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Sword J, Fomitcheva IV, Kirov SA. Spreading depolarization causes reversible neuronal mitochondria fragmentation and swelling in healthy, normally perfused neocortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.22.576364. [PMID: 38328069 PMCID: PMC10849532 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.22.576364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is tightly linked to their morphology, and fragmentation of dendritic mitochondria during noxious conditions suggests loss of function. In the normoxic cortex, spreading depolarization (SD) is a phenomenon underlying migraine aura. It is unknown whether mitochondria structure is affected by normoxic SD. In vivo two-photon imaging followed by quantitative serial section electron microscopy (ssEM) was used to monitor dendritic mitochondria in the normoxic cortex of urethane-anesthetized mature male and female mice during and after SD initiated by focal KCl microinjection. Structural dynamics of dendrites and their mitochondria were visualized by transfecting excitatory, glutamatergic neurons of the somatosensory cortex with bicistronic AAV, which induced tdTomoto labeling in neuronal cytoplasm and mitochondria labeling with roGFP. Normoxic SD triggered a rapid fragmentation of dendritic mitochondria alongside dendritic beading, both reversible; however, mitochondria took significantly longer to recover. Several rounds of SD resulted in transient mitochondrial fragmentation and dendritic beading without accumulating injury, as both recovered. SsEM corroborated normoxic SD-elicited dendritic and mitochondrial swelling and transformation of the filamentous mitochondrial network into shorter, swollen tubular and globular structures. Our results revealed normoxic SD-induced disruption of the dendritic mitochondrial structure that might impact mitochondrial bioenergetics during migraine with aura.
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2
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Abou-El-Hassan H, Bernstock JD, Chalif JI, Yahya T, Rezende RM, Weiner HL, Izzy S. Elucidating the neuroimmunology of traumatic brain injury: methodological approaches to unravel intercellular communication and function. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1322325. [PMID: 38162004 PMCID: PMC10756680 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1322325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The neuroimmunology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has recently gained recognition as a crucial element in the secondary pathophysiological consequences that occur following neurotrauma. Both immune cells residing within the central nervous system (CNS) and those migrating from the periphery play significant roles in the development of secondary brain injury. However, the precise mechanisms governing communication between innate and adaptive immune cells remain incompletely understood, partly due to a limited utilization of relevant experimental models and techniques. Therefore, in this discussion, we outline current methodologies that can aid in the exploration of TBI neuroimmunology, with a particular emphasis on the interactions between resident neuroglial cells and recruited lymphocytes. These techniques encompass adoptive cell transfer, intra-CNS injection(s), selective cellular depletion, genetic manipulation, molecular neuroimaging, as well as in vitro co-culture systems and the utilization of organoid models. By incorporating key elements of both innate and adaptive immunity, these methods facilitate the examination of clinically relevant interactions. In addition to these preclinical approaches, we also detail an emerging avenue of research that seeks to leverage human biofluids. This approach enables the investigation of how resident and infiltrating immune cells modulate neuroglial responses after TBI. Considering the growing significance of neuroinflammation in TBI, the introduction and application of advanced methodologies will be pivotal in advancing translational research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Abou-El-Hassan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joshua D. Bernstock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Joshua I. Chalif
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Taha Yahya
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rafael M. Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Howard L. Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Saef Izzy
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Postnov D, Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya O, Litvinenko E, Kurths J, Penzel T. Mechanisms of Activation of Brain's Drainage during Sleep: The Nightlife of Astrocytes. Cells 2023; 12:2667. [PMID: 37998402 PMCID: PMC10670149 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of functions, mechanisms of generation, and pathways of movement of cerebral fluids has a long history, but the last decade has been especially productive. The proposed glymphatic hypothesis, which suggests a mechanism of the brain waste removal system (BWRS), caused an active discussion on both the criticism of some of the perspectives and our intensive study of new experimental facts. It was especially found that the intensity of the metabolite clearance changes significantly during the transition between sleep and wakefulness. Interestingly, at the cellular level, a number of aspects of this problem have been focused on, such as astrocytes-glial cells, which, over the past two decades, have been recognized as equal partners of neurons and perform many important functions. In particular, an important role was assigned to astrocytes within the framework of the glymphatic hypothesis. In this review, we return to the "astrocytocentric" view of the BWRS function and the explanation of its activation during sleep from the viewpoint of new findings over the last decade. Our main conclusion is that the BWRS's action may be analyzed both at the systemic (whole-brain) and at the local (cellular) level. The local level means here that the neuro-glial-vascular unit can also be regarded as the smallest functional unit of sleep, and therefore, the smallest functional unit of the BWRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Postnov
- Department of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia;
| | - Oxana Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (O.S.-G.); (J.K.)
- Physics Department, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Litvinenko
- Department of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia;
| | - Jürgen Kurths
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (O.S.-G.); (J.K.)
- Physics Department, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg A31, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Penzel
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (O.S.-G.); (J.K.)
- Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Brazhe A, Verisokin A, Verveyko D, Postnov D. Astrocytes: new evidence, new models, new roles. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:1303-1333. [PMID: 37975000 PMCID: PMC10643736 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have been in the limelight of active research for about 3 decades now. Over this period, ideas about their function and role in the nervous system have evolved from simple assistance in energy supply and homeostasis maintenance to a complex informational and metabolic hub that integrates data on local neuronal activity, sensory and arousal context, and orchestrates many crucial processes in the brain. Rapid progress in experimental techniques and data analysis produces a growing body of data, which can be used as a foundation for formulation of new hypotheses, building new refined mathematical models, and ultimately should lead to a new level of understanding of the contribution of astrocytes to the cognitive tasks performed by the brain. Here, we highlight recent progress in astrocyte research, which we believe expands our understanding of how low-level signaling at a cellular level builds up to processes at the level of the whole brain and animal behavior. We start our review with revisiting data on the role of noradrenaline-mediated astrocytic signaling in locomotion, arousal, sensory integration, memory, and sleep. We then briefly review astrocyte contribution to the regulation of cerebral blood flow regulation, which is followed by a discussion of biophysical mechanisms underlying astrocyte effects on different brain processes. The experimental section is closed by an overview of recent experimental techniques available for modulation and visualization of astrocyte dynamics. We then evaluate how the new data can be potentially incorporated into the new mathematical models or where and how it already has been done. Finally, we discuss an interesting prospect that astrocytes may be key players in important processes such as the switching between sleep and wakefulness and the removal of toxic metabolites from the brain milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Brazhe
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/24, Moscow, 119234 Russia
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, GSP-7, Miklukho-Maklay Str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - Andrey Verisokin
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Kursk State University, Radishcheva st., 33, Kursk, 305000 Russia
| | - Darya Verveyko
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Kursk State University, Radishcheva st., 33, Kursk, 305000 Russia
| | - Dmitry Postnov
- Department of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya st., 83, Saratov, 410012 Russia
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van Hameren G, Muradov J, Minarik A, Aboghazleh R, Orr S, Cort S, Andrews K, McKenna C, Pham NT, MacLean MA, Friedman A. Mitochondrial dysfunction underlies impaired neurovascular coupling following traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 186:106269. [PMID: 37619791 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) involves an acute injury (primary damage), which may evolve in the hours to days after impact (secondary damage). Seizures and cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) are metabolically demanding processes that may worsen secondary brain injury. Metabolic stress has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, including impaired calcium homeostasis, reduced ATP production, and elevated ROS production. However, the association between mitochondrial impairment and vascular function after TBI is poorly understood. Here, we explored this association using a rodent closed head injury model. CSD is associated with neurobehavioral decline after TBI. Craniotomy was performed to elicit CSD via electrical stimulation or to induce seizures via 4-aminopyridine application. We measured vascular dysfunction following CSDs and seizures in TBI animals using laser doppler flowmetry. We observed a more profound reduction in local cortical blood flow in TBI animals compared to healthy controls. CSD resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction and pathological signs of increased oxidative stress adjacent to the vasculature. We explored these findings further using electron microscopy and found that TBI and CSDs resulted in vascular morphological changes and mitochondrial cristae damage in astrocytes, pericytes and endothelial cells. Overall, we provide evidence that CSDs induce mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired cortical blood flow, and neurobehavioral deficits in the setting of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerben van Hameren
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada.
| | - Jamil Muradov
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada
| | - Anna Minarik
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada
| | - Refat Aboghazleh
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
| | - Sophie Orr
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada
| | - Shayna Cort
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada
| | - Keiran Andrews
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada
| | - Caitlin McKenna
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada
| | - Nga Thy Pham
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada
| | - Mark A MacLean
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 3A7, Halifax, Canada
| | - Alon Friedman
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada; Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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6
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Wu Y, Hu Q, Cheng H, Yu J, Gao L, Gao G. USP30 impairs mitochondrial quality control and aggravates oxidative damage after traumatic brain injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 671:58-66. [PMID: 37300943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Clinical progress in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is hindered by the poor understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie secondary brain injury (SBI). USP30, a mitochondrial deubiquitinase, has been implicated in the pathological progress of various diseases. However, the precise role of USP30 in TBI-induced SBI remains unclear. In this study, we found that USP30 was differentially upregulated after TBI in humans and mice. Immunofluorescence staining further revealed that the enhanced USP30 mainly localized in neurons. Neuron-specific knockout of USP30 reduced lesion volumes, mitigated brain edema, and attenuated neurological deficits after TBI in mice. Additionally, we found that USP30 deficiency effectively suppressed oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis in TBI. Those protective effects of USP30 loss may be attributed, at least partially, to the reduction of TBI-induced impairment of mitochondrial quality control, including mitochondrial dynamics, function, and mitophagy. Collectively, our findings identify a previously undisclosed role of USP30 in the pathophysiology of TBI and lay a preliminary foundation for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710038, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, 050000, China
| | - Qing Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710038, China
| | - Hongbo Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, 050000, China
| | - Jiegang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, 050000, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710038, China.
| | - Guodong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710038, China.
