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Hans G, Sharma U, Gupte N, Ganesh R, Patil V, Sharan P. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based evaluation of metabolic abnormalities in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus in treatment-naïve patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Indian J Psychiatry 2023; 65:1151-1157. [PMID: 38249138 PMCID: PMC10795662 DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_663_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common psychiatric disorder whose underlying pathophysiology is insufficiently understood. The pathophysiology of OCD may be related to abnormalities in the biochemistry of neurotransmitters. Aim The aim of the present study was to measure the absolute concentration of various metabolites in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and caudate nucleus (CN) in treatment-naive patients with OCD and compare it with healthy controls (HCs). Methods The present study investigated the metabolic profile of two brain regions, namely right DLPFC and CN, by using single voxel in-vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) in drug-naive patients with OCD (n = 17, mean age = 30.71 ± 10.104 years) and compared it with healthy controls (n = 13, mean age = 30.77 ± 5.449 years). The patients with OCD were recruited after appropriate psychometric assessments. The 1H-MRS experiments were performed using the 3 Tesla (3T) human MR scanner, and absolute concentrations of metabolites were estimated using the LC model. Results Significantly lower concentration of tNAA in the right DLPFC was observed in the patients with OCD compared to the controls, which may be indicative of neurodegeneration in this region. However, no significant differences were observed in the concentrations of the metabolites between the patients and controls in the CN region. The level of tNAA in DLPFC significantly correlated with the disability level (WHO-DAS) of the patients. Conclusions The present study demonstrates abnormalities in the metabolic profile of an important region, DLPFC of the CSTC circuit, which is suggestive of neurodegeneration in the region in OCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Hans
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Uma Sharma
- Department of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and MRI Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Novy Gupte
- Department of Pharmacology, Army College of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ragul Ganesh
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jammu, India
| | - Vaibhav Patil
- Cardiothoracic and Neurosciences Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pratap Sharan
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Fu Y, Gu M, Wang R, Xu J, Sun S, Zhang H, Huang D, Zhang Z, Peng F, Lin P. Abnormal functional connectivity of the frontostriatal circuits in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1055172. [PMID: 36688158 PMCID: PMC9846649 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1055172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder associated with an increased incidence of cognitive and emotional disorders. Previous studies have indicated that the frontostriatal circuits play a significant role in brain disorders. However, few studies have investigated functional connectivity (FC) abnormalities in the frontostriatal circuits in T2DM. Objective We aimed to investigate the abnormal functional connectivity (FC) of the frontostriatal circuits in patients with T2DM and to explore the relationship between abnormal FC and diabetes-related variables. Methods Twenty-seven patients with T2DM were selected as the patient group, and 27 healthy peoples were selected as the healthy controls (HCs). The two groups were matched for age and sex. In addition, all subjects underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and neuropsychological evaluation. Seed-based FC analyses were performed by placing six bilateral pairs of seeds within a priori defined subdivisions of the striatum. The functional connection strength of subdivisions of the striatum was compared between the two groups and correlated with each clinical variable. Results Patients with T2DM showed abnormalities in the FC of the frontostriatal circuits. Our findings show significantly reduced FC between the right caudate nucleus and left precentral gyrus (LPCG) in the patients with T2DM compared to the HCs. The FC between the prefrontal cortex (left inferior frontal gyrus, left frontal pole, right frontal pole, and right middle frontal gyrus) and the right caudate nucleus has a significant positive correlation with fasting blood glucose (FBG). Conclusion The results showed abnormal FC of the frontostriatal circuits in T2DM patients, which might provide a new direction to investigate the neuropathological mechanisms of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxia Fu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Meiling Gu
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shenglu Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Huifeng Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Dejian Huang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongjun Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Fei Peng, ; Pan Lin,
| | - Pan Lin
- Department of Psychology and Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Fei Peng, ; Pan Lin,
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The heritability of vocal tract structures estimated from structural MRI in a large cohort of Dutch twins. Hum Genet 2022; 141:1905-1923. [PMID: 35831475 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
While language is expressed in multiple modalities, including sign, writing, or whistles, speech is arguably the most common. The human vocal tract is capable of producing the bewildering diversity of the 7000 or so currently spoken languages, but relatively little is known about its genetic bases, especially in what concerns normal variation. Here, we capitalize on five cohorts totaling 632 Dutch twins with structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Two raters placed clearly defined (semi)landmarks on each MRI scan, from which we derived 146 measures capturing the dimensions and shape of various vocal tract structures, but also aspects of the head and face. We used Genetic Covariance Structure Modeling to estimate the additive genetic, common environmental or non-additive genetic, and unique environmental components, while controlling for various confounds and for any systematic differences between the two raters. We found high heritability, h2, for aspects of the skull and face, the mandible, the anteroposterior (horizontal) dimension of the vocal tract, and the position of the hyoid bone. These findings extend the existing literature, and open new perspectives for understanding the complex interplay between genetics, environment, and culture that shape our vocal tracts, and which may help explain cross-linguistic differences in phonetics and phonology.
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Ahmari SE, Rauch SL. The prefrontal cortex and OCD. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:211-224. [PMID: 34400778 PMCID: PMC8617188 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a highly prevalent and severe neuropsychiatric disorder, with an incidence of 1.5-3% worldwide. However, despite the clear public health burden of OCD and relatively well-defined symptom criteria, effective treatments are still limited, spotlighting the need for investigation of the neural substrates of the disorder. Human neuroimaging studies have consistently highlighted abnormal activity patterns in prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions and connected circuits in OCD during both symptom provocation and performance of neurocognitive tasks. Because of recent technical advances, these findings can now be leveraged to develop novel targeted interventions. Here we will highlight current theories regarding the role of the prefrontal cortex in the generation of OCD symptoms, discuss ways in which this knowledge can be used to improve treatments for this often disabling illness, and lay out challenges in the field for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne E Ahmari
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Scott L Rauch
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Kim WS, Shen G, Liu C, Kang NI, Lee KH, Sui J, Chung YC. Altered amygdala-based functional connectivity in individuals with attenuated psychosis syndrome and first-episode schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17711. [PMID: 33077769 PMCID: PMC7573592 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74771-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered resting-state functional connectivity (FC) of the amygdala (AMY) has been demonstrated to be implicated in schizophrenia (SZ) and attenuated psychosis syndrome (APS). Specifically, no prior work has investigated FC in individuals with APS using subregions of the AMY as seed regions of interest. The present study examined AMY subregion-based FC in individuals with APS and first-episode schizophrenia (FES) and healthy controls (HCs). The resting state FC maps of the three AMY subregions were computed and compared across the three groups. Correlation analysis was also performed to examine the relationship between the Z-values of regions showing significant group differences and symptom rating scores. Individuals with APS showed hyperconnectivity between the right centromedial AMY (CMA) and left frontal pole cortex (FPC) and between the laterobasal AMY and brain stem and right inferior lateral occipital cortex compared to HCs. Patients with FES showed hyperconnectivity between the right superficial AMY and left occipital pole cortex and between the left CMA and left thalamus compared to the APS and HCs respectively. A negative relationship was observed between the connectivity strength of the CMA with the FPC and negative-others score of the Brief Core Schema Scales in the APS group. We observed different altered FC with subregions of the AMY in individuals with APS and FES compared to HCs. These results shed light on the pathogenetic mechanisms underpinning the development of APS and SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Sung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Jeonbuk National University, Geonjiro 20, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Guangfan Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Jeonbuk National University, Geonjiro 20, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Congcong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Jeonbuk National University, Geonjiro 20, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Nam-In Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Maeumsarang Hospital, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Keon-Hak Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Maeumsarang Hospital, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Jing Sui
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Young-Chul Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Jeonbuk National University, Geonjiro 20, Jeonju, Korea. .,Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea. .,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea.
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Caudate volume differences among treatment responders, non-responders and controls in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 28:1607-1617. [PMID: 30972581 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01320-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is heterogeneous and the neurobiological underpinnings of such variability are unknown. To investigate this issue, we looked for differences in brain structures possibly associated with treatment response in children with OCD. 29 children with OCD (7-17 years) and 28 age-matched controls underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. Patients then received treatment with fluoxetine or group cognitive-behavioral therapy during 14 weeks, and were classified as treatment responders or non-responders. The caudate nucleus, thalamus and orbitofrontal cortex were selected a priori, according to previous evidence of their association with OCD and its treatment. Gray matter (GM) volume comparisons between responders, non-responders and controls were performed, controlling for total GM volume. 17 patients were classified as responders. Differences among responders, non-responders and controls were found in both caudate nuclei (both p-values = 0.041), but after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, these findings were non-significant. However, after excluding the effect of an outlier, findings were significant for the right caudate (p = 0.004). Pairwise comparisons showed larger caudate GM volume in responders versus non-responders and controls, bilaterally. The right caudate accounted for 20.2% of the variance in Y-BOCS changes after treatment in a linear regression model, with a positive correlation (p = 0.016). We present a possible neural substrate for treatment response in pediatric OCD, which is in line with previous evidence regarding the caudate nucleus. Considering the limitations, further research is needed to replicate this finding and elucidate the heterogeneity of treatment response in children with OCD (National Clinical Trials Registration Number: NCT01148316).
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The Netherlands Twin Register: Longitudinal Research Based on Twin and Twin-Family Designs. Twin Res Hum Genet 2019; 22:623-636. [PMID: 31666148 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2019.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) is a national register in which twins, multiples and their parents, siblings, spouses and other family members participate. Here we describe the NTR resources that were created from more than 30 years of data collections; the development and maintenance of the newly developed database systems, and the possibilities these resources create for future research. Since the early 1980s, the NTR has enrolled around 120,000 twins and a roughly equal number of their relatives. The majority of twin families have participated in survey studies, and subsamples took part in biomaterial collection (e.g., DNA) and dedicated projects, for example, for neuropsychological, biomarker and behavioral traits. The recruitment into the NTR is all inclusive without any restrictions on enrollment. These resources - the longitudinal phenotyping, the extended pedigree structures and the multigeneration genotyping - allow for future twin-family research that will contribute to gene discovery, causality modeling, and studies of genetic and cultural inheritance.
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Hong JS, Kim SM, Aboujaoude E, Han DH. Investigation of a Mobile "Serious Game" in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Pilot Study. Games Health J 2018; 7:317-326. [PMID: 30129775 DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2017.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapy is considered a first-line treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Dysregulation in the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuit has been implicated in the pathophysiology of OCD, as have decreased functional connectivity (FC) between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and the prefrontal cortex and increased FC between the dACC and the basal ganglia. We hypothesized that a new ERP-inspired mobile "serious game" would improve clinical symptoms in OCD and that symptom improvement would be associated with altered FC within CSTC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen OCD subjects and 15 healthy controls were recruited. All subjects completed questionnaires covering demographic data, the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, the Beck Depressive Inventory, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. In addition, all subjects were scanned at baseline to assess brain FC using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS After 3 weeks of gameplay, FC from the left dACC seed to the right frontal precentral gyrus and from the right dACC seed to the left inferior frontal gyrus and the right middle frontal gyrus, increased in the OCD group. Responders showed increased brain connectivity from the left dACC seed to the right superior frontal gyrus compared with nonresponders. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that serious games may improve symptoms in OCD and that this improvement may be related to increased brain connectivity between the dACC and the prefrontal cortex. Further exploration is needed to assess the potential role of serious games in OCD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Hong
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Mi Kim
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Elias Aboujaoude
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital , Seoul, South Korea
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Martoni RM, de Filippis R, Cammino S, Giuliani M, Risso G, Cavallini MC, Bellodi L. Planning functioning and impulsiveness in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:471-481. [PMID: 28466133 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0803-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Planning ability (PA) is a key aspect of cognitive functioning and requires subjects to identify and organise the necessary steps to achieve a goal. Despite the central role of executive dysfunction in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), deficits in PA have been investigated leading to contrasting results. Given these inconsistencies, the main aim of our work is to give a deeper and clearer understanding of PA in OCD patients. Moreover, we are interested in investigating the relationship between PAs and impulsivity traits and other clinical variables. Sixty-eight OCD patients and 68 healthy controls (HCs) matched for sex and age were assessed through the Stocking of Cambridge (SoC), a computerised version of the Tower of London. We examined planning sub-components for each difficulty levels (from 2 to 5 minimum moves). Our results showed that OCD patients needed longer initial thinking time than HCs during the execution of low demanding tasks (i.e. 2 and 3 moves), while the accuracy level between the two groups did not significantly differ. OCD patients required longer initial thinking time also during high demanding tasks (i.e., 4 and 5 moves), but in this case their accuracy was significantly worse than HCs' one. We did not find any association between impulsivity and PAs. Our results supported the hypothesis that OCD patients were not able to retain in memory the planned sequence and they had to reschedule their movements during the execution. Thus, future studies should deepen the interrelation between working memory and PA to better understand the influence between these two cognitive functions and their interaction with clinical variables in OCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Maria Martoni
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira D'Ancona, 20, 20127, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta de Filippis
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira D'Ancona, 20, 20127, Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefania Cammino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira D'Ancona, 20, 20127, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Giuliani
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira D'Ancona, 20, 20127, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Risso
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira D'Ancona, 20, 20127, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Cavallini
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira D'Ancona, 20, 20127, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Bellodi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira D'Ancona, 20, 20127, Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Hibar DP, Cheung JW, Medland SE, Mufford MS, Jahanshad N, Dalvie S, Ramesar R, Stewart E, van den Heuvel OA, Pauls DL, Knowles JA, Stein DJ, Thompson PM. Significant concordance of genetic variation that increases both the risk for obsessive-compulsive disorder and the volumes of the nucleus accumbens and putamen. Br J Psychiatry 2018; 213:430-436. [PMID: 29947313 PMCID: PMC6053271 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2018.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have identified changes in the brain associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but few have examined the relationship between genetic determinants of OCD and brain variation.AimsWe present the first genome-wide investigation of overlapping genetic risk for OCD and genetic influences on subcortical brain structures. METHOD Using single nucleotide polymorphism effect concordance analysis, we measured genetic overlap between the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) of OCD (1465 participants with OCD, 5557 controls) and recent GWASs of eight subcortical brain volumes (13 171 participants). RESULTS We found evidence of significant positive concordance between OCD risk variants and variants associated with greater nucleus accumbens and putamen volumes. When conditioning OCD risk variants on brain volume, variants influencing putamen, amygdala and thalamus volumes were associated with risk for OCD. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with current OCD neurocircuitry models. Further evidence will clarify the relationship between putamen volume and OCD risk, and the roles of the detected variants in this disorder.Declaration of interestThe authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrek P. Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, USA
| | - Joshua W. Cheung
- Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, USA
| | | | - Mary S. Mufford
- University of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Human Genetics Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, USA
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Raj Ramesar
- University of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Human Genetics Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Evelyn Stewart
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA and British Columbia Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Odile A. van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam and Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David L. Pauls
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Harvard Medical School and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - James A. Knowles
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Dan J. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Groote Schuur Hospital and Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, USA
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Vaghi MM, Hampshire A, Fineberg NA, Kaser M, Brühl AB, Sahakian BJ, Chamberlain SR, Robbins TW. Hypoactivation and Dysconnectivity of a Frontostriatal Circuit During Goal-Directed Planning as an Endophenotype for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2017; 2:655-663. [PMID: 29167834 PMCID: PMC5684958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background The symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have been postulated to result from impaired executive functioning and excessive habit formation at the expense of goal-directed control and have been objectively demonstrated using neuropsychological tests in such patients. This study tested whether there is functional hypoactivation as well as dysconnectivity of discrete frontostriatal pathways during goal-directed planning in patients with OCD and in their unaffected first-degree relatives. Methods In total, 21 comorbidity-free patients with OCD, 19 clinically asymptomatic first-degree relatives of these patients, and 20 control participants were tested on a functional magnetic resonance optimized version of the Tower of London task. Group differences in brain activation during goal-directed planning were measured together with associated frontostriatal functional connectivity. Results Patients with OCD and their clinically asymptomatic relatives manifested hypoactivation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during goal-directed planning coupled with reduced functional connectivity between this cortical region and the basal ganglia (putamen). Conclusions Hypoactivation of cortical regions associated with goal-directed planning and associated frontostriatal dysconnectivity represent a candidate endophenotype for OCD. These findings accord with abnormalities in neural networks supporting the balance between goal-directed and habitual behavior, with implications for recent neuropsychological theories of OCD and the major neurobiological model for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde M Vaghi
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Hampshire
- Cognitive Computational and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi A Fineberg
- National Treatment Service for OCD (England and Wales), Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Muzaffer Kaser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Annette B Brühl
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel R Chamberlain
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Mansouri FA, Koechlin E, Rosa MGP, Buckley MJ. Managing competing goals — a key role for the frontopolar cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci 2017; 18:645-657. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2017.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Crush EA, Loprinzi PD. Dose-Response Effects of Exercise Duration and Recovery on Cognitive Functioning. Percept Mot Skills 2017; 124:1164-1193. [PMID: 28829227 DOI: 10.1177/0031512517726920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of different acute exercise durations and recovery periods on cognitive function in a counterbalanced, cross-over randomized controlled experiment. We placed 352 participants, aged 18 to 35 years into one of 16 experimental groups. Each participant visited the laboratory twice, separated by a 1-week washout period. Either Visit 1 or 2 consisted of an acute bout of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise (10, 20, 30, 45, or 60 minutes) followed by a period of rest (5, 15, or 30 minutes) before taking a set of five cognitive tests; the other visit consisted only of completing the cognitive tests (no exercise). Cognitive tests sampled multiple cognitive parameters, including reasoning, concentration, memory, attention, and planning. We found that a short recovery period (i.e., 5 minutes) may have a less favorable effect on planning ability but may be beneficial for memory. In addition, for various exercise durations and recovery periods, a Group × Time × Resting (nonexercise) A cognitive interaction effect was observed such that for both memory and inhibitory cognitive ability, acute exercise (vs. no exercise) had an enhancement effect for those with lower resting cognitive functioning. The length of the acute exercise recovery period and resting cognitive ability most influenced the association between exercise and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Crush
- 1 Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- 1 Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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15
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Van 't Ent D, den Braber A, Baselmans BML, Brouwer RM, Dolan CV, Hulshoff Pol HE, de Geus EJC, Bartels M. Associations between subjective well-being and subcortical brain volumes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6957. [PMID: 28761095 PMCID: PMC5537231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the underpinnings of individual differences in subjective well-being (SWB), we tested for associations of SWB with subcortical brain volumes in a dataset of 724 twins and siblings. For significant SWB-brain associations we probed for causal pathways using Mendelian Randomization (MR) and estimated genetic and environmental contributions from twin modeling. Another independent measure of genetic correlation was obtained from linkage disequilibrium (LD) score regression on published genome-wide association summary statistics. Our results indicated associations of SWB with hippocampal volumes but not with volumes of the basal ganglia, thalamus, amygdala, or nucleus accumbens. The SWB-hippocampus relations were nonlinear and characterized by lower SWB in subjects with relatively smaller hippocampal volumes compared to subjects with medium and higher hippocampal volumes. MR provided no evidence for an SWB to hippocampal volume or hippocampal volume to SWB pathway. This was in line with twin modeling and LD-score regression results which indicated non-significant genetic correlations. We conclude that low SWB is associated with smaller hippocampal volume, but that genes are not very important in this relationship. Instead other etiological factors, such as exposure to stress and stress hormones, may exert detrimental effects on SWB and the hippocampus to bring about the observed association.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Van 't Ent
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - A den Braber
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B M L Baselmans
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R M Brouwer
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C V Dolan
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H E Hulshoff Pol
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Metabolic abnormality in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2017; 29:164-169. [PMID: 27748207 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2016.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) was used to evaluate metabolic changes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). METHODS In total, 14 OCD patients (mean age 28.9±7.2 years) and 14 healthy controls (mean age 32.6±7.1 years) with no history of neurological and psychiatric illness participated in this study. Brain metabolite concentrations were measured from a localised voxel on the right DLPFC using a 3-Tesla 1H-MRS. RESULTS The metabolic concentration of myo-inositol in patients with OCD increased significantly by 52% compared with the healthy controls, whereas glutamine/glutamate was decreased by 11%. However, there were no significant differences in N-acetylaspartate, choline, lactate and lipid between the two groups. CONCLUSION These findings would be helpful to understand the pathophysiology of OCD associated with the brain metabolic abnormalities in the right DLPFC.
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17
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Atmaca M. Treatment-refractory obsessive compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 70:127-33. [PMID: 26683174 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murad Atmaca
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Elazig, Turkey.
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18
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Gonçalves ÓF, Carvalho S, Leite J, Fernandes-Gonçalves A, Carracedo A, Sampaio A. Cognitive and emotional impairments in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from functional brain alterations. Porto Biomed J 2016; 1:92-105. [PMID: 32258557 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbj.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a common agreement on the existence of dysfunctional cortico-striatal-thalamus-cortical pathways in OCD. Despite this consensus, recent studies showed that brain regions other than the CSTC loops are needed to understand the complexity and diversity of cognitive and emotional deficits in OCD. This review presents examples of research using functional neuroimaging, reporting abnormal brain processes in OCD that may underlie specific cognitive/executive (inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, working memory), and emotional impairments (fear/defensive, disgust, guilt, shame). Studies during resting state conditions show that OCD patients have alterations in connectivity not only within the CSTC pathways but also in more extended resting state networks, particularly the default mode network and the fronto-parietal network. Additionally, abnormalities in brain functioning have been found in several cognitive and emotionally task conditions, namely: inhibitory control (e.g., CSTC loops, fronto-parietal networks, anterior cingulate); cognitive flexibility (e.g., CSTC loops, extended temporal, parietal, and occipital regions); working memory (e.g., CSTC loops, frontal parietal networks, dorsal anterior cingulate); fear/defensive (e.g., amygdala, additional brain regions associated with perceptual - parietal, occipital - and higher level cognitive processing - prefrontal, temporal); disgust (e.g., insula); shame (e.g., decrease activity in middle frontal gyrus and increase in frontal, limbic, temporal regions); and guilt (e.g., decrease activity anterior cingulate and increase in frontal, limbic, temporal regions). These findings may contribute to the understanding of OCD as both an emotional (i.e., anxiety) and cognitive (i.e., executive control) disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar F Gonçalves
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Spaulding Center of Neuromodulation, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Applied Psychology, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Sandra Carvalho
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Spaulding Center of Neuromodulation, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorge Leite
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Spaulding Center of Neuromodulation, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Angel Carracedo
- Forensic Genetics Unit, Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Adriana Sampaio
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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19
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Multi-tensor investigation of orbitofrontal cortex tracts affected in subcaudate tractotomy. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 9:342-52. [PMID: 25103312 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-014-9314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Subcaudate tractotomy (SCT) is a neurosurgical lesioning procedure that can reduce symptoms in medically intractable obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Due to the putative importance of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in symptomatology, fibers that connect the OFC, SCT lesion, and either the thalamus or brainstem were investigated with two-tensor tractography using an unscented Kalman filter approach. From this dataset, fibers were warped to Montreal Neurological Institute space, and probability maps with center-of-mass analysis were subsequently generated. In comparing fibers from the same OFC region, including medial OFC (mOFC), central OFC (cOFC), and lateral OFC (lOFC), the area of divergence for fibers connected with the thalamus versus the brainstem is posterior to the anterior commissure. At the anterior commissure, fibers connected with the thalamus run dorsal to those connected with the brainstem. As OFC fibers travel through the ventral aspect of the internal capsule, lOFC fibers are dorsal to cOFC and mOFC fibers. Using neuroanatomical comparison, tracts coursing between the OFC and thalamus are likely part of the anterior thalamic radiations, while those between the OFC and brainstem likely belong to the medial forebrain bundle. These data support the involvement of the OFC in OCD and may be relevant to creating differential lesional procedures of specific tracts or to developing deep brain stimulation programming paradigms.
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20
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den Braber A, Zilhão NR, Fedko IO, Hottenga JJ, Pool R, Smit DJA, Cath DC, Boomsma DI. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a large population-based twin-family sample are predicted by clinically based polygenic scores and by genome-wide SNPs. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e731. [PMID: 26859814 PMCID: PMC4872426 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) has a heritable basis, with genetic association studies starting to yield the first suggestive findings. We contribute to insights into the genetic basis of OCS by performing an extensive series of genetic analyses in a homogeneous, population-based sample from the Netherlands. First, phenotypic and genetic longitudinal correlations over a 6-year period were estimated by modeling OCS data from twins and siblings. Second, polygenic risk scores (PRS) for 6931 subjects with genotype and OCS data were calculated based on meta-analysis results from IOCDF-GC, to investigate their predictive value. Third, the contribution of measured single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to the heritability was estimated using random-effects modeling. Last, we performed an exploratory genome-wide association study (GWAS) of OCS, testing for SNP- and for gene-based associations. Stability in OCS (test-retest correlation 0.63) was mainly explained by genetic stability. The PRS based on clinical samples predicted OCS in our population-based twin-family sample. SNP-based heritability was estimated at 14%. GWAS revealed one SNP (rs8100480), located within the MEF2BNB gene, associated with OCS (P=2.56 × 10(-8)). Additional gene-based testing resulted in four significantly associated genes, which are located in the same chromosomal region on chromosome 19p13.11: MEF2BNB, RFXANK, MEF2BNB-MEF2B and MEF2B. Thus, common genetic variants explained a significant proportion of OCS trait variation. Genes significantly associated with OCS are expressed in the brain and involved in development and control of immune system functions (RFXANK) and regulation of gene expression of muscle-specific genes (MEF2BNB). MEF2BNB also showed a suggestive association with OCD in an independent case-control study, suggesting a role for this gene in the development of OCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A den Braber
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Alzheimer Center & Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center and Neuroscience Campus, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail:
| | - N R Zilhão
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - I O Fedko
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J-J Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Pool
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D J A Smit
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D C Cath
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Altrecht Academic Anxiety Disorders Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Olson CA, Hale LR, Hamilton N, Powell JN, Martin LE, Savage CR. Altered source memory retrieval is associated with pathological doubt in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Brain Res 2016; 296:53-60. [PMID: 26315458 PMCID: PMC4720123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often complain of doubt related to memory. As neuropsychological research has demonstrated that individuals with OCD tend to focus on details and miss the larger context, the construct of source (contextual) memory may be particularly relevant to memory complaints in OCD. Memory for object versus contextual information relies on partially distinct regions within the prefrontal cortex, parietal and medial temporal lobe, and may be differentially impacted by OCD. In the present study, we sought to test the hypothesis that individuals with OCD exhibit impaired source memory retrieval using a novel memory paradigm - The Memory for Rooms Test (MFRT) - a four-room memory task in which participants walk through four rooms and attempt to encode and remember objects. Demographically matched individuals with OCD and healthy controls studied objects in the context of four rooms, and then completed a memory retrieval test while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). While no differences were observed in source memory accuracy, individuals with OCD exhibited greater task related activation in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) relative to healthy controls during correct source memory retrieval. During correct object recognition, individuals with OCD failed to recruit the dorsolateral prefrontal(DLPFC)/premotor, left mPFC, and right parietal regions to the same extent as healthy controls. Our results suggest abnormal recruitment of frontal-parietal and PCC regions during source verses object memory retrieval in OCD. Within the OCD group, activation in the PCC and the premotor/DLPFC was associated with greater pathological doubt. This finding is consistent with the observation that OCD patients often experience extreme doubt, even when memory performance is intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy A Olson
- Center for Health Behavior Neuroscience, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States.
| | - Lisa R Hale
- Kansas City Center for Anxiety Treatment, Overland Park, KS, United States
| | - Nancy Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Joshua N Powell
- Center for Health Behavior Neuroscience, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Laura E Martin
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Cary R Savage
- Center for Health Behavior Neuroscience, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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22
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Behavioral consequences of selective damage to frontal pole and posterior cingulate cortices. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E3940-9. [PMID: 26150522 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1422629112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontal pole cortex (FPC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) have close neuroanatomical connections, and imaging studies have shown coactivation or codeactivation of these brain regions during performance of certain tasks. However, they are among the least well-understood regions of the primate brain. One reason for this is that the consequences of selective bilateral lesions to either structure have not previously been studied in any primate species. We studied the effects of circumscribed bilateral lesions to FPC or PCC on monkeys' ability to perform an analog of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and related tasks. In contrast to lesions in other prefrontal regions, neither posttraining FPC nor PCC lesions impaired animals' abilities to follow the rule switches that frequently occurred within the WCST task. However, FPC lesions were not without effect, because they augmented the ability of animals to adjust cognitive control after experiencing high levels of conflict (whereas PCC lesions did not have any effect). In addition, FPC-lesioned monkeys were more successful than controls or PCC-lesioned animals at remembering the relevant rule across experimentally imposed distractions involving either an intervening secondary task or a surprising delivery of free reward. Although prefrontal cortex posterior to FPC is specialized for mediating efficient goal-directed behavior to maximally exploit reward opportunities from ongoing tasks, our data led us to suggest that FPC is, instead, specialized for disengaging executive control from the current task and redistributing it to novel sources of reward to explore new opportunities/goals.
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23
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Gu P, Zhang Z, Cui D, Wang Y, Ma L, Geng Y, Wang M. Intracerebroventricular transplanted bone marrow stem cells survive and migrate into the brain of rats with Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:978-84. [PMID: 25722685 PMCID: PMC4341278 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.13.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 6-hydroxydopamine was stereotaxically injected into the right substantia nigra compact and ventral tegmental area of rats to establish Parkinson's disease models. The rats then received a transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells that were previously isolated, cultured and labeled with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine in vitro. Transplantation of the bone marrow stromal cells significantly decreased apomorphine-induced rotation time and the escape latency in the Morris water maze test as compared with rats with untreated Parkinson's disease. Immunohistochemical staining showed that, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-immunoreactive cells were present in the lateral ventricular wall and the choroid plexus 1 day after transplantation. These immunoreactive cells migrated to the surrounding areas of the lateral cerebral ventricle along the corpus callosum. The results indicated that bone marrow stromal cells could migrate to tissues surround the cerebral ventricle via the cerebrospinal fluid circulation and fuse with cells in the brain, thus altering the phenotype of cells or forming neuron-like cells or astrocytes capable of expressing neuron-specific proteins. Taken together, the present findings indicate that bone marrow stromal cells transplanted intracerebroventricularly could survive, migrate and significantly improve the rotational behavior and cognitive function of rats with experimentally induced Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gu
- Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050031, Hebei Province, China ; Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050031, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhongxia Zhang
- Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050031, Hebei Province, China ; Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050031, Hebei Province, China
| | - Dongsheng Cui
- Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050031, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yanyong Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050031, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050031, Hebei Province, China ; Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050031, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yuan Geng
- Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050031, Hebei Province, China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050031, Hebei Province, China ; Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050031, Hebei Province, China
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24
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Shaw P, Sharp W, Sudre G, Wharton A, Greenstein D, Chakravarty MM, Lerch JP, Rapoport J. Subcortical and cortical morphological anomalies as an endophenotype in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:224-31. [PMID: 24514568 PMCID: PMC5912882 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endophentoypes, quantifiable traits lying on the causal chain between a clinical phenotype and etiology, can be used to accelerate genomic discovery in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Here we identify the neuroanatomic changes that are shared by 22 OCD adult and adolescent patients and 25 of their unaffected siblings who are at genetic risk for the disorder. Comparisons were made against 47 age and sex matched healthy controls. We defined the surface morphology of the striatum, globus pallidus and thalamus, and thickness of the cerebral cortex. Patients with OCD show significant surface expansion compared with healthy controls, following adjustment for multiple comparisons, in interconnected regions of the caudate, thalamus and right orbitofrontal cortex. Their unaffected siblings show similar, significant expansion, most marked in the ventromedial caudate bilaterally, the right pulvinar thalamic nucleus and the right orbitofrontal cortex. These regions define a network that has been consistently implicated in OCD. In addition, both patients with OCD and unaffected siblings showed similar increased thickness of the right precuneus, which receives rich input from the thalamic pulvinar nuclei and the left medial temporal cortex. Anatomic change within the orbitofrontostriatal and posterior brain circuitry thus emerges as a promising endophenotype for OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Shaw
- Section on Neurobehavioral Clinical Research, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 31, B1 B37, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
- Intramural Program of the National Institute of Mental Health. Building 10, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendy Sharp
- Intramural Program of the National Institute of Mental Health. Building 10, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - Gustavo Sudre
- Section on Neurobehavioral Clinical Research, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 31, B1 B37, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy Wharton
- Section on Neurobehavioral Clinical Research, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 31, B1 B37, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - Deanna Greenstein
- Intramural Program of the National Institute of Mental Health. Building 10, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - M. Mallar Chakravarty
- Kimel Family Imaging-Genetics Research Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Cananda
| | - Jason P. Lerch
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Judith Rapoport
- Intramural Program of the National Institute of Mental Health. Building 10, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
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25
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de Vries FE, de Wit SJ, Cath DC, van der Werf YD, van der Borden V, van Rossum TB, van Balkom AJLM, van der Wee NJA, Veltman DJ, van den Heuvel OA. Compensatory frontoparietal activity during working memory: an endophenotype of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:878-87. [PMID: 24365484 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subtle deficits in executive functioning are present in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and their first-degree relatives, suggesting involvement of the frontoparietal circuits. The neural correlates of working memory may be a neurocognitive endophenotype of OCD. METHODS Forty-three unmedicated OCD patients, 17 unaffected siblings, and 37 matched comparison subjects performed a visuospatial n-back task, with a baseline condition (N0) and three working memory load levels (N1, N2, N3) during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Task-related brain activity was compared between groups in frontoparietal regions of interest. Generalized psychophysiological interaction analyses were used to study task-related changes in functional connectivity. RESULTS Obsessive-compulsive disorder patients, compared with comparison subjects and siblings, showed increased error rates at N3. Compared with comparison subjects, OCD patients showed task-related hyperactivation in left dorsal frontal areas and left precuneus associated with better task performance. Siblings exhibited hyperactivation in a bilateral frontoparietal network. Increased task load was associated with increased task-related brain activity, but in OCD patients and siblings this increase was smaller from load N2 to N3 than in comparison subjects. Obsessive-compulsive disorder patients, compared with siblings and comparison subjects, showed increased task-related functional connectivity between frontal regions and bilateral amygdala. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that compensatory frontoparietal brain activity in OCD patients and their unaffected relatives preserves task performance at low task loads but is insufficient to maintain performance at high task loads. Frontoparietal dysfunction may constitute a neurocognitive endophenotype for OCD, possibly reflecting limbic interference with and neural inefficiency within the frontoparietal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Froukje E de Vries
- Department of Psychiatry (FEdV, SJdW, VvdB, TBvR, AJLMvB, DJV, OAvdH), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (FEdV, SJdW, YDvdW, DJV, OAvdH), VU University, Amsterdam.
| | - Stella J de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry (FEdV, SJdW, VvdB, TBvR, AJLMvB, DJV, OAvdH), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (FEdV, SJdW, YDvdW, DJV, OAvdH), VU University, Amsterdam
| | - Danielle C Cath
- Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center (DCC), Utrecht; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology (DCC), Utrecht University, Utrecht
| | - Ysbrand D van der Werf
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (YDvdW, OAvdH), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (YDvdW), an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam
| | - Vionne van der Borden
- Department of Psychiatry (FEdV, SJdW, VvdB, TBvR, AJLMvB, DJV, OAvdH), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (FEdV, SJdW, YDvdW, DJV, OAvdH), VU University, Amsterdam
| | - Thomas B van Rossum
- Department of Psychiatry (FEdV, SJdW, VvdB, TBvR, AJLMvB, DJV, OAvdH), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (FEdV, SJdW, YDvdW, DJV, OAvdH), VU University, Amsterdam
| | - Anton J L M van Balkom
- Department of Psychiatry (FEdV, SJdW, VvdB, TBvR, AJLMvB, DJV, OAvdH), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (FEdV, SJdW, YDvdW, DJV, OAvdH), VU University, Amsterdam
| | - Nic J A van der Wee
- Department of Psychiatry and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (NJAvdW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry (FEdV, SJdW, VvdB, TBvR, AJLMvB, DJV, OAvdH), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (FEdV, SJdW, YDvdW, DJV, OAvdH), VU University, Amsterdam
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry (FEdV, SJdW, VvdB, TBvR, AJLMvB, DJV, OAvdH), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (FEdV, SJdW, YDvdW, DJV, OAvdH), VU University, Amsterdam; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (YDvdW, OAvdH), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
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van ‘t Ent D, den Braber A, Rotgans E, de Geus E, de Munck J. The use of fMRI to detect neural responses to cognitive interference and planning: Evidence for a contribution of task related changes in heart rate? J Neurosci Methods 2014; 229:97-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Brain activation of the defensive and appetitive survival systems in obsessive compulsive disorder. Brain Imaging Behav 2014; 9:255-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-014-9303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ruocco AC, Rodrigo AH, Lam J, Di Domenico SI, Graves B, Ayaz H. A problem-solving task specialized for functional neuroimaging: validation of the Scarborough adaptation of the Tower of London (S-TOL) using near-infrared spectroscopy. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:185. [PMID: 24734017 PMCID: PMC3975118 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Problem-solving is an executive function subserved by a network of neural structures of which the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is central. Whereas several studies have evaluated the role of the DLPFC in problem-solving, few standardized tasks have been developed specifically for use with functional neuroimaging. The current study adapted a measure with established validity for the assessment of problem-solving abilities to design a test more suitable for functional neuroimaging protocols. The Scarborough adaptation of the Tower of London (S-TOL) was administered to 38 healthy adults while hemodynamic oxygenation of the PFC was measured using 16-channel continuous-wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Compared to a baseline condition, problems that required two or three steps to achieve a goal configuration were associated with higher activation in the left DLPFC and deactivation in the medial PFC. Individuals scoring higher in trait deliberation showed consistently higher activation in the left DLPFC regardless of task difficulty, whereas individuals lower in this trait displayed less activation when solving simple problems. Based on these results, the S-TOL may serve as a standardized task to evaluate problem-solving abilities in functional neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Ruocco
- Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Achala H Rodrigo
- Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jaeger Lam
- Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stefano I Di Domenico
- Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bryanna Graves
- Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hasan Ayaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Yang JC, Ginat DT, Dougherty DD, Makris N, Eskandar EN. Lesion analysis for cingulotomy and limbic leucotomy: comparison and correlation with clinical outcomes. J Neurosurg 2014; 120:152-163. [PMID: 24236652 PMCID: PMC3990280 DOI: 10.3171/2013.9.jns13839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT Cingulotomy and limbic leucotomy are lesioning surgeries with demonstrated benefit for medically intractable psychiatric illnesses. They represent significant refinements of the prefrontal lobotomy used from the 1930s through the 1950s. However, the associations between anatomical characterization of these lesions and outcome data are not well understood. To elucidate these procedures and associations, the authors sought to define and compare the neuroanatomy of cingulotomy and limbic leucotomy and to test a method that uses neuroanatomical data and voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) to reveal potential refinements to modern psychiatric neurosurgical procedures. METHODS T1-weighted MR images of patients who had undergone cingulotomy and limbic leucotomy were segmented and registered onto the Montreal Neurological Institute T1-weighted template brain MNI152. Using an atlas-based approach, the authors calculated, by case, the percentage of each anatomical structure affected by the lesion. Because of the infrequency of modern lesion procedures and the requirement for higher-resolution clinical imaging, the sample size was small. The pilot study correlated cingulotomy and limbic leucotomy lesion characteristics with clinical outcomes for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. For this study, preoperative and postoperative Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale scores for 11 cingulotomy patients and 8 limbic leucotomy patients were obtained, and lesion masks were defined and compared anatomically by using an atlas-based method. Statistically significant voxels were additionally calculated by using VLSM techniques that correlated lesion characteristics with postoperative scores. RESULTS Mean lesion volumes were 13.3 ml for cingulotomy and 11.8 ml for limbic leucotomy. As expected, cingulotomy was isolated to the anterior cingulum. The subcaudate tractotomy portion of limbic leucotomy additionally affected Brodmann area 25, the medial orbitofrontal cortex, and the nucleus accumbens. Initial results indicated that the dorsolateral regions of the cingulotomy lesion and the posteroventral regions of the subcaudate tractotomy lesion were associated with improved postoperative Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale scores. CONCLUSIONS Cingulotomy and limbic leucotomy are lesioning surgeries that target pathological circuits implicated in psychiatric disease. Lesion analysis and VLSM contextualize outcome data and have the potential to be useful for improving lesioning neurosurgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy C. Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Morphometric Analysis, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel T. Ginat
- Department of Imaging, Center for Morphometric Analysis, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Darin D. Dougherty
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Morphometric Analysis, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nikos Makris
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Morphometric Analysis, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emad N. Eskandar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Morphometric Analysis, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and related sex differences in brain structure: an MRI study in Dutch twins. Twin Res Hum Genet 2013; 16:516-24. [PMID: 23527678 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2013.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have indicated abnormalities in cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients, but results have not been consistent. Since there are significant sex differences in human brain anatomy and obsessive-compulsive symptomatology and its developmental trajectories tend to be distinct in males and females, we investigated whether sex is a potential source of heterogeneity in neuroimaging studies on obsessive-compulsive symptoms. We selected male and female twin pairs who were concordant for scoring either high or low for obsessive-compulsive symptoms and a group of discordant pairs where one twin scored high and the co-twin scored low. The design included 24 opposite-sex twin pairs. Magnetic resonance imaging scans of 31 males scoring high for obsessive-compulsive symptoms, 41 low-scoring males, 58 high-scoring females, and 73 low-scoring females were analyzed and the interaction of obsessive-compulsive symptoms by sex on gray matter volume was assessed using voxel-based morphometry. An obsessive-compulsive symptom by sex interaction was observed for the left middle temporal gyrus, the right middle temporal gyrus, and the right precuneus. These interactions acted to reduce or hide a main effect in our study and illustrate the importance of taking sex into account when investigating the neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
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31
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Heritability of subcortical brain measures: a perspective for future genome-wide association studies. Neuroimage 2013; 83:98-102. [PMID: 23770413 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several large imaging-genetics consortia aim to identify genetic variants influencing subcortical brain volumes. We investigated the extent to which genetic variation accounts for the variation in subcortical volumes, including thalamus, amygdala, putamen, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus and nucleus accumbens and obtained the stability of these brain volumes over a five-year period. The heritability estimates for all subcortical regions were high, with the highest heritability estimates observed for the thalamus (.80) and caudate nucleus (.88) and lowest for the left nucleus accumbens (.44). Five-year stability was substantial and higher for larger [e.g., thalamus (.88), putamen (.86), caudate nucleus (.87)] compared to smaller [nucleus accumbens (.45)] subcortical structures. These results provide additional evidence that subcortical structures are promising starting points for identifying genetic variants that influence brain structure.
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Brain activation during response interference in twins discordant or concordant for obsessive compulsive symptoms. Twin Res Hum Genet 2012; 15:372-83. [PMID: 22856371 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2012.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
One of the core behavioral features associated with obsessive compulsive symptomatology is the inability to inhibit thoughts and/or behaviors. Neuroimaging studies have indicated abnormalities in frontostriatal and dorsolateral prefrontal - anterior cingulate circuits during inhibitory control in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder compared with controls. In the present study, task performance and brain activation during Stroop color-word and Flanker interference were compared within monozygotic twin pairs discordant for obsessive compulsive symptoms and between groups of pairs scoring very low or very high on obsessive compulsive symptoms, in order to examine the differential impact of non-shared environmental versus genetic risk factors for obsessive compulsive symptomatology on inhibitory control related functional brain activation. Although performance was intact, brain activation during inhibition of distracting information differed between obsessive compulsive symptom high-scoring compared to low-scoring subjects. Regions affected in the discordant group (e.g., temporal and anterior cingulate gyrus) were partly different from those observed to be affected in the concordant groups (e.g., parietal gyrus and thalamus). A robust increase in dorsolateral prefrontal activity during response interference was observed in both the high-scoring twins of the discordant sample and the high-scoring twins of the concordant sample, marking this structure as a possible key region for disturbances in inhibitory control in obsessive compulsive disorder.
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Bourne SK, Eckhardt CA, Sheth SA, Eskandar EN. Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation for obsessive compulsive disorder: effects upon cells and circuits. Front Integr Neurosci 2012; 6:29. [PMID: 22712007 PMCID: PMC3375018 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a safe, effective, and reversible treatment for a number of movement disorders. This has prompted investigation of its use for other applications including psychiatric disorders. In recent years, DBS has been introduced for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), which is characterized by recurrent unwanted thoughts or ideas (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed in order to relieve these obsessions (compulsions). Abnormal activity in cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits including the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), ventral striatum, and mediodorsal (MD) thalamus has been implicated in OCD. To this end a number of DBS targets including the anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC), ventral capsule/ventral striatum (VC/VS), ventral caudate nucleus, subthalamic nucleus (STN), and nucleus accumbens (NAc) have been investigated for the treatment of OCD. Despite its efficacy and widespread use in movement disorders, the mechanism of DBS is not fully understood, especially as it relates to psychiatric disorders. While initially thought to create a functional lesion akin to ablative procedures, it is increasingly clear that DBS may induce clinical benefit through activation of axonal fibers spanning the CSTC circuits, alteration of oscillatory activity within this network, and/or release of critical neurotransmitters. In this article we review how the use of DBS for OCD informs our understanding of both the mechanisms of DBS and the circuitry of OCD. We review the literature on DBS for OCD and discuss potential mechanisms of action at the neuronal level as well as the broader circuit level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Bourne
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, USA
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Shin NY, Jang JH, Kim HS, Shim G, Hwang JY, Kim SN, Kwon JS. Impaired body but not face perception in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Neuropsychol 2012; 7:58-71. [PMID: 23464807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-6653.2012.02035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Empirical evidence involving the processing of social information by patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been relatively scarce. Our study investigated the perceptual abilities of patients with OCD to recognize human faces and bodies. METHOD Fifty-four drug-free or drug-naïve patients with OCD and 42 healthy controls performed discrimination tasks consisting of four types of stimuli: two sets of faces that were manipulated with regard to configuration and features, human bodies, and chairs. The stimuli were presented in upright and upside-down orientations. RESULTS Patients with OCD were significantly less accurate in discriminating pairs of bodily postures implying actions. However, we found no significant differences between patient and control groups in the ability to recognize faces and chairs. The inversion effects for bodies and faces were also comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that patients with OCD experience difficulty in perceiving static forms of bodily postures, but are able to adequately recognize human faces. Our data indicate a selective deficit in the perception of bodily postures in those with OCD and suggest that this deficit is probably not related to the abnormal configurational processing of social objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Young Shin
- Interdisciplinary Cognitive Science Program, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Plow EB, Pascual-Leone A, Machado A. Brain stimulation in the treatment of chronic neuropathic and non-cancerous pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2012; 13:411-24. [PMID: 22484179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic neuropathic pain is one of the most prevalent and debilitating disorders. Conventional medical management, however, remains frustrating for both patients and clinicians owing to poor specificity of pharmacotherapy, delayed onset of analgesia and extensive side effects. Neuromodulation presents as a promising alternative, or at least an adjunct, as it is more specific in inducing analgesia without associated risks of pharmacotherapy. Here, we discuss common clinical and investigational methods of neuromodulation. Compared to clinical spinal cord stimulation (SCS), investigational techniques of cerebral neuromodulation, both invasive (deep brain stimulation [DBS] and motor cortical stimulation [MCS]) and noninvasive (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation [rTMS] and transcranial direct current stimulation [tDCS]), may be more advantageous. By adaptively targeting the multidimensional experience of pain, subtended by integrative pain circuitry in the brain, including somatosensory and thalamocortical, limbic and cognitive, cerebral methods may modulate the sensory-discriminative, affective-emotional and evaluative-cognitive spheres of the pain neuromatrix. Despite promise, the current state of results alludes to the possibility that cerebral neuromodulation has thus far not been effective in producing analgesia as intended in patients with chronic pain disorders. These techniques, thus, remain investigational and off-label. We discuss issues implicated in inadequate efficacy, variability of responsiveness, and poor retention of benefit, while recommending design and conceptual refinements for future trials of cerebral neuromodulation in management of chronic neuropathic pain. PERSPECTIVE This critical review focuses on factors contributing to poor therapeutic utility of invasive and noninvasive brain stimulation in the treatment of chronic neuropathic and pain of noncancerous origin. Through key clinical trial design and conceptual refinements, retention and consistency of response may be improved, potentially facilitating the widespread clinical applicability of such approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ela B Plow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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White matter differences in monozygotic twins discordant or concordant for obsessive-compulsive symptoms: a combined diffusion tensor imaging/voxel-based morphometry study. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70:969-77. [PMID: 21549354 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients point to deficits in cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits that might include changes in white matter. The contribution of environmental and genetic factors to the various OCD-related changes in brain structures remains to be established. METHODS White matter structures were analyzed in 140 subjects with both diffusion tensor imaging and voxel-based morphometry. We studied 20 monozygotic twin pairs discordant for obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) to detect the effects of environmental risk factors for obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptomatology. Furthermore, we compared 28 monozygotic twin pairs concordant for low OCS scores with 23 twin pairs concordant for high OCS scores to detect the effects of genetic risk factors for OC symptomatology. RESULTS Discordant pair analysis showed that the environmental risk was associated with an increase in dorsolateral-prefrontal white matter. Analysis of concordant pairs showed that the genetic risk was associated with a decrease in inferior frontal white matter. Various white matter tracts showed opposite effects of environmental and genetic risk factors (e.g., right medial frontal, left parietal, and right middle temporal), illustrating the need for designs that separate these classes of risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Different white matter regions were affected by environmental and genetic risk factors for OC symptomatology, but both classes of risk factors might, in aggregate, create an imbalance between the indirect loop of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical network (to the dorsolateral-prefrontal region)-important for inhibition and switching between behaviors-and the direct loop (involving the inferior frontal region) that contributes to the initiation and continuation of behaviors.
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Tsujimoto S, Genovesio A, Wise SP. Frontal pole cortex: encoding ends at the end of the endbrain. Trends Cogn Sci 2011; 15:169-76. [PMID: 21388858 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Considerable neuroimaging research in humans indicates that the frontal pole cortex (FPC), also known as Brodmann area 10, contributes to many aspects of cognition. Despite these findings, however, its fundamental function and mechanism remain unclear. Recent neurophysiological results from the FPC of monkeys have implications about both. Neurons in the FPC seem to encode chosen goals at feedback time and nothing else. Goals, the places and objects that serve as targets for action, come in many forms and arise from many cognitive processes. The FPC's signal, although surprisingly simple for neurons at the apex of a prefrontal hierarchy, could promote learning about which kinds of goals and goal-generating processes produce particular costs and benefits, thereby improving future choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tsujimoto
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Nada-Ku, Kobe, Japan
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