the AMPK pathway and suppressed mTOR and BACE-1 protein expression in the APP/PS1-induced mice model. Thus, the primary intention of this review is to explore the link between T2DM and neurodegenerative disorders, and the possible role of various antidiabetic drugs in the management of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnali Vasant Birajdar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Raebareli, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Farhan Mazahir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Raebareli, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Md Imtiyaz Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Raebareli, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Raebareli, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Awesh K Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Raebareli, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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12
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Ишмуратова АН, Абрамов МА, Кузнецов КО, Иванюта МВ, Шакирова ЗФ, Китапова АИ, Усмонов МД, Черноусова ЛМ, Валеева ЛИ, Кузнецова АЮ, Баисламов АС, Шайхетдинова АР, Миргалиев АА, Орозбердиев СТ, Якупова КИ. [The role of antidiabetic drugs in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: systematic review]. PROBLEMY ENDOKRINOLOGII 2023; 69:73-83. [PMID: 37968954 PMCID: PMC10680548 DOI: 10.14341/probl13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that Alzheimer's disease (AD) has many common links with conditions associated with insulin resistance, including neuroinflammation, impaired insulin signaling, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic syndrome. The authors conducted an electronic search for publications in the PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases using the keywords "amyloid beta", "Alzheimer type-3-diabetes", "intranasal insulin", "metformin", "type 2 diabetes mellitus", "incretins" and "PPARy agonists». A systematic literature search was conducted among studies published between 2005 and 2022. The authors used the following inclusion criteria: 1) Subjects who received therapy for AD and/or DM2, if the expected result concerned the risk of cognitive decline or the development of dementia; 2) The age of the study participants is > 50 years; 3) The type of studies included in this review were randomized clinical trials, population-based observational studies or case-control studies, prospective cohort studies, as well as reviews and meta-analyses; 4) The included articles were written in English. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in identifying the mechanisms of action of antidiabetic drugs and their potential use in AD. Human studies involving patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease have shown that the administration of certain antidiabetic drugs, such as intranasal insulin, metformin, incretins and thiazolidinediones, can improve cognitive function and memory. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of antidiabetic drugs in the treatment of AD. According to the results of the study, metformin, intranasal insulin, thiazolidinediones and incretins showed a positive effect both in humans and in animal models. Recent studies show that thiazolidinediones can activate pathways in the brain that are regulated by IGF-1; however, rosiglitazone may pose a significant risk of side effects. The results of clinical studies on the use of metformin in AD are limited and contradictory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - М. В. Иванюта
- Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова
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13
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Possidente C, Fanelli G, Serretti A, Fabbri C. Clinical insights into the cross-link between mood disorders and type 2 diabetes: A review of longitudinal studies and Mendelian randomisation analyses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105298. [PMID: 37391112 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Mood disorders and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are prevalent conditions that often co-occur. We reviewed the available evidence from longitudinal and Mendelian randomisation (MR) studies on the relationship between major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder and T2DM. The clinical implications of this comorbidity on the course of either condition and the impact of antidepressants, mood stabilisers, and antidiabetic drugs were examined. Consistent evidence indicates a bidirectional association between mood disorders and T2DM. T2DM leads to more severe depression, whereas depression is associated with more complications and higher mortality in T2DM. MR studies demonstrated a causal effect of MDD on T2DM in Europeans, while a suggestive causal association in the opposite direction was found in East Asians. Antidepressants, but not lithium, were associated with a higher T2DM risk in the long-term, but confounders cannot be excluded. Some oral antidiabetics, such as pioglitazone and liraglutide, may be effective on depressive and cognitive symptoms. Studies in multi-ethnic populations, with a more careful assessment of confounders and appropriate power, would be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Possidente
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fanelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Chiara Fabbri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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14
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Nowell J, Blunt E, Gupta D, Edison P. Antidiabetic agents as a novel treatment for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 89:101979. [PMID: 37328112 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders have commonly targeted individual aspects of the disease pathogenesis to little success. Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), are characterized by several pathological features. In AD and PD, there is an abnormal accumulation of toxic proteins, increased inflammation, decreased synaptic function, neuronal loss, increased astrocyte activation, and perhaps a state of insulin resistance. Epidemiological evidence has revealed a link between AD/PD and type 2 diabetes mellitus, with these disorders sharing some pathological commonalities. Such a link has opened up a promising avenue for repurposing antidiabetic agents in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. A successful therapeutic strategy for AD/PD would likely require a single or several agents which target the separate pathological processes in the disease. Targeting cerebral insulin signalling produces numerous neuroprotective effects in preclinical AD/PD brain models. Clinical trials have shown the promise of approved diabetic compounds in improving motor symptoms of PD and preventing neurodegenerative decline, with numerous further phase II trials and phase III trials underway in AD and PD populations. Alongside insulin signalling, targeting incretin receptors in the brain represents one of the most promising strategies for repurposing currently available agents for the treatment of AD/PD. Most notably, glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have displayed impressive clinical potential in preclinical and early clinical studies. In AD the GLP-1 receptor agonist, liraglutide, has been demonstrated to improve cerebral glucose metabolism and functional connectivity in small-scale pilot trials. Whilst in PD, the GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide is effective in restoring motor function and cognition. Targeting brain incretin receptors reduces inflammation, inhibits apoptosis, prevents toxic protein aggregation, enhances long-term potentiation and autophagy as well as restores dysfunctional insulin signalling. Support is also increasing for the use of additional approved diabetic treatments, including intranasal insulin, metformin hydrochloride, peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptor γ agonists, amylin analogs, and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors which are in the investigation for deployment in PD and AD treatment. As such, we provide a comprehensive review of several promising anti-diabetic agents for the treatment of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Nowell
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Eleanor Blunt
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dhruv Gupta
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Edison
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK; School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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15
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Goodarzi G, Tehrani SS, Fana SE, Moradi-Sardareh H, Panahi G, Maniati M, Meshkani R. Crosstalk between Alzheimer's disease and diabetes: a focus on anti-diabetic drugs. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:1769-1800. [PMID: 37335453 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two of the most common age-related diseases. There is accumulating evidence of an overlap in the pathophysiological mechanisms of these two diseases. Studies have demonstrated insulin pathway alternation may interact with amyloid-β protein deposition and tau protein phosphorylation, two essential factors in AD. So attention to the use of anti-diabetic drugs in AD treatment has increased in recent years. In vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies have evaluated possible neuroprotective effects of anti-diabetic different medicines in AD, with some promising results. Here we review the evidence on the therapeutic potential of insulin, metformin, Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP1R), thiazolidinediones (TZDs), Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DPP IV) Inhibitors, Sulfonylureas, Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and Amylin analog against AD. Given that many questions remain unanswered, further studies are required to confirm the positive effects of anti-diabetic drugs in AD treatment. So to date, no particular anti-diabetic drugs can be recommended to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Goodarzi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Sadra Samavarchi Tehrani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Ebrahimi Fana
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ghodratollah Panahi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Maniati
- English Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Meshkani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Li Y, Zhang ZH, Huang SL, Yue ZB, Yin XS, Feng ZQ, Zhang XG, Song GL. Whey protein powder with milk fat globule membrane attenuates Alzheimer's disease pathology in 3×Tg-AD mice by modulating neuroinflammation through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ signaling pathway. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:5253-5265. [PMID: 37414601 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Whey protein powder (PP), which is mainly derived from bovine milk, is rich in milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). The MGFM has been shown to play a role in promoting neuronal development and cognition in the infant brain. However, its role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not been elucidated. Here, we showed that the cognitive ability of 3×Tg-AD mice (a triple-transgenic mouse model of AD) could be improved by feeding PP to mice for 3 mo. In addition, PP ameliorated amyloid peptide deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation in the brains of AD mice. We found that PP could alleviate AD pathology by inhibiting neuroinflammation through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)-nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway in the brains of AD mice. Our study revealed an unexpected role of PP in regulating the neuroinflammatory pathology of AD in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China, 518060; Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China, 518000
| | - Zhong-Hao Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China, 518060; Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China, 518000
| | - Shao-Ling Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China, 518060
| | - Zhong-Bao Yue
- ByHealth Institute of Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, China, 510000
| | - Xue-Song Yin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China, 518060
| | - Zi-Qi Feng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China, 518060
| | - Xu-Guang Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China, 518060; ByHealth Institute of Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, China, 510000.
| | - Guo-Li Song
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China, 518060; Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China, 518000; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China, 518000.