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7
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Hertzler JI, Bernard AR, Rolls MM. Dendrite regeneration mediates functional recovery after complete dendrite removal. Dev Biol 2023; 497:18-25. [PMID: 36870669 PMCID: PMC10073339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Unlike many cell types, neurons are not typically replaced if damaged. Therefore, regeneration of damaged cellular domains is critical for maintenance of neuronal function. While axon regeneration has been documented for several hundred years, it has only recently become possible to determine whether neurons respond to dendrite removal with regeneration. Regrowth of dendrite arbors has been documented in invertebrate and vertebrate model systems, but whether it leads to functional restoration of a circuit remains unknown. To test whether dendrite regeneration restores function, we used larval Drosophila nociceptive neurons. Their dendrites detect noxious stimuli to initiate escape behavior. Previous studies of Drosophila sensory neurons have shown that dendrites of single neurons regrow after laser severing. We removed dendrites from 16 neurons per animal to clear most of the dorsal surface of nociceptive innervation. As expected, this reduced aversive responses to noxious touch. Surprisingly, behavior was completely restored 24 h after injury, at the stage when dendrite regeneration has begun, but the new arbor has only covered a small portion of its former territory. This behavioral recovery required regenerative outgrowth as it was eliminated in a genetic background in which new growth is blocked. We conclude that dendrite regeneration can restore behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ian Hertzler
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Annabelle R Bernard
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Melissa M Rolls
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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Tan SY, Jiang JX, Huang HX, Mo XP, Feng JR, Chen Y, Yang L, Long C. Neural mechanism underlies CYLD modulation of morphology and synaptic function of medium spiny neurons in dorsolateral striatum. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1107355. [PMID: 36846565 PMCID: PMC9945542 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1107355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the deubiquitinase cylindromatosis (CYLD), an abundant protein in the postsynaptic density fraction, plays a crucial role in mediating the synaptic activity of the striatum, the precise molecular mechanism remains largely unclear. Here, using a Cyld-knockout mouse model, we demonstrate that CYLD regulates dorsolateral striatum (DLS) neuronal morphology, firing activity, excitatory synaptic transmission, and plasticity of striatal medium spiny neurons via, likely, interaction with glutamate receptor 1 (GluA1) and glutamate receptor 2 (GluA2), two key subunits of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPARs). CYLD deficiency reduces levels of GluA1 and GluA2 surface protein and increases K63-linked ubiquitination, resulting in functional impairments both in AMPAR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents and in AMPAR-dependent long-term depression. The results demonstrate a functional association of CYLD with AMPAR activity, which strengthens our understanding of the role of CYLD in striatal neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yi Tan
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Xiang Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Xian Huang
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Mo
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Ru Feng
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Long
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Translational Medical Research, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Larson K, Damon M, Randhi R, Nixon-Lee N, J Dixon K. Selective inhibition of soluble TNF using XPro1595 improves hippocampal pathology to promote improved neurological recovery following traumatic brain injury in mice. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 22:CNSNDDT-EPUB-124336. [PMID: 35692164 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220610104908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the efficacy of XPro1595 to improve pathophysiological and functional outcomes in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). BACKGROUND Symptoms associated with TBI can be debilitating, and treatment without off-target side effects remains a challenge. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of selectively inhibiting the soluble form of TNF (solTNF) using the biologic XPro1595 in a mouse model of TBI. OBJECTIVES Use XPro1595 to determine whether injury-induced solTNF promotes hippocampal inflammation and dendritic plasticity, and associated functional impairments. METHODS Mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury (CCI model) was induced in adult male C57Bl/6J WT and Thy1-YFPH mice, with XPro1595 (10 mg/kg, S.C.) or vehicle being administered in a clinically relevant window (60 minutes post-injury). The animals were assessed for differences in neurological function, and hippocampal tissue was analyzed for inflammation and glial reactivity, as well as neuronal degeneration and plasticity. RESULTS We report that unilateral CCI over the right parietal cortex in mice promoted deficits in learning and memory, depressive-like behavior, and neuropathic pain. Using immunohistochemical and Western blotting techniques, we observed the cortical injury promoted a set of expected pathophysiology's within the hippocampus consistent with the observed neurological outcomes, including glial reactivity, enhanced neuronal dendritic degeneration (dendritic beading), and reduced synaptic plasticity (spine density and PSD-95 expression) within the DG and CA1 region of the hippocampus, that were prevented in mice treated with XPro1595. CONCLUSION Overall, we observed that selectively inhibiting solTNF using XPro1595 improved the pathophysiological and neurological sequelae of brain-injured mice, which provides support for its use in patients with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Larson
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - Melissa Damon
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - Rajasa Randhi
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - Nancy Nixon-Lee
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - Kirsty J Dixon
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
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10
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Lin L, He Z, Zhang T, Zuo Y, Chen X, Abdelrahman Z, Chen F, Wei Z, Si K, Gong W, Wang X, He S, Chen Z. A biocompatible two-photon absorbing fluorescent mitochondrial probe for deep in vivo bioimaging. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:887-898. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02040d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We reported a mitochondria-targeted two-photon fluorescent dye with an excellent two-photon absorption cross-section. With this dye, we reached an imaging depth of ca. 640 μm during mitochondrial imaging of cortical cells in live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingmin Lin
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310009, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Zewei He
- State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, East Building No. 5, Zijingang Campus and Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tianfang Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Yanming Zuo
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310009, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Zeinab Abdelrahman
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310009, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Feihong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, East Building No. 5, Zijingang Campus and Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhongcao Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ke Si
- State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, East Building No. 5, Zijingang Campus and Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuhua Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310009, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Sailing He
- State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, East Building No. 5, Zijingang Campus and Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zuobing Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
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11
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Yang L, Li CY, Ouyang JY, Li MZ, Zhan Y, Feng XF, Lu Y, Li MC, Lei JF, Zhao T, Wang L, Zou HY, Zhao H. Trillium tschonoskii rhizomes' saponins induces oligodendrogenesis and axonal reorganization for ischemic stroke recovery in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114358. [PMID: 34166736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Trillium tschonoskii Maxim. is one of traditional Chinese medical herbs that has been utilized to treat brain damages and cephalalgia. The neuroprotective effect of total saponins from Trillium tschonoskii rhizome (TSTT) has been demonstrated efficacy in rats following ischemia. However, the axonal remodeling effect of TSTT and the detailed mechanisms after ischemic stroke have not been investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to estimate therapeutic role of TSTT in axonal remodeling using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique, and explored possible mechanisms underlying this process followed by histological assays in ischemic rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats underwent permanently focal cerebral ischemia induced by occluding right permanent middle cerebral artery. TSTT was intragastrically administrated 6 h after surgery and once daily for consecutive 15 days. Neurological function was assessed by the motor deficit score and beam walking test. T2 relaxation mapping and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were applied for detecting cerebral tissues damages and microstructural integrity of axons. Luxol fast blue (LFB) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were performed to evaluate histopathology in myelinated axons. Double immunofluorescent staining was conducted to assess oligodendrogenesis. Furthermore, the protein expressions regarding to axonal remodeling related signaling pathways were detected by Western blot assays. RESULTS TSTT treatment (65, 33 mg/kg) markedly improved motor function after ischemic stroke. T2 mapping MRI demonstrated that TSTT decreased lesion volumes, and DTI further confirmed that TSTT preserved axonal microstructure of the sensorimotor cortex and internal capsule. Meanwhile, diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) showed that TSTT elevated correspondent density and length of fiber in the internal capsule. These MRI measurements were confirmed by histological examinations. Notably, TSTT significantly increased Ki67/NG2, Ki67/CNPase double-labeled cells along the boundary zone of ischemic cortex and striatum. Meanwhile, TSTT treatment up-regulated the phosphorylation level of Ser 9 in GSK-3β, and down-regulated phosphorylated β-catenin and CRMP-2 expression. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings indicated that TSTT (65, 33 mg/kg) enhanced post-stroke functional recovery, amplified endogenous oligodendrogenesis and promoted axonal regeneration. The beneficial role of TSTT might be correlated with GSK-3/β-catenin/CRMP-2 modulating axonal reorganization after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Chang-Yi Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Jun-Yao Ouyang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Man-Zhong Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Yu Zhan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Xue-Feng Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Ming-Cong Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Jian-Feng Lei
- Medical Imaging laboratory of Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Ting Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Hai-Yan Zou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
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12
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Mester JR, Bazzigaluppi P, Dorr A, Beckett T, Burke M, McLaurin J, Sled JG, Stefanovic B. Attenuation of tonic inhibition prevents chronic neurovascular impairments in a Thy1-ChR2 mouse model of repeated, mild traumatic brain injury. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:7685-7699. [PMID: 34335958 PMCID: PMC8315057 DOI: 10.7150/thno.60190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), the most common type of brain trauma, frequently leads to chronic cognitive and neurobehavioral deficits. Intervening effectively is impeded by our poor understanding of its pathophysiological sequelae. Methods: To elucidate the long-term neurovascular sequelae of mTBI, we combined optogenetics, two-photon fluorescence microscopy, and intracortical electrophysiological recordings in mice to selectively stimulate peri-contusional neurons weeks following repeated closed-head injury and probe individual vessel's function and local neuronal reactivity. Results: Compared to sham-operated animals, mTBI mice showed doubled cortical venular speeds (115 ± 25%) and strongly elevated cortical venular reactivity (53 ± 17%). Concomitantly, the pericontusional neurons exhibited attenuated spontaneous activity (-57 ± 79%) and decreased reactivity (-47 ± 28%). Post-mortem immunofluorescence revealed signs of peri-contusional senescence and DNA damage, in the absence of neuronal loss or gliosis. Alteration of neuronal and vascular functioning was largely prevented by chronic, low dose, systemic administration of a GABA-A receptor inverse agonist (L-655,708), commencing 3 days following the third impact. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that repeated mTBI leads to dramatic changes in the neurovascular unit function and that attenuation of tonic inhibition can prevent these alterations. The sustained disruption of the neurovascular function may underlie the concussed brain's long-term susceptibility to injury, and calls for development of better functional assays as well as of neurovascularly targeted interventions.
