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Keyfi Bajestani A, Alavi MS, Etemad L, Roohbakhsh A. Role of orphan G-protein coupled receptors in tissue ischemia: A comprehensive review. Eur J Pharmacol 2024:176762. [PMID: 38906238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic events lead to many diseases and deaths worldwide. Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) occurs due to reduced blood circulation in tissues followed by blood reflow. Reoxygenation of ischemic tissues is characterized by oxidative stress, inflammation, energy distress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. There are still no adequate clinical protocols or pharmacological approaches to address the consequences of I/R damage. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important therapeutic targets. They compose a large family of seven transmembrane-spanning proteins that are involved in many biological functions. Orphan GPCRs are a large subgroup of these receptors expressed in different organs. In the present review, we summarized the literature regarding the role of orphan GPCRs in I/R in different organs. We focused on the effect of these receptors on modulating cellular and molecular processes underlying ischemia including apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy. The study showed that GPR3, GPR4, GPR17, GPR30, GPR31, GPR35, GPR37, GPR39, GPR55, GPR65, GPR68, GPR75, GPR81, and GPR91 are involved in ischemic events, mainly in the brain and heart. These receptors offer new possibilities for treating I/R injuries in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Keyfi Bajestani
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Etemad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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2
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Zaib S, Areeba, Khan I. Purinergic Signaling and its Role in the Stem Cell Differentiation. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:863-883. [PMID: 37828668 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575261206231003151416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling is a mechanism in which extracellular purines and pyrimidines interact with specialized cell surface receptors known as purinergic receptors. These receptors are divided into two families of P1 and P2 receptors, each responding to different nucleosides and nucleotides. P1 receptors are activated by adenosine, while P2 receptors are activated by pyrimidine and purines. P2X receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, including seven subunits (P2X1-7). However, P2Y receptors are the G-protein coupled receptors comprising eight subtypes (P2Y1/2/4/6/11/12/13/14). The disorder in purinergic signaling leads to various health-related issues and diseases. In various aspects, it influences the activity of non-neuronal cells and neurons. The molecular mechanism of purinergic signaling provides insight into treating various human diseases. On the contrary, stem cells have been investigated for therapeutic applications. Purinergic signaling has shown promising effect in stem cell engraftment. The immune system promotes the autocrine and paracrine mechanisms and releases the significant factors essential for successful stem cell therapy. Each subtype of purinergic receptor exerts a beneficial effect on the damaged tissue. The most common effect caused by purinergic signaling is the proliferation and differentiation that treat different health-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Zaib
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Areeba
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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3
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Falco MV, Fabbiani G, Maciel C, Valdivia S, Vitureira N, Russo RE. P2X7 receptor activation awakes a dormant stem cell niche in the adult spinal cord. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1288676. [PMID: 38164435 PMCID: PMC10757934 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1288676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The ependyma of the spinal cord is a latent stem cell niche that is reactivated by injury, generating new cells that migrate to the lesion site to limit the damage. The mechanisms by which ependymal cells are reactivated after injury remain poorly understood. ATP has been proposed to act as a diffusible "danger signal" to alert about damage and start repair. Indeed, spinal cord injury (SCI) generates an increase in extracellular ATP around the lesion epicenter that lasts for several hours and affects the functional outcome after the damage. The P2X7 receptor (P2X7r) has functional properties (e.g., low sensitivity for ATP, high permeability for Ca2+) that makes it a suitable candidate to act as a detector of tissue damage. Because ependymal cells express functional P2X7r that generate an inward current and regenerative Ca2+ waves, we hypothesize that the P2X7r has a main role in the mechanisms by which progenitor-like cells in the ependyma react to tissue damage. To test this possibility, we simulated the P2X7r activation that occurs after SCI by in vivo intraspinal injection of the selective agonist BzATP nearby the central canal. We found that BzATP rescued ependymal cells from quiescence by triggering a proliferative response similar to that generated by injury. In addition, P2X7r activation by BzATP induced a shift of ependymal cells to a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) phenotype similar to that induced by injury. However, P2X7r activation did not trigger the migration of ependyma-derived cells as occurs after tissue damage. Injection of BzATP induced the expression of connexin 26 (Cx26) in ependymal cells, an event needed for the proliferative reaction after injury. BzATP did not induce these changes in ependymal cells of P2X7-/- mice supporting a specific action on P2X7r. In vivo blockade of P2X7r with the potent antagonist AZ10606120 reduced significantly the injury-induced proliferation of ependymal cells. Our data indicate that P2X7r has a key role in the "awakening" of the ependymal stem cell niche after injury and suggest purinergic signaling is an interesting target to improve the contribution of endogenous progenitors to repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Falco
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela Fabbiani
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Maciel
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Spring Valdivia
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nathalia Vitureira
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Raúl E. Russo
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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4
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Mi X, Ni C, Zhao J, Amin N, Jiao D, Fang M, Ye X. P2Y12 receptor mediates apoptosis and demyelination to affect functional recovery in mice with spinal cord injury. Neurochem Int 2023; 171:105641. [PMID: 37952830 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Among diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), spinal cord injury (SCI) has a high fatality rate. It has been proven that P2Y G protein-coupled purinergic receptors have a neuroprotective role in apoptosis and regeneration inside the damaged spinal cord. The P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12R) has recently been linked to peripheral neuropathy and stroke. However, the role of P2Y12R after SCI remains unclear. Our study randomly divided C57BL/6J female mice into 3 groups: Sham+DMSO, SCI+DMSO, and SCI+MRS2395. MRS2395 as a P2Y12R inhibitor was intraperitoneally injected at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg once daily for 7 days. We showed that the P2Y12R was markedly activated after injury, and it was double labeled with the microglial and neuron. Behavioral tests were employed to assess motor function recovery. By using immunofluorescence staining, the NeuN expression level was detected. The morphology of neurons was observed by hematoxylin-eosin and Nissl staining. P2Y12R, Bax, GFAP, PCNA and calbindin expression levels were detected using Western blot. Meanwhile, mitochondria and myelin sheath were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our findings demonstrated that MRS2395 significantly enhanced motor function induced by SCI and that was used to alleviate apoptosis and astrocyte scarring. NeuN positive cells in the SCI group were lower than in the therapy group, although Bax, GFAP, PCNA and calbindin expression levels were considerably higher. Moreover, following MRS2395 therapy, the histological damage was reversed. A notable improvement in myelin sheath and mitochondrial morphology was seen in the therapy group. Together, our findings indicate that activation of P2Y12R in damaged spinal cord may be a critical event and suggest that inhibition of P2Y12R might be a feasible therapeutic strategy for treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Mi
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Chengtao Ni
- Graduate School, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jingting Zhao
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Nashwa Amin
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China; Institute of System Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Egypt
| | - Dian Jiao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Marong Fang
- Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiangming Ye
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China.
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5
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Rodriguez-Jimenez FJ, Jendelova P, Erceg S. The activation of dormant ependymal cells following spinal cord injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:175. [PMID: 37408068 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ependymal cells, a dormant population of ciliated progenitors found within the central canal of the spinal cord, undergo significant alterations after spinal cord injury (SCI). Understanding the molecular events that induce ependymal cell activation after SCI represents the first step toward controlling the response of the endogenous regenerative machinery in damaged tissues. This response involves the activation of specific signaling pathways in the spinal cord that promotes self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation. We review our current understanding of the signaling pathways and molecular events that mediate the SCI-induced activation of ependymal cells by focusing on the roles of some cell adhesion molecules, cellular membrane receptors, ion channels (and their crosstalk), and transcription factors. An orchestrated response regulating the expression of receptors and ion channels fine-tunes and coordinates the activation of ependymal cells after SCI or cell transplantation. Understanding the major players in the activation of ependymal cells may help us to understand whether these cells represent a critical source of cells contributing to cellular replacement and tissue regeneration after SCI. A more complete understanding of the role and function of individual signaling pathways in endogenous spinal cord progenitors may foster the development of novel targeted therapies to induce the regeneration of the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Rodriguez-Jimenez
- Stem Cell Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Research Center "Principe Felipe", C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Pavla Jendelova
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Slaven Erceg
- Stem Cell Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Research Center "Principe Felipe", C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain.
- National Stem Cell Bank - Valencia Node, Research Center "Principe Felipe", C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain.
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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6
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Kari S, Kandhavelu J, Murugesan A, Thiyagarajan R, Kidambi S, Kandhavelu M. Mitochondrial complex III bypass complex I to induce ROS in GPR17 signaling activation in GBM. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114678. [PMID: 37054539 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein) coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) plays crucial role in Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell signaling and is primarily associated with reactive oxidative species (ROS) production and cell death. However, the underlying mechanisms by which GPR17 regulates ROS level and mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes are still unknown. Here, we investigate the novel link between the GPR17 receptor and ETC complex I and III in regulating level of intracellular ROS (ROSi) in GBM using pharmacological inhibitors and gene expression profiling. Incubation of 1321N1 GBM cells with ETC I inhibitor and GPR17 agonist decreased the ROS level, while treatment with GPR17 antagonist increased the ROS level. Also, inhibition of ETC III and activation of GPR17 increased the ROS level whereas opposite function was observed with antagonist interaction. The similar functional role was also observed in multiple GBM cells, LN229 and SNB19, where ROS level increased in the presence of Complex III inhibitor. The level of ROS varies in Complex I inhibitor and GPR17 antagonist treatment conditions suggesting that ETC I function differs depending on the GBM cell line. RNAseq analysis revealed that ∼ 500 genes were commonly expressed in both SNB19 and LN229, in which 25 genes are involved in ROS pathway. Furthermore, 33 dysregulated genes were observed to be involved in mitochondria function and 36 genes of complex I-V involved in ROS pathway. Further analysis revealed that induction of GPR17 leads to loss of function of NADH dehydrogenase genes involved in ETC I, while cytochrome b and Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Reductase family genes in ETC III. Overall, our findings suggest that mitochondrial ETC III bypass ETC I to increase ROSi in GPR17 signaling activation in GBM and could provide new opportunities for developing targeted therapy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Kari
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, ArvoYlpönkatu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland; Science Center, Tampere University Hospital, ArvoYlpönkatu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jeyalakshmi Kandhavelu
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, ArvoYlpönkatu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland; Science Center, Tampere University Hospital, ArvoYlpönkatu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Akshaya Murugesan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, ArvoYlpönkatu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland; Science Center, Tampere University Hospital, ArvoYlpönkatu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland; Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai 625002, India
| | - Ramesh Thiyagarajan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Srivatsan Kidambi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, ArvoYlpönkatu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland; Science Center, Tampere University Hospital, ArvoYlpönkatu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
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7
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Leo H, Kipp M. Remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis: Findings in the Cuprizone Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416093. [PMID: 36555733 PMCID: PMC9783537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination therapies, which are currently under development, have a great potential to delay, prevent or even reverse disability in multiple sclerosis patients. Several models are available to study the effectiveness of novel compounds in vivo, among which is the cuprizone model. This model is characterized by toxin-induced demyelination, followed by endogenous remyelination after cessation of the intoxication. Due to its high reproducibility and ease of use, this model enjoys high popularity among various research and industrial groups. In this review article, we will summarize recent findings using this model and discuss the potential of some of the identified compounds to promote remyelination in multiple sclerosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Kipp
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-381-494-8400
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8
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Marques CF, Marques MM, Justino GC. Leukotrienes vs. Montelukast—Activity, Metabolism, and Toxicity Hints for Repurposing. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091039. [PMID: 36145259 PMCID: PMC9505853 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing environmental distress is associated with a growing asthma incidence; no treatments are available but montelukast (MTK)—an antagonist of the cysteinyl leukotrienes receptor 1—is widely used in the management of symptoms among adults and children. Recently, new molecular targets have been identified and MTK has been proposed for repurposing in other therapeutic applications, with several ongoing clinical trials. The proposed applications include neuroinflammation control, which could be explored in some neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (AD and PD). However, this drug has been associated with an increasing number of reported neuropsychiatric adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Besides, and despite being on the market since 1998, MTK metabolism is still poorly understood and the mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric ADRs remain unknown. We review the role of MTK as a modulator of leukotriene pathways and systematize the current knowledge about MTK metabolism. Known toxic effects of MTK are discussed, and repurposing applications are presented comprehensively, with a focus on AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia F. Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Matilde Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo C. Justino
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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9
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Beiter RM, Rivet-Noor C, Merchak AR, Bai R, Johanson DM, Slogar E, Sol-Church K, Overall CC, Gaultier A. Evidence for oligodendrocyte progenitor cell heterogeneity in the adult mouse brain. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12921. [PMID: 35902669 PMCID: PMC9334628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) account for approximately 5% of the adult brain and have been historically studied for their role in myelination. In the adult brain, OPCs maintain their proliferative capacity and ability to differentiate into oligodendrocytes throughout adulthood, even though relatively few mature oligodendrocytes are produced post-developmental myelination. Recent work has begun to demonstrate that OPCs likely perform multiple functions in both homeostasis and disease and can significantly impact behavioral phenotypes such as food intake and depressive symptoms. However, the exact mechanisms through which OPCs might influence brain function remain unclear. The first step in further exploration of OPC function is to profile the transcriptional repertoire and assess the heterogeneity of adult OPCs. In this work, we demonstrate that adult OPCs are transcriptionally diverse and separate into two distinct populations in the homeostatic brain. These two groups show distinct transcriptional signatures and enrichment of biological processes unique to individual OPC populations. We have validated these OPC populations using multiple methods, including multiplex RNA in situ hybridization and RNA flow cytometry. This study provides an important resource that profiles the transcriptome of adult OPCs and will provide a toolbox for further investigation into novel OPC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Beiter
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Courtney Rivet-Noor
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Andrea R Merchak
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Robin Bai
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - David M Johanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Erica Slogar
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Katia Sol-Church
- Genome Analysis and Technology Core, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Christopher C Overall
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Alban Gaultier
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA. .,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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10
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Gong L, Gu Y, Han X, Luan C, Liu C, Wang X, Sun Y, Zheng M, Fang M, Yang S, Xu L, Sun H, Yu B, Gu X, Zhou S. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Molecular Expression Pattern and Intercellular Interactions in the Glial Scar Response to Spinal Cord Injury. Neurosci Bull 2022; 39:213-244. [PMID: 35788904 PMCID: PMC9905408 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00897-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve regeneration in adult mammalian spinal cord is poor because of the lack of intrinsic regeneration of neurons and extrinsic factors - the glial scar is triggered by injury and inhibits or promotes regeneration. Recent technological advances in spatial transcriptomics (ST) provide a unique opportunity to decipher most genes systematically throughout scar formation, which remains poorly understood. Here, we first constructed the tissue-wide gene expression patterns of mouse spinal cords over the course of scar formation using ST after spinal cord injury from 32 samples. Locally, we profiled gene expression gradients from the leading edge to the core of the scar areas to further understand the scar microenvironment, such as neurotransmitter disorders, activation of the pro-inflammatory response, neurotoxic saturated lipids, angiogenesis, obstructed axon extension, and extracellular structure re-organization. In addition, we described 21 cell transcriptional states during scar formation and delineated the origins, functional diversity, and possible trajectories of subpopulations of fibroblasts, glia, and immune cells. Specifically, we found some regulators in special cell types, such as Thbs1 and Col1a2 in macrophages, CD36 and Postn in fibroblasts, Plxnb2 and Nxpe3 in microglia, Clu in astrocytes, and CD74 in oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, salvianolic acid B, a blood-brain barrier permeation and CD36 inhibitor, was administered after surgery and found to remedy fibrosis. Subsequently, we described the extent of the scar boundary and profiled the bidirectional ligand-receptor interactions at the neighboring cluster boundary, contributing to maintain scar architecture during gliosis and fibrosis, and found that GPR37L1_PSAP, and GPR37_PSAP were the most significant gene-pairs among microglia, fibroblasts, and astrocytes. Last, we quantified the fraction of scar-resident cells and proposed four possible phases of scar formation: macrophage infiltration, proliferation and differentiation of scar-resident cells, scar emergence, and scar stationary. Together, these profiles delineated the spatial heterogeneity of the scar, confirmed the previous concepts about scar architecture, provided some new clues for scar formation, and served as a valuable resource for the treatment of central nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chengcheng Luan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xinghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yufeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Mengru Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Mengya Fang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Shuhai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Lai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Hualin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Songlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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11
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Xiao Y, Zhang Y, Gao YH, Zhao ZH, He J, Gao R, Guo YX, Wang LB, Li X. A targeted extracellular vesicles loaded with montelukast in the treatment of demyelinating diseases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 594:31-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Lin KN, Zhang K, Zhao W, Huang SY, Li H. Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Promotes Cell Proliferation by Downregulation of G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 17 Expression via PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 Signaling in SK-N-SH Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031513. [PMID: 35163437 PMCID: PMC8835821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) not only regulates neuronal function and development but also is neuroprotective in the setting of acute ischemic stroke. G-protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) expression in brain tissue serves as an indicator of brain damage. As whether IGF-1 regulates GPR17 expression remains unknown, the aim of this study is to investigate how IGF-1 regulates GPR17 expression in vitro. Human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells were used. Lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was constructed to mediate the silencing of FoxO1, while adenoviral vectors were used for its overexpression. Verification of the relevant signaling cascade was performed using a FoxO1 inhibitor (AS1842856), a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (LY294002), and a GPR17 antagonist (cangrelor). Cell proliferation was analyzed using EdU staining; immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression and subcellular localization of FoxO1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to analyze the binding of FoxO1 to the GPR17 promoter in SK-N-SH cells. The expression of FoxO1, GPR17, and protein kinase B (also known as Akt) mRNA and protein as well as the levels of FoxO1 and Akt phosphorylation were investigated in this study. IGF-1 was found to downregulate FoxO1 and GPR17 expression in SK-N-SH cells while promoting cell viability and proliferation. Inhibition of FoxO1 and antagonism of GPR17 were found to play a role similar to that of IGF-1. Silencing of FoxO1 by lentivirus-mediated shRNA resulted in the downregulation of FoxO1 and GPR17 expression. The overexpression of FoxO1 via adenoviral vectors resulted in the upregulation of FoxO1 and GPR17 expression. Blocking of PI3K signaling by LY294002 inhibited the effect of IGF-1 on GPR17 suppression. Results from chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that IGF-1 promotes FoxO1 nuclear export and reduces FoxO1 binding to the GPR17 promoter in SK-N-SH cells. Here, we conclude that IGF-1 enhances cell viability and proliferation in SK-N-SH cells via the promotion of FoxO1 nuclear export and reduction of FoxO1 binding to the GPR17 promoter via PI3K/Akt signaling. Our findings suggest that the enhancement of IGF-1 signaling to antagonize GPR17 serves as a potential therapeutic strategy in the management of acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Na Lin
- Center for Brain Science & Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China;
| | - Kan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China;
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; (W.Z.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Shi-Ying Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; (W.Z.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Hao Li
- Center for Brain Science & Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China;
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; (W.Z.); (S.-Y.H.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Intestinal Gpr17 deficiency improves glucose metabolism by promoting GLP-1 secretion. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110179. [PMID: 34986353 PMCID: PMC8972502 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in intestinal enteroendocrine cells (EECs) respond to nutritional, neural, and microbial cues and modulate the release of gut hormones. Here we show that Gpr17, an orphan GPCR, is co-expressed in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-expressing EECs in human and rodent intestinal epithelium. Acute genetic ablation of Gpr17 in intestinal epithelium improves glucose tolerance and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Importantly, inducible knockout (iKO) mice and Gpr17 null intestinal organoids respond to glucose or lipid ingestion with increased secretion of GLP-1, but not the other incretin glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). In an in vitro EEC model, overexpression or agonism of Gpr17 reduces voltage-gated calcium currents and decreases cyclic AMP (cAMP) production, and these are two critical factors regulating GLP-1 secretion. Together, our work shows that intestinal Gpr17 signaling functions as an inhibitory pathway for GLP-1 secretion in EECs, suggesting intestinal GPR17 is a potential target for diabetes and obesity intervention. Yan et al. locate GPR17 expression in the enteroendocrine cells of human and rodent intestinal epithelium. They find that GPR17 signaling inhibits intracellular rise of cAMP and calcium and that loss of intestinal Gpr17 in rodents leads to better glucose tolerance via increased hormone secretion in response to nutrient ingestion.
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14
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Dervan A, Franchi A, Almeida-Gonzalez FR, Dowling JK, Kwakyi OB, McCoy CE, O’Brien FJ, Hibbitts A. Biomaterial and Therapeutic Approaches for the Manipulation of Macrophage Phenotype in Peripheral and Central Nerve Repair. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2161. [PMID: 34959446 PMCID: PMC8706646 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the peripheral or central nervous systems often results in extensive loss of motor and sensory function that can greatly diminish quality of life. In both cases, macrophage infiltration into the injury site plays an integral role in the host tissue inflammatory response. In particular, the temporally related transition of macrophage phenotype between the M1/M2 inflammatory/repair states is critical for successful tissue repair. In recent years, biomaterial implants have emerged as a novel approach to bridge lesion sites and provide a growth-inductive environment for regenerating axons. This has more recently seen these two areas of research increasingly intersecting in the creation of 'immune-modulatory' biomaterials. These synthetic or naturally derived materials are fabricated to drive macrophages towards a pro-repair phenotype. This review considers the macrophage-mediated inflammatory events that occur following nervous tissue injury and outlines the latest developments in biomaterial-based strategies to influence macrophage phenotype and enhance repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Dervan
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (A.F.); (F.R.A.-G.); (F.J.O.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Antonio Franchi
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (A.F.); (F.R.A.-G.); (F.J.O.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francisco R. Almeida-Gonzalez
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (A.F.); (F.R.A.-G.); (F.J.O.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer K. Dowling
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (J.K.D.); (O.B.K.); (C.E.M.)
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ohemaa B. Kwakyi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (J.K.D.); (O.B.K.); (C.E.M.)
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire E. McCoy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (J.K.D.); (O.B.K.); (C.E.M.)
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fergal J. O’Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (A.F.); (F.R.A.-G.); (F.J.O.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Hibbitts
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (A.F.); (F.R.A.-G.); (F.J.O.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
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15
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Jin S, Wang X, Xiang X, Wu Y, Hu J, Li Y, Lin Dong Y, Tan Y, Wu X. Inhibition of GPR17 with cangrelor improves cognitive impairment and synaptic deficits induced by Aβ 1-42 through Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling pathway in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108335. [PMID: 34781121 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain is thought to be associated with cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, current methods to combat Aβ neurotoxicity are still lacking. G protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) has become a target for treating inflammation in brain diseases, but it is unclear whether it has a role in AD. Here, we investigated the effects of cangrelor, a GPR17 antagonist, on neurotoxicity and memory impairment induced by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of Aβ1-42 in mice. The behavior results showed that cangrelor (2.0 or 4.0 μg/mouse, i.c.v.) treatment reversed the deficits in memory and learning ability induced by Aβ1-42 in mice. Importantly, we demonstrated for the first time that GPR17 expression in the hippocampus and frontal cortex is increased in response to Aβ1-42 exposures. We also found that cangrelor treatment reduced the activity of β-secretase 1 (BACE1) and the levels of soluble Aβ1-42 in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Meanwhile, cangrelor treatment suppressed oxidative stress induced by Aβ1-42, as proved by reduced production of malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), and promoted the expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). Furthermore, cangrelor also suppressed Aβ1-42-induced neuroinflammation, characterized by suppressed activation of microglia, decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, as well as ameliorated synaptic deficits by promoting the upregulation of synaptic proteins, and increasing the number of Golgi-Cox stained dendritic spines. These results suggest that cangrelor may reverse Aβ1-42-induced cognition deficits via inhibiting oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and synaptic dysfunction mediated by Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShiYu Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xin Wang
- West Anhui Health Vocational College, Luan 237000, China
| | - XiaoTong Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - YuMei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jie Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - YueYue Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yue Lin Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - YueQiang Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xian Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China.
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16
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Braune M, Scherf N, Heine C, Sygnecka K, Pillaiyar T, Parravicini C, Heimrich B, Abbracchio MP, Müller CE, Franke H. Involvement of GPR17 in Neuronal Fibre Outgrowth. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111683. [PMID: 34769111 PMCID: PMC8584086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of new pharmacological targets is a promising approach in research of neurorepair mechanisms. The G protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) has recently been proposed as an interesting pharmacological target, e.g., in neuroregenerative processes. Using the well-established ex vivo model of organotypic slice co-cultures of the mesocortical dopaminergic system (prefrontal cortex (PFC) and substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA) complex), the influence of GPR17 ligands on neurite outgrowth from SN/VTA to the PFC was investigated. The growth-promoting effects of Montelukast (MTK; GPR17- and cysteinyl-leukotriene receptor antagonist), the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and of two potent, selective GPR17 agonists (PSB-16484 and PSB-16282) were characterized. Treatment with MTK resulted in a significant increase in mean neurite density, comparable with the effects of GDNF. The combination of MTK and GPR17 agonist PSB-16484 significantly inhibited neuronal growth. qPCR studies revealed an MTK-induced elevated mRNA-expression of genes relevant for neuronal growth. Immunofluorescence labelling showed a marked expression of GPR17 on NG2-positive glia. Western blot and RT-qPCR analysis of untreated cultures suggest a time-dependent, injury-induced stimulation of GPR17. In conclusion, MTK was identified as a stimulator of neurite fibre outgrowth, mediating its effects through GPR17, highlighting GPR17 as an interesting therapeutic target in neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Braune
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (M.B.); (C.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Nico Scherf
- Methods and Development Group Neural Data Analysis and Statistical Computing, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1A, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Claudia Heine
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (M.B.); (C.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Katja Sygnecka
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (M.B.); (C.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (T.P.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Chiara Parravicini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.P.); (M.P.A.)
| | - Bernd Heimrich
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Center for Basics in NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 23, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Maria P. Abbracchio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.P.); (M.P.A.)
| | - Christa E. Müller
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (T.P.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Heike Franke
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (M.B.); (C.H.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)341-9724602; Fax: +49-(0)341-9724609
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17
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Trost A, Motloch K, Koller A, Bruckner D, Runge C, Schroedl F, Bogner B, Kaser-Eichberger A, Strohmaier C, Ladek AM, Preishuber-Pfluegl J, Brunner SM, Aigner L, Reitsamer HA. Inhibition of the cysteinyl leukotriene pathways increases survival of RGCs and reduces microglial activation in ocular hypertension. Exp Eye Res 2021; 213:108806. [PMID: 34715090 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. This multifactorial, neurodegenerative group of diseases is characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, leading to irreversible visual impairment and blindness. There is a huge unmet and urging need for the development of new and translatable strategies and treatment options to prevent this progressive loss of RGC. Accumulating evidence points towards a critical role of neuroinflammation, in particular microglial cells, in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Leukotrienes are mediators of neuroinflammation and are involved in many neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we tested the leukotriene receptors CysLT1R/GPR17-selective antagonist Montelukast (MTK) for its efficacy to modulate the reactive state of microglia in order to ameliorate RGCs loss in experimental glaucoma. Ocular hypertension (OHT) was induced unilaterally by injection of 8 μm magnetic microbead (MB) into the anterior chamber of female Brown Norway rats. The contralateral, untreated eye served as control. Successful induction of OHT was verified by daily IOP measurement using a TonoLab rebound tonometer. Simultaneously to OHT induction, one group received daily MTK treatment and the control group vehicle solution by oral gavage. Animals were sacrificed 13-15 days after MB injection. Retina and optic nerves (ON) of OHT and contralateral eyes were analyzed by immunofluorescence with specific markers for RGCs (Brn3a), microglial cells/macrophages (Iba1 and CD68), and cysteinyl leukotriene pathway receptors (CysLT1R and GPR17). Protein labeling was documented by confocal microscopy and analyzed with ImageJ plugins. Further, mRNA expression of genes of the inflammatory and leukotriene pathway was analyzed in retinal tissue. MTK treatment resulted in a short-term IOP reduction at day 2, which dissipated by day 5 of OHT induction in MTK treated animals. Furthermore, MTK treatment resulted in a decreased activation of Iba1+ microglial cells in the retina and ON, and in a significantly increased RGC survival in OHT eyes. Within the retina, GPR17 and CysLT1R expression was demonstrated in single RCGs and in microglial cells respectively. Further, increased mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory genes was detected in OHT induced retinas. In the ON, OHT induction increased the number of GPR17+ cells, showing a trend of reduction following MTK treatment. This study shows for the first time a significantly increased RGC survival in an acute OHT model following treatment with the leukotriene receptor antagonist MTK. These results strongly suggest a neuroprotective effect of MTK and a potential new therapeutic strategy for glaucoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Karolina Motloch
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Koller
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Falk Schroedl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria; Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bogner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria; Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Anja-Maria Ladek
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Preishuber-Pfluegl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Susanne Maria Brunner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert Anton Reitsamer
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
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18
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The Distribution of GPR17-Expressing Cells Correlates with White Matter Inflammation Status in Brain Tissues of Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094574. [PMID: 33925469 PMCID: PMC8123849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are recruited to the site of injury to remyelinate damaged axons; however, in patients this process is often ineffective due to defects in OPC maturation. The membrane receptor GPR17 timely regulates the early stages of OPC differentiation; however, after reaching its highest levels in immature oligodendrocytes, it has to be downregulated to allow terminal maturation. Since, in several animal models of disease GPR17 is upregulated, the aim of this work was to characterize GPR17 alterations in MS patients. We developed immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence procedures for the detection of GPR17 in human tissues and stained post-mortem MS brain lesions from patients with secondary progressive MS and control subjects. The inflammatory activity in each lesion was evaluated by immunohistochemistry for the myelin protein MOG and the HLA antigen to classify them as active, chronic inactive or chronic active. Hence, we assessed the distribution of GPR17-positive cells in these lesions compared to normal appearing white matter (NAWM) and white matter (WM) of control subjects. Our data have shown a marked increase of GPR17-expressing oligodendroglial cells accumulating at NAWM, in which moderate inflammation was also found. Furthermore, we identified two distinct subpopulations of GPR17-expressing oligodendroglial cells, characterized by either ramified or rounded morphology, that differently populate the WM of healthy controls and MS patients. We concluded that the coordinated presence of GPR17 in OPCs at the lesion sites and inflamed NAWM areas suggests that GPR17 could be exploited to support endogenous remyelination through advanced pharmacological approaches.
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Xu J, Ji J, Wang Z, Xu T. Effects of minocycline on motor function recovery and expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and brain-derived neurotrophic factor after spinal cord injury in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:332-337. [PMID: 33793886 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Study explore the effects of minocycline on the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and brain-derived neurotrophic factor after spinal cord injury and its possible mechanism of action. METHODS The model of acute spinal cord injury was established by Allen's method. The rats in each group were assessed with Basso Beattie Bresnahan score of hindlimb motor function and inclined plate test score. Serum malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase, glial fibrillary acidic protein and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in spinal cord were compared. KEY FINDINGS Basso Beattie Bresnahan scores, Tiltboard experiment max angles, and Serum superoxide dismutase activity of the minocycline group were higher than those of the model group after surgery (P < 0.05). Serum malondialdehyde content, and expression of the minocycline group was lower than that of the model group (P < 0.05), and brain-derived neurotrophic factorexpression of minocycline group was significantly higher in the model group after surgery (P < 0.05). Minocycline can promote the recovery of motor function after spinal cord injury in rats. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism of action may be that it inhibits local free radical generation, reduces lipid peroxidation and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in spinal cord tissue after spinal cord injury, and promotes the synthesis of endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor, thus improving the microenvironment of spinal cord regeneration after spinal cord injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, People's Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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20
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Mao FX, Chen HJ, Qian LH, Buzby JS. GPR17 plays a role in ischemia-induced endogenous repair of immature neonatal cerebral White matter. Brain Res Bull 2020; 161:33-42. [PMID: 32387084 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Whether GPR17 has the same distribution and repair mechanism in immature white matter with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) as in the adult brain remains to be determined. This study tried to explore the expression phase and site of GPR17, and to investigate the effect of silencing GPR17 on endogenous repair mechanism of immature white matter with PVL. Ischemic PVL in vivo results showed that GPR17 gene and protein expression increased more in the PVL than in the sham group at 12 h-24 h and 72h to 7 days after PVL. NG2+/GPR17+progenitor cells at 48 h-96 h and O4+/GPR17+precursor cells at 72h to 7d were also significantly increased in the PVL compared to the sham groups. Results in vitro showed that oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) also induced more GPR17 gene and protein expression than control at 48 h-72 h. There were more NG2+/GPR17+progenitor cells at 24 h-48 h and O4+/GPR17+precursor cells at 48 h-72 h in the OGD groups, as well. The functional role of GPR17 in the intrinsic repair response to ischemia was tested using GPR17 gene silencing. The progenitor cells and OL precursors in the OGD+GPR17 silencing group were both significantly less than those in the control, OGD and OGD+gene silencing control groups. The apoptotic percentage of cells in OGD+GPR17 silencing group was also much higher. In summary, ischemia-induced GPR17 expression was shown to contribute to glial-derived progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation into OL precursors, which may provide a therapeutic target for immature neonatal white matter injury after ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Xia Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Jianshe East Road No.1, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Hui-Jin Chen
- Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong, University School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road 1665, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Long-Hua Qian
- Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong, University School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road 1665, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Jeffrey S Buzby
- Hematology Research and Advanced Diagnostics Laboratories, 510 Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Orange County, 1201W. La Veta Avenue, Orange, CA 92868, United States.
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21
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Development of the first in vivo GPR17 ligand through an iterative drug discovery pipeline: A novel disease-modifying strategy for multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231483. [PMID: 32320409 PMCID: PMC7176092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The GPR17 receptor, expressed on oligodendroglial precursors (OPCs, the myelin producing cells), has emerged as an attractive target for a pro-myelinating strategy in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the proof-of-concept that selective GPR17 ligands actually exert protective activity in vivo is still missing. Here, we exploited an iterative drug discovery pipeline to prioritize novel and selective GPR17 pro-myelinating agents out of more than 1,000,000 compounds. We first performed an in silico high-throughput screening on GPR17 structural model to identify three chemically-diverse ligand families that were then combinatorially exploded and refined. Top-scoring compounds were sequentially tested on reference pharmacological in vitro assays with increasing complexity, ending with myelinating OPC-neuron co-cultures. Successful ligands were filtered through in silico simulations of metabolism and pharmacokinetics, to select the most promising hits, whose dose and ability to target the central nervous system were then determined in vivo. Finally, we show that, when administered according to a preventive protocol, one of them (named by us as galinex) is able to significantly delay the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS. This outcome validates the predictivity of our pipeline to identify novel MS-modifying agents.
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22
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Abnormal Upregulation of GPR17 Receptor Contributes to Oligodendrocyte Dysfunction in SOD1 G93A Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072395. [PMID: 32244295 PMCID: PMC7177925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of motor neurons (MN). Importantly, MN degeneration is intimately linked to oligodendrocyte dysfunction and impaired capacity of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) to regenerate the myelin sheath enwrapping and protecting neuronal axons. Thus, improving OPC reparative abilities represents an innovative approach to counteract MN loss. A pivotal regulator of OPC maturation is the P2Y-like G protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17), whose role in ALS has never been investigated. In other models of neurodegeneration, an abnormal increase of GPR17 has been invariably associated to myelin defects and its pharmacological manipulation succeeded in restoring endogenous remyelination. Here, we analyzed GPR17 alterations in the SOD1G93A ALS mouse model and assessed in vitro whether this receptor could be targeted to correct oligodendrocyte alterations. Western-blot and immunohistochemical analyses showed that GPR17 protein levels are significantly increased in spinal cord of ALS mice at pre-symptomatic stage; this alteration is exacerbated at late symptomatic phases. Concomitantly, mature oligodendrocytes degenerate and are not successfully replaced. Moreover, OPCs isolated from spinal cord of SOD1G93A mice display defective differentiation compared to control cells, which is rescued by treatment with the GPR17 antagonist montelukast. These data open novel therapeutic perspectives for ALS management.
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Lecca D, Raffaele S, Abbracchio MP, Fumagalli M. Regulation and signaling of the GPR17 receptor in oligodendroglial cells. Glia 2020; 68:1957-1967. [PMID: 32086854 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination, namely, the formation of new myelin sheaths around denuded axons, counteracts axonal degeneration and restores neuronal function. Considerable advances have been made in understanding this regenerative process that often fails in diseases like multiple sclerosis, leaving axons demyelinated and vulnerable to damage, thus contributing to disease progression. The identification of the membrane receptor GPR17 on a subset of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which mediate remyelination in the adult central nervous system (CNS), has led to a huge amount of evidence that validated this receptor as a new attractive target for remyelinating therapies. Here, we summarize the role of GPR17 in OPC function, myelination and remyelination, describing its atypical pharmacology, its downstream signaling, and the genetic and epigenetic factors modulating its activity. We also highlight crucial insights into GPR17 pathophysiology coming from the demonstration that oligodendrocyte injury, associated with inflammation in chronic neurodegenerative conditions, is invariably characterized by abnormal and persistent GPR17 upregulation, which, in turn, is accompanied by a block of OPCs at immature premyelinating stages. Finally, we discuss the current literature in light of the potential exploitment of GPR17 as a therapeutic target to promote remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Lecca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Raffaele
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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24
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Zhou Y, Su P, Pan Z, Liu D, Niu Y, Zhu W, Yao P, Song Y, Sun Y. Combination Therapy With Hyperbaric Oxygen and Erythropoietin Inhibits Neuronal Apoptosis and Improves Recovery in Rats With Spinal Cord Injury. Phys Ther 2019; 99:1679-1689. [PMID: 31504911 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzz125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis plays an important role in various diseases, including spinal cord injury (SCI). Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and erythropoietin (EPO) promote the recovery from SCI, but the relationship between apoptosis and the combination therapeutic effect is not completely clear. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of HBO and EPO on SCI and the mechanisms that underlie their therapeutic benefits. DESIGN The study was designed to explore the effects of HBO and EPO on SCI through a randomized controlled trial. METHODS Sixty young developing female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into groups of 12 rats receiving sham, SCI, HBO, EPO, or HBO plus EPO. The SCI model was modified with the Allen method to better control consistency. HBO was performed for 1 hour per day for a total of 21 days, and EPO was given once per week for a total of 3 weeks. Both methods were performed 2 hours after SCI. Locomotor function was evaluated with the 21-point Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan Locomotor Rating Scale, an inclined-plane test, and a footprint analysis. All genes were detected by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The level of cell apoptosis was determined by Hoechst staining. RESULTS The results showed that HBO and EPO promoted the recovery of locomotor function in the hind limbs of rats by inhibiting the apoptosis of neurons. During this period, the expression of B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 2 protein (Bcl-2) increased significantly, whereas the expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and cleaved caspase 3 decreased significantly, indicating the inhibition of apoptosis. Meanwhile, the expression of G protein-coupled receptor 17 decreased, and that of myelin basic protein increased, suggesting that there may be a potential connection between demyelination and neuronal apoptosis. LIMITATIONS The limitations of the study include deviations in the preparation of SCI models; lack of reverse validation of molecular mechanisms; absence of in vitro cell experiments; and only one time point after SCI was studied. CONCLUSIONS HBO and EPO treatments are beneficial for SCI, especially when the 2 therapies are combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, China; Department of Orthopedics and The Experimental Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Peng Su
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Zhenzhen Pan
- Department of Radiology, People's Hospital of Changshan, Quzhou, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Yanping Niu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Weiqing Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Pengfei Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Yue Song
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Yongming Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou 215004, China
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Yatsuzuka A, Hori A, Kadoya M, Matsuo-Takasaki M, Kondo T, Sasai N. GPR17 is an essential regulator for the temporal adaptation of sonic hedgehog signalling in neural tube development. Development 2019; 146:dev.176784. [PMID: 31444216 DOI: 10.1242/dev.176784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Dorsal-ventral pattern formation of the neural tube is regulated by temporal and spatial activities of extracellular signalling molecules. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) assigns ventral neural subtypes via activation of the Gli transcription factors. Shh activity in the neural progenitor cells changes dynamically during differentiation, but the mechanisms regulating this dynamicity are not fully understood. Here, we show that temporal change of intracellular cAMP levels confers the temporal Shh signal, and the purinergic G-protein-coupled receptor GPR17 plays an essential role in this regulation. GPR17 is highly expressed in the ventral progenitor regions of the neural tube and acts as a negative regulator of the Shh signal in chick embryos. Although the activation of the GPR17-related signal inhibits ventral identity, perturbation of Gpr17 expression leads to aberrant expansion of ventral neural domains. Notably, perturbation of Gpr17 expression partially inhibits the negative feedback of Gli activity. Moreover, GPR17 increases cAMP activity, suggesting that it exerts its function by inhibiting the processing of Gli3 protein. GPR17 also negatively regulates Shh signalling in neural cells differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cells, suggesting that GPR17 function is conserved among different organisms. Our results demonstrate that GPR17 is a novel negative regulator of Shh signalling in a wide range of cellular contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Yatsuzuka
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Akiko Hori
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Minori Kadoya
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Mami Matsuo-Takasaki
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Toru Kondo
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sasai
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
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Marucci G, Dal Ben D, Lambertucci C, Martí Navia A, Spinaci A, Volpini R, Buccioni M. GPR17 receptor modulators and their therapeutic implications: review of recent patents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:85-95. [PMID: 30640576 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1568990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The GPR17 receptor, phylogenetically related to both purinergic P2Y and CysLT receptors, is mainly expressed in the CNS and, in general, in organs that can typically undergo ischemic damage. This receptor is involved in various pathologies including stroke, brain and spinal cord trauma, multiple sclerosis and in all diseases characterized by neuronal and myelin dysfunction. Therefore, there is a strong needed to identify molecules capable of binding specifically to GPR17 receptors. AREAS COVERED The review provides a summary of patents, published between 2009 and 2018, on chemicals and biologics and their clinical use. In this work, information is reported about the representative structures and biological activity of recently developed GPR17 receptor ligands. EXPERT OPINION The GPR17 receptor is an enigmatic receptor and an interesting therapeutic target in a variety of brain disorders and demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, schizophrenia, and depression. The modulation of this receptor could also be potentially useful in obesity treatment. Unfortunately, so far, there are no compounds under investigation in clinical trials but many researchers and companies are investing in the discovery of future potential GPR17 receptor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Marucci
- a School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit , University of Camerino , Camerino , Italy
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- a School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit , University of Camerino , Camerino , Italy
| | - Catia Lambertucci
- a School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit , University of Camerino , Camerino , Italy
| | - Aleix Martí Navia
- a School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit , University of Camerino , Camerino , Italy
| | - Andrea Spinaci
- a School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit , University of Camerino , Camerino , Italy
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- a School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit , University of Camerino , Camerino , Italy
| | - Michela Buccioni
- a School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit , University of Camerino , Camerino , Italy
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Oligodendrogliogenesis and Axon Remyelination after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries in Animal Studies: A Systematic Review. Neuroscience 2019; 402:37-50. [PMID: 30685542 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extensive oligodendrocyte death after acute traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCI) leads to axon demyelination and subsequently may leave axons vulnerable to degeneration. Despite the present evidence showing spontaneous remyelination after TSCI the cellular origin of new myelin and the time course of the axon ensheathment/remyelination remained controversial issue. In this systematic review the trend of oligodendrocyte death after injury as well as the extent and the cellular origin of oligodendrogliogenesis were comprehensively evaluated. The study design was based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA)-guided systematic review. PubMed and EMBASE were searched with no temporal or linguistic restrictions. Also, hand-search was performed in the bibliographies of relevant articles. Non-interventional animal studies discussing different types of myelinating cells including oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) were evaluated. The extent of oligodendrocyte death, oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination were the pathophysiological outcome measures. We found 12,359 studies, 34 of which met the inclusion criteria. The cumulative evidence shows extensive oligodendrocytes cell death during the first week post-injury (pi). OPCs and peripheral invading Schwann cells are the dominant cells contributing in myelin formation. The maximum OPC proliferation was observed at around 2 weeks pi and oligodendrogliogenesis continues at later stages until the number of oligodendrocytes return to normal tissue by one month pi. Taken together, the evidence in animals reveals the potential role for endogenous myelinating cells in the axon ensheathment/remyelination after TSCI and this can be the target of pharmacotherapy to induce oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin formation post-injury.
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Zhao B, Wang H, Li CX, Song SW, Fang SH, Wei EQ, Shi QJ. GPR17 mediates ischemia-like neuronal injury via microglial activation. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2750-2762. [PMID: 30226562 PMCID: PMC6192776 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR17 is a G (i)-coupled dual receptor, linked to P2Y and CysLT receptors stimulated by uracil nucleotides and cysteinyl leukotrienes, respectively. Recent evidence has demonstrated that GPR17 inhibition ameliorates the progression of cerebral ischemic injury by regulating neuronal death and microglial activation. The present study aimed to assess the detailed regulatory roles of this receptor in oxygen-glucose deprivation/recovery (OGD/R)-induced ischemia-like injury in vitro and explore the underlying mechanism. The results demonstrated that OGD/R induced ischemic neuronal injury and microglial activation, including enhanced phagocytosis and increased inflammatory cytokine release in neuron‑glial mixed cultures of cortical cells. GPR17 upregulation during OGD/R was spatially and temporally correlated with neuronal injury and microglial activation. In addition, GPR17 knockdown inhibited OGD/R-induced responses in neuron-glial mixed cultures. GPR17 knockdown also attenuated cell injury induced by the agonist leukotriene D4 (LTD4) or uridine 5′-diphosphate (UDP) in neuron-glial mixed cultures. However, GPR17 knockdown did not affect OGD/R-induced ischemic neuronal injury in primary cultures of neurons. In primary astrocyte cultures, neither GPR17 nor OGD/R induced injury. By contrast, GPR17 knockdown ameliorated OGD/R-induced microglial activation, boosting phagocytosis and inflammatory cytokine release in primary microglia cultures. Finally, the results demonstrated that the conditioned medium of microglia pretreated with OGD/R induced neuronal death, and the neuronal injury was significantly inhibited by GPR17 knockdown. These findings suggested that GPR17 may mediate ischemia-like neuronal injury and microglial activation in vitro; however, the protective effects on ischemic neuronal injury might depend upon microglial activation. Whether GPR17 regulates neuronal injury mediated by oligodendrocyte linkage remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Cai-Xia Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Wen Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - San-Hua Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Er-Qing Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Qiao-Juan Shi
- Experimental Animal Center, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
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29
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Zhan TW, Tian YX, Wang Q, Wu ZX, Zhang WP, Lu YB, Wu M. Cangrelor alleviates pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting GPR17-mediated inflammation in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 62:261-269. [PMID: 30036769 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive and intractable lung disease. Macrophages play a critical role in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Cangrelor, an anti-platelet agent, is also a non-selective Gprotein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) antagonist. GPR17 mediates microglial inflammation in the chronic phase of cerebral ischemia and regulates allergic pulmonary inflammation. In this study, we observed the effects of cangrelor on bleomycin (BLM)-induced macrophage cellular inflammation and BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in C57BL/6J mice. We found that BLM significantly increased GPR17 expression, the mRNA synthesis and release of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6 and TGF-β1 in murine RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Knockdown of GPR17 attenuated the BLM-induced inflammatory responses. Cangrelor (2.5 μM-10 μM) significantly alleviated BLM-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in concentration-dependent manner. In BLM-induced fibrotic mouse lungs, GPR17 expression and GPR17-positive macrophages were increased. Cangrelor (2.5 mg/kg-10 mg/kg) alleviated pulmonary fibrosis in dose-dependent manner. Cangrelor not only reduced the number of GPR17-positive macrophages, but also decreased BLM-induced mRNA synthesis and release of inflammatory cytokine. As such, we concluded that cangrelor alleviates BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing GPR17-mediated inflammation. Cangrelor could be a potential therapeutic drug for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Wei Zhan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jie-Fang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yu-Xin Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jie-Fang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zi-Xiang Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jie-Fang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Wei-Ping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yun-Bi Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jie-Fang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.
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Fumagalli M, Lecca D, Coppolino GT, Parravicini C, Abbracchio MP. Pharmacological Properties and Biological Functions of the GPR17 Receptor, a Potential Target for Neuro-Regenerative Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1051:169-192. [PMID: 28828731 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In 2006, cells heterologously expressing the "orphan" receptor GPR17 were shown to acquire responses to both uracil nucleotides and cysteinyl-leukotrienes, two families of signaling molecules accumulating in brain or heart as a result of hypoxic/traumatic injuries. In subsequent years, evidence of GPR17 key role in oligodendrogenesis and myelination has highlighted it as a "model receptor" for new therapies in demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases. The apparently contrasting evidence in the literature about the role of GPR17 in promoting or inhibiting myelination can be due to its transient expression in the intermediate stages of differentiation, exerting a pro-differentiating function in early oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), and an inhibitory role in late stage maturing cells. Meanwhile, several papers extended the initial data on GPR17 pharmacology, highlighting a "promiscuous" behavior of this receptor; indeed, GPR17 is able to respond to other emergency signals like oxysterols or the pro-inflammatory cytokine SDF-1, underlying GPR17 ability to adapt its responses to changes of the surrounding extracellular milieu, including damage conditions. Here, we analyze the available literature on GPR17, in an attempt to summarize its emerging biological roles and pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fumagalli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Lecca
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giusy T Coppolino
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Parravicini
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Gpr17, a Player in Lysolecithin-Induced Demyelination, Oligodendrocyte Survival, and Differentiation. J Neurosci 2018; 37:2273-2275. [PMID: 28250056 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3778-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Gpr17 Regulates Oligodendrocyte Differentiation in Response to Lysolecithin-Induced Demyelination. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29540737 PMCID: PMC5852120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelin-producing cells of the central nervous system (CNS). A variety of brain disorders from “classical” demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, schizophrenia, depression, Down syndrome and autism, are shown myelination defects. Oligodendrocyte myelination is regulated by a complex interplay of intrinsic, epigenetic and extrinsic factors. Gpr17 (G protein-coupled receptor 17) is a G protein-coupled receptor, and has been identified to be a regulator for oligodendrocyte development. Here, we demonstrate that the absence of Gpr17 enhances remyelination in vivo with a toxin-induced model whereby focal demyelinated lesions are generated in spinal cord white matter of adult mice by localized injection of LPC(L-a-lysophosphatidylcholine). The increased expression of the activated form of Erk1/2 (phospho-Erk1/2) in lesion areas suggested the potential role of Erk1/2 activity on the Gpr17-dependent modulation of myelination. The absence of Gpr17 enhances remyelination is correlate with the activated Erk1/2 (phospho-Erk1/2).Being a membrane receptor, Gpr17 represents an ideal druggable target to be exploited for innovative regenerative approaches to acute and chronic CNS diseases.
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Coppolino GT, Marangon D, Negri C, Menichetti G, Fumagalli M, Gelosa P, Dimou L, Furlan R, Lecca D, Abbracchio MP. Differential local tissue permissiveness influences the final fate of GPR17-expressing oligodendrocyte precursors in two distinct models of demyelination. Glia 2018; 66:1118-1130. [PMID: 29424466 PMCID: PMC5900886 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Promoting remyelination is recognized as a novel strategy to foster repair in neurodegenerative demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. In this respect, the receptor GPR17, recently emerged as a new target for remyelination, is expressed by early oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs) and after a certain differentiation stage it has to be downregulated to allow progression to mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. Here, we took advantage of the first inducible GPR17 reporter mouse line (GPR17‐iCreERT2xCAG‐eGFP mice) allowing to follow the final fate of GPR17+ cells by tamoxifen‐induced GFP‐labeling to unveil the destiny of these cells in two demyelination models: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), characterized by marked immune cell activation and inflammation, and cuprizone induced demyelination, where myelin dysfunction is achieved by a toxic insult. In both models, demyelination induced a strong increase of fluorescent GFP+ cells at damaged areas. However, only in the cuprizone model reacting GFP+ cells terminally differentiated to mature oligodendrocytes, thus contributing to remyelination. In EAE, GFP+ cells were blocked at immature stages and never became myelinating oligodendrocytes. We suggest these strikingly distinct fates be due to different permissiveness of the local CNS environment. Based on previously reported GPR17 activation by emergency signals (e.g., Stromal Derived Factor‐1), we propose that a marked inflammatory milieu, such as that reproduced in EAE, induces GPR17 overactivation resulting in impaired downregulation, untimely and prolonged permanence in OPCs, leading, in turn, to differentiation blockade. Combined treatments with remyelinating agents and anti‐inflammatory drugs may represent new potential adequate strategies to halt neurodegeneration and foster recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy T Coppolino
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of the Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Davide Marangon
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of the Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Camilla Negri
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of the Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Gianluca Menichetti
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of the Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of the Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Paolo Gelosa
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Via Parea, 4, Milano, 20138, Italy
| | - Leda Dimou
- Molecular and Translational Neuroscience, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D - 89081, Germany
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 58, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Davide Lecca
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of the Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of the Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, 20133, Italy
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Zhenbao pill protects against acute spinal cord injury via miR-146a-5p regulating the expression of GPR17. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171132. [PMID: 29187582 PMCID: PMC5773823 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to observe the effect of zhenbao pill on the motor function of acute spinal cord injury (ASCI) rats and the molecular mechanisms involving miR-146a-5p and G-protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17). ASCI rat model was established by modified Allen method, and then the rats were divided into three groups. SH-SY5Y cells were cultured overnight in hypoxia condition and transfected with miR-146a-5p mimic or miR-146a-5p inhibitor. The hind limb motor function of the rats was evaluated by Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scoring system. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to detect the expression of miR-146a-5p, GPR17, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Neuronal apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry assay. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to determine the regulation of miR-146a-5p on GPR17. Zhenbao pill could enhance hind limb motor function and attenuate the inflammatory response caused by ASCI. Moreover, zhenbao pill increased the level of miR-146a-5p and decreased GPR17 expression in vivo and in vitro Bioinformatics software predicted that GPR17 3'-UTR had a binding site with miR-146a-5p Luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-146a-5p had a negative regulatory effect on GPR17 expression. Knockdown of miR-146a-5p could reverse the effect of zhenbao pill on the up-regulation of GPR17 induced by hypoxia, reversed the inhibitory effect of zhenbao pill on the cell apoptosis induced by hypoxia and the recovery of zhenbao pill on hind limb motor function in ASCI rats. Zhenbao pill could inhibit neuronal apoptosis by regulating miR-146a-5p/GPR17 expression, and then promoting the recovery of spinal cord function.
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Alavi MS, Shamsizadeh A, Azhdari-Zarmehri H, Roohbakhsh A. Orphan G protein-coupled receptors: The role in CNS disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 98:222-232. [PMID: 29268243 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are various types of receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have the highest expression with a wide range of physiological functions. A newer sub group of these receptors namely orphan GPCRs have been discovered. GPR3, GPR6, GPR17, GPR26, GPR37, GPR39, GPR40, GPR50, GPR52, GPR54, GPR55, GPR85, GPR88, GPR103, and GPR139 are the selected orphan GPCRs for this article. Their roles in the central nervous system have not been understood well so far. However, recent studies show that they may have very important functions in the CNS. Hence, in the present study, we reviewed most recent findings regarding the physiological roles of the selected orphan GPCRs in the CNS. After a brief presentation of each receptor, considering the results from genetic and pharmacological manipulation of the receptors, their roles in the pathophysiology of different diseases and disorders including anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and substance abuse will be discussed. At present, our knowledge regarding the role of GPCRs in the brain is very limited. However, previous limited studies show that orphan GPCRs have an important place in psychopharmacology and these receptors are potential new targets for the treatment of major CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Shamsizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hassan Azhdari-Zarmehri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Lecca D, Fumagalli M, Ceruti S, Abbracchio MP. Intertwining extracellular nucleotides and their receptors with Ca2+ in determining adult neural stem cell survival, proliferation and final fate. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0433. [PMID: 27377726 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), during both brain and spinal cord development, purinergic and pyrimidinergic signalling molecules (ATP, UTP and adenosine) act synergistically with peptidic growth factors in regulating the synchronized proliferation and final specification of multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) to neurons, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells. Some NSCs still persist throughout adulthood in both specific 'neurogenic' areas and in brain and spinal cord parenchyma, retaining the potentiality to generate all the three main types of adult CNS cells. Once CNS anatomical structures are defined, purinergic molecules participate in calcium-dependent neuron-to-glia communication and also control the behaviour of adult NSCs. After development, some purinergic mechanisms are silenced, but can be resumed after injury, suggesting a role for purinergic signalling in regeneration and self-repair also via the reactivation of adult NSCs. In this respect, at least three different types of adult NSCs participate in the response of the adult brain and spinal cord to insults: stem-like cells residing in classical neurogenic niches, in particular, in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), parenchymal oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs, also known as NG2-glia) and parenchymal injury-activated astrocytes (reactive astrocytes). Here, we shall review and discuss the purinergic regulation of these three main adult NSCs, with particular focus on how and to what extent modulation of intracellular calcium levels by purinoceptors is mandatory to determine their survival, proliferation and final fate.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolution brings Ca(2+) and ATP together to control life and death'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Lecca
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Ceruti
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Role of the Cysteinyl Leukotrienes in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Cardiovascular Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:2432958. [PMID: 28932020 PMCID: PMC5592403 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2432958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are potent lipid inflammatory mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid, through the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway. Owing to their properties, CysLTs play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammation; therefore, CysLT modifiers as synthesis inhibitors or receptor antagonists, central in asthma management, may become a potential target for the treatment of other inflammatory diseases such as the cardiovascular disorders. 5-LO pathway activation and increased expression of its mediators and receptors are found in cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the cardioprotective effects observed by using CysLT modifiers are promising and contribute to elucidate the link between CysLTs and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this review is to summarize the state of present research about the role of the CysLTs in the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction.
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Olig2-Targeted G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Gpr17 Regulates Oligodendrocyte Survival in Response to Lysolecithin-Induced Demyelination. J Neurosci 2017; 36:10560-10573. [PMID: 27733608 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0898-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, are known to result from acute or chronic injury to the myelin sheath and inadequate remyelination; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we performed genome occupancy analysis by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing in oligodendrocytes in response to lysolecithin-induced injury and found that Olig2 and its downstream target Gpr17 are critical factors in regulating oligodendrocyte survival. After injury to oligodendrocytes, Olig2 was significantly upregulated and transcriptionally targeted the Gpr17 locus. Gpr17 activation inhibited oligodendrocyte survival by reducing the intracellular cAMP level and inducing expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Xaf1 The protein kinase A signaling pathway and the transcription factor c-Fos mediated the regulatory effects of Gpr17 in oligodendrocytes. We showed that Gpr17 inhibition elevated Epac1 expression and promoted oligodendrocyte differentiation. The loss of Gpr17, either globally or specifically in oligodendrocytes, led to an earlier onset of remyelination after myelin injury in mice. Similarly, pharmacological inhibition of Gpr17 with pranlukast promoted remyelination. Our findings indicate that Gpr17, an Olig2 transcriptional target, is activated after injury to oligodendrocytes and that targeted inhibition of Gpr17 promotes oligodendrocyte remyelination. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Genome occupancy analysis of oligodendrocytes in response to lysolecithin-mediated demyelination injury revealed that Olig2 and its downstream target Gpr17 are part of regulatory circuitry critical for oligodendrocyte survival. Gpr17 inhibits oligodendrocyte survival through activation of Xaf1 and cell differentiation by reducing Epac1 expression. The loss of Gpr17 in mice led to precocious myelination and an earlier onset of remyelination after demyelination. Pharmacological inhibition of Gpr17 promoted remyelination, highlighting the potential for Gpr17-targeted therapeutic approaches in demyelination diseases.
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Bonfanti E, Gelosa P, Fumagalli M, Dimou L, Viganò F, Tremoli E, Cimino M, Sironi L, Abbracchio MP. The role of oligodendrocyte precursor cells expressing the GPR17 receptor in brain remodeling after stroke. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2871. [PMID: 28594400 PMCID: PMC5520912 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Following stroke-induced neuronal damage, quiescent oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs) are activated to proliferate and later to differentiate to myelin-producing cells. GPR17, a receptor transiently expressed on early OPCs, has emerged as a target to implement stroke repair through stimulation of OPC maturation. However, being GPR17 completely downregulated in myelin-producing oligodendrocytes, its actual role in determining the final fate of OPCs after cerebral ischemia is still uncertain. Here, to univocally define the spatiotemporal changes and final fate of GPR17-expressing OPCs, we induced ischemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in reporter GPR17iCreERT2:CAG-eGreen florescent protein (GFP) mice, in which, upon tamoxifen treatment, cells expressing GPR17 become green and traceable for their entire life. Starting from 3 days and up to 2 weeks after MCAo, GFP+ cells markedly accumulated in regions surrounding the ischemic lesion; several of them proliferated, as shown by co-labeling of the DNA synthesis marker 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Almost all GFP+/BrdU+ cells expressed the OPC early marker neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2), indicating that they were still precursors. Accumulation of GFP+ cells was also because of OPC recruitment from surrounding areas, as suggested in vivo by acquisition of typical features of migrating OPCs, shown in vitro in presence of the chemoattractant PDGF-AA and confirmed by transplantation of GFP+-OPCs in wild-type MCAo mice. Eight weeks after MCAo, only some of these precociously recruited cells had undergone maturation as shown by NG2 loss and acquisition of mature myelinating markers like GSTpi. A pool of recruited GFP+-OPCs was kept at a precursor stage to likely make it available for further insults. Thus, very early after ischemia, GFP+-OPCs proliferate and migrate toward the lesion; however, most of these cells remain undifferentiated, suggesting functional roles other than myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Bonfanti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Leda Dimou
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Francesca Viganò
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Mauro Cimino
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Luigi Sironi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Khan MZ, He L. Neuro-psychopharmacological perspective of Orphan receptors of Rhodopsin (class A) family of G protein-coupled receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1181-1207. [PMID: 28289782 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the central nervous system (CNS), G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most fruitful targets for neuropsychopharmacological drug development. Rhodopsin (class A) is the most studied class of GPCR and includes orphan receptors for which the endogenous ligand is not known or is unclear. Characterization of orphan GPCRs has proven to be challenging, and the production pace of GPCR-based drugs has been incredibly slow. OBJECTIVE Determination of the functions of these receptors may provide unexpected insight into physiological and neuropathological processes. Advances in various methods and techniques to investigate orphan receptors including in situ hybridization and knockdown/knockout (KD/KO) showed extensive expression of these receptors in the mammalian brain and unmasked their physiological and neuropathological roles. Due to these rapid progress and development, orphan GPCRs are rising as a new and promising class of drug targets for neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION This review presents a neuropsychopharmacological perspective of 26 orphan receptors of rhodopsin (class A) family, namely GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, GPR17, GPR26, GPR35, GPR39, GPR48, GPR49, GPR50, GPR52, GPR55, GPR61, GPR62, GPR63, GPR68, GPR75, GPR78, GPR83, GPR84, GPR85, GPR88, GPR153, GPR162, GPR171, and TAAR6. We discussed the expression of these receptors in mammalian brain and their physiological roles. Furthermore, we have briefly highlighted their roles in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, neuroinflammation, inflammatory pain, bipolar and schizophrenic disorders, epilepsy, anxiety, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahid Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China.
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China
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Update on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Treatments in Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17121967. [PMID: 27898011 PMCID: PMC5187767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17121967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
After an acute ischemic stroke (AIS), inflammatory processes are able to concomitantly induce both beneficial and detrimental effects. In this narrative review, we updated evidence on the inflammatory pathways and mediators that are investigated as promising therapeutic targets. We searched for papers on PubMed and MEDLINE up to August 2016. The terms searched alone or in combination were: ischemic stroke, inflammation, oxidative stress, ischemia reperfusion, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, autoimmunity. Inflammation in AIS is characterized by a storm of cytokines, chemokines, and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) released by several cells contributing to exacerbate the tissue injury both in the acute and reparative phases. Interestingly, many biomarkers have been studied, but none of these reflected the complexity of systemic immune response. Reperfusion therapies showed a good efficacy in the recovery after an AIS. New therapies appear promising both in pre-clinical and clinical studies, but still need more detailed studies to be translated in the ordinary clinical practice. In spite of clinical progresses, no beneficial long-term interventions targeting inflammation are currently available. Our knowledge about cells, biomarkers, and inflammatory markers is growing and is hoped to better evaluate the impact of new treatments, such as monoclonal antibodies and cell-based therapies.
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Marucci G, Dal Ben D, Lambertucci C, Santinelli C, Spinaci A, Thomas A, Volpini R, Buccioni M. The G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR17: Overview and Update. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2567-2574. [PMID: 27863043 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The GPR17 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that seems to respond to two unrelated families of endogenous ligands: nucleotide sugars (UDP, UDP-galactose, and UDP-glucose) and cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTD4 , LTC4 , and LTE4 ), with significant affinity at micromolar and nanomolar concentrations, respectively. This receptor has a broad distribution at the level of the central nervous system (CNS) and is found in neurons and in a subset of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Unfortunately, disparate results emerging from different laboratories have resulted in a lack of clarity with regard to the role of GPR17-targeting ligands in OPC differentiation and in myelination. GPR17 is also highly expressed in organs typically undergoing ischemic damage and has various roles in specific phases of adaptations that follow a stroke. Under such conditions, GPR17 plays a crucial role; in fact, its inhibition decreases the progression of ischemic damage. This review summarizes some important features of this receptor that could be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of demyelinating diseases and for repairing traumatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Marucci
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino, 1, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino, 1, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Catia Lambertucci
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino, 1, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Claudia Santinelli
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino, 1, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Andrea Spinaci
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino, 1, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Ajiroghene Thomas
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino, 1, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino, 1, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Michela Buccioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino, 1, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
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Burke L, Butler CT, Murphy A, Moran B, Gallagher WM, O'Sullivan J, Kennedy BN. Evaluation of Cysteinyl Leukotriene Signaling as a Therapeutic Target for Colorectal Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:103. [PMID: 27709113 PMCID: PMC5030284 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Current pharmacotherapy options include cytotoxic chemotherapy, anti-VEGF, and anti-EGFR targeting drugs, but these are limited by toxic side effects, limited responses and ultimately resistance. Cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) signaling regulates intestinal homeostasis with mounting evidence suggesting that CysLT signaling also plays a role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Therefore, CysLT signaling represents a novel target for this malignancy. This review evaluates reported links between CysLT signaling and established hallmarks of cancer in addition to its pharmacological potential as a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Burke
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College DublinDublin, Ireland; Translational Oncology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's HospitalDublin, Ireland
| | - Clare T Butler
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adrian Murphy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bruce Moran
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - William M Gallagher
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jacintha O'Sullivan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital Dublin, Ireland
| | - Breandán N Kennedy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
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44
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A new role for the P2Y-like GPR17 receptor in the modulation of multipotency of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in vitro. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:661-672. [PMID: 27544384 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9530-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs, also called NG2 cells) are scattered throughout brain parenchyma, where they function as a reservoir to replace lost or damaged oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells. The hypothesis that, under some circumstances, OPCs can actually behave as multipotent cells, thus generating astrocytes and neurons as well, has arisen from some in vitro and in vivo evidence, but the molecular pathways controlling this alternative fate of OPCs are not fully understood. Their identification would open new opportunities for neuronal replace strategies, by fostering the intrinsic ability of the brain to regenerate. Here, we show that the anti-epileptic epigenetic modulator valproic acid (VPA) can promote the generation of new neurons from NG2+ OPCs under neurogenic protocols in vitro, through their initial de-differentiation to a stem cell-like phenotype that then evolves to "hybrid" cell population, showing OPC morphology but expressing the neuronal marker βIII-tubulin and the GPR17 receptor, a key determinant in driving OPC transition towards myelinating oligodendrocytes. Under these conditions, the pharmacological blockade of the P2Y-like receptor GPR17 by cangrelor, a drug recently approved for human use, partially mimics the effects mediated by VPA thus accelerating cells' neurogenic conversion. These data show a co-localization between neuronal markers and GPR17 in vitro, and suggest that, besides its involvement in oligodendrogenesis, GPR17 can drive the fate of neural precursor cells by instructing precursors towards the neuronal lineage. Being a membrane receptor, GPR17 represents an ideal "druggable" target to be exploited for innovative regenerative approaches to acute and chronic brain diseases.
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Zhang J, Lu X, Feng G, Gu Z, Sun Y, Bao G, Xu G, Lu Y, Chen J, Xu L, Feng X, Cui Z. Chitosan scaffolds induce human dental pulp stem cells to neural differentiation: potential roles for spinal cord injury therapy. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:129-42. [PMID: 27147262 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based transplantation strategies hold great potential for spinal cord injury (SCI) repair. Chitosan scaffolds have therapeutic benefits for spinal cord regeneration. Human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are abundant available stem cells with low immunological incompatibility and can be considered for cell replacement therapy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of chitosan scaffolds in the neural differentiation of DPSCs in vitro and to assess the supportive effects of chitosan scaffolds in an animal model of SCI. DPSCs were incubated with chitosan scaffolds. Cell viability and the secretion of neurotrophic factors were analyzed. DPSCs incubated with chitosan scaffolds were treated with neural differentiation medium for 14 days and then neural genes and protein markers were analyzed by Western blot and reverse transcription plus the polymerase chain reaction. Our study revealed a higher cell viability and neural differentiation in the DPSC/chitosan-scaffold group. Compared with the control group, the levels of BDNF, GDNF, b-NGF, and NT-3 were significantly increased in the DPSC/chitosan-scaffold group. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway played a key role in the neural differentiation of DPSCs combined with chitosan scaffolds. Transplantation of DPSCs together with chitosan scaffolds into an SCI rat model resulted in the marked recovery of hind limb locomotor functions. Thus, chitosan scaffolds were non-cytotoxic and provided a conducive and favorable microenvironment for the survival and neural differentiation of DPSCs. Transplantation of DPSCs might therefore be a suitable candidate for treating SCI and other neuronal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Xiaohui Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Guijuan Feng
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Zhifeng Gu
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Yuyu Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Guofeng Bao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Guanhua Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Yuanzhou Lu
- Department of Cardiology Medical, Tongzhou First People's Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226300, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Lingfeng Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Xingmei Feng
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
| | - Zhiming Cui
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
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46
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Crupi R, Impellizzeri D, Bruschetta G, Cordaro M, Paterniti I, Siracusa R, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E. Co-Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide/Luteolin Promotes Neuronal Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:47. [PMID: 27014061 PMCID: PMC4782663 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) stimulates activation of astrocytes and infiltration of immune cells at the lesion site; however, the mechanism that promotes the birth of new neurons is still under debate. Neuronal regeneration is restricted after spinal cord injury, but can be stimulated by experimental intervention. Previously we demonstrated that treatment co-ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin, namely co-ultraPEALut, reduced inflammation. The present study was designed to explore the neuroregenerative properties of co-ultraPEALut in an estabished murine model of SCI. A vascular clip was applied to the spinal cord dura at T5-T8 to provoke injury. Mice were treated with co-ultraPEALut (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) daily for 72 h after SCI. Co-ultraPEALut increased the numbers of both bromodeoxyuridine-positive nuclei and doublecortin-immunoreactive cells in the spinal cord of injured mice. To correlate neuronal development with synaptic plasticity a Golgi method was employed to analyze dendritic spine density. Co-ultraPEALut administration stimulated expression of the neurotrophic factors brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, and neurotrophin-3. These findings show a prominent effect of co-ultraPEALut administration in the management of survival and differentiation of new neurons and spine maturation, and may represent a therapeutic treatment for spinal cord and other traumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bruschetta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of MessinaMessina, Italy; Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, The University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
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47
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Pedata F, Dettori I, Coppi E, Melani A, Fusco I, Corradetti R, Pugliese AM. Purinergic signalling in brain ischemia. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:105-30. [PMID: 26581499 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia is a multifactorial pathology characterized by different events evolving in the time. After ischemia a primary damage due to the early massive increase of extracellular glutamate is followed by activation of resident immune cells, i.e microglia, and production or activation of inflammation mediators. Protracted neuroinflammation is now recognized as the predominant mechanism of secondary brain injury progression. Extracellular concentrations of ATP and adenosine in the brain increase dramatically during ischemia in concentrations able to stimulate their respective specific P2 and P1 receptors. Both ATP P2 and adenosine P1 receptor subtypes exert important roles in ischemia. Although adenosine exerts a clear neuroprotective effect through A1 receptors during ischemia, the use of selective A1 agonists is hampered by undesirable peripheral effects. Evidence up to now in literature indicate that A2A receptor antagonists provide protection centrally by reducing excitotoxicity, while agonists at A2A (and possibly also A2B) and A3 receptors provide protection by controlling massive infiltration and neuroinflammation in the hours and days after brain ischemia. Among P2X receptors most evidence indicate that P2X7 receptor contribute to the damage induced by the ischemic insult due to intracellular Ca(2+) loading in central cells and facilitation of glutamate release. Antagonism of P2X7 receptors might represent a new treatment to attenuate brain damage and to promote proliferation and maturation of brain immature resident cells that can promote tissue repair following cerebral ischemia. Among P2Y receptors, antagonists of P2Y12 receptors are of value because of their antiplatelet activity and possibly because of additional anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover strategies that modify adenosine or ATP concentrations at injury sites might be of value to limit damage after ischemia. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicita Pedata
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Dettori
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Coppi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia Melani
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Renato Corradetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pugliese
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
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48
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Marschallinger J, Schäffner I, Klein B, Gelfert R, Rivera FJ, Illes S, Grassner L, Janssen M, Rotheneichner P, Schmuckermair C, Coras R, Boccazzi M, Chishty M, Lagler FB, Renic M, Bauer HC, Singewald N, Blümcke I, Bogdahn U, Couillard-Despres S, Lie DC, Abbracchio MP, Aigner L. Structural and functional rejuvenation of the aged brain by an approved anti-asthmatic drug. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8466. [PMID: 26506265 PMCID: PMC4639806 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As human life expectancy has improved rapidly in industrialized societies, age-related cognitive impairment presents an increasing challenge. Targeting histopathological processes that correlate with age-related cognitive declines, such as neuroinflammation, low levels of neurogenesis, disrupted blood–brain barrier and altered neuronal activity, might lead to structural and functional rejuvenation of the aged brain. Here we show that a 6-week treatment of young (4 months) and old (20 months) rats with montelukast, a marketed anti-asthmatic drug antagonizing leukotriene receptors, reduces neuroinflammation, elevates hippocampal neurogenesis and improves learning and memory in old animals. By using gene knockdown and knockout approaches, we demonstrate that the effect is mediated through inhibition of the GPR17 receptor. This work illustrates that inhibition of leukotriene receptor signalling might represent a safe and druggable target to restore cognitive functions in old individuals and paves the way for future clinical translation of leukotriene receptor inhibition for the treatment of dementias. The leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast is an anti-asthmatic drug. Here, the authors show that montelukast reduces neuroinflammation, promotes hippocampal neurogenesis and restores learning and memory in old rats suffering from ageing-associated cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Marschallinger
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Iris Schäffner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Klein
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Renate Gelfert
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francisco J Rivera
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian Illes
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lukas Grassner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Center for Spinal Cord Injuries, BG Trauma Center Murnau, 82418 Murnau am Staffelsee, Germany
| | - Maximilian Janssen
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Rotheneichner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Claudia Schmuckermair
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roland Coras
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marta Boccazzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Florian B Lagler
- Department for Paediatrics, Institute for Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marija Renic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hans-Christian Bauer
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ingmar Blümcke
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Bogdahn
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastien Couillard-Despres
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - D Chichung Lie
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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49
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CNS remyelination as a novel reparative approach to neurodegenerative diseases: The roles of purinergic signaling and the P2Y-like receptor GPR17. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:82-93. [PMID: 26453964 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelin-forming cells in the CNS. They enwrap axons, thus permitting fast impulse transmission and exerting trophic actions on neurons. Demyelination accompanied by neurological deficit is a rather frequent condition that is not only associated with multiple sclerosis but has been also recognized in several other neurodegenerative diseases, including brain trauma and stroke, Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Recently, alterations of myelin function have been also reported in neuropsychiatric diseases, like depression and autism. Highly relevant for therapeutic purposes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) still persist in the adult brain and spinal cord. These cells are normally rather quiescent, but under specific circumstances, they can be stimulated to undergo differentiation and generate mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. Thus, approaches aimed at restoring myelin integrity and at fostering a correct oligodendrocyte function are now viewed as novel therapeutic opportunities for both neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Both OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes express purinergic receptors. For some of these receptors, expression is restricted at specific differentiation stages, suggesting key roles in OPCs maturation and myelination. Some of these receptors are altered under demyelinating conditions, suggesting that their dysregulation may contribute to disease development and could represent adequate new targets for remyelinating therapies. Here, we shall describe the current literature available on all these receptors, with special emphasis on the P2Y-like GPR17 receptor, that represents one of the most studied receptor subtypes in these cells. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Key Words
- 2′-Deoxy-N(6)-methyladenosine 3′,5'-bisphosphate ammonium salt (MRS2179)
- 3-(2-carboxy-4,6-dichloro-indol-3-yl)propionic acid (MDL29,951)
- 3-[4-[2-[ [6-amino-9-[(2R,3R,4S,5S)-5-(ethylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-oxolan-2-yl]purin-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenyl]propanoic acid (CGS21680)
- 7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine (SCH58261)
- ADP
- ATP
- Adenosine
- Brilliant blue G (BBG)
- Leukotriene D4 (LTD(4))
- Montelukast
- N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA)
- Oligodendrocytes
- Oxidized ATP (oxATP)
- Purinergic receptors
- Rapamycin
- Remyelination
- UDP
- UDP-Glucose
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50
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Burnstock G. An introduction to the roles of purinergic signalling in neurodegeneration, neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:4-17. [PMID: 26056033 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic signalling appears to play important roles in neurodegeneration, neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. Initially there is a brief summary of the background of purinergic signalling, including release of purines and pyrimidines from neural and non-neural cells and their ectoenzymatic degradation, and the current characterisation of P1 (adenosine), and P2X (ion channel) and P2Y (G protein-coupled) nucleotide receptor subtypes. There is also coverage of the localization and roles of purinoceptors in the healthy central nervous system. The focus is then on the roles of purinergic signalling in trauma, ischaemia, stroke and in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, as well as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroprotective mechanisms involving purinergic signalling are considered and its involvement in neuroregeneration, including the role of adult neural stem/progenitor cells. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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