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Limone F, Klim JR, Mordes DA. Pluripotent stem cell strategies for rebuilding the human brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1017299. [PMID: 36408113 PMCID: PMC9667068 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1017299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders have been extremely challenging to treat with traditional drug-based approaches and curative therapies are lacking. Given continued progress in stem cell technologies, cell replacement strategies have emerged as concrete and potentially viable therapeutic options. In this review, we cover advances in methods used to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells into several highly specialized types of neurons, including cholinergic, dopaminergic, and motor neurons, and the potential clinical applications of stem cell-derived neurons for common neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, ataxia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Additionally, we summarize cellular differentiation techniques for generating glial cell populations, including oligodendrocytes and microglia, and their conceivable translational roles in supporting neural function. Clinical trials of specific cell replacement therapies in the nervous system are already underway, and several attractive avenues in regenerative medicine warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Limone
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States,Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Joseph R. Klim
- Faze Medicines, Cambridge, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Joseph R. Klim,
| | - Daniel A. Mordes
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Daniel A. Mordes,
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2
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Xu P, He H, Gao Q, Zhou Y, Wu Z, Zhang X, Sun L, Hu G, Guan Q, You Z, Zhang X, Zheng W, Xiong M, Chen Y. Human midbrain dopaminergic neuronal differentiation markers predict cell therapy outcome in a Parkinson's disease model. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:156768. [PMID: 35700056 PMCID: PMC9282930 DOI: 10.1172/jci156768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based replacement therapy holds great promise in treating Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the heterogeneity of hPSC-derived donor cells and the low yield of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons after transplantation hinder its broad clinical application. Here, we depicted the single-cell molecular landscape during mDA neuron differentiation. We found that this process recapitulated the development of multiple but adjacent fetal brain regions including ventral midbrain, isthmus, and ventral hindbrain, resulting in heterogenous donor cell population. We reconstructed the differentiation trajectory of mDA lineage and identified CLSTN2 and PTPRO as specific surface markers of mDA progenitors, which were predictive of mDA neuron differentiation and could facilitate highly enriched mDA neurons (up to 80%) following progenitor sorting and transplantation. Marker sorted progenitors exhibited higher therapeutic potency in correcting motor deficits of PD mice. Different marker sorted grafts had a strikingly consistent cellular composition, in which mDA neurons were enriched, while off-target neuron types were mostly depleted, suggesting stable graft outcomes. Our study provides a better understanding of cellular heterogeneity during mDA neuron differentiation, and establishes a strategy to generate highly purified donor cells to achieve stable and predictable therapeutic outcomes, raising the prospect of hPSC-based PD cell replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peibo Xu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui He
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinqin Gao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Zhou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyan Wu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Linyu Sun
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Hu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Guan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwen You
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenping Zheng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Xiong
- Institute State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuejun Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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3
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Optimizing maturity and dose of iPSC-derived dopamine progenitor cell therapy for Parkinson's disease. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:24. [PMID: 35449132 PMCID: PMC9023503 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00221-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In pursuit of treating Parkinson’s disease with cell replacement therapy, differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are an ideal source of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) cells. We previously established a protocol for differentiating iPSC-derived post-mitotic mDA neurons capable of reversing 6-hydroxydopamine-induced hemiparkinsonism in rats. In the present study, we transitioned the iPSC starting material and defined an adapted differentiation protocol for further translation into a clinical cell transplantation therapy. We examined the effects of cellular maturity on survival and efficacy of the transplants by engrafting mDA progenitors (cryopreserved at 17 days of differentiation, D17), immature neurons (D24), and post-mitotic neurons (D37) into immunocompromised hemiparkinsonian rats. We found that D17 progenitors were markedly superior to immature D24 or mature D37 neurons in terms of survival, fiber outgrowth and effects on motor deficits. Intranigral engraftment to the ventral midbrain demonstrated that D17 cells had a greater capacity than D24 cells to innervate over long distance to forebrain structures, including the striatum. When D17 cells were assessed across a wide dose range (7,500-450,000 injected cells per striatum), there was a clear dose response with regards to numbers of surviving neurons, innervation, and functional recovery. Importantly, although these grafts were derived from iPSCs, we did not observe teratoma formation or significant outgrowth of other cells in any animal. These data support the concept that human iPSC-derived D17 mDA progenitors are suitable for clinical development with the aim of transplantation trials in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
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Globus pallidus, but not entopeduncular nucleus, 6-OHDA-induced lesion attenuates L-Dopa-induced dyskinesia in the rat model of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 197:173013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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5
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Marin C, Bonastre M, Fuentes M, Mullol J. Lack of correlation between dyskinesia and pallidal serotonin transporter expression-induced by L-Dopa and Pramipexole in hemiparkinsonian rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 197:173012. [PMID: 32750392 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of pallidal serotonergic terminals in the development of L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been recently highlighted correlating pallidal serotonin transporter (SERT) expression levels with dyskinesias severity. However, the role of external globus pallidus (GPe, GP in rodents) serotonergic function in LIDs is still controversial since several studies have shown no differences in GPe serotonin (SER) and SERT levels between dyskinetic and non-dyskinetic PD patients. In addition, the increase in pallidal SERT/dopamine transporter (DAT) binding ratio obtained in positron emission tomography studies has been shown similar in both subtypes of PD patients. Based on these controversial results, further studies are required to clarify the possible involvement of GPe serotonergic activity in LIDs expression. We investigated the pallidal SER and SERT expression changes and the abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) induced by L-Dopa or the D3/D2 dopamine (DA) agonist, Pramipexole, in partial unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats. L-Dopa treatment led to an increment of axial (p < 0.01), limb (p < 0.01), and orolingual (p < 0.01) AIMs. However, Pramipexole treatment did not induce AIMs. The number of GP SERT-positive axon varicosities was increased in L-Dopa (p < 0.05) and Pramipexole (p < 0.01) treated rats. No differences were observed in the number of GP SERT-positive varicosities between L-Dopa and Pramipexole treatments. Our results indicate a lack of correlation between GP SERT expression levels and the development of AIMs suggesting that pallidal serotonergic fibers are not responsible for LIDs. The possible involvement of the SER system in dyskinesia may include other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepció Marin
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Mercè Bonastre
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mireya Fuentes
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Mullol