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13
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Sawant-Pokam PA, Vail TJ, Metcalf CS, Maguire JL, McKean TO, McKean NO, Brennan K. Preventing neuronal edema increases network excitability after traumatic brain injury. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:6005-6020. [PMID: 33044227 PMCID: PMC7598047 DOI: 10.1172/jci134793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Edema is an important target for clinical intervention after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We used in vivo cellular resolution imaging and electrophysiological recording to examine the ionic mechanisms underlying neuronal edema and their effects on neuronal and network excitability after controlled cortical impact (CCI) in mice. Unexpectedly, we found that neuronal edema 48 hours after CCI was associated with reduced cellular and network excitability, concurrent with an increase in the expression ratio of the cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) NKCC1 and KCC2. Treatment with the CCC blocker bumetanide prevented neuronal swelling via a reversal in the NKCC1/KCC2 expression ratio, identifying altered chloride flux as the mechanism of neuronal edema. Importantly, bumetanide treatment was associated with increased neuronal and network excitability after injury, including increased susceptibility to spreading depolarizations (SDs) and seizures, known agents of clinical worsening after TBI. Treatment with mannitol, a first-line edema treatment in clinical practice, was also associated with increased susceptibility to SDs and seizures after CCI, showing that neuronal volume reduction, regardless of mechanism, was associated with an excitability increase. Finally, we observed an increase in excitability when neuronal edema normalized by 1 week after CCI. We conclude that neuronal swelling may exert protective effects against damaging excitability in the aftermath of TBI and that treatment of edema has the potential to reverse these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cameron S. Metcalf
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jamie L. Maguire
- Neuroscience Department, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - K.C. Brennan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, and
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14
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Kirov SA, Fomitcheva IV, Sword J. Rapid Neuronal Ultrastructure Disruption and Recovery during Spreading Depolarization-Induced Cytotoxic Edema. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:5517-5531. [PMID: 32483593 PMCID: PMC7566686 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Two major pathogenic events that cause acute brain damage during neurologic emergencies of stroke, head trauma, and cardiac arrest are spreading depolarizing waves and the associated brain edema that course across the cortex injuring brain cells. Virtually nothing is known about how spreading depolarization (SD)-induced cytotoxic edema evolves at the ultrastructural level immediately after insult and during recovery. In vivo 2-photon imaging followed by quantitative serial section electron microscopy was used to assess synaptic circuit integrity in the neocortex of urethane-anesthetized male and female mice during and after SD evoked by transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. SD triggered a rapid fragmentation of dendritic mitochondria. A large increase in the density of synapses on swollen dendritic shafts implies that some dendritic spines were overwhelmed by swelling or merely retracted. The overall synaptic density was unchanged. The postsynaptic dendritic membranes remained attached to axonal boutons, providing a structural basis for the recovery of synaptic circuits. Upon immediate reperfusion, cytotoxic edema mainly subsides as affirmed by a recovery of dendritic ultrastructure. Dendritic recuperation from swelling and reversibility of mitochondrial fragmentation suggests that neurointensive care to improve tissue perfusion should be paralleled by treatments targeting mitochondrial recovery and minimizing the occurrence of SDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Kirov
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ioulia V Fomitcheva
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jeremy Sword
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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15
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Mondello S, Guedes VA, Lai C, Czeiter E, Amrein K, Kobeissy F, Mechref Y, Jeromin A, Mithani S, Martin C, Wagner CL, Czigler A, Tóth L, Fazekas B, Buki A, Gill J. Circulating Brain Injury Exosomal Proteins following Moderate-To-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Temporal Profile, Outcome Prediction and Therapy Implications. Cells 2020; 9:E977. [PMID: 32326450 PMCID: PMC7227241 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injury exosomal proteins are promising blood biomarker candidates in traumatic brain injury (TBI). A better understanding of their role in the diagnosis, characterization, and management of TBI is essential for upcoming clinical implementation. In the current investigation, we aimed to explore longitudinal trajectories of brain injury exosomal proteins in blood of patients with moderate-to-severe TBI, and to evaluate the relation with the free-circulating counterpart and patient imaging and clinical parameters. Exosomal levels of glial (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)) and neuronal/axonal (ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), neurofilament light chain (NFL), and total-tau (t-tau)) proteins were measured in serum of 21 patients for up 5 days after injury using single molecule array (Simoa) technology. Group-based trajectory analysis was used to generate distinct temporal exosomal biomarker profiles. We found altered profiles of serum brain injury exosomal proteins following injury. The dynamics and levels of exosomal and related free-circulating markers, although correlated, showed differences. Patients with diffuse injury displayed higher acute exosomal NFL and GFAP concentrations in serum than those with focal lesions. Exosomal UCH-L1 profile characterized by acutely elevated values and a secondary steep rise was associated with early mortality (n = 2) with a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. Serum brain injury exosomal proteins yielded important diagnostic and prognostic information and represent a novel means to unveil underlying pathophysiology in patients with moderate-to-severe TBI. Our findings support their utility as potential tools to improve patient phenotyping in clinical practice and therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Vivian A. Guedes
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (J.G.)
| | - Chen Lai
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (J.G.)
| | - Endre Czeiter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Centre; University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Amrein
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Centre; University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32606, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | | | - Sara Mithani
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (J.G.)
| | - Carina Martin
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (J.G.)
| | - Chelsea L. Wagner
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (J.G.)
| | - András Czigler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Centre; University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Luca Tóth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Centre; University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bálint Fazekas
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Centre; University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andras Buki
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (J.G.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Centre; University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Jessica Gill
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (J.G.)
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16
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Zhu Z, Chuckowree JA, Musgrove R, Dickson TC, Blizzard CA. The pathologic outcomes and efficacy of epothilone treatment following traumatic brain injury is determined by age. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 93:85-96. [PMID: 32480164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can affect individuals at any age, with the potential of causing lasting neurologic consequences. The lack of effective therapeutic solutions and recommendations for patients that acquire a TBI can be attributed, at least in part, to an inability to confidently predict long-term outcomes following TBI, and how the response of the brain differs across the life span. The purpose of this study was to determine how age specifically affects TBI outcomes in a preclinical model. Male Thy1-YFPH mice, that express yellow fluorescent protein in the cytosol of a subset of Layer V pyramidal neurons in the neocortex, were subjected to a lateral fluid percussion injury over the right parietal cortex at distinct time points throughout the life span (1.5, 3, and 12 months of age). We found that the degree of neuronal injury, astrogliosis, and microglial activation differed depending on the age of the animal when the injury occurred. Furthermore, age affected the initial injury response and how it resolved over time. Using the microtubule stabilizing agent Epothilone D, to potentially protect against these pathologic outcomes, we found that the neuronal response was different depending on age. This study clearly shows that age must be taken into account in neurologic studies and preclinical trials involving TBI, and that future therapeutic interventions must be tailored to age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendan Zhu
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jyoti A Chuckowree
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ruth Musgrove
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Tracey C Dickson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Catherine A Blizzard
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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17
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Pacheco JM, Hines-Lanham A, Stratton C, Mehos CJ, McCurdy KE, Pinkowski NJ, Zhang H, Shuttleworth CW, Morton RA. Spreading Depolarizations Occur in Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries and Are Associated with Postinjury Behavior. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0070-19.2019. [PMID: 31748237 PMCID: PMC6893232 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0070-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people suffer mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) every year, and there is growing evidence that repeated injuries can result in long-term pathology. The acute symptoms of these injuries may or may not include the loss of consciousness but do include disorientation, confusion, and/or the inability to concentrate. Most of these acute symptoms spontaneously resolve within a few hours or days. However, the underlying physiological and cellular mechanisms remain unclear. Spreading depolarizations (SDs) are known to occur in rodents and humans following moderate and severe TBIs, and SDs have long been hypothesized to occur in more mild injuries. Using a closed skull impact model, we investigated the presence of SDs immediately following a mTBI. Animals remained motionless for multiple minutes following an impact and once recovered had fewer episodes of movement. We recorded the defining electrophysiological properties of SDs, including the large extracellular field potential shifts and suppression of high-frequency cortical activity. Impact-induced SDs were also associated with a propagating wave of reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF). In the wake of the SD, there was a prolonged period of reduced CBF that recovered in approximately 90 min. Similar to SDs in more severe injuries, the impact-induced SDs could be blocked with ketamine. Interestingly, impacts at a slower velocity did not produce the prolonged immobility and did not initiate SDs. Our data suggest that SDs play a significant role in mTBIs and SDs may contribute to the acute symptoms of mTBIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann M Pacheco
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Ashlyn Hines-Lanham
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Claire Stratton
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Carissa J Mehos
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Kathryn E McCurdy