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17
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Alsaud MM, Alhowail AH, Aldubayan MA, Almami IS. The Ameliorative Effect of Pioglitazone against Neuroinflammation Caused by Doxorubicin in Rats. Molecules 2023; 28:4775. [PMID: 37375330 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic agent that is linked with complications such as cardiotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction, known as chemobrain. Chemobrain affects up to 75% of cancer survivors, and there are no known therapeutic options for its treatment. This study aimed to determine the protective effect of pioglitazone (PIO) against DOX-induced cognitive impairment. Forty Wistar female rats were equally divided into four groups: control, DOX-treated, PIO-treated, and DOX + PIO-treated. DOX was administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg, i.p., twice a week for two weeks (cumulative dose, 20 mg/kg). PIO was dissolved in drinking water at a concentration of 2 mg/kg in the PIO and DOX-PIO groups. The survival rates, change in body weight, and behavioral assessment were performed using Y-maze, novel object recognition (NOR), and elevated plus maze (EPM), followed by estimation of neuroinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in brain homogenate and RT-PCR of a brain sample. Our results showed a survival rate of 40% and 65% in the DOX and DOX + PIO groups, respectively, compared with a 100% survival rate in the control and PIO treatment groups at the end of day 14. There was an insignificant increase in body weight in the PIO group and a significant reduction in the DOX and DOX + PIO groups as compared with the control groups. DOX-treated animals exhibited impairment of cognitive function, and the combination PIO showed reversal of DOX-induced cognitive impairment. This was evidenced by changes in IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels and also by mRNA expression of TNF- α, and IL-6. In conclusion, PIO treatment produced a reversal of DOX-induced memory impairment by alleviating neuronal inflammation by modulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- May M Alsaud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad H Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A Aldubayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibtesam S Almami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Kunze LH, Ruch F, Biechele G, Eckenweber F, Wind-Mark K, Dinkel L, Feyen P, Bartenstein P, Ziegler S, Paeger L, Tahirovic S, Herms J, Brendel M. Long-Term Pioglitazone Treatment Has No Significant Impact on Microglial Activation and Tau Pathology in P301S Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10106. [PMID: 37373253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one disease hallmark on the road to neurodegeneration in primary tauopathies. Thus, immunomodulation might be a suitable treatment strategy to delay or even prevent the occurrence of symptoms and thus relieve the burden for patients and caregivers. In recent years, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) has received increasing attention as it is immediately involved in the regulation of the immune system and can be targeted by the anti-diabetic drug pioglitazone. Previous studies have shown significant immunomodulation in amyloid-β (Aβ) mouse models by pioglitazone. In this study, we performed long-term treatment over six months in P301S mice as a tauopathy model with either pioglitazone or placebo. We performed serial 18 kDa translocator protein positron-emission-tomography (TSPO-PET) imaging and terminal immunohistochemistry to assess microglial activation during treatment. Tau pathology was quantified via immunohistochemistry at the end of the study. Long-term pioglitazone treatment had no significant effect on TSPO-PET, immunohistochemistry read-outs of microglial activation, or tau pathology levels in P301S mice. Thus, we conclude that pioglitazone modifies the time course of Aβ-dependent microglial activation, but does not significantly modulate microglial activation in response to tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Helena Kunze
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - François Ruch
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gloria Biechele
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Eckenweber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Wind-Mark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lina Dinkel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Feyen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sibylle Ziegler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Paeger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sabina Tahirovic
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Sabari SS, Balasubramani K, Iyer M, Sureshbabu HW, Venkatesan D, Gopalakrishnan AV, Narayanaswamy A, Senthil Kumar N, Vellingiri B. Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) and Parkinson's Disease (PD): a Mechanistic Approach. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03359-y. [PMID: 37118323 PMCID: PMC10144908 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggest that there is a connection between Parkinson's disease (PD) and insulin dysregulation in the brain, whilst the connection between PD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is still up for debate. Insulin is widely recognised to play a crucial role in neuronal survival and brain function; any changes in insulin metabolism and signalling in the central nervous system (CNS) can lead to the development of various brain disorders. There is accumulating evidence linking T2DM to PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. In fact, they have a lot in common patho-physiologically, including insulin dysregulation, oxidative stress resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction, microglial activation, and inflammation. As a result, initial research should focus on the role of insulin and its molecular mechanism in order to develop therapeutic outcomes. In this current review, we will look into the link between T2DM and PD, the function of insulin in the brain, and studies related to impact of insulin in causing T2DM and PD. Further, we have also highlighted the role of various insulin signalling pathway in both T2DM and PD. We have also suggested that T2DM-targeting pharmacological strategies as potential therapeutic approach for individuals with cognitive impairment, and we have demonstrated the effectiveness of T2DM-prescribed drugs through current PD treatment trials. In conclusion, this investigation would fill a research gap in T2DM-associated Parkinson's disease (PD) with a potential therapy option.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sri Sabari
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kiruthika Balasubramani
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to Be University), Coimbatore, 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harysh Winster Sureshbabu
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhivya Venkatesan
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Arul Narayanaswamy
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Aizawl, 796004, Mizoram, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India.
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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20
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Kumar AP, P P, Mandal S, Kumar BRP, Raju RM, Dhanabal S, Rajagopal K, G R, X PN, Justin A. Computational studies, synthesis, in-vitro binding and transcription analysis of novel imidazolidine-2,4-dione and 2-thioxo thiazolidine-4-one based glitazones for central PPAR-γ agonism. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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21
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Chen C. Inhibiting degradation of 2-arachidonoylglycerol as a therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 244:108394. [PMID: 36966972 PMCID: PMC10123871 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipid signaling mediators that participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most abundant endocannabinoid and is a full agonist of G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors (CB1R and CB2R), which are targets of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis. While 2-AG has been well recognized as a retrograde messenger modulating synaptic transmission and plasticity at both inhibitory GABAergic and excitatory glutamatergic synapses in the brain, growing evidence suggests that 2-AG also functions as an endogenous terminator of neuroinflammation in response to harmful insults, thus maintaining brain homeostasis. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is the key enzyme that degrades 2-AG in the brain. The immediate metabolite of 2-AG is arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor of prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes. Several lines of evidence indicate that pharmacological or genetic inactivation of MAGL, which boosts 2-AG levels and reduces its hydrolytic metabolites, resolves neuroinflammation, mitigates neuropathology, and improves synaptic and cognitive functions in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced neurodegenerative disease. Thus, it has been proposed that MAGL is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. As the main enzyme hydrolyzing 2-AG, several MAGL inhibitors have been identified and developed. However, our understanding of the mechanisms by which inactivation of MAGL produces neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative diseases remains limited. A recent finding that inhibition of 2-AG metabolism in astrocytes, but not in neurons, protects the brain from TBI-induced neuropathology might shed some light on this unsolved issue. This review provides an overview of MAGL as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases and discusses possible mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of restraining degradation of 2-AG in the brain.