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Muñoz A, Lopez-Lopez A, Labandeira CM, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Interactions Between the Serotonergic and Other Neurotransmitter Systems in the Basal Ganglia: Role in Parkinson's Disease and Adverse Effects of L-DOPA. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:26. [PMID: 32581728 PMCID: PMC7289026 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. However, other non-dopaminergic neuronal systems such as the serotonergic system are also involved. Serotonergic dysfunction is associated with non-motor symptoms and complications, including anxiety, depression, dementia, and sleep disturbances. This pathology reduces patient quality of life. Interaction between the serotonergic and other neurotransmitters systems such as dopamine, noradrenaline, glutamate, and GABA controls the activity of striatal neurons and are particularly interesting for understanding the pathophysiology of PD. Moreover, serotonergic dysfunction also causes motor symptoms. Interestingly, serotonergic neurons play an important role in the effects of L-DOPA in advanced PD stages. Serotonergic terminals can convert L-DOPA to dopamine, which mediates dopamine release as a "false" transmitter. The lack of any autoregulatory feedback control in serotonergic neurons to regulate L-DOPA-derived dopamine release contributes to the appearance of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). This mechanism may also be involved in the development of graft-induced dyskinesias (GID), possibly due to the inclusion of serotonin neurons in the grafted tissue. Consistent with this, the administration of serotonergic agonists suppressed LID. In this review article, we summarize the interactions between the serotonergic and other systems. We also discuss the role of the serotonergic system in LID and if therapeutic approaches specifically targeting this system may constitute an effective strategy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Muñoz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Deptartment of Morphological Sciences, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Lopez-Lopez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Deptartment of Morphological Sciences, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen M Labandeira
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, University Hospital Complex, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Deptartment of Morphological Sciences, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
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7
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Fisher R, Hikima A, Morris R, Jackson MJ, Rose S, Varney MA, Depoortere R, Newman-Tancredi A. The selective 5-HT 1A receptor agonist, NLX-112, exerts anti-dyskinetic and anti-parkinsonian-like effects in MPTP-treated marmosets. Neuropharmacology 2020; 167:107997. [PMID: 32057799 PMCID: PMC7103782 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
l-DOPA is the gold-standard pharmacotherapy for treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) but can lead to the appearance of troubling dyskinesia which are attributable to 'false neurotransmitter' release of dopamine by serotonergic neurons. Reducing the activity of these neurons diminishes l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), but there are currently no clinically approved selective, high efficacy 5-HT1A receptor agonists. Here we describe the effects of NLX-112, a highly selective and efficacious 5-HT1A receptor agonist, on LID in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated marmosets, a non-human primate model of PD. NLX-112 exhibited modest plasma half-life (~2h) and marked plasma protein binding (96%). When administered to parkinsonian marmosets with l-DOPA (7 mg/kg p.o.), NLX-112 (0.025, 0.1 and 0.4 mg/kg p.o.) reduced LID scores at early time-points after administration, whilst only minimally interfering with the l-DOPA-induced reversal of motor disability. In contrast, the prototypical 5-HT1A receptor agonist, (+)8-OH-DPAT (0.6 and 2 mg/kg p. o.), reduced LID but also abolished l-DOPA's anti-disability activity. Administered by itself, NLX-112 (0.1, 0.2 mg/kg p.o.) produced very little dyskinesia or locomotor activity, but reduced motor disability scores by about half the extent elicited by l-DOPA, suggesting that it may have motor facilitation effects of its own. Both NLX-112 and (+)8-OH-DPAT induced unusual and dose-limiting behaviors in marmoset that resembled 'serotonin behavioral syndrome' observed previously in rat. Overall, the present study showed that NLX-112 has anti-LID activity at the doses tested as well as reducing motor disability. The data suggest that additional investigation of NLX-112 is desirable to explore its potential as a treatment for PD and PD-LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Fisher
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hodgkin Building, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Atsuko Hikima
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hodgkin Building, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Rebecca Morris
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hodgkin Building, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Michael J Jackson
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hodgkin Building, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Sarah Rose
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hodgkin Building, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Mark A Varney
- Neurolixis SAS, 2 Rue Georges Charpak, 81100, Castres, France
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Precious SV, Smith GA, Heuer A, Jaeger I, Lane EL, Dunnett SB, Li M, Kelly CM, Rosser AE. Dopaminergic Progenitors Derived From Epiblast Stem Cells Function Similarly to Primary VM-Derived Progenitors When Transplanted Into a Parkinson's Disease Model. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:312. [PMID: 32317925 PMCID: PMC7154167 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural transplantation in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) offers to replace cells lost during the progression of the disease process. Primary fetal ventral mesencephalon (VM), the origin of bona fide midbrain dopaminergic (DAergic) precursors, is currently the gold standard source of cells for transplantation in PD. However, the use of tissue from this source raises ethical and logistical constraints necessitating the need for alternative supplies of donor cells. The requirement of any alternative donor cell source is to have the capability to generate authentic mature DAergic neurons, which could be utilized in cell-replacement strategies. Mouse pluripotent stem cells can efficiently generate electrochemically mature midbrain DAergic precursors in vitro using a stepwise control of FGF signaling. Here, we have compared DAergic transplants derived from two progenitor cell sources in an allograft system: mouse epiblast stem cells (EpiSC) and primary fetal mouse VM tissue. Cells were transplanted into the striatum of 6-OHDA lesioned mice pre-treated with L-DOPA. Drug-induced rotations, a number of motor tests and drug-induced abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) were assessed. Functional improvements were demonstrated post-transplantation in some behavioral tests, with no difference in graft volume or the number of TH immuno-positive cells in the grafts of the two transplant groups. L-DOPA-induced AIMs and amphetamine-induced AIMs were observed in both transplant groups, with no differences in rate or severity between the two groups. Collectively, in this mouse-to-mouse allograft system, we report no significant differences in the functional ability between the gold standard primary VM derived and pluripotent stem cell-derived DAergic transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie V Precious
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gaynor A Smith
- School of Medicine, UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ines Jaeger
- Stem Cell Neurogenesis Group, School of Medicine and Biosciences, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Lane
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen B Dunnett
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Meng Li
- Stem Cell Neurogenesis Group, School of Medicine and Biosciences, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Claire M Kelly
- School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E Rosser
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Wales Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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10
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Niclis JC, Gantner CW, Hunt CPJ, Kauhausen JA, Durnall JC, Haynes JM, Pouton CW, Parish CL, Thompson LH. A PITX3-EGFP Reporter Line Reveals Connectivity of Dopamine and Non-dopamine Neuronal Subtypes in Grafts Generated from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:868-882. [PMID: 28867345 PMCID: PMC5599268 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of safe and effective stem cell-based therapies for brain repair requires an in-depth understanding of the in vivo properties of neural grafts generated from human stem cells. Replacing dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease remains one of the most anticipated applications. Here, we have used a human PITX3-EGFP embryonic stem cell line to characterize the connectivity of stem cell-derived midbrain dopamine neurons in the dopamine-depleted host brain with an unprecedented level of specificity. The results show that the major A9 and A10 subclasses of implanted dopamine neurons innervate multiple, developmentally appropriate host targets but also that the majority of graft-derived connectivity is non-dopaminergic. These findings highlight the promise of stem cell-based procedures for anatomically correct reconstruction of specific neuronal pathways but also emphasize the scope for further refinement in order to limit the inclusion of uncharacterized and potentially unwanted cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Niclis