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Natalie J Pinkowski
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Haikun Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - C William Shuttleworth
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Russell A Morton
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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18
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Wang CF, Zhao CC, Liu WL, Huang XJ, Deng YF, Jiang JY, Li WP. Depletion of Microglia Attenuates Dendritic Spine Loss and Neuronal Apoptosis in the Acute Stage of Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2019; 37:43-54. [PMID: 31397209 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immune cells in the central nervous system and undergo significant morphological and transcriptional changes after traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, their exact contribution to the pathogenesis of TBI is still debated and remains to be elucidated. In the present study, thy-1 GFP mice received a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor (PLX3397) for 21 consecutive days, then were subjected to moderate fluid percussion injury (FPI). Brain samples were collected at 1 day and 3 days after FPI for flow cytometry analysis, immunofluorescence, dendrite spine quantification, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay, and Western blot. We found that PLX3397 treatment significantly attenuated the percentages of resident microglia and infiltrated immune cells. Depletion of microglia promoted neurite outgrowth, preserved dendritic spines and reduced total brain cell and neuronal apoptosis after FPI, which was accompanied by decreased the protein levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress marker proteins, C/EBP-homologous protein and inositol-requiring kinase 1α. Taken together, these findings suggest that microglial depletion may exert beneficial effects in the acute stage of FPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Fang Wang
- Brain Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Lan Liu
- Brain Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xian-Jian Huang
- Brain Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue-Fei Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ji-Yao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Ping Li
- Brain Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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19
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Zhan Y, Li MZ, Yang L, Feng XF, Zhang QX, Zhang N, Zhao YY, Zhao H. An MRI Study of Neurovascular Restorative After Combination Treatment With Xiaoshuan Enteric-Coated Capsule and Enriched Environment in Rats After Stroke. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:701. [PMID: 31354412 PMCID: PMC6630081 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xiaoshuan enteric-coated capsule (XSEC) is a Chinese medicinal compound widely used for treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. Enriched environment (EE) is an effective rehabilitative protocol designed to enhance sensorimotor, cognitive and social stimulation. This study aimed to apply magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to non-invasively assess whether EE could augment the therapeutic benefits of XSEC on post-ischemic neurovascular remodeling. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and treated with XSEC and EE alone or combination for 30 consecutive days. Beam walking test and Morris water maze (MWM) test were performed to evaluate motor and cognitive function, respectively. Multimodal MRI was applied to examine alterations to brain structures, intracranial vessels, and cerebral perfusion on the 31st day after MCAO. Double-immunofluorescent staining was used to evaluate neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Western blot and RT-PCR were used to detect the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), and the axon guidance molecules. Combination therapy with XSEC and EE significantly reduced cystic volume compared with XSEC and EE monotherapies. In line with this, combination treated rats performed better in the beam walking test and exhibited improved spatial memory in the probe trial of the MWM. Moreover, XSEC and EE combination treatment improved cerebral blood flow (CBF), amplified angiogenesis and upregulated VEGF protein levels. This proangiogenic effect was consistent with the increased progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation in the peri-infarct cortex and striatum. Specifically, the combined therapy of XSEC and EE markedly increased the Netrin-1 and Robo-1 protein expression levels compared with vehicle group, while no difference was observed between XSEC or EE monotherapy and vehicle group. Together, these findings indicate that the combination of XSEC and EE benefits neurovascular reorganization. This correlates with restoration of CBF, promotion of neurogenesis and angiogenesis, and activation of the intrinsic axonal guidance molecules, thereby facilitating greater physical rehabilitation after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Man-Zhong Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Le Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Feng Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu-Xia Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhao
- Medical Imaging Laboratory of Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
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20
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Pernici CD, Kemp BS, Murray TA. Time course images of cellular injury and recovery in murine brain with high-resolution GRIN lens system. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7946. [PMID: 31138885 PMCID: PMC6538613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Time course, in vivo imaging of brain cells is crucial to fully understand the progression of secondary cellular damage and recovery in murine models of injury. We have combined high-resolution gradient index lens technology with a model of diffuse axonal injury in rodents to enable repeated visualization of fine features of individual cells in three-dimensional space over several weeks. For example, we recorded changes in morphology in the same axons in the external capsule numerous times over 30 to 60 days, before and after induced traumatic brain injury. We observed the expansion of secondary injury and limited recovery of individual axons in this subcortical white matter tract over time. In another application, changes in microglial activation state were visualized in the penumbra region of mice before and after ischemia induced by middle carotid artery occlusion. The ability to collect a series of high-resolution images of cellular features of the same cells pre- and post-injury enables a unique opportunity to study the progression of damage, spontaneous healing, and effects of therapeutics in mouse models of neurodegenerative disease and brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea D Pernici
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana, USA
| | - Benjamin S Kemp
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana, USA
| | - Teresa A Murray
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana, USA.
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Erdener ŞE, Tang J, Sajjadi A, Kılıç K, Kura S, Schaffer CB, Boas DA. Spatio-temporal dynamics of cerebral capillary segments with stalling red blood cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:886-900. [PMID: 29168661 PMCID: PMC6501506 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17743877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows label-free imaging of red blood cell (RBC) flux within capillaries with high spatio-temporal resolution. In this study, we utilized time-series OCT-angiography to demonstrate interruptions in capillary RBC flux in mouse brain in vivo. We noticed ∼7.5% of ∼200 capillaries had at least one stall in awake mice with chronic windows during a 9-min recording. At any instant, ∼0.45% of capillaries were stalled. Average stall duration was ∼15 s but could last over 1 min. Stalls were more frequent and longer lasting in acute window preparations. Further, isoflurane anesthesia in chronic preparations caused an increase in the number of stalls. In repeated imaging, the same segments had a tendency to stall again over a period of one month. In awake animals, functional stimulation decreased the observance of stalling events. Stalling segments were located distally, away from the first couple of arteriolar-side capillary branches and their average RBC and plasma velocities were lower than nonstalling capillaries within the same region. This first systematic analysis of capillary RBC stalls in the brain, enabled by rapid and continuous volumetric imaging of capillaries with OCT-angiography, will lead to future investigations of the potential role of stalling events in cerebral pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şefik Evren Erdener
- 1 Optics Division, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Jianbo Tang
- 1 Optics Division, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Amir Sajjadi
- 1 Optics Division, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Kıvılcım Kılıç
- 2 Neurophotonics Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sreekanth Kura
- 1 Optics Division, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Chris B Schaffer
- 3 Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - David A Boas
- 1 Optics Division, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,2 Neurophotonics Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Siebold L, Obenaus A, Goyal R. Criteria to define mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury in the mouse controlled cortical impact model. Exp Neurol 2018; 310:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Liu H, He J, Zhang Z, Liu L, Huo G, Sun X, Cheng C. Evolution of cerebral perfusion in the peri-contusional cortex in mice revealed by in vivo laser speckle imaging after traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2018; 1700:118-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Adams C, Bazzigaluppi P, Beckett TL, Bishay J, Weisspapir I, Dorr A, Mester JR, Steinman J, Hirschler L, Warnking JM, Barbier EL, McLaurin J, Sled JG, Stefanovic B. Neurogliovascular dysfunction in a model of repeated traumatic brain injury. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:4824-4836. [PMID: 30279740 PMCID: PMC6160760 DOI: 10.7150/thno.24747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) research has focused on moderate to severe injuries as their outcomes are significantly worse than those of a mild TBI (mTBI). However, recent epidemiological evidence has indicated that a series of even mild TBIs greatly increases the risk of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Neuropathological studies of repeated TBI have identified changes in neuronal ionic concentrations, axonal injury, and cytoskeletal damage as important determinants of later life neurological and mood compromise; yet, there is a paucity of data on the contribution of neurogliovascular dysfunction to the progression of repeated TBI and alterations of brain function in the intervening period. Methods: Here, we established a mouse model of repeated TBI induced via three electromagnetically actuated impacts delivered to the intact skull at three-day intervals and determined the long-term deficits in neurogliovascular functioning in Thy1-ChR2 mice. Two weeks post the third impact, cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity were measured with arterial spin labelling magnetic resonance imaging. Neuronal function was investigated through bilateral intracranial electrophysiological responses to optogenetic photostimulation. Vascular density of the site of impacts was measured with in vivo two photon fluorescence microscopy. Pathological analysis of neuronal survival and astrogliosis was performed via NeuN and GFAP immunofluorescence. Results: Cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity were decreased by 50±16% and 70±20%, respectively, in the TBI cohort relative to sham-treated animals. Concomitantly, electrophysiological recordings revealed a 97±1% attenuation in peri-contusional neuronal reactivity relative to sham. Peri-contusional vascular volume was increased by 33±2% relative to sham-treated mice. Pathological analysis of the peri-contusional cortex demonstrated astrogliosis, but no changes in neuronal survival. Conclusion: This work provides the first in-situ characterization of the long-term deficits of the neurogliovascular unit following repeated TBI. The findings will help guide the development of diagnostic markers as well as therapeutics targeting neurogliovascular dysfunction.
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Tóth L, Szöllősi D, Kis-Petik K, Adorján I, Erdélyi F, Kálmán M. The First Postlesion Minutes: An In Vivo Study of Extravasation and Perivascular Astrocytes Following Cerebral Lesions in Various Experimental Mouse Models. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 67:29-39. [PMID: 30047826 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418788390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immediate alterations following lesions cannot be investigated by using fixed tissues. Here, we employed two-photon microscopy to study the alterations to the permeability of blood-brain barrier and to glio-vascular connections in vivo during the first minutes following cortical lesions in mice. Four models were used: (1) cryogenic lesion, (2) photodisruption using laser pulses, (3) photothrombosis, and (4) bilateral carotid ligation. Sulforhodamine101 was used for supravital labeling of astrocytes and dextran-bound fluorescein isothiocyanate for the assessment of extravasation. Transgenic mice, in which the endothelium and astrocytes expressed a yellow fluorescent protein, were also used. Astrocytic labeling in vivo was verified with postmortem immunostaining against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Summary of results: (1) the glio-vascular connections were stable in the intact brain with no sign of spontaneous dynamic attachment/detachment of glial end-feet; (2) only direct vascular damage (photodisruption or cryogenic) resulted in prompt extravasation; (3) even direct damage failed to provoke a prompt astroglial response. In conclusion, the results indicate that a detachment of the astrocytic end-feet does not precede the breakdown of blood-brain barrier following lesions. Whereas vasogenic edema develops immediately after the lesions, this is not the case with cytotoxic edemas. Time-lapse recordings and three-dimensional reconstructions are presented as supplemental materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Tóth
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
| | - Dávid Szöllősi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
| | - Katalin Kis-Petik
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
| | - István Adorján
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
| | - Ferenc Erdélyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
| | - Mihály Kálmán
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
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Budde MD, Skinner NP. Diffusion MRI in acute nervous system injury. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 292:137-148. [PMID: 29773299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) and related techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) are uniquely sensitive to the microstructure of the brain and spinal cord. In the acute aftermath of nervous system injury, for example, DWI reveals changes caused by injury that remains invisible on other MRI contrasts such as T2-weighted imaging. This ability has led to a demonstrated clinical utility in cerebral ischemia. However, despite strong promise in preclinical models and research settings, DWI has not been as readily adopted for other acute injuries such as traumatic spinal cord, brain, or peripheral nerve injury. Furthermore, the precise biophysical mechanisms that underlie DWI and DTI changes are not fully understood. In this report, we review the DWI and DTI changes that occur in acute neurological injury of cerebral ischemia, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, and peripheral nerve injury. Their associations with the underlying biology are examined with an emphasis on the role of acute axon and dendrite beading. Lastly, emerging DWI techniques to overcome the limitations of DTI are discussed as these may offer the needed improvements to translate to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Budde
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
| | - Nathan P Skinner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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27
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Schiefecker AJ, Kofler M, Gaasch M, Beer R, Unterberger I, Pfausler B, Broessner G, Lackner P, Rhomberg P, Gizewski E, Hackl WO, Mulino M, Ortler M, Thome C, Schmutzhard E, Helbok R. Brain temperature but not core temperature increases during spreading depolarizations in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:549-558. [PMID: 28436257 PMCID: PMC5851146 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17703940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Spreading depolarizations (SDs) are highly active metabolic events, commonly occur in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and may be triggered by fever. We investigated the dynamics of brain-temperature (Tbrain) and core-temperature (Tcore) relative to the occurrence of SDs. Twenty consecutive comatose ICH patients with multimodal electrocorticograpy (ECoG) and Tbrain monitoring of the perihematomal area were prospectively enrolled. Clusters of SDs were defined as ≥2 SDs/h. Generalized estimating equations were used for statistical calculations. Data are presented as median and interquartile range. During 3097 h (173 h [81-223]/patient) of ECoG monitoring, 342 SDs were analyzed of which 51 (15%) occurred in clusters. Baseline Tcore and Tbrain was 37.3℃ (36.9-37.8) and 37.4℃ (36.7-37.9), respectively. Tbrain but not Tcore significantly increased 25 min preceding the onset of SDs by 0.2℃ (0.1-0.2; p < 0.001) and returned to baseline 35 min following SDs. During clusters, Tbrain increased to a higher level (+0.4℃ [0.1-0.4]; p = 0.006) when compared to single SDs. A higher probability (OR = 36.9; CI = 36.8-37.1; p < 0.001) of developing SDs was observed during episodes of Tbrain ≥ 38.0℃ (23% probability), than during Tbrain ≤ 36.6℃ (9% probability). Spreading depolarizations - and in particular clusters of SDs - may increase brain temperature following ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois J Schiefecker
- 1 Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mario Kofler
- 1 Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Max Gaasch
- 1 Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronny Beer
- 1 Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Iris Unterberger
- 1 Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bettina Pfausler
- 1 Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor Broessner
- 1 Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Lackner
- 1 Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Rhomberg
- 2 Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elke Gizewski
- 2 Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Werner O Hackl
- 3 Institute of Biomedical Informatics, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology (UMIT), Hall, Austria
| | - Miriam Mulino
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Ortler
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claudius Thome
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Erich Schmutzhard
- 1 Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raimund Helbok
- 1 Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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28
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Halford J, Shen S, Itamura K, Levine J, Chong AC, Czerwieniec G, Glenn TC, Hovda DA, Vespa P, Bullock R, Dietrich WD, Mondello S, Loo JA, Wanner IB. New astroglial injury-defined biomarkers for neurotrauma assessment. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3278-3299. [PMID: 28816095 PMCID: PMC5624401 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17724681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an expanding public health epidemic with pathophysiology that is difficult to diagnose and thus treat. TBI biomarkers should assess patients across severities and reveal pathophysiology, but currently, their kinetics and specificity are unclear. No single ideal TBI biomarker exists. We identified new candidates from a TBI CSF proteome by selecting trauma-released, astrocyte-enriched proteins including aldolase C (ALDOC), its 38kD breakdown product (BDP), brain lipid binding protein (BLBP), astrocytic phosphoprotein (PEA15), glutamine synthetase (GS) and new 18-25kD-GFAP-BDPs. Their levels increased over four orders of magnitude in severe TBI CSF. First post-injury week, ALDOC levels were markedly high and stable. Short-lived BLBP and PEA15 related to injury progression. ALDOC, BLBP and PEA15 appeared hyper-acutely and were similarly robust in severe and mild TBI blood; 25kD-GFAP-BDP appeared overnight after TBI and was rarely present after mild TBI. Using a human culture trauma model, we investigated biomarker kinetics. Wounded (mechanoporated) astrocytes released ALDOC, BLBP and PEA15 acutely. Delayed cell death corresponded with GFAP release and proteolysis into small GFAP-BDPs. Associating biomarkers with cellular injury stages produced astroglial injury-defined (AID) biomarkers that facilitate TBI assessment, as neurological deficits are rooted not only in death of CNS cells, but also in their functional compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Halford
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sean Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kyohei Itamura
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaclynn Levine
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Albert C Chong
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gregg Czerwieniec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas C Glenn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
| | - David A Hovda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
| | - Paul Vespa
- Department of Neurology, UCLA-David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ross Bullock
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Joseph A Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, and UCLA/DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ina-Beate Wanner
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Dreier JP, Lemale CL, Kola V, Friedman A, Schoknecht K. Spreading depolarization is not an epiphenomenon but the principal mechanism of the cytotoxic edema in various gray matter structures of the brain during stroke. Neuropharmacology 2017; 134:189-207. [PMID: 28941738 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spreading depolarization (SD) is a phenomenon of various cerebral gray matter structures that only occurs under pathological conditions. In the present paper, we summarize the evidence from several decades of research that SD and cytotoxic edema in these structures are largely overlapping terms. SD/cytotoxic edema is a toxic state that - albeit initially reversible - leads eventually to cellular death when it is persistent. Both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke are among the most prominent causes of SD/cytotoxic edema. SD/cytotoxic edema is the principal mechanism that mediates neuronal death in these conditions. This applies to gray matter structures in both the ischemic core and the penumbra. SD/cytotoxic edema is often a single terminal event in the core whereas, in the penumbra, a cluster of repetitive prolonged SDs is typical. SD/cytotoxic edema also propagates widely into healthy surrounding tissue as short-lasting, relatively harmless events so that regional electrocorticographic monitoring affords even remote detection of ischemic zones. Ischemia cannot only cause SD/cytotoxic edema but it can also be its consequence through inverse neurovascular coupling. Under this condition, ischemia does not start simultaneously in different regions but spreads in the tissue driven by SD/cytotoxic edema-induced microvascular constriction (= spreading ischemia). Spreading ischemia prolongs SD/cytotoxic edema. Thus, it increases the likelihood for the transition from SD/cytotoxic edema into cellular death. Vasogenic edema is the other major type of cerebral edema with relevance to ischemic stroke. It results from opening of the blood-brain barrier. SD/cytotoxic edema and vasogenic edema are distinct processes with important mutual interactions. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Cerebral Ischemia'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens P Dreier
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Departments of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Coline L Lemale
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vasilis Kola
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alon Friedman
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Karl Schoknecht
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Reversible Disruption of Neuronal Mitochondria by Ischemic and Traumatic Injury Revealed by Quantitative Two-Photon Imaging in the Neocortex of Anesthetized Mice. J Neurosci 2017; 37:333-348. [PMID: 28077713 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1510-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a variety of functional roles in cortical neurons, from metabolic support and neuroprotection to the release of cytokines that trigger apoptosis. In dendrites, mitochondrial structure is closely linked to their function, and fragmentation (fission) of the normally elongated mitochondria indicates loss of their function under pathological conditions, such as stroke and brain trauma. Using in vivo two-photon microscopy in mouse brain, we quantified mitochondrial fragmentation in a full spectrum of cortical injuries, ranging from severe to mild. Severe global ischemic injury was induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, whereas severe focal stroke injury was induced by Rose Bengal photosensitization. The moderate and mild traumatic injury was inflicted by focal laser lesion and by mild photo-damage, respectively. Dendritic and mitochondrial structural changes were tracked longitudinally using transgenic mice expressing fluorescent proteins localized either in cytosol or in mitochondrial matrix. In response to severe injury, mitochondrial fragmentation developed in parallel with dendritic damage signified by dendritic beading. Reconstruction from serial section electron microscopy confirmed mitochondrial fragmentation. Unlike dendritic beading, fragmentation spread beyond the injury core in focal stroke and focal laser lesion models. In moderate and mild injury, mitochondrial fragmentation was reversible with full recovery of structural integrity after 1-2 weeks. The transient fragmentation observed in the mild photo-damage model was associated with changes in dendritic spine density without any signs of dendritic damage. Our findings indicate that alterations in neuronal mitochondria structure are very sensitive to the tissue damage and can be reversible in ischemic and traumatic injuries. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT During ischemic stroke or brain trauma, mitochondria can either protect neurons by supplying ATP and adsorbing excessive Ca2+, or kill neurons by releasing proapoptotic factors. Mitochondrial function is tightly linked to their morphology: healthy mitochondria are thin and long; dysfunctional mitochondria are thick (swollen) and short (fragmented). To date, fragmentation of mitochondria was studied either in dissociated cultured neurons or in brain slices, but not in the intact living brain. Using real-time in vivo two-photon microscopy, we quantified mitochondrial fragmentation during acute pathological conditions that mimic severe, moderate, and mild brain injury. We demonstrated that alterations in neuronal mitochondria structural integrity can be reversible in traumatic and ischemic injuries, highlighting mitochondria as a potential target for therapeutic interventions.