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Pizcueta P, Vergara C, Emanuele M, Vilalta A, Rodríguez-Pascau L, Martinell M. Development of PPARγ Agonists for the Treatment of Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Leriglitazone as a Promising Candidate. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043201. [PMID: 36834611 PMCID: PMC9961553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, plays an important role in physiological processes in the central nervous system (CNS) and is involved in cellular metabolism and repair. Cellular damage caused by acute brain injury and long-term neurodegenerative disorders is associated with alterations of these metabolic processes leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. PPARγ agonists have demonstrated the potential to be effective treatments for CNS diseases in preclinical models, but to date, most drugs have failed to show efficacy in clinical trials of neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. The most likely explanation for this lack of efficacy is the insufficient brain exposure of these PPARγ agonists. Leriglitazone is a novel, blood-brain barrier (BBB)-penetrant PPARγ agonist that is being developed to treat CNS diseases. Here, we review the main roles of PPARγ in physiology and pathophysiology in the CNS, describe the mechanism of action of PPARγ agonists, and discuss the evidence supporting the use of leriglitazone to treat CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Pizcueta
- Minoryx Therapeutics SL, 08302 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Marco Emanuele
- Minoryx Therapeutics BE, Gosselies, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium
| | | | | | - Marc Martinell
- Minoryx Therapeutics SL, 08302 Barcelona, Spain
- Minoryx Therapeutics BE, Gosselies, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium
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23
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Yang J, Shi X, Wang Y, Ma M, Liu H, Wang J, Xu Z. Multi-Target Neuroprotection of Thiazolidinediones on Alzheimer's Disease via Neuroinflammation and Ferroptosis. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:927-945. [PMID: 37927258 PMCID: PMC10741341 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia in older age. The prevalence of AD is growing worldwide, causing a tremendous burden to societies and families. Due to the complexity of its pathogenesis, the current treatment of AD is not satisfactory, and drugs acting on a single target may not prevent AD progression. This review summarizes the multi-target pharmacological effects of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) on AD. TZDs act as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists and long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase family member 4 (ACSL4) inhibitors. TZDs ameliorated neuroinflammation and ferroptosis in preclinical models of AD. Here, we discussed recent findings from clinical trials of pioglitazone in the treatment of AD, ischemic stroke, and atherosclerosis. We also dissected the major limitations in the clinical application of pioglitazone and explained the potential benefit of pioglitazone in AD. We recommend the use of pioglitazone to prevent cognitive decline and lower AD risk in a specific group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaohua Shi
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaoqi Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongxin Xu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Gao S, Jiang Y, Chen Z, Zhao X, Gu J, Wu H, Liao Y, Sun H, Wang J, Chen W. Metabolic Reprogramming of Microglia in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy: Insights from Neuroinflammation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1992-2005. [PMID: 36529923 PMCID: PMC10514522 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221216162606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a diffuse brain dysfunction caused by sepsis that manifests as a range of brain dysfunctions from delirium to coma. It is a relatively common complication of sepsis associated with poor patient prognosis and mortality. The pathogenesis of SAE involves neuroinflammatory responses, neurotransmitter dysfunction, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, abnormal blood flow regulation, etc. Neuroinflammation caused by hyperactivation of microglia is considered to be a key factor in disease development, which can cause a series of chain reactions, including BBB disruption and oxidative stress. Metabolic reprogramming has been found to play a central role in microglial activation and executive functions. In this review, we describe the pivotal role of energy metabolism in microglial activation and functional execution and demonstrate that the regulation of microglial metabolic reprogramming might be crucial in the development of clinical therapeutics for neuroinflammatory diseases like SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenjia Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180# Feng-Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180# Feng-Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180# Feng-Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zhao
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiahui Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180# Feng-Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180# Feng-Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180# Feng-Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Wankun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180# Feng-Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
- Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Novoa C, Salazar P, Cisternas P, Gherardelli C, Vera-Salazar R, Zolezzi JM, Inestrosa NC. Inflammation context in Alzheimer's disease, a relationship intricate to define. Biol Res 2022; 55:39. [PMID: 36550479 PMCID: PMC9784299 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-022-00404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregates. Importantly, Aβ and tau species are able to activate astrocytes and microglia, which release several proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β), together with reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), triggering neuroinflammation. However, this inflammatory response has a dual function: it can play a protective role by increasing Aβ degradation and clearance, but it can also contribute to Aβ and tau overproduction and induce neurodegeneration and synaptic loss. Due to the significant role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of AD, several inflammatory mediators have been proposed as AD markers, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, Iba-1, GFAP, NF-κB, TLR2, and MHCII. Importantly, the use of anti-inflammatory drugs such as NSAIDs has emerged as a potential treatment against AD. Moreover, diseases related to systemic or local inflammation, including infections, cerebrovascular accidents, and obesity, have been proposed as risk factors for the development of AD. In the following review, we focus on key inflammatory processes associated with AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Novoa
- grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda Bernardo O’Higgins 340, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Salazar
- grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda Bernardo O’Higgins 340, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Cisternas
- grid.499370.00000 0004 6481 8274Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Camila Gherardelli
- grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda Bernardo O’Higgins 340, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Vera-Salazar
- grid.412179.80000 0001 2191 5013Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Kinesiología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan M. Zolezzi
- grid.442242.60000 0001 2287 1761Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
- grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda Bernardo O’Higgins 340, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile ,grid.442242.60000 0001 2287 1761Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
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Woodfield A, Gonzales T, Helmerhorst E, Laws S, Newsholme P, Porter T, Verdile G. Current Insights on the Use of Insulin and the Potential Use of Insulin Mimetics in Targeting Insulin Signalling in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415811. [PMID: 36555450 PMCID: PMC9779379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are chronic diseases that share several pathological mechanisms, including insulin resistance and impaired insulin signalling. Their shared features have prompted the evaluation of the drugs used to manage diabetes for the treatment of AD. Insulin delivery itself has been utilized, with promising effects, in improving cognition and reducing AD related neuropathology. The most recent clinical trial involving intranasal insulin reported no slowing of cognitive decline; however, several factors may have impacted the trial outcomes. Long-acting and rapid-acting insulin analogues have also been evaluated within the context of AD with a lack of consistent outcomes. This narrative review provided insight into how targeting insulin signalling in the brain has potential as a therapeutic target for AD and provided a detailed update on the efficacy of insulin, its analogues and the outcomes of human clinical trials. We also discussed the current evidence that warrants the further investigation of the use of the mimetics of insulin for AD. These small molecules may provide a modifiable alternative to insulin, aiding in developing drugs that selectively target insulin signalling in the brain with the aim to attenuate cognitive dysfunction and AD pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Woodfield
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Tatiana Gonzales
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Erik Helmerhorst
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Simon Laws