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Carlos W Gantner
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Cameron P J Hunt
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jessica A Kauhausen
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jennifer C Durnall
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John M Haynes
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Colin W Pouton
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Clare L Parish
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Lachlan H Thompson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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11
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Yasuhara T, Kameda M, Sasaki T, Tajiri N, Date I. Cell Therapy for Parkinson's Disease. Cell Transplant 2017; 26:1551-1559. [PMID: 29113472 PMCID: PMC5680961 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717735411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) began in 1979 with the transplantation of fetal rat dopamine-containing neurons that improved motor abnormalities in the PD rat model with good survival of grafts and axonal outgrowth. Thirty years have passed since the 2 clinical trials using cell transplantation for PD patients were first reported. Recently, cell therapy is expected to develop as a realistic treatment option for PD patients owing to the advancement of biotechnology represented by pluripotent stem cells. Medication using levodopa, surgery including deep brain stimulation, and rehabilitation have all been established as current therapeutic strategies. Strong therapeutic effects have been demonstrated by these treatment methods, but they have been unable to stop the progression of the disease. Fortunately, cell therapy might be a key for true neurorestoration. This review article describes the historical development of cell therapy for PD, the current status of cell therapy, and the future direction of this treatment method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kameda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sasaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoki Tajiri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Psychology, Kibi International University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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12
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F Hernández L, Castela I, Ruiz-DeDiego I, Obeso JA, Moratalla R. Striatal activation by optogenetics induces dyskinesias in the 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson disease. Mov Disord 2017; 32:530-537. [PMID: 28256089 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term levodopa (l-dopa) treatment is associated with the development of l-dopa-induced dyskinesias in the majority of patients with Parkinson disease (PD). The etiopathogonesis and mechanisms underlying l-dopa-induced dyskinesias are not well understood. METHODS We used striatal optogenetic stimulation to induce dyskinesias in a hemiparkinsonian model of PD in rats. Striatal dopamine depletion was induced unilaterally by 6-hydroxydopamine injection into the medial forebrain bundle. For the optogenetic manipulation, we injected adeno-associated virus particles expressing channelrhodopsin to stimulate striatal medium spiny neurons with a laser source. RESULTS Simultaneous optical activation of medium spiny neurons of the direct and indirect striatal pathways in the 6-hydroxydopamine lesion but l-dopa naïve rats induced involuntary movements similar to l-dopa-induced dyskinesias, labeled here as optodyskinesias. Noticeably, optodyskinesias were facilitated by l-dopa in animals that did not respond initially to the laser stimulation. In general, optodyskinesias lasted while the laser stimulus was applied, but in some instances remained ongoing for a few seconds after the laser was off. Postmortem tissue analysis revealed increased FosB expression, a molecular marker of l-dopa-induced dyskinesias, primarily in medium spiny neurons of the direct pathway in the dopamine-depleted hemisphere. CONCLUSION Selective optogenetic activation of the dorsolateral striatum elicits dyskinesias in the 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of PD. This effect was associated with a preferential activation of the direct striato-nigral pathway. These results potentially open new avenues in the understanding of mechanisms involved in l-dopa-induced dyskinesias. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ledia F Hernández
- HM-CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Mostoles and Medical School, CEU-San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Castela
- HM-CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Mostoles and Medical School, CEU-San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Ruiz-DeDiego
- CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A Obeso
- HM-CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Mostoles and Medical School, CEU-San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Di Santo S, Seiler S, Ducray AD, Meyer M, Widmer HR. A Subpopulation of Dopaminergic Neurons Coexpresses Serotonin in Ventral Mesencephalic Cultures But Not After Intrastriatal Transplantation in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cell Transplant 2016; 26:679-691. [PMID: 27938488 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x693707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy is a promising avenue into the investigation and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), and in some cases, significant long-term motor improvements have been demonstrated. The main source of donor tissue is the human fetal ventral mesencephalon (FVM), which consists of a mixed neuronal population, and its heterogeneity likely contributes to the inconsistent outcome observed in clinical trials. Therefore, detailed knowledge about the neuronal subpopulations in the VM seems essential for successful cell transplantation. Interestingly, it has been reported that some tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) neurons in the VM of adult rats and in cultured midbrain-derived neuroblasts coexpress additional neurotransmitters. Thus, the present study investigated, by means of colocalization analyses, the possible expression of GABA or serotonin in TH+ neurons. For that purpose, both fetal rat and human dissociated, organotypic and neurosphere FVM cultures as well as an animal model of PD were investigated. In dissociated rat FVM cultures, approximately 30% of the TH+ neurons coexpressed serotonin, while no colocalization with GABA was observed. Interestingly, coexpression of TH and serotonin was found to be dependent on the time in culture, the plating density, and the exposure to neurotrophic factors, that is, higher cell densities and treatment with brain-derived neurotrophic factor resulted in a significantly reduced coexpression rate. Notably, even though approximately 30% of the dopaminergic neurons in the donor tissue coexpressed serotonin, no colocalization could be detected in grafts 1 month after intrastriatal transplantation into hemiparkinsonian rats. In conclusion, a significant and susceptible subpopulation of dopaminergic neurons in FVM tissues coexpresses serotonin. This might have potential implications for the future selection and handling of cells prior to transplantation in PD.
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Bez F, Francardo V, Cenci MA. Dramatic differences in susceptibility to l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia between mice that are aged before or after a nigrostriatal dopamine lesion. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 94:213-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Foetal Cell Transplantation for Parkinson's Disease: Focus on Graft-Induced Dyskinesia. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2015; 2015:563820. [PMID: 26881178 PMCID: PMC4736211 DOI: 10.1155/2015/563820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of dopamine- (DA-) rich foetal ventral mesencephalic cells emerged as a promising therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), as it allowed significant improvement of motor symptoms in several PD patients in open-label studies. However, double-blind clinical trials have been largely disappointing. The general agreement in the field is that the lack of standardization of tissue collection and preparation, together with the absence of postsurgical immunosuppression, played a key role in the failure of these studies. Moreover, a further complication that emerged in previous studies is the appearance of the so-called graft-induced dyskinesia (GID), in a subset of grafted patients, which resembles dyskinesia induced by L-DOPA but in the absence of medication. Preclinical evidence pointed to the serotonin neurons as possible players in the appearance of GID. In agreement, clinical investigations have shown that grafted tissue may contain a large number of serotonin neurons, in the order of half of the DA cells; moreover, the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist buspirone has been found to produce significant dampening of GID in grafted patients. In this paper, we will review the recent preclinical and clinical studies focusing on cell transplantation for PD and on the mechanisms underlying GID.