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31
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Pericytes as Inducers of Rapid, Matrix Metalloproteinase-9-Dependent Capillary Damage during Ischemia. J Neurosci 2017; 37:129-140. [PMID: 28053036 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2891-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier disruption (BBB) and release of toxic blood molecules into the brain contributes to neuronal injury during stroke and other cerebrovascular diseases. While pericytes are builders and custodians of the BBB in the normal brain, their impact on BBB integrity during ischemia remains unclear. We imaged pericyte-labeled transgenic mice with in vivo two-photon microscopy to examine the relationship between pericytes and blood plasma leakage during photothrombotic occlusion of cortical capillaries. Upon cessation of capillary flow, we observed that plasma leakage occurred with three times greater frequency in regions where pericyte somata adjoined the endothelium. Pericyte somata covered only 7% of the total capillary length in cortex, indicating that a disproportionate amount of leakage occurred from a small fraction of the capillary bed. Plasma leakage was preceded by rapid activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) at pericyte somata, which was visualized at high resolution in vivo using a fluorescent probe for matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 activity, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-gelatin. Coinjection of an MMP-9 inhibitor, but not an MMP-2 inhibitor, reduced pericyte-associated FITC-gelatin fluorescence and plasma leakage. These results suggest that pericytes contribute to rapid and localized proteolytic degradation of the BBB during cerebral ischemia. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Pericytes are a key component of the neurovascular unit and are essential for normal BBB function. However, during acute ischemia, we find that pericytes are involved in creating rapid and heterogeneous BBB disruption in the capillary bed. The mechanism by which pericytes contribute to BBB damage warrants further investigation, as it may yield new therapeutic targets for acute stroke injury and other neurological diseases involving capillary flow impairment.
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Guo D, Zou J, Wong M. Rapamycin Attenuates Acute Seizure-induced Astrocyte Injury in Mice in Vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2867. [PMID: 28588256 PMCID: PMC5460181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have been implicated in epileptogenesis and seizure-induced brain injury. Pathological studies reveal a variety of structural abnormalities in astrocytes, such as vacuolization and astrogliosis. While in vivo imaging methods have demonstrated rapid changes in astrocytes under a variety of physiological and pathological conditions, the acute effects of seizures on astrocyte morphology in vivo and corresponding mechanisms of seizure-induced astrocytic injury have not been documented. In this study, we utilized in vivo two-photon imaging to directly monitor the acute structural effects of kainate-induced seizures on cortical astrocytes. Kainate seizures cause an immediate, but transient, vacuolization of astrocytes, followed over several days by astrogliosis. These effects are prevented by pre- or post-treatment with rapamycin, indicating the mTOR pathway is involved in mediating seizure-induced astrocyte injury. These finding have clinical implications for mechanisms of seizure-induced astrocyte injury and potential therapeutic applications with mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjun Guo
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jia Zou
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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33
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Balança B, Meiller A, Bezin L, Dreier JP, Marinesco S, Lieutaud T. Altered hypermetabolic response to cortical spreading depolarizations after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:1670-1686. [PMID: 27356551 PMCID: PMC5435292 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16657571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Spreading depolarizations are waves of near-complete breakdown of neuronal transmembrane ion gradients, free energy starving, and mass depolarization. Spreading depolarizations in electrically inactive tissue are associated with poor outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury. Here, we studied changes in regional cerebral blood flow and brain oxygen (PbtO2), glucose ([Glc]b), and lactate ([Lac]b) concentrations in rats, using minimally invasive real-time sensors. Rats underwent either spreading depolarizations chemically triggered by KCl in naïve cortex in absence of traumatic brain injury or spontaneous spreading depolarizations in the traumatic penumbra after traumatic brain injury, or a cluster of spreading depolarizations triggered chemically by KCl in a remote window from which spreading depolarizations invaded penumbral tissue. Spreading depolarizations in noninjured cortex induced a hypermetabolic response characterized by a decline in [Glc]b and monophasic increases in regional cerebral blood flow, PbtO2, and [Lac]b, indicating transient hyperglycolysis. Following traumatic brain injury, spontaneous spreading depolarizations occurred, causing further decline in [Glc]b and reducing the increase in regional cerebral blood flow and biphasic responses of PbtO2 and [Lac]b, followed by prolonged decline. Recovery of PbtO2 and [Lac]b was significantly delayed in traumatized animals. Prespreading depolarization [Glc]b levels determined the metabolic response to clusters. The results suggest a compromised hypermetabolic response to spreading depolarizations and slower return to physiological conditions following traumatic brain injury-induced spreading depolarizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Balança
- Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER, Lyon, France
- Centre hospitalier universitaire de Lyon, France
| | - Anne Meiller
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, AniRA-Neurochem Technological platform, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Bezin
- Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER, Lyon, France
| | - Jens P. Dreier
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stéphane Marinesco
- Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, AniRA-Neurochem Technological platform, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Lieutaud
- Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER, Lyon, France
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34
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Sword J, Croom D, Wang PL, Thompson RJ, Kirov SA. Neuronal pannexin-1 channels are not molecular routes of water influx during spreading depolarization-induced dendritic beading. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:1626-1633. [PMID: 26994044 PMCID: PMC5435276 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16639328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spreading depolarization-induced focal dendritic swelling (beading) is an early hallmark of neuronal cytotoxic edema. Pyramidal neurons lack membrane-bound aquaporins posing a question of how water enters neurons during spreading depolarization. Recently, we have identified chloride-coupled transport mechanisms that can, at least in part, participate in dendritic beading. Yet transporter-mediated ion and water fluxes could be paralleled by water entry through additional pathways such as large-pore pannexin-1 channels opened by spreading depolarization. Using real-time in vivo two-photon imaging in mice with pharmacological inhibition or conditional genetic deletion of pannexin-1, we showed that pannexin-1 channels are not required for spreading depolarization-induced focal dendritic swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Sword
- 1 Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Deborah Croom
- 1 Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Phil L Wang
- 1 Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Roger J Thompson
- 2 Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sergei A Kirov
- 1 Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,3 Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
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35
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Hartings JA, Shuttleworth CW, Kirov SA, Ayata C, Hinzman JM, Foreman B, Andrew RD, Boutelle MG, Brennan KC, Carlson AP, Dahlem MA, Drenckhahn C, Dohmen C, Fabricius M, Farkas E, Feuerstein D, Graf R, Helbok R, Lauritzen M, Major S, Oliveira-Ferreira AI, Richter F, Rosenthal ES, Sakowitz OW, Sánchez-Porras R, Santos E, Schöll M, Strong AJ, Urbach A, Westover MB, Winkler MK, Witte OW, Woitzik J, Dreier JP. The continuum of spreading depolarizations in acute cortical lesion development: Examining Leão's legacy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:1571-1594. [PMID: 27328690 PMCID: PMC5435288 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16654495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A modern understanding of how cerebral cortical lesions develop after acute brain injury is based on Aristides Leão's historic discoveries of spreading depression and asphyxial/anoxic depolarization. Treated as separate entities for decades, we now appreciate that these events define a continuum of spreading mass depolarizations, a concept that is central to understanding their pathologic effects. Within minutes of acute severe ischemia, the onset of persistent depolarization triggers the breakdown of ion homeostasis and development of cytotoxic edema. These persistent changes are diagnosed as diffusion restriction in magnetic resonance imaging and define the ischemic core. In delayed lesion growth, transient spreading depolarizations arise spontaneously in the ischemic penumbra and induce further persistent depolarization and excitotoxic damage, progressively expanding the ischemic core. The causal role of these waves in lesion development has been proven by real-time monitoring of electrophysiology, blood flow, and cytotoxic edema. The spreading depolarization continuum further applies to other models of acute cortical lesions, suggesting that it is a universal principle of cortical lesion development. These pathophysiologic concepts establish a working hypothesis for translation to human disease, where complex patterns of depolarizations are observed in acute brain injury and appear to mediate and signal ongoing secondary damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed A Hartings
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,2 Mayfield Clinic, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - C William Shuttleworth
- 3 Department of Neuroscience, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Sergei A Kirov
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- 5 Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, and Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason M Hinzman
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brandon Foreman
- 6 Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R David Andrew
- 7 Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martyn G Boutelle
- 8 Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - K C Brennan
- 9 Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,10 Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Andrew P Carlson
- 11 Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Markus A Dahlem
- 12 Department of Physics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christian Dohmen
- 14 Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Fabricius
- 15 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Eszter Farkas
- 16 Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Delphine Feuerstein
- 17 Multimodal Imaging of Brain Metabolism, Max-Planck-Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rudolf Graf
- 17 Multimodal Imaging of Brain Metabolism, Max-Planck-Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Raimund Helbok
- 18 Medical University of Innsbruck, Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Lauritzen
- 15 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.,19 Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Major
- 13 Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,20 Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,21 Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana I Oliveira-Ferreira
- 20 Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,21 Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Richter
- 22 Institute of Physiology/Neurophysiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Eric S Rosenthal
- 5 Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, and Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oliver W Sakowitz
- 23 Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany.,24 Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Renán Sánchez-Porras
- 24 Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Edgar Santos
- 24 Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schöll
- 24 Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anthony J Strong
- 25 Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London
| | - Anja Urbach
- 26 Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - M Brandon Westover
- 5 Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, and Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maren Kl Winkler
- 20 Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- 26 Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,27 Brain Imaging Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Woitzik
- 20 Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,28 Department of Neurosurgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens P Dreier
- 13 Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,20 Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,21 Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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36
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Guo D, Zou J, Rensing N, Wong M. In Vivo Two-Photon Imaging of Astrocytes in GFAP-GFP Transgenic Mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170005. [PMID: 28107381 PMCID: PMC5249218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play important roles in normal brain function and neurological diseases. In vivo two-photon excitation laser scanning microscopy has the potential to reveal rapid, dynamic structural changes in cells in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. The type of in vivo imaging method has been shown to affect the plasticity of dendritic spines of neurons, but the optimal in vivo imaging methods of astrocytes have not been established. We compared open-skull and thinned-skull imaging methods for two-photon laser microscopy of live astrocytes in neocortex of GFAP-GFP transgenic mice. The thinned-skull method provided stable image intensity and morphological features of astrocytes in vivo over at least one week, with no evidence of astrogliosis. In contrast, the open-skull method resulted in significant changes in image intensity and induced astrogliosis. The thinned-skull method is the preferred approach for in vivo imaging of astrocytes under most conditions involving gross astrocyte modulation or causing astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjun Guo
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Jia Zou
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Rensing
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
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Abstract
There is a paucity of accurate and reliable biomarkers to detect traumatic brain injury, grade its severity, and model post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) recovery. This gap could be addressed via advances in brain mapping which define injury signatures and enable tracking of post-injury trajectories at the individual level. Mapping of molecular and anatomical changes and of modifications in functional activation supports the conceptual paradigm of TBI as a disorder of large-scale neural connectivity. Imaging approaches with particular relevance are magnetic resonance techniques (diffusion weighted imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, susceptibility weighted imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomographic methods including molecular neuroimaging). Inferences from mapping represent unique endophenotypes which have the potential to transform classification and treatment of patients with TBI. Limitations of these methods, as well as future research directions, are highlighted.
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38
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Shultz SR, McDonald SJ, Vonder Haar C, Meconi A, Vink R, van Donkelaar P, Taneja C, Iverson GL, Christie BR. The potential for animal models to provide insight into mild traumatic brain injury: Translational challenges and strategies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 76:396-414. [PMID: 27659125 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a common health problem. There is tremendous variability and heterogeneity in human mTBI, including mechanisms of injury, biomechanical forces, injury severity, spatial and temporal pathophysiology, genetic factors, pre-injury vulnerability and resilience factors, and clinical outcomes. Animal models greatly reduce this variability and heterogeneity, and provide a means to study mTBI in a rigorous, controlled, and efficient manner. Rodent models, in particular, are time- and cost-efficient, and they allow researchers to measure morphological, cellular, molecular, and behavioral variables in a single study. However, inter-species differences in anatomy, morphology, metabolism, neurobiology, and lifespan create translational challenges. Although the term "mild" TBI is used often in the pre-clinical literature, clearly defined criteria for mild, moderate, and severe TBI in animal models have not been agreed upon. In this review, we introduce current issues facing the mTBI field, summarize the available research methodologies and previous studies in mTBI animal models, and discuss how a translational research approach may be useful in advancing our understanding and management of mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cole Vonder Haar
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alicia Meconi
- Division of Medical Sciences, The University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Robert Vink
- Division of Health Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Paul van Donkelaar
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Chand Taneja
- Division of Medical Sciences, The University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, and MassGeneral Hospital for Children™ Sports Concussion Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian R Christie
- Division of Medical Sciences, The University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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39
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Osier ND, Dixon CE. The Controlled Cortical Impact Model: Applications, Considerations for Researchers, and Future Directions. Front Neurol 2016; 7:134. [PMID: 27582726 PMCID: PMC4987613 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled cortical impact (CCI) is a mechanical model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that was developed nearly 30 years ago with the goal of creating a testing platform to determine the biomechanical properties of brain tissue exposed to direct mechanical deformation. Initially used to model TBIs produced by automotive crashes, the CCI model rapidly transformed into a standardized technique to study TBI mechanisms and evaluate therapies. CCI is most commonly produced using a device that rapidly accelerates a rod to impact the surgically exposed cortical dural surface. The tip of the rod can be varied in size and geometry to accommodate scalability to difference species. Typically, the rod is actuated by a pneumatic piston or electromagnetic actuator. With some limits, CCI devices can control the velocity, depth, duration, and site of impact. The CCI model produces morphologic and cerebrovascular injury responses that resemble certain aspects of human TBI. Commonly observed are graded histologic and axonal derangements, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, subdural and intra-parenchymal hematoma, edema, inflammation, and alterations in cerebral blood flow. The CCI model also produces neurobehavioral and cognitive impairments similar to those observed clinically. In contrast to other TBI models, the CCI device induces a significantly pronounced cortical contusion, but is limited in the extent to which it models the diffuse effects of TBI; a related limitation is that not all clinical TBI cases are characterized by a contusion. Another perceived limitation is that a non-clinically relevant craniotomy is performed. Biomechanically, this is irrelevant at the tissue level. However, craniotomies are not atraumatic and the effects of surgery should be controlled by including surgical sham control groups. CCI devices have also been successfully used to impact closed skulls to study mild and repetitive TBI. Future directions for CCI research surround continued refinements to the model through technical improvements in the devices (e.g., minimizing mechanical sources of variation). Like all TBI models, publications should report key injury parameters as outlined in the NIH common data elements (CDEs) for pre-clinical TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D. Osier
- Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - C. Edward Dixon
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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40
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Zhang X, Wang H, Antaris AL, Li L, Diao S, Ma R, Nguyen A, Hong G, Ma Z, Wang J, Zhu S, Castellano JM, Wyss-Coray T, Liang Y, Luo J, Dai H. Traumatic Brain Injury Imaging in the Second Near-Infrared Window with a Molecular Fluorophore. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:6872-9. [PMID: 27253071 PMCID: PMC5293734 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. A bright, renal-excreted, and biocompatible near-infrared II fluorophore for in vivo imaging of TBI is designed. A transient hypoperfusion in the injured cerebral region, followed by fluorophore leakage, is observed. NIR-II fluorophores can provide noninvasive assessment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Huasen Wang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, South University of Science & Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | | | - Lulin Li
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Shuo Diao
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, South University of Science & Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Andy Nguyen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Guosong Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Zuoran Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Joy Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Shoujun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Joseph M. Castellano
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Yongye Liang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, South University of Science & Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jian Luo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Hongjie Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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41
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Skatchkov SN, Antonov SM, Eaton MJ. Glia and glial polyamines. Role in brain function in health and disease. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747816010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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42
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Zhang XD, Wang H, Antaris AL, Li L, Diao S, Ma R, Nguyen A, Hong G, Ma Z, Wang J, Zhu S, Castellano JM, Wyss-Coray T, Liang Y, Luo J, Dai H. Traumatic Brain Injury Imaging in the Second Near-Infrared Window with a Molecular Fluorophore. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016. [PMID: 27253071 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600706.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. A bright, renal-excreted, and biocompatible near-infrared II fluorophore for in vivo imaging of TBI is designed. A transient hypoperfusion in the injured cerebral region, followed by fluorophore leakage, is observed. NIR-II fluorophores can provide noninvasive assessment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, P. R. China
| | - Huasen Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | | | - Lulin Li
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Shuo Diao
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Andy Nguyen
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Guosong Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zhuoran Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Joy Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shoujun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Joseph M Castellano
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Yongye Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jian Luo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Hongjie Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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43
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Vardjan N, Horvat A, Anderson JE, Yu D, Croom D, Zeng X, Lužnik Z, Kreft M, Teng YD, Kirov SA, Zorec R. Adrenergic activation attenuates astrocyte swelling induced by hypotonicity and neurotrauma. Glia 2016; 64:1034-49. [PMID: 27018061 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Edema in the central nervous system can rapidly result in life-threatening complications. Vasogenic edema is clinically manageable, but there is no established medical treatment for cytotoxic edema, which affects astrocytes and is a primary trigger of acute post-traumatic neuronal death. To test the hypothesis that adrenergic receptor agonists, including the stress stimulus epinephrine protects neural parenchyma from damage, we characterized its effects on hypotonicity-induced cellular edema in cortical astrocytes by in vivo and in vitro imaging. After epinephrine administration, hypotonicity-induced swelling of astrocytes was markedly reduced and cytosolic 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was increased, as shown by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer nanosensor. Although, the kinetics of epinephrine-induced cAMP signaling was slowed in primary cortical astrocytes exposed to hypotonicity, the swelling reduction by epinephrine was associated with an attenuated hypotonicity-induced cytosolic Ca(2+) excitability, which may be the key to prevent astrocyte swelling. Furthermore, in a rat model of spinal cord injury, epinephrine applied locally markedly reduced neural edema around the contusion epicenter. These findings reveal new targets for the treatment of cellular edema in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vardjan
- Celica, BIOMEDICAL, Tehnološki park 24, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Anemari Horvat
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Jamie E Anderson
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dou Yu
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah Croom
- Brain and Behaviour Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zala Lužnik
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Marko Kreft
- Celica, BIOMEDICAL, Tehnološki park 24, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.,Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Yang D Teng
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of SCI Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sergei A Kirov
- Brain and Behaviour Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Celica, BIOMEDICAL, Tehnološki park 24, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
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44
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Anions Govern Cell Volume: A Case Study of Relative Astrocytic and Neuronal Swelling in Spreading Depolarization. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147060. [PMID: 26974767 PMCID: PMC4790933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell volume changes are ubiquitous in normal and pathological activity of the brain. Nevertheless, we know little about the dynamics of cell and tissue swelling, and the differential changes in the volumes of neurons and glia during pathological states such as spreading depolarizations (SD) under ischemic and non–ischemic conditions, and epileptic seizures. By combining the Hodgkin–Huxley type spiking dynamics, dynamic ion concentrations, and simultaneous neuronal and astroglial volume changes into a comprehensive model, we elucidate why glial cells swell more than neurons in SD and the special case of anoxic depolarization (AD), and explore the relative contributions of the two cell types to tissue swelling. Our results demonstrate that anion channels, particularly Cl−, are intrinsically connected to cell swelling and blocking these currents prevents changes in cell volume. The model is based on a simple and physiologically realistic description. We introduce model extensions that are either derived purely from first physical principles of electroneutrality, osmosis, and conservation of particles, or by a phenomenological combination of these principles and known physiological facts. This work provides insights into numerous studies related to neuronal and glial volume changes in SD that otherwise seem contradictory, and is broadly applicable to swelling in other cell types and conditions.
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45
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Hartmann DA, Underly RG, Watson AN, Shih AY. A murine toolbox for imaging the neurovascular unit. Microcirculation 2015; 22:168-82. [PMID: 25352367 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) coordinates many essential functions in the brain including blood flow control, nutrient delivery, and maintenance of BBB integrity. These functions are the result of a cellular and molecular interplay that we are just beginning to understand. Cells of the NVU can now be investigated in the intact brain through the combined use of high-resolution in vivo imaging and non-invasive molecular tools to observe and manipulate cell function. Mouse lines that target transgene expression to cells of the NVU will be of great value in future work. However, a detailed evaluation of target cell specificity and expression pattern within the brain is required for many existing lines. The purpose of this review was to catalog mouse lines available to cerebrovascular biologists and to discuss their utility and limitations in future imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hartmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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46
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Volman V, Ng LJ. Perinodal glial swelling mitigates axonal degradation in a model of axonal injury. J Neurophysiol 2015; 115:1003-17. [PMID: 26683073 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00912.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has been associated with the damage to myelinated axons in white matter tracts. Animal models and in vitro studies suggest that axonal degradation develops during a latent period following a traumatic event. This delay has been attributed to slowly developing axonal membrane depolarization that is initiated by injury-induced ionic imbalance and in turn, leads to the activation of Ca(2+) proteases via pathological accumulation of Ca(2+). However, the mechanisms mitigating the transition to axonal degradation after injury remain elusive. We addressed this question in a detailed biophysical model of axonal injury that incorporated ion exchange and glial swelling mechanisms. We show that glial swelling, which often co-occurs with mTBI, promotes axonal survival by regulating extracellular K(+) dynamics, extending the range of injury parameters in which axons exhibit stable membrane potential postinjury. In addition, glial swelling was instrumental in reducing axonal sensitivity to repetitive stretch injury that occurred several minutes following the first one. Results of this study suggest that acute post-traumatic swelling of perinodal astrocytes helps prevent or postpone axonal degradation by maintaining physiologically relevant levels of extracellular K(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Volman
- Simulation, Engineering, and Testing, L-3 Applied Technologies Incorporated, San Diego, California
| | - Laurel J Ng
- Simulation, Engineering, and Testing, L-3 Applied Technologies Incorporated, San Diego, California
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47
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Chloride Cotransporters as a Molecular Mechanism underlying Spreading Depolarization-Induced Dendritic Beading. J Neurosci 2015; 35:12172-87. [PMID: 26338328 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0400-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Spreading depolarizations (SDs) are waves of sustained neuronal and glial depolarization that propagate massive disruptions of ion gradients through the brain. SD is associated with migraine aura and recently recognized as a novel mechanism of injury in stroke and brain trauma patients. SD leads to neuronal swelling as assessed in real time with two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM). Pyramidal neurons do not express aquaporins and thus display low inherent water permeability, yet SD rapidly induces focal swelling (beading) along the dendritic shaft by unidentified molecular mechanisms. To address this issue, we induced SD in murine hippocampal slices by focal KCl microinjection and visualized the ensuing beading of dendrites expressing EGFP by 2PLSM. We confirmed that dendritic beading failed to arise during large (100 mOsm) hyposmotic challenges, underscoring that neuronal swelling does not occur as a simple osmotic event. SD-induced dendritic beading was not prevented by pharmacological interference with the cytoskeleton, supporting the notion that dendritic beading may result entirely from excessive water influx. Dendritic beading was strictly dependent on the presence of Cl(-), and, accordingly, combined blockade of Cl(-)-coupled transporters led to a significant reduction in dendritic beading without interfering with SD. Furthermore, our in vivo data showed a strong inhibition of dendritic beading during pharmacological blockage of these cotransporters. We propose that SD-induced dendritic beading takes place as a consequence of the altered driving forces and thus activity for these cotransporters, which by transport of water during their translocation mechanism may generate dendritic beading independently of osmotic forces. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Spreading depolarization occurs during pathological conditions such as stroke, brain injury, and migraine and is characterized as a wave of massive ion translocation between intracellular and extracellular space in association with recurrent transient focal swelling (beading) of dendrites. Numerous ion channels have been demonstrated to be involved in generation and propagation of spreading depolarization, but the molecular machinery responsible for the dendritic beading has remained elusive. Using real-time in vitro and in vivo two-photon laser scanning microscopy, we have identified the transport mechanisms involved in the detrimental focal swelling of dendrites. These findings have clear clinical significance because they may point to a new class of pharmacological targets for prevention of neuronal swelling that consequently will serve as neuroprotective agents.
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48
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Skinner NP, Kurpad SN, Schmit BD, Budde MD. Detection of acute nervous system injury with advanced diffusion-weighted MRI: a simulation and sensitivity analysis. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:1489-1506. [PMID: 26411743 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a powerful tool to investigate the microscopic structure of the central nervous system (CNS). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a common model of the DWI signal, has a demonstrated sensitivity to detect microscopic changes as a result of injury or disease. However, DTI and other similar models have inherent limitations that reduce their specificity for certain pathological features, particularly in tissues with complex fiber arrangements. Methods such as double pulsed field gradient (dPFG) and q-vector magic angle spinning (qMAS) have been proposed to specifically probe the underlying microscopic anisotropy without interference from the macroscopic tissue organization. This is particularly important for the study of acute injury, where abrupt changes in the microscopic morphology of axons and dendrites manifest as focal enlargements known as beading. The purpose of this work was to assess the relative sensitivity of DWI measures to beading in the context of macroscopic fiber organization and edema. Computational simulations of DWI experiments in normal and beaded axons demonstrated that, although DWI models can be highly specific for the simulated pathologies of beading and volume fraction changes in coherent fiber pathways, their sensitivity to a single idealized pathology is considerably reduced in crossing and dispersed fibers. However, dPFG and qMAS have a high sensitivity for beading, even in complex fiber tracts. Moreover, in tissues with coherent arrangements, such as the spinal cord or nerve fibers in which tract orientation is known a priori, a specific dPFG sequence variant decreases the effects of edema and improves specificity for beading. Collectively, the simulation results demonstrate that advanced DWI methods, particularly those which sample diffusion along multiple directions within a single acquisition, have improved sensitivity to acute axonal injury over conventional DTI metrics and hold promise for more informative clinical diagnostic use in CNS injury evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Skinner
- Biophysics Graduate Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Shekar N Kurpad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Brian D Schmit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Matthew D Budde
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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49
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Sakadžić S, Lee J, Boas DA, Ayata C. High-resolution in vivo optical imaging of stroke injury and repair. Brain Res 2015; 1623:174-92. [PMID: 25960347 PMCID: PMC4569527 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) function and dysfunction are best understood within a framework of interactions between neuronal, glial and vascular compartments comprising the neurovascular unit (NVU), all of which contribute to stroke-induced CNS injury, plasticity, repair, and recovery. Recent advances in in vivo optical microscopy have enabled us to observe and interrogate cells and their processes with high spatial resolution in real time and in their natural environment deep in the brain tissue. Here, we review some of these state-of-the-art imaging techniques with an emphasis on imaging the interactions among the constituents of the NVU during ischemic injury and repair in small animal models. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sava Sakadžić
- Optics Division, MHG/MIT/HMS Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Jonghwan