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
| | - Philip Newsholme
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Tenielle Porter
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-9266 5618
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Yang J, Wei Y, Zhao T, Li X, Zhao X, Ouyang X, Zhou L, Zhan X, Qian M, Wang J, Shen X. Magnolol effectively ameliorates diabetic peripheral neuropathy in mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 107:154434. [PMID: 36122436 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes lacking efficient treatment. Magnolol (MG), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist, is a natural product derived from Magnolia officinalis and widely used to treat a variety of diseases as a traditional Chinese medicine and Japanese Kampo medicine. PURPOSE Here, we aimed to investigate the potential of MG in ameliorating DPN-like pathology in mice and decipher the mechanism of MG in treating DPN. MATERIALS AND METHODS 12-week-old male streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic (T1DM) mice and 15-week-old male BKS Cg-m+/+Lepr db/J (db/db) type 2 diabetic mice (T2DM) were used as DPN mice. MG was administrated (i.p) daily for 4 weeks. Peripheral nerve functions of mice were evaluated by measuring mechanical response latency, thermal response latency and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV). The mechanisms underlying the amelioration of MG on DPN-like pathology were examined by qRT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry assays, and verified in the DPN mice with PPARγ-specific knockdown in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neuron and sciatic nerve tissues by injecting adeno-associated virus (AAV)8-PPARγ-RNAi. RESULTS MG promoted DRG neuronal neurite outgrowth and effectively ameliorated neurological dysfunctions in both T1DM and T2DM diabetic mice, including improvement of paw withdrawal threshold, thermal response latency and MNCV. Additionally, MG promoted neurite outgrowth of DRG neurons, protected sciatic nerve myelin sheath structure, and ameliorated foot skin intraepidermal nerve fiber (IENF) density in DPN mice by targeting PPARγ. Mechanism research results indicated that MG improved mitochondrial dysfunction involving PPARγ/MKP-7/JNK/SIRT1/LKB1/AMPK/PGC-1α pathway in DRG neurons, repressed inflammation via PPARγ/NF-κB signaling and inhibited apoptosis through regulation of PPARγ-mediated Bcl-2 family proteins in DRG neurons and sciatic nerves. CONCLUSIONS Our work has detailed the mechanism underlying the amelioration of PPARγ agonist on DPN-like pathology in mice with MG as a probe, and highlighted the potential of MG in the treatment of DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanzhen Yang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuxi Wei
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuejian Zhao
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xingnan Ouyang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lihua Zhou
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhan
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Minyi Qian
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jiaying Wang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xu Shen
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Wang XC, Chu CL, Li HC, Lu K, Liu CJ, Cai YF, Quan SJ, Zhang SJ. Efficacy and safety of hypoglycemic drugs in improving cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1018027. [DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1018027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to compare the effects of oral hypoglycaemic drugs (HDs) on cognitive function and biomarkers of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) through a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).MethodsWe conducted systematic searches for English- and Chinese-language articles in the PubMed, Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar databases, with no date restrictions. We performed a network meta-analysis, which we report here according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The 16 studies included a total of 3,081 patients. We selected the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive section (ADAS-Cog), the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study Activities of Daily Living section (ADCS-ADL) and amyloid beta (Aβ) 42 as the outcome measures for analysis and comparison.ResultWe selected seven treatments and assessed the clinical trials in which they were tested against a placebo control. Of these treatments, intranasal insulin 20 IU (ITSN20), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor (DPP-4) were associated with significantly improved MMSE scores (7 RCTs, 333 patients, 30≥MMSE score≥20: mild) compared with placebo [standardized mean difference (SMD) 1.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.87, 1.35); SMD 0.75, 95% CI (0.04, 1.41); and SMD 4.08, 95% CI (3.39, 4.77), respectively]. Rosiglitazone 4 mg (RLZ4), rosiglitazone 10 mg (RLZ10), intranasal insulin 40 IU (ITSN40), and ITSN20 significantly decreased ADAS-Cog scores (11 RCTs, 4044 patients, 10 ≤ ADAS-Cog scores ≤ 30: mild and moderate) compared with placebo [SMD −1.40, 95% CI (−2.57, −0.23), SMD −3.02, 95% CI (−4.17, −1.86), SMD −0.92, 95% CI (−1.77, −0.08), SMD −1.88, 95% CI (−3.09, −0.66)]. Additionally, ITSN20 and ITSN40 significantly improved ADCS-ADL scores (2 RCTs, 208 patients, ADCS-ADL scale score ≤ 10: mild) compared with placebo [SMD 0.02, 95% CI (0.01, 0.03), and SMD 0.04, 95% CI (0.03, 0.05), respectively]. In the 16 included studies, the degree of AD was classified as mild or moderate. For mild cognitive impairment, DPP-4 performed best, but for mild to moderate impairment, ITSN40 had excellent performance.ConclusionVarious HDs can improve the cognitive function of MCI and AD patients. Different drug regimens brought different degrees of improvement, which may be related to their dosage, duration, and mechanism of action.Systematic review registrationwww.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero.
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Cummings J, Ortiz A, Castellino J, Kinney J. Diabetes: Risk factor and translational therapeutic implications for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5727-5757. [PMID: 35128745 PMCID: PMC9393901 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) commonly co-occur. T2DM increases the risk for AD by approximately twofold. Animal models provide one means of interrogating the relationship of T2DM to AD and investigating brain insulin resistance in the pathophysiology of AD. Animal models show that persistent hyperglycaemia results in chronic low-grade inflammation that may contribute to the development of neuroinflammation and accelerate the pathobiology of AD. Epidemiological studies suggest that patients with T2DM who received treatment with specific anti-diabetic agents have a decreased risk for the occurrence of AD and all-cause dementia. Agents such as metformin ameliorate T2DM and may have other important systemic effects that lower the risk of AD. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists have been associated with a decreased risk for AD in patients with T2DM. Both insulin and non-insulin anti-diabetic treatments have been evaluated for the treatment of AD in clinical trials. In most cases, patients included in the trials have clinical features of AD but do not have T2DM. Many of the trials were conducted prior to the use of diagnostic biomarkers for AD. Trials have had a wide range of durations and population sizes. Many of the agents used to treat T2DM do not cross the blood brain barrier, and the effects are posited to occur via lowering of peripheral hyperglycaemia and reduction of peripheral and central inflammation. Clinical trials of anti-diabetic agents to treat AD are ongoing and will provide insight into the therapeutic utility of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Cummings
- Chambers‐Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health SciencesUniversity of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV)Las VegasNevadaUSA
| | - Andrew Ortiz
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health SciencesUniversity of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV)Las VegasNevadaUSA
| | | | - Jefferson Kinney
- Chambers‐Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health SciencesUniversity of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV)Las VegasNevadaUSA,Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health SciencesUniversity of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV)Las VegasNevadaUSA
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Staurenghi E, Leoni V, Lo Iacono M, Sottero B, Testa G, Giannelli S, Leonarduzzi G, Gamba P. ApoE3 vs. ApoE4 Astrocytes: A Detailed Analysis Provides New Insights into Differences in Cholesterol Homeostasis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2168. [PMID: 36358540 PMCID: PMC9686673 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the presence of the ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene, the major apolipoprotein involved in brain cholesterol homeostasis. Being astrocytes the main producers of cholesterol and ApoE in the brain, we investigated the impact of the ApoE genotype on astrocyte cholesterol homeostasis. Two mouse astrocytic cell lines expressing the human ApoE3 or ApoE4 isoform were employed. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis pointed out that the levels of total cholesterol, cholesterol precursors, and various oxysterols are altered in ApoE4 astrocytes. Moreover, the gene expression analysis of more than 40 lipid-related genes by qRT-PCR showed that certain genes are up-regulated (e.g., CYP27A1) and others down-regulated (e.g., PPARγ, LXRα) in ApoE4, compared to ApoE3 astrocytes. Beyond confirming the significant reduction in the levels of PPARγ, a key transcription factor involved in the maintenance of lipid homeostasis, Western blotting showed that both intracellular and secreted ApoE levels are altered in ApoE4 astrocytes, as well as the levels of receptors and transporters involved in lipid uptake/efflux (ABCA1, LDLR, LRP1, and ApoER2). Data showed that the ApoE genotype clearly affects astrocytic cholesterol homeostasis; however, further investigation is needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying these differences and the consequences on neighboring cells. Indeed, drug development aimed at restoring cholesterol homeostasis could be a potential strategy to counteract AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Staurenghi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital Pius XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Italy
| | - Marco Lo Iacono
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Sottero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriella Testa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Serena Giannelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriella Leonarduzzi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Gamba
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
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Li Z, Meng X, Ma G, Liu W, Li W, Cai Q, Wang S, Huang G, Zhang Y. Increasing brain glucose metabolism by ligustrazine piperazine ameliorates cognitive deficits through PPARγ-dependent enhancement of mitophagy in APP/PS1 mice. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:150. [PMID: 36217155 PMCID: PMC9552451 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PPARγ agonists have been proven to be neuroprotective in vitro and in vivo models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we identified ligustrazine piperazine derivative (LPD) as a novel PPARγ agonist, which was detected by a dual-luciferase reporter assay system. LPD treatment dose-dependently reduced Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels in PC12 cells stably transfected with APP695swe and PSEN1dE9. Intragastric administration of LPD for 3 months dose-dependently reversed cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice. LPD treatment substantially decreased hippocampal Aβ plaques in APP/PS1 mice and decreased the levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, LPD treatment induced mitophagy in vivo and in vitro and increased brain 18F-FDG uptake in APP/PS1 mice. LPD treatment significantly increased OCR, ATP production, maximal respiration, spare respiratory capacity, and basal respiration in APP/PS1 cells. Mechanistically, LPD treatment upregulated PPARγ, PINK1, and the phosphorylation of Parkin (Ser65) and increased the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio but decreased SQSTM1/p62 in vivo and in vitro. Importantly, all these protective effects mediated by LPD were abolished by cotreatment with the selective PPARγ antagonist GW9662. In summary, LPD could increase brain glucose metabolism and ameliorate cognitive deficits through PPARγ-dependent enhancement of mitophagy in APP/PS1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyang Li
- grid.452847.80000 0004 6068 028XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, No. 3002 Sungang Westroad, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035 China
| | - Xiangbao Meng
- grid.452847.80000 0004 6068 028XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, No. 3002 Sungang Westroad, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035 China ,grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, No. 855 Xingye Avenue East, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511486 China
| | - Guoxu Ma
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Wenlan Liu
- grid.452847.80000 0004 6068 028XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, No. 3002 Sungang Westroad, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035 China
| | - Weiping Li
- grid.452847.80000 0004 6068 028XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, No. 3002 Sungang Westroad, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035 China
| | - Qian Cai
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, No. 855 Xingye Avenue East, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511486 China
| | - Sicen Wang
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta Westroad, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Guodong Huang
- grid.452847.80000 0004 6068 028XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, No. 3002 Sungang Westroad, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035 China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- grid.452847.80000 0004 6068 028XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, No. 3002 Sungang Westroad, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035 China
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Singla RK, Dhonchak K, Sodhi RK, Arockia Babu M, Madan J, Madaan R, Kumar S, Sharma R, Shen B. Bergenin ameliorates cognitive deficits and neuropathological alterations in sodium azide-induced experimental dementia. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:994018. [PMID: 36249784 PMCID: PMC9556967 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.994018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bergenin, 4-O-methyl gallic acid glucoside, is a bioactive compound found in the cortex of Mallotus japonicus (L.f.) Müll.Arg. along with many other natural resources including that from Bergenia species. The present study delineates the neuroprotective potential of bergenin through the modulation of PPAR-γ receptors. Method: Dementia was induced in the Wistar rats by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of sodium azide (12.5 mg/kg for the first 5 days followed by 10 mg/kg for the next 9 days). The rats were then exposed to the Morris water maze test to assess the effect on cognitive abilities followed by a series of biochemical and histopathological evaluations. Results: Sodium azide-treated rats exhibited a severe deterioration of memory as suggested by poor performance in the spatial learning task in addition to the enhancement of brain acetylcholinesterase potential, oxidative stress, inflammation, and amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation. Administration of bergenin to sodium azide-treated rats significantly recovered cognition and related biochemical variations. Further, co-administration of Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), a PPAR-γ antagonist with bergenin challenged its neuroprotective effects. Conclusions: The findings of our study exhibit that the cognitive restoration potential of bergenin may be attributed to its modulatory effects against cholinesterase, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers, as well as its neuroprotective actions, thus aligning it as a possible therapy for Alzheimer’s disease-related dementia. The study also fortifies the significance of PPAR-γ receptors in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K. Singla
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Konika Dhonchak
- Department of Pharmacology, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, India
| | - Rupinder K. Sodhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, India
- *Correspondence: Rupinder K. Sodhi, ; Bairong Shen,
| | - M. Arockia Babu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, India
| | - Jitender Madan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Reecha Madaan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bairong Shen
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Rupinder K. Sodhi, ; Bairong Shen,
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Yousefizadeh A, Piccioni G, Saidi A, Triaca V, Mango D, Nisticò R. Pharmacological targeting of microglia dynamics in Alzheimer's disease: Preclinical and clinical evidence. Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106404. [PMID: 35988869 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Numerous clinical trials of anti-amyloid agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD) were so far unsuccessful thereby challenging the validity of the amyloid hypothesis. This lack of progress has encouraged researchers to investigate alternative mechanisms in non-neuronal cells, among which microglia represent nowadays an attractive target. Microglia play a key role in the developing brain and contribute to synaptic remodeling in the mature brain. On the other hand, the intimate relationship between microglia and synapses led to the so-called synaptic stripping hypothesis, a process in which microglia selectively remove synapses from injured neurons. Synaptic stripping, along with the induction of a microglia-mediated chronic neuroinflammatory environment, promote the progressive synaptic degeneration in AD. Therefore, targeting microglia may pave the way for a new disease modifying approach. This review provides an overview of the pathophysiological roles of the microglia cells in AD and describes putative targets for pharmacological intervention. It also provides evidence for microglia-targeted strategies in preclinical AD studies and in early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atrin Yousefizadeh
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Gaia Piccioni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V.Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Laboratory Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, European Brain Research (EBRI) Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Amira Saidi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V.Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Laboratory Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, European Brain Research (EBRI) Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Triaca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Dalila Mango
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Laboratory Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, European Brain Research (EBRI) Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert Nisticò
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Laboratory Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, European Brain Research (EBRI) Institute, Rome, Italy.
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Bian J, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Tian Y, LiYin, WanyunZou. FGF 10 Inhibited Spinal Microglial Activation in Neuropathic Pain via PPAR-γ/NF-κB Signaling. Neuroscience 2022; 500:52-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Alhowail A, Alsikhan R, Alsaud M, Aldubayan M, Rabbani SI. Protective Effects of Pioglitazone on Cognitive Impairment and the Underlying Mechanisms: A Review of Literature. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:2919-2931. [PMID: 36068789 PMCID: PMC9441149 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s367229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Al Qassim, 52452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Ahmad Alhowail, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Al Qassim, 52452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Tel +9665672025858, Email
| | - Rawan Alsikhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Al Qassim, 52452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Al Qassim, 51911, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - May Alsaud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Al Qassim, 52452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Aldubayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Al Qassim, 52452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Imam Rabbani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Al Qassim, 52452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Espinosa-Jiménez T, Busquets O, Cano A, Sánchez-López E, Verdaguer E, Parcerisas A, Olloquequi J, Auladell C, Folch J, Wahli W, Vázquez-Carrera M, Camins A, Ettcheto M. Peroxisomal Proliferator-Activated Receptor β/δ Deficiency Induces Cognitive Alterations. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:902047. [PMID: 35899125 PMCID: PMC9310104 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.902047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ), the most PPAR abundant isotype in the central nervous system, is involved in microglial homeostasis and metabolism, whose disturbances have been demonstrated to play a key role in memory impairment. Although PPARβ/δ function is well-established in metabolism, its contribution to neuronal and specifically memory process is underexplored. Therefore, the aim of the study is to determine the role of PPARβ/δ in the neuropathological pathways involved in memory impairment and as to whether a risk factor implicated in memory loss such as obesity modulates neuropathological markers. To carry out this study, 6-month-old total knock-out for the Ppard gene male mice with C57BL/6X129/SV background (PPARβ/δ-/-) and wild-type (WT) littermates with the same genetic background were used. Animals were fed, after the weaning (at 21 days old), and throughout their growth, either conventional chow (CT) or a palmitic acid-enriched diet (HFD). Thus, four groups were defined: WT CT, WT HFD, PPARβ/δ-/- CT, and PPARβ/δ-/- HFD. Before sacrifice, novel object recognition test (NORT) and glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed. After that, animals were sacrificed by intracardiac perfusion or cervical dislocation. Different techniques, such as GolgiStain kit or immunofluorescence, were used to evaluate the role of PPARβ/δ in memory dysfunction. Our results showed a decrease in dendritic spine density and synaptic markers in PPARβ/δ-/- mice, which were corroborated in the NORT. Likewise, our study demonstrated that the lack of PPARβ/δ receptor enhances gliosis in the hippocampus, contributing to astrocyte and microglial activation and to the increase in neuroinflammatory biomarkers. Additionally, alterations in the hippocampal insulin receptor pathway were found. Interestingly, while some of the disturbances caused by the lack of PPARβ/δ were not affected by feeding the HFD, others were exacerbated or required the combination of both factors. Taken together, the loss of PPARβ/δ-/- affects neuronal and synaptic structure, contributing to memory dysfunction, and they also present this receptor as a possible new target for the treatment of memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triana Espinosa-Jiménez
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Busquets
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neurosciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Amanda Cano
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades—International University of Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Verdaguer
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Parcerisas
- Departament of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jordi Olloquequi
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Auladell
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Folch
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Science, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Walter Wahli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- ToxAlim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Miren Ettcheto,
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Needham H, Torpey G, Flores CC, Davis CJ, Vanderheyden WM, Gerstner JR. A Dichotomous Role for FABP7 in Sleep and Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: A Hypothesis. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:798994. [PMID: 35844236 PMCID: PMC9280343 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.798994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are a family of intracellular lipid chaperone proteins known to play critical roles in the regulation of fatty acid uptake and transport as well as gene expression. Brain-type fatty acid binding protein (FABP7) is enriched in astrocytes and has been implicated in sleep/wake regulation and neurodegenerative diseases; however, the precise mechanisms underlying the role of FABP7 in these biological processes remain unclear. FABP7 binds to both arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), resulting in discrete physiological responses. Here, we propose a dichotomous role for FABP7 in which ligand type determines the subcellular translocation of fatty acids, either promoting wakefulness aligned with Alzheimer's pathogenesis or promoting sleep with concomitant activation of anti-inflammatory pathways and neuroprotection. We hypothesize that FABP7-mediated translocation of AA to the endoplasmic reticulum of astrocytes increases astrogliosis, impedes glutamatergic uptake, and enhances wakefulness and inflammatory pathways via COX-2 dependent generation of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. Conversely, we propose that FABP7-mediated translocation of DHA to the nucleus stabilizes astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle dynamics, preserves glutamatergic uptake, and promotes sleep by activating anti-inflammatory pathways through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ transcriptional cascade. Importantly, this model generates several testable hypotheses applicable to other neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Needham
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Grace Torpey
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Carlos C. Flores
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Christopher J. Davis
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - William M. Vanderheyden
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Jason R. Gerstner
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
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Targeting Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Targets for Small Molecules. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134124. [PMID: 35807370 PMCID: PMC9268715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common, progressive, and devastating neurodegenerative disorder that mainly affects the elderly. Microglial dysregulation, amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of AD. In the brain, microglia play roles as immune cells to provide protection against virus injuries and diseases. They have significant contributions in the development of the brain, cognition, homeostasis of the brain, and plasticity. Multiple studies have confirmed that uncontrolled microglial function can result in impaired microglial mitophagy, induced Aβ accumulation and tau pathology, and a chronic neuroinflammatory environment. In the brain, most of the genes that are associated with AD risk are highly expressed by microglia. Although it was initially regarded that microglia reaction is incidental and induced by dystrophic neurites and Aβ plaques. Nonetheless, it has been reported by genome-wide association studies that most of the risk loci for AD are located in genes that are occasionally uniquely and highly expressed in microglia. This finding further suggests that microglia play significant roles in early AD stages and they be targeted for the development of novel therapeutics. In this review, we have summarized the molecular pathogenesis of AD, microglial activities in the adult brain, the role of microglia in the aging brain, and the role of microglia in AD. We have also particularly focused on the significance of targeting microglia for the treatment of AD.
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Lozupone M, Berardino G, Mollica A, Sardone R, Dibello V, Zupo R, Lampignano L, Castellana F, Bortone I, Stallone R, Daniele A, Altamura M, Bellomo A, Solfrizzi V, Panza F. ALZT-OP1: An experimental combination regimen for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:759-771. [PMID: 35758153 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2095261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment, US FDA granted accelerated approval for aducanumab due to its amyloid-β (Aβ)-lowering effects, notwithstanding the reported poor correlation between amyloid plaque reduction and clinical change for this drug. The diversification of drug targets appears to be the future of the AD field and from this perspective, drugs modulating microglia dysfunction and combination treatment regimens offer some promise. AREAS COVERED The aim of the present article was to provide a comprehensive review of ALZT-OP1 (cromolyn sodium plus ibuprofen), an experimental combination treatment regimen for AD, discussing their mechanisms of action targeting Aβ and neuroinflammation, examining the role of microglia in AD and offering our own insights on the role of present and alternative approaches directed toward neuroinflammation. EXPERT OPINION Enrolling high-risk participants with elevated brain amyloid could help to slow cognitive decline in secondary prevention trials during AD preclinical stages. Long-term follow-up indicated that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use begun when the brain was still normal may benefit these patients, suggesting that the timing of therapy could be crucial. However, previous clinical failures and the present incomplete understanding of the Aβ pathophysiological role in AD put this novel experimental combination regimen at substantial risk of failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madia Lozupone
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Berardino
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia
| | - Anita Mollica
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia
| | - Rodolfo Sardone
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology and Research Hospital IRCCS "S. De Bellis" Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Vittorio Dibello
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Zupo
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology and Research Hospital IRCCS "S. De Bellis" Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Lampignano
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology and Research Hospital IRCCS "S. De Bellis" Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Castellana
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology and Research Hospital IRCCS "S. De Bellis" Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bortone
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology and Research Hospital IRCCS "S. De Bellis" Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Stallone
- Neuroscience and Education, Human Resources Excellence in Research, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Daniele
- Department of Neuroscience, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Altamura
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia
| | - Vincenzo Solfrizzi
- "Cesare Frugoni" Internal and Geriatric Medicine and Memory Unit, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology and Research Hospital IRCCS "S. De Bellis" Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
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Shabbir A, Rehman K, Akbar M, Hamid Akash MS. Neuroprotective potential of curcuminoids in modulating Alzheimer's Disease via multiple signaling pathways. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5560-5581. [PMID: 35674299 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220607161328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and frequent neurodegenerative disease of elderly people. In the 21st century, owing to the increasing prevalence of AD, there is a crucial need for finding better and effective pharmacotherapeutic approaches. This review article demonstrated the various sources and possible metabolic pathways of curcuminoids obtained from Curcuma longa herb, to prevent and treat AD but the information related to the metabolic fate of curcuminoids is deficient. Different in vitro and in vivo research studies demonstrating the mechanisms by which curcuminoids attenuated AD have been summarized. Administration of curcuminoids has been indicated to inhibit hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, deposition, and oligomerization of amyloid beta plaques in several AD models. Curcuminoids also chelate metals and form complexes, have antioxidant properties, mediates neuroinflammatory signaling pathways by modifying microglial cells activity, inhibit acetylcholinesterase activities and also modulates other associated signaling pathways including insulin signaling pathways and heme-oxygenase pathway. Briefly curcuminoids exhibit the capability to be more productive and efficacious compared to many recent treatments due to their antioxidant, delayed neuron degeneration and anti-inflammatory potential. Although their effectiveness as a curative agent is considered to be reduced due to their low bioavailability, If the issue of curcuminoids' low bioavailability is resolved then curcuminoid-based medications are hopefully on the horizon against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Shabbir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Moazzama Akbar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Martins LB, Braga Tibães JR, Berk M, Teixeira AL. Diabetes and mood disorders: shared mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2022; 26:183-195. [PMID: 34348557 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2021.1957117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive and critical overview of the current evidence on the association between Diabetes mellitus (DM) and mood disorders [i.e., Major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD)], and therapeutic opportunities. METHODS We searched in MEDLINE (via Ovid) for placebo-controlled clinical trials published in the last 20 years that assessed drug repurposing approaches for the treatment of DM or mood disorders. RESULTS We found seven studies that aimed to verify the effects of antidepressants in patients diagnosed with DM, and eight studies that tested the effect of antidiabetic drugs in patients diagnosed with MDD or BD. Most studies published in the last two decades did not report a positive effect of antidepressants on glycemic control in patients with DM. On the other hand, antidiabetic drugs seem to have a positive effect on the treatment of MDD and BD. CONCLUSIONS While effect of antidepressants on glycemic control in patients with DM is still controversial, the use of antidiabetic drugs may be a promising strategy for patients with MDD or BD. Prospective studies are still needed.Key pointsMood disorders in patients with DM affect glycemic control, potentially increasing mortality risk.The effect of antidepressants on glycemic control in patients with DM is still controversial. The coexistence of complicated DM and a mood disorders would require a careful, individualised, and comprehensive evaluation.Insulin resistance may increase the risk of depressive symptoms and is associated with worse outcomes in BD.The use antidiabetic drugs may be a promising strategy for patients with MDD or BD. However, prospective trials are needed to prove a potential antidepressant activity of antidiabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Bhering Martins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Departamento de Nutrição, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jenneffer Rayane Braga Tibães
- Departamento de Nutrição, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Division of Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT (the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Geelong, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Antonio Lucio Teixeira
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Uddin MS, Lim LW. Glial cells in Alzheimer's disease: From neuropathological changes to therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 78:101622. [PMID: 35427810 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that usually develops slowly and progressively worsens over time. Although there has been increasing research interest in AD, its pathogenesis is still not well understood. Although most studies primarily focus on neurons, recent research findings suggest that glial cells (especially microglia and astrocytes) are associated with AD pathogenesis and might provide various possible therapeutic targets. Growing evidence suggests that microglia can provide protection against AD pathogenesis, as microglia with weakened functions and impaired responses to Aβ proteins are linked with elevated AD risk. Interestingly, numerous findings also suggest that microglial activation can be detrimental to neurons. Indeed, microglia can induce synapse loss via the engulfment of synapses, possibly through a complement-dependent process. Furthermore, they can worsen tau pathology and release inflammatory factors that cause neuronal damage directly or through the activation of neurotoxic astrocytes. Astrocytes play a significant role in various cerebral activities. Their impairment can mediate neurodegeneration and ultimately the retraction of synapses, resulting in AD-related cognitive deficits. Deposition of Aβ can result in astrocyte reactivity, which can further lead to neurotoxic effects and elevated secretion of inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Moreover, glial-induced inflammation in AD can exert both beneficial and harmful effects. Understanding the activities of astrocytes and microglia in the regulation of AD pathogenesis would facilitate the development of novel therapies. In this article, we address the implications of microglia and astrocytes in AD pathogenesis. We also discuss the mechanisms of therapeutic agents that exhibit anti-inflammatory effects against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Ibuprofen Favors Binding of Amyloid-β Peptide to Its Depot, Serum Albumin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116168. [PMID: 35682848 PMCID: PMC9181795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The deposition of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in the brain is a critical event in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This Aβ deposition could be prevented by directed enhancement of Aβ binding to its natural depot, human serum albumin (HSA). Previously, we revealed that specific endogenous ligands of HSA improve its affinity to monomeric Aβ. We show here that an exogenous HSA ligand, ibuprofen (IBU), exerts the analogous effect. Plasmon resonance spectroscopy data evidence that a therapeutic IBU level increases HSA affinity to monomeric Aβ40/Aβ42 by a factor of 3–5. Using thioflavin T fluorescence assay and transmission electron microcopy, we show that IBU favors the suppression of Aβ40 fibrillation by HSA. Molecular docking data indicate partial overlap between the IBU/Aβ40-binding sites of HSA. The revealed enhancement of the HSA–Aβ interaction by IBU and the strengthened inhibition of Aβ fibrillation by HSA in the presence of IBU could contribute to the neuroprotective effects of the latter, previously observed in mouse and human studies of AD.
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Regulation of Neuroinflammatory Signaling by PPARγ Agonist in Mouse Model of Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105502. [PMID: 35628311 PMCID: PMC9141386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many relevant studies, as well as clinical practice, confirm that untreated diabetes predisposes the development of neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Having regard for the fact that PPARγ are widely distributed in the brain and PPARγ ligands may regulate the inflammatory process, the anti-inflammatory potential of the PPARγ agonist, pioglitazone, was assessed in a mouse model of neuroinflammation related with diabetes. In this regard, the biochemical and molecular indicators of neuroinflammation were determined in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of diabetes mice. The levels of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF) and the expression of genes (Tnfrsf1a and Cav1) were measured. In addition, behavioral tests such as the open field test, the hole-board test, and the novel object recognition test were conducted. A 14-day treatment with pioglitazone significantly decreased IL-6 and TNFα levels in the prefrontal cortex and led to the downregulation of Tnfrsf1a expression and the upregulation of Cav1 expression in both brain regions of diabetic mice. Pioglitazone, by targeting neuroinflammatory signaling, improved memory and exploratory activity in behavioral tests. The present study provided a potential theoretical basis and therapeutic target for the treatment of neuroinflammation associated with diabetes. Pioglitazone may provide a promising therapeutic strategy in diabetes patients with muffled of behavioral activity.
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Monascus purpureus Fermented Product Ameliorates Learning and Memory Impairment in the Amyloid Precursor Protein Transgenic J20 Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8050193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that various hallmarks such as amyloid overproduction, tau dysfunction, insulin resistance/diabetic mechanisms, and neuroinflammation are associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study investigated the bioactive functions of ankaflavin (AK) and monascin (MS) in the fermented product of Monascus purpureus and found their abilities to ameliorate AD by modifying several important pathogenic factors including improved cognitive function, reversed behavioral deficits, reduced hippocampal β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) burden, decreased tau hyper-phosphorylation, and reduced neuroinflammation in the J20 mouse model of AD compared to wild type. Monascus purpureus fermented product (MPFP) was suggested to act as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonist and it was compared against the action of a well-known anti-diabetic PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone. MPFP could be a promising therapeutic strategy for disease modification in AD.
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Michailidis M, Tata DA, Moraitou D, Kavvadas D, Karachrysafi S, Papamitsou T, Vareltzis P, Papaliagkas V. Antidiabetic Drugs in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4641. [PMID: 35563031 PMCID: PMC9102472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The public health burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease is steadily increasing worldwide, especially in the population of older adults. Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest a possible shared pathophysiology between the two diseases and an increased risk of AD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, in recent years, there has been a substantial interest in identifying the mechanisms of action of antidiabetic drugs and their potential use in Alzheimer's disease. Human studies in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease have shown that administration of some antidiabetic medications, such as intranasal insulin, metformin, incretins, and thiazolidinediones, can improve cognition and memory. This review aims to examine the latest evidence on antidiabetic medications as a potential candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Michailidis
- Laboratory of Psychology, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Despina A. Tata
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.A.T.); (D.M.)
| | - Despina Moraitou
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.A.T.); (D.M.)
| | - Dimitrios Kavvadas
- Histology and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.K.); (S.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Sofia Karachrysafi
- Histology and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.K.); (S.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Theodora Papamitsou
- Histology and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.K.); (S.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Patroklos Vareltzis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Vasileios Papaliagkas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Durai P, Beeraka NM, Ramachandrappa HVP, Krishnan P, Gudur P, Raghavendra NM, Ravanappa PKB. Advances in PPARs Molecular Dynamics and Glitazones as a Repurposing Therapeutic Strategy through Mitochondrial Redox Dynamics against Neurodegeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:893-915. [PMID: 34751120 PMCID: PMC9881103 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211109141330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) activity has significant implications for the development of novel therapeutic modalities against neurodegenerative diseases. Although PPAR-α, PPAR-β/δ, and PPAR-γ nuclear receptor expressions are significantly reported in the brain, their implications in brain physiology and other neurodegenerative diseases still require extensive studies. PPAR signaling can modulate various cell signaling mechanisms involved in the cells contributing to on- and off-target actions selectively to promote therapeutic effects as well as the adverse effects of PPAR ligands. Both natural and synthetic ligands for the PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ have been reported. PPARα (WY 14.643) and PPARγ agonists can confer neuroprotection by modulating mitochondrial dynamics through the redox system. The pharmacological effect of these agonists may deliver effective clinical responses by protecting vulnerable neurons from Aβ toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Therefore, the current review delineated the ligands' interaction with 3D-PPARs to modulate neuroprotection, and also deciphered the efficacy of numerous drugs, viz. Aβ aggregation inhibitors, vaccines, and γ-secretase inhibitors against AD; this review elucidated the role of PPAR and their receptor isoforms in neural systems, and neurodegeneration in human beings. Further, we have substantially discussed the efficacy of PPREs as potent transcription factors in the brain, and the role of PPAR agonists in neurotransmission, PPAR gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and mitochondrial dynamics in neuroprotection during AD conditions. This review concludes with the statement that the development of novel PPARs agonists may benefit patients with neurodegeneration, mainly AD patients, which may help mitigate the pathophysiology of dementia, subsequently improving overall the patient's quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Durai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru 570 015, India and JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Narasimha M. Beeraka
- Center of Excellence in Regenerative Medicine and Molecular Biology (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570 015, Karnataka, India;,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119146, Russia
| | - Hemanth Vikram Poola Ramachandrappa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru 570 015, India and JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Pranesh Gudur
- Swamy Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana Deemed University, Bengaluru 560 105, India
| | | | - Prashantha Kumar Bommenahally Ravanappa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru 570 015, India and JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India;,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru 570 015, India and JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India; E-mail:
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Islam M, Shen F, Regmi D, Du D. Therapeutic strategies for tauopathies and drug repurposing as a potential approach. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114979. [PMID: 35219701 PMCID: PMC9159505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the deposition of abnormal tau in the brain. To date, there are no disease-modifying therapies approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) for the treatment of tauopathies. In the past decades, extensive efforts have been provided to develop disease-modifying therapies to treat tauopathies. Specifically, exploring existing drugs with the intent of repurposing for the treatment of tauopathies affords a reasonable alternative to discover potent drugs for treating these formidable diseases. Drug repurposing will not only reduce formulation and development stage effort and cost but will also take a key advantage of the established toxicological studies, which is one of the main causes of clinical trial failure of new molecules. In this review, we provide an overview of the current treatment strategies for tauopathies and the recent progress in drug repurposing as an alternative approach to treat tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majedul Islam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, United States.
| | - Fengyun Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, United States
| | - Deepika Regmi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, United States
| | - Deguo Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, United States.
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Ren M, Zhang M, Zhang X, Wang C, Zheng Y, Hu Y. Hydroxysafflor Yellow A Inhibits Aβ 1-42-Induced Neuroinflammation by Modulating the Phenotypic Transformation of Microglia via TREM2/TLR4/NF-κB Pathway in BV-2 Cells. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:748-761. [PMID: 34783973 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is an extract from Carthamus tinctorius L. dry flowers (Compositae). HSYA has been shown to have neuroprotective effects on several Alzheimer's disease (AD) models. However, the exact mechanisms by which HSYA regulates neuroinflammation have still not been clarified. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which HSYA regulates microglial activation and neuroinflammation via TREM2, and further clarified its underlying molecular mechanism. We silenced TREM2 in BV-2 cells and evaluated the expression of inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13). The results showed that HSYA could up-regulate cell viability and improve the morphology of BV-2 cells injured by Aβ1-42. The results showed that Aβ1-42 could induce microglia to upregulate the expression of M1 markers (iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6) and downregulate M2 marker (Arg-1, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13) expression. HSYA reversed the effects of Aβ1-42 via TREM2, switching microglia from an M1 proinflammatory phenotype to an M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype. HSYA inhibited the Aβ1-42-induced activation of the TLR4/NF-κB transduction pathway by upregulating TREM2 and regulated the transcription of inflammatory cytokines via the downstream transcription factors NF-κB p65 and IκB-α. In conclusion, HSYA regulated the microglial inflammatory phenotype by regulating microglial (M1/M2) polarization in Aβ1-42-induced BV-2 cells which may be mediated by the TREM2/TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
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Arbo BD, Schimith LE, Goulart dos Santos M, Hort MA. Repositioning and development of new treatments for neurodegenerative diseases: Focus on neuroinflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 919:174800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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