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Tamburrino A, Churchill MJ, Wan OW, Colino-Sanguino Y, Ippolito R, Bergstrand S, Wolf DA, Herz NJ, Sconce MD, Björklund A, Meshul CK, Decressac M. Cyclosporin promotes neurorestoration and cell replacement therapy in pre-clinical models of Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015; 3:84. [PMID: 26666562 PMCID: PMC4678733 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early clinical trials using fetal ventral mesencephalic (VM) allografts in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients have shown efficacy (albeit not in all cases) and have paved the way for further development of cell replacement therapy strategies in PD. The preclinical work that led to these clinical trials used allografts of fetal VM tissue placed into 6-OHDA lesioned rats, while the patients received similar allografts under cover of immunosuppression in an α-synuclein disease state. Thus developing models that more faithfully replicate the clinical scenario would be a useful tool for the translation of such cell-based therapies to the clinic. RESULTS Here, we show that while providing functional recovery, transplantation of fetal dopamine neurons into the AAV-α-synuclein rat model of PD resulted in smaller-sized grafts as compared to similar grafts placed into the 6-OHDA-lesioned striatum. Additionally, we found that cyclosporin treatment was able to promote the survival of the transplanted cells in this allografted state and surprisingly also provided therapeutic benefit in sham-operated animals. We demonstrated that delayed cyclosporin treatment afforded neurorestoration in three complementary models of PD including the Thy1-α-synuclein transgenic mouse, a novel AAV-α-synuclein mouse model, and the MPTP mouse model. We then explored the mechanisms for this benefit of cyclosporin and found it was mediated by both cell-autonomous mechanisms and non-cell autonomous mechanisms. CONCLUSION This study provides compelling evidence in favor for the use of immunosuppression in all grafted PD patients receiving cell replacement therapy, regardless of the immunological mismatch between donor and host cells, and also suggests that cyclosporine treatment itself may act as a disease-modifying therapy in all PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tamburrino
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Madeline J Churchill
- Veterans Hospital/Research Services/Portland and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience Oregon Health &, Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Oi W Wan
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yolanda Colino-Sanguino
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rossana Ippolito
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Sofie Bergstrand
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Daniel A Wolf
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Niculin J Herz
- Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, USA
| | - Michelle D Sconce
- Veterans Hospital/Research Services/Portland and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience Oregon Health &, Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Anders Björklund
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Charles K Meshul
- Veterans Hospital/Research Services/Portland and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience Oregon Health &, Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mickael Decressac
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy.
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17
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Fu MH, Li CL, Lin HL, Chen PC, Calkins MJ, Chang YF, Cheng PH, Yang SH. Stem cell transplantation therapy in Parkinson's disease. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:597. [PMID: 26543732 PMCID: PMC4628010 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ineffective therapeutic treatments and inadequate repair ability in the central nervous system are disturbing problems for several neurological diseases. Fortunately, the development of clinically applicable populations of stem cells has provided an avenue to overcome the failure of endogenous repair systems and substitute new cells into the damaged brain. However, there are still several existing obstacles to translating into clinical application. Here we review the stem-cell based therapies for Parkinson’s disease and discuss the potential advantages and drawbacks. We hope this review may provide suggestions for viable strategies to overcome the current technical and biological issues associated with the application of stem cells in Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Hui Fu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 83301 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Lien Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan.,Division of Breeding and Genetics, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Tainan, 71246 Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Marcus J Calkins
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fan Chang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsun Cheng
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hsun Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
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Wang P, Xia M, Liang O, Sun K, Cipriano AF, Schroeder T, Liu H, Xie YH. Label-Free SERS Selective Detection of Dopamine and Serotonin Using Graphene-Au Nanopyramid Heterostructure. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10255-61. [PMID: 26382549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasensitive detection and spatially resolved mapping of neurotransmitters, dopamine and serotonin, are critical to facilitate understanding brain functions and investigate the information processing in neural networks. In this work, we demonstrated single molecule detection of dopamine and serotonin using a graphene-Au nanopyramid heterostructure platform. The quasi-periodic Au structure boosts high-density and high-homogeneity hotspots resulting in ultrahigh sensitivity with a surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) enhancement factor ∼10(10). A single layer graphene superimposed on a Au structure not only can locate SERS hot spots but also modify the surface chemistry to realize selective enhancement Raman yield. Dopamine and serotonin could be detected and distinguished from each other at 10(-10) M level in 1 s data acquisition time without any pretreatment and labeling process. Moreover, the heterostructure realized nanomolar detection of neurotransmitters in the presence of simulated body fluids. These findings represent a step forward in enabling in-depth studies of neurological processes including those closely related to brain activity mapping (BAM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and California Nano Systems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095-1595, United States
| | - Ming Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and California Nano Systems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095-1595, United States
| | - Owen Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and California Nano Systems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095-1595, United States
| | - Ke Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and California Nano Systems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095-1595, United States.,WaferTech, LLC , 5509 NW Parker St., Camas, Washington 98607, United States
| | - Aaron F Cipriano
- Department of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California at Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Thomas Schroeder
- Innovations for High Performance (IHP) , Im Technologiepark 25, Frankfurt (Oder) D-15236, Germany
| | - Huinan Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California at Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ya-Hong Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and California Nano Systems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095-1595, United States
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neuron development has been an intense area of research during recent years. This is due in part to a growing interest in regenerative medicine and the hope that treatment for diseases affecting mDA neurons, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), might be facilitated by a better understanding of how these neurons are specified, differentiated and maintained in vivo. This knowledge might help to instruct efforts to generate mDA neurons in vitro, which holds promise not only for cell replacement therapy, but also for disease modeling and drug discovery. In this Primer, we will focus on recent developments in understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate the development of mDA neurons in vivo, and how they have been used to generate human mDA neurons in vitro from pluripotent stem cells or from somatic cells via direct reprogramming. Current challenges and future avenues in the development of a regenerative medicine for PD will be identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Arenas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center of Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Mark Denham
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center of Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - J. Carlos Villaescusa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center of Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 61137, Czech Republic
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20
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Drouin-Ouellet J. The potential of alternate sources of cells for neural grafting in Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2015; 4:297-307. [PMID: 25313986 DOI: 10.2217/nmt.14.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies for Parkinson's and Huntington's disease have provided mixed clinical outcomes and one of the reasons underlying this is the use of primary fetal tissue as the source of grafted cells. An alternate source of cells, such as stem cells, could overcome many of the issues associated with primary fetal tissue and would help bring forward cell replacement therapy as a reliable and effective treatment for these two neurodegenerative disorders. This review will discuss which stem cells are likely to go to clinic in the next generation of cells, based on trials for Parkinson's and Huntington's disease.
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21
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Beaulieu-Boire I, Fasano A. Graft-induced dyskinesias fail to respond to 5HT1A agonist in the long-term. Mov Disord 2015; 30:872-3. [PMID: 25758209 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Beaulieu-Boire
- Movement Disorders Center, Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Movement Disorders Center, Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Mitra R, Aronsson P, Winder M, Tobin G, Bergquist F, Carlsson T. Local Change in Urinary Bladder Contractility Following CNS Dopamine Denervation in the 6-OHDA Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2015; 5:301-11. [PMID: 25697958 PMCID: PMC4923752 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-140509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary problems, including urinary frequency, urgency, and nocturia are some of the non-motor symptoms that correlate most with poor quality of life in Parkinson's disease. However, the mechanism behind these symptoms is poorly understood, in particular regarding peripheral bladder pathophysiology following dopamine degeneration. OBJECTIVE In this study, we compared the contractile responsiveness of urinary bladder from the 6-OHDA unilateral rat model of Parkinson's disease with that of normal untreated animals. METHODS The contractility of the urinary detrusor muscle was evaluated in bladder strip preparations using electrical field stimulation, and muscarinic and purinoceptor stimulations in an vitro organ bath setup. RESULTS Our data show that the overall contractile response following electrical field stimulation was significantly higher (43% at maximum contraction by 20-40 Hz stimulation) in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rats as compared to control animals. This increase was associated with a significant increase in the cholinergic contractile response, where the muscarinic agonist methacholine produced a 44% (at 10 -4 M concentration) higher response in the 6-OHDA-treated rats as compared to controls with a significant left-shift of the dose response. This indicates an altered sensitivity of the muscarinic receptor system following the specific central 6-OHDA-induced dopamine depletion. In addition a 36% larger contraction of strips from the 6-OHDA animals was also observed with purinoceptor activation using the agonist ATP (5×10 -3 M) during atropine treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our data shows that it is not only the central dopamine control of the micturition reflex that is altered in Parkinson's disease, but also the local contractile function of the urinary bladder. The current study draws attention to a mechanism of urinary dysfunction in Parkinson's disease that has previously not been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinika Mitra
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patrik Aronsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Winder
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Tobin
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Filip Bergquist
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Carlsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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23
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Schaeffer E, Pilotto A, Berg D. Pharmacological strategies for the management of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease. CNS Drugs 2014; 28:1155-84. [PMID: 25342080 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-014-0205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) are the most common adverse effects of long-term dopaminergic therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the exact mechanisms underlying dyskinesia are still unclear. For a long time, nigrostriatal degeneration and pulsatile stimulation of striatal postsynaptic receptors have been highlighted as the key factors for the development of LID. In recent years, PD models have revealed a wide range of non-dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems involved in pre- and postsynaptic changes and thereby contributing to the pathophysiology of LID. In the current review, we focus on therapeutic LID targets, mainly based on agents acting on dopaminergic, glutamatergic, serotoninergic, adrenergic, and cholinergic systems. Despite a large number of clinical trials, currently only amantadine and, to a lesser extent, clozapine are being used as effective strategies in the treatment of LID in clinical settings. Thus, in the second part of the article, we review the placebo-controlled trials on LID treatment in order to disentangle the changing scenario of drug development. Promising results include the extension of L-dopa action without inducing LID of the novel monoamine oxidase B- and glutamate-release inhibitor safinamide; however, this had no obvious effect on existing LID. Others, like the metabotropic glutamate-receptor antagonist AFQ056, showed promising results in some of the studies; however, confirmation is still lacking. Thus, to date, strategies of continuous dopaminergic stimulation seem the most promising to prevent or ameliorate LID. The success of future therapeutic strategies once moderate to severe LID occur will depend on the translation from preclinical experimental models into clinical practice in a bidirectional process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schaeffer
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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24
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Canet-Aviles R, Lomax GP, Feigal EG, Priest C. Proceedings: cell therapies for Parkinson's disease from discovery to clinic. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:979-91. [PMID: 25150264 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In March 2013, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, in collaboration with the NIH Center for Regenerative Medicine, held a 2-day workshop on cell therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD), with the goals of reviewing the state of stem cell research for the treatment of PD and discussing and refining the approach and the appropriate patient populations in which to plan and conduct new clinical trials using stem cell-based therapies for PD. Workshop participants identified priorities for research, development, and funding; discussed existing resources and initiatives; and outlined a path to the clinic for a stem cell-based therapy for PD. A consensus emerged among participants that the development of cell replacement therapies for PD using stem cell-derived products could potentially offer substantial benefits to patients. As with all stem cell-based therapeutic approaches, however, there are many issues yet to be resolved regarding the safety, efficacy, and methodology of transplanting cell therapies into patients. Workshop participants agreed that designing an effective stem cell-based therapy for PD will require further research and development in several key areas. This paper summarizes the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Canet-Aviles
- California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Geoffrey P Lomax
- California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ellen G Feigal
- California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Catherine Priest
- California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
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25
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Tripathy D, Verma P, Nthenge-Ngumbau DN, Banerjee M, Mohanakumar KP. Regenerative therapy in experimental parkinsonism: mixed population of differentiated mouse embryonic stem cells, rather than magnetically sorted and enriched dopaminergic cells provide neuroprotection. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:717-27. [PMID: 24954161 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The objective of the study was to develop regenerative therapy by transplanting varied populations of dopaminergic neurons, differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cells (mES) in the striatum for correcting experimental parkinsonism in rats. METHODS mES differentiated by default for 7 days in serum-free media (7D), or by enhanced differentiation of 7D in retinoic acid (7R), or dopaminergic neurons enriched by manual magnetic sorting from 7D (SSEA-) were characterized and transplanted in the ipsilateral striatum of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced hemiparkinsonian rats. Neurochemical, neuronal, glial and neurobehavioral recoveries were examined. RESULTS 7R and SSEA- contained significantly reduced NANOG and high MAP2 mRNA and protein levels as revealed, respectively, by reverse transcriptase-PCR and immunocytochemistry, compared with 7D. Striatal engraftment of 7D resulted in a significantly better behavioral and neurochemical recovery, as compared to the animals that received either 7R or SSEA-. The 7R transplanted animals showed improvement neither in behavior nor in striatal dopamine level. The grafted striatum revealed increased GFAP staining intensity in 7D and SSEA-, but not in 7R cells transplanted group, suggesting a vital role played by glial cells in the recovery. Substantia nigra ipsilateral to the side of the striatum, which received transplants showed more tyrosine hydroxylase immunostained neurons, as compared to 6-hydroxydopamine-infused animals. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that default differentiated mixed population of cells are better than sorted, enriched dopaminergic cells, or cells containing more mature neurons for transplantation recovery in hemiparkinsonian rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasmita Tripathy
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience, Jadavpur, India
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Allodi I, Hedlund E. Directed midbrain and spinal cord neurogenesis from pluripotent stem cells to model development and disease in a dish. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:109. [PMID: 24904255 PMCID: PMC4033221 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of specific neuronal fates is restricted in time and space in the developing CNS through integration of extrinsic morphogen signals and intrinsic determinants. Morphogens impose regional characteristics on neural progenitors and establish distinct progenitor domains. Such domains are defined by unique expression patterns of fate determining transcription factors. These processes of neuronal fate specification can be recapitulated in vitro using pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we focus on the generation of dopamine neurons and motor neurons, which are induced at ventral positions of the neural tube through Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, and defined at anteroposterior positions by fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) 8, Wnt1, and retinoic acid (RA). In vitro utilization of these morphogenic signals typically results in the generation of multiple neuronal cell types, which are defined at the intersection of these signals. If the purpose of in vitro neurogenesis is to generate one cell type only, further lineage restriction can be accomplished by forced expression of specific transcription factors in a permissive environment. Alternatively, cell-sorting strategies allow for selection of neuronal progenitors or mature neurons. However, modeling development, disease and prospective therapies in a dish could benefit from structured heterogeneity, where desired neurons are appropriately synaptically connected and thus better reflect the three-dimensional structure of that region. By modulating the extrinsic environment to direct sequential generation of neural progenitors within a domain, followed by self-organization and synaptic establishment, a reductionist model of that brain region could be created. Here we review recent advances in neuronal fate induction in vitro, with a focus on the interplay between cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and discuss the implications for studying development and disease in a dish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilary Allodi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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Differential dopamine receptor occupancy underlies L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90759. [PMID: 24614598 PMCID: PMC3948692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyskinesia is a major side effect of an otherwise effective L-DOPA treatment in Parkinson's patients. The prevailing view for the underlying presynaptic mechanism of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) suggests that surges in dopamine (DA) via uncontrolled release from serotonergic terminals results in abnormally high level of extracellular striatal dopamine. Here we used high-sensitivity online microdialysis and PET imaging techniques to directly investigate DA release properties from serotonergic terminals both in the parkinsonian striatum and after neuronal transplantation in 6-OHDA lesioned rats. Although L-DOPA administration resulted in a drift in extracellular DA levels, we found no evidence for abnormally high striatal DA release from serotonin neurons. The extracellular concentration of DA remained at or below levels detected in the intact striatum. Instead, our results showed that an inefficient release pool of DA associated with low D2 receptor binding remained unchanged. Taken together, these findings suggest that differential DA receptor activation rather than excessive release could be the underlying mechanism explaining LID seen in this model. Our data have important implications for development of drugs targeting the serotonergic system to reduce DA release to manage dyskinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease.
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Nevalainen N, Af Bjerkén S, Gerhardt GA, Strömberg I. Serotonergic nerve fibers in L-DOPA-derived dopamine release and dyskinesia. Neuroscience 2013; 260:73-86. [PMID: 24361918 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine) system has been assigned a key role in the development of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-l-alanine (l-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia, mainly due to 5-HT neuronal ability to decarboxylate l-DOPA into dopamine. Nevertheless, knowledge of l-DOPA-induced events that could lead to development of dyskinesias are limited and therefore the present work has evaluated (i) the role of the 5-HT system in l-DOPA-derived dopamine synthesis when dopamine neurons are present, (ii) l-DOPA-induced effects on striatal dopamine release and clearance, and on 5-HT nerve fiber density, and (iii) the behavioral outcome of altered 5-HT transmission in dyskinetic rats. Chronoamperometric recordings demonstrated attenuated striatal l-DOPA-derived dopamine release (∼30%) upon removal of 5-HT nerve fibers in intact animals. Interestingly, four weeks of daily l-DOPA treatment yielded similar-sized dopamine peak amplitudes in intact animals as found after a 5-HT-lesion. Moreover, chronic l-DOPA exposure attenuated striatal 5-HT nerve fiber density in the absence of dopamine nerve terminals. Furthermore, fluoxetine-induced altered 5-HT transmission blocked dyskinetic behavior via action on 5-HT1A receptors. Taken together, the results indicate a central role for the 5-HT system in l-DOPA-derived dopamine synthesis and in dyskinesia, and therefore potential l-DOPA-induced deterioration of 5-HT function might reduce l-DOPA efficacy as well as promote the upcoming of motor side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nevalainen
- Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - S Af Bjerkén
- Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - G A Gerhardt
- Department of Anatomy, Neurobiology, and Neurology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - I Strömberg
- Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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The challenges of administering cell-based therapies to patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neuroreport 2013; 24:1000-4. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Breger LS, Lane EL. L-DOPA and graft-induced dyskinesia: different treatment, same story? Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:725-32. [PMID: 23828589 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213488478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the well-recognized problems of long-term L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) therapy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease is the development of L-DOPA induced dyskinesia. These abnormal movements cause significant disability and narrow the therapeutic window of L-DOPA. Cell transplantation is one of the most promising upcoming therapies for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and may help alleviate or avoid L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. However, the more recently acknowledged phenomenon of graft-induced dyskinesia is posing a major obstacle to the success of this treatment. This motor side-effect closely resembles abnormal movements induced by chronic L-DOPA treatment, yet they remain after withdrawal of the medication indicating their origins lie in the transplant. In this review, we compare these two therapy-induced adverse effects, from the way they manifest in patients to the possible mechanisms underlying their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine S Breger
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
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31
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The serotonergic system in motor and non-motor manifestations of Parkinson’s disease. Exp Brain Res 2013; 230:463-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
The use of functional imaging in neurodegenerative diseases has increased in recent years, with applications in research into the underlying pathophysiology, aiding in diagnosis, or evaluating new treatments. In Parkinson's disease (PD), these imaging methods have expanded our understanding of the disease beyond dopaminergic deficits. Moreover, functional imaging methods have described alterations in functional networks relating not only to the motor symptoms, but also to many nonmotor features of PD, such as cognitive dysfunction. From a clinical viewpoint, functional imaging methods can assist in monitoring disease progression, such as in the context of clinical trials, and holds the potential to aid in early diagnosis of PD and differentiation from other parkinsonian disorders.
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33
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Moon Y, Kim H, Sun W. Characterization of embryonic cortical neuron death in prolonged cell suspension. Neurosci Lett 2012; 531:155-9. [PMID: 23127849 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell transplantation may be an effective therapeutic strategy for many neurodegenerative diseases. However, difficulty in obtaining a sufficient amount of donor cells and low graft survival are two major limiting factors. Dissociation of cells from tissues or culture is an inevitable step for cell transplantation, and cell viability in suspension may influence the outcome of the cell therapy. To this end, we asked whether the suspension time of freshly dissociated neurons in vitro affects their viability. Following 4-24h cell suspension, primary cortical neurons underwent cell death. Interestingly, the neurons exhibited only marginal caspase-3 immunoreactivity with very few sub-G1 apoptotic cell proportions in flow cytometry. In addition, the suppression of caspase-3 or Bax action failed to prevent cell death of primary cortical neurons, indicating minimal apoptotic cell death. On the other hand, there was a marked increase in the TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling-positive and propidium iodide-labeled necrotic cells (∼50%) with enhanced poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase-1 activity. Therefore, prevention against necrosis rather than apoptosis may be required for optimal benefits in cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghye Moon
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, South Korea
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34
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Neto SC, Salti A, Puschban Z, Stefanova N, Nat R, Dechant G, Wenning GK. Cell fate analysis of embryonic ventral mesencephalic grafts in the 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50178. [PMID: 23209667 PMCID: PMC3510255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from carefully conducted open label clinical trials suggested that therapeutic benefit can be achieved by grafting fetal dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons derived from ventral mesencephalon (VM) into the denervated striatum of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. However, two double-blind trials generated negative results reporting deleterious side effects such as prominent dyskinesias. Heterogeneous composition of VM grafts is likely to account for suboptimal clinical efficacy.We consider that gene expression patterns of the VM tissue needs to be better understood by comparing the genetic signature of the surviving and functioning grafts with the cell suspensions used for transplantation. In addition, it is crucial to assess whether the grafted cells exhibit the DAergic phenotype of adult substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). To investigate this further, we used a GFP reporter mouse as source of VM tissue that enabled the detection and dissection of the grafts 6 weeks post implantation. A comparative gene expression analysis of the VM cell suspension and grafts revealed that VM grafts continue to differentiate post-implantation. In addition, implanted grafts showed a mature SNpc-like molecular DAergic phenotype with similar expression levels of TH, Vmat2 and Dat. However, by comparing gene expression of the adult SNpc with dissected grafts we detected a higher expression of progenitor markers in the grafts. Finally, when compared to the VM cell suspension, post-grafting there was a higher expression of markers inherent to glia and other neuronal populations.In summary, our data highlight the dynamic development of distinctive DAergic and non-DAergic gene expression markers associated with the maturation of VM grafts in vivo. The molecular signature of VM grafts and its functional relevance should be further explored in future studies aimed at the optimization of DAergic cell therapy approaches in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Carvalho Neto
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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35
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Smith GA, Breger LS, Lane EL, Dunnett SB. Pharmacological modulation of amphetamine-induced dyskinesia in transplanted hemi-parkinsonian rats. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:818-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Cellular programming and reprogramming: sculpting cell fate for the production of dopamine neurons for cell therapy. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:412040. [PMID: 22988464 PMCID: PMC3441013 DOI: 10.1155/2012/412040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are regarded as a promising cell source to obtain human dopamine neurons in sufficient amounts and purity for cell replacement therapy. Importantly, the success of clinical applications depends on our ability to steer pluripotent stem cells towards the right neuronal identity. In Parkinson disease, the loss of dopamine neurons is more pronounced in the ventrolateral population that projects to the sensorimotor striatum. Because synapses are highly specific, only neurons with this precise identity will contribute, upon transplantation, to the synaptic reconstruction of the dorsal striatum. Thus, understanding the developmental cell program of the mesostriatal dopamine neurons is critical for the identification of the extrinsic signals and cell-intrinsic factors that instruct and, ultimately, determine cell identity. Here, we review how extrinsic signals and transcription factors act together during development to shape midbrain cell fates. Further, we discuss how these same factors can be applied in vitro to induce, select, and reprogram cells to the mesostriatal dopamine fate.
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37
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García J, Carlsson T, Döbrössy M, Nikkhah G, Winkler C. Impact of dopamine versus serotonin cell transplantation for the development of graft-induced dyskinesia in a rat Parkinson model. Brain Res 2012; 1470:119-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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38
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Role of Serotonin Neurons in L-DOPA- and Graft-Induced Dyskinesia in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2012; 2012:370190. [PMID: 22762012 PMCID: PMC3384974 DOI: 10.1155/2012/370190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
L-DOPA, the most effective drug to treat motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, causes abnormal involuntary movements, limiting its use in advanced stages of the disease. An increasing body of evidence points to the serotonin system as a key player in the appearance of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). In fact, exogenously administered L-DOPA can be taken up by serotonin neurons, converted to dopamine and released as a false transmitter, contributing to pulsatile stimulation of striatal dopamine receptors. Accordingly, destruction of serotonin fibers or silencing serotonin neurons by serotonin agonists could counteract LID in animal models. Recent clinical work has also shown that serotonin neurons are present in the caudate/putamen of patients grafted with embryonic ventral mesencephalic cells, producing intense serotonin hyperinnervation. These patients experience graft-induced dyskinesia (GID), a type of dyskinesia phenotypically similar to the one induced by L-DOPA but independent from its administration. Interestingly, the 5-HT1A receptor agonist buspirone has been shown to suppress GID in these patients, suggesting that serotonin neurons might be involved in the etiology of GID as for LID. In this paper we will discuss the experimental and clinical evidence supporting the involvement of the serotonin system in both LID and GID.
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39
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Understanding and prevention of "therapy-" induced dyskinesias. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2012; 2012:640815. [PMID: 22685687 PMCID: PMC3366244 DOI: 10.1155/2012/640815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
L-dopa is the most effective, currently available treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), but it leads to the development of involuntary movements known as L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in the majority of patients after long-term use. Both gene and cell therapy approaches are the subject of multiple ongoing studies as potential ways of relieving symptoms of PD without the complication of dyskinesia. However, the spectre of dyskinesia in the absence of L-dopa, the so-called "off-phase" or graft-induced dyskinesia (GID), remains a major obstacle particularly in the further development of cell therapy in PD, but it is also a concern for proponents of gene therapy approaches. LID results from nonphysiological dopamine release, supersensitivity of dopamine receptors, and consequent abnormal signalling through mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. Restoration of physiological circuitry within the basal ganglia loops is ultimately the aim of all cell and gene therapy approaches but each using distinctive strategies and accompanied by risks of exacerbation of LID or development of "off-phase"/GID. In this paper we discuss the details of what is understood regarding the development of dyskinesias with relevance to cell and gene therapy and potential strategies to minimize their occurrence.
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40
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Brooks SP, Dunnett SB. Cognitive deficits in animal models of basal ganglia disorders. Brain Res Bull 2012; 92:29-40. [PMID: 22588013 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The two most common neurological disorders of the basal ganglia are Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). The most overt symptoms of these diseases are motoric, reflecting the loss of the striatal medium spiny neurons in HD and ascending substantia nigra dopaminergic cells in PD. However, both disease processes induce insidious psychiatric and cognitive syndromes that can manifest well in advance of the onset of motor deficits. These early deficits provide an opportunity for prophylactic therapeutic intervention in order to retard disease progression from the earliest possible point. In order to exploit this opportunity, animal models of HD and PD are being probed for the specific cognitive deficits represented in the disease states. At the neuronal level, these deficits are typically, but not exclusively, mediated by disruption of parallel corticostriatal loops that integrate motor information with sensory and higher order, "executive" cognitive functions. Dysfunction in these systems can be probed with sensitive behavioural tests that selectively probe these cognitive functions in mouse models with focal lesions of striatal or cortical regions, or of specific neurotransmitter systems. Typically these tests were designed and validated in rats. With the advent of genetically modified mouse models of disease, validated tests provide an opportunity to screen mouse models of disease for early onset cognitive deficits. This review seeks to draw together the literature on cognitive deficits in HD and PD, to determine the extent to which these deficits are represented in the current animal models of disease, and to evaluate the viability of selecting cognitive deficits as potential therapeutic targets. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Animal Models'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Brooks
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK.
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41
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Shin E, Garcia J, Winkler C, Björklund A, Carta M. Serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms in graft-induced dyskinesia in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 47:393-406. [PMID: 22579773 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyskinesia seen in the off-state, referred as graft-induced dyskinesia (GID), has emerged as a serious complication induced by dopamine (DA) cell transplantation in parkinsonian patients. Although the mechanism underlying the appearance of GID is unknown, in a recent clinical study the partial 5-HT(1A) agonist buspirone was found to markedly reduce GID in three grafted patients, who showed significant serotonin (5-HT) hyperinnervation in the grafted striatum in positron emission tomography scanning (Politis et al., 2010, 2011). Prompted by these findings, this study was performed to investigate the involvement of serotonin neurons in the appearance of GID in the rat 6-hydroxydopamine model. L-DOPA-primed rats received transplants of DA neurons only, DA plus 5-HT neurons or 5-HT neurons only into the lesioned striatum. In DA cell-grafted rats, with or without 5-HT neurons, but not in 5-HT grafts, GID was observed consistently after administration of amphetamine (1.5mg/kg, i.p.) indicating that grafted DA neurons are required to induce GID. Strikingly, a low dose of buspirone produced a complete suppression of GID. In addition, activation of 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(1B) receptors by 8-OH-DPAT and CP 94253, known to inhibit the activity of 5-HT neurons, significantly reduced GID, whereas induction of neurotransmitter release by fenfluramine administration significantly increased GID, indicating an involvement of the 5-HT system in the modulation of GID. To investigate the involvement of the host 5-HT system in GID, the endogenous 5-HT terminals were removed by intracerebral injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, but this treatment did not affect GID expression. However, 5-HT terminal destruction suppressed the anti-GID effect of 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(1B) agonists, demonstrating that the 5-HT(1) agonist combination exerted its anti-GID effect through the activation of pre-synaptic host-derived receptors. By contrast, removal of the host 5-HT innervation or pre-treatment with a 5-HT(1A) antagonist did not abolish the anti-GID effect of buspirone, showing that its effect is independent from activation of either pre- or post-synaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors. Since buspirone is known to also act as a DA D(2) receptor antagonist, the selective D(2) receptor antagonist eticlopride was administered to test whether blockade of D(2) receptors could account for the anti-dyskinetic effect of buspirone. In fact, eticlopride produced complete suppression of GID in grafted animals already at very low dose. Together, these results point to a critical role of both 5-HT(1) and D(2) receptors in the modulation of GID, and suggest that 5-HT neurons exert a modulatory role in the development of this side effect of neuronal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Shin
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Division of Neurobiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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42
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Serotonergic involvement in levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Neurosci 2012; 19:343-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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43
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Lane EL, Winkler C. l-DOPA- and graft-induced dyskinesia following transplantation. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59575-1.00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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44
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Survival, differentiation, and connectivity of ventral mesencephalic dopamine neurons following transplantation. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59575-1.00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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45
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide, classically characterized by a triad of motor features: bradykinesia, rigidity and resting tremor. Neurodegeneration in PD critically involves the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, which results in a severe reduction in dopamine levels in the dorsal striatum. However, the disease also exhibits extensive non-nigral pathology and as many non-motor as motor features. Nevertheless, owing to the relatively circumscribed nature of the nigrostriatal lesion in PD, dopaminergic cell transplantation has emerged as a potentially reparative therapy for the disease. Sources for such cells are varied and include the developing ventral mesencephalon, several autologous somatic cell types, embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. In this article, we review the origins of dopaminergic transplantation for PD and the emergent hunt for a suitable long-term source of transplantable dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Dyson
- Cambridge University Centre for Brain Repair, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.
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46
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García J, Carlsson T, Döbrössy M, Nikkhah G, Winkler C. Impact of dopamine to serotonin cell ratio in transplants on behavioral recovery and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 43:576-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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47
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Huot P, Fox SH, Brotchie JM. The serotonergic system in Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:163-212. [PMID: 21878363 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although the cardinal manifestations of Parkinson's disease (PD) are attributed to a decline in dopamine levels in the striatum, a breadth of non-motor features and treatment-related complications in which the serotonergic system plays a pivotal role are increasingly recognised. Serotonin (5-HT)-mediated neurotransmission is altered in PD and the roles of the different 5-HT receptor subtypes in disease manifestations have been investigated. The aims of this article are to summarise and discuss all published preclinical and clinical studies that have investigated the serotonergic system in PD and related animal models, in order to recapitulate the state of the current knowledge and to identify areas that need further research and understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Huot
- Toronto Western Research Institute, MCL 11-419, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8
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48
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Tykocki T, Mandat T, Nauman P. Pedunculopontine nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Arch Med Sci 2011; 7:555-64. [PMID: 22291786 PMCID: PMC3258764 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2011.24119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD) are commonly observed in advanced Parkinson's disease. The neuronal mechanism of PIGD is not fully understood. Dysfunction of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) might be a possible cause of these symptoms. The autopsy studies of subjects with PIGD revealed a neurodegenerative process involving mainly PPN cholinergic neurons. The PPN participates in the locomotion processes by initiation, modulation and execution of stereotyped patterns of movement. The standard neurosurgical treatment of PD is subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN DBS). Clinical results revealed low efficiency of STN DBS on PIGD. Preliminary results of simultaneous PPN and STN DBS are very promising. Only a few reports have been published until now; a significant improvement of PIGD was observed in both ON and OFF L-dopa states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Tykocki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Mandat
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Oncology Centre, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Nauman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
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49
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Nevalainen N, Af Bjerkén S, Lundblad M, Gerhardt GA, Strömberg I. Dopamine release from serotonergic nerve fibers is reduced in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. J Neurochem 2011; 118:12-23. [PMID: 21534956 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
L-DOPA is the most commonly used treatment for symptomatic control in patients with Parkinson's disease. Unfortunately, most patients develop severe side-effects, such as dyskinesia, upon chronic l-DOPA treatment. The patophysiology of dyskinesia is unclear; however, involvement of serotonergic nerve fibers in converting l-DOPA to dopamine has been suggested. Therefore, potassium-evoked dopamine release was studied after local application of l-DOPA in the striata of normal, dopamine- and dopamine/serotonin-lesioned l-DOPA naïve, and dopamine-denervated chronically l-DOPA-treated dyskinetic rats using in vivo chronoamperometry. The results revealed that local l-DOPA administration into normal and intact hemisphere of dopamine-lesioned l-DOPA naïve animals significantly increased the potassium-evoked dopamine release. l-DOPA application also increased the dopamine peak amplitude in the dopamine-depleted l-DOPA naïve striatum, although these dopamine levels were several-folds lower than in the normal striatum, whereas no increased dopamine release was found in the dopamine/serotonin-denervated striatum. In dyskinetic animals, local l-DOPA application did not affect the dopamine release, resulting in significantly attenuated dopamine levels compared with those measured in l-DOPA naïve dopamine-denervated striatum. To conclude, l-DOPA is most likely converted to dopamine in serotonergic nerve fibers in the dopamine-depleted striatum, but the dopamine release is several-fold lower than in normal striatum. Furthermore, l-DOPA loading does not increase the dopamine release in dyskinetic animals as found in l-DOPA naïve animals, despite similar density of serotonergic innervation. Thus, the dopamine overflow produced from the serotonergic nerve fibers appears not to be the major cause of dyskinetic behavior.
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50
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Parga JA, Rodríguez-Pallares J, Joglar B, Diaz-Ruiz C, Guerra MJ, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Effect of inhibitors of NADPH oxidase complex and mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels on generation of dopaminergic neurons from neurospheres of mesencephalic precursors. Dev Dyn 2011; 239:3247-59. [PMID: 21046630 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species signaling has been suggested to regulate stem cell development. In the present study, we treated neurospheres of rat mesencephalic precursors with inhibitors of the NADPH oxidase complex and mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mitoKATP) channel blockers during the proliferation and/or the differentiation periods to study the effects on generation of dopaminergic neurons. Treatment with low doses (100 or 250 μM) of the NADPH inhibitor apocynin during the proliferation period increased the generation of dopaminergic neurons. However, higher doses (1 mM) were necessary during the differentiation period to induce the same effect. Treatment with general (glibenclamide) or mitochondrial (5-hydroxydecanoate) KATP channel blockers during the proliferation and differentiation periods increased the number of dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, neither increased proliferation rate nor apoptosis had a major role in the observed increase in generation of dopaminergic neurons, which suggests that the redox state is able to regulate differentiation of precursors into dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Parga
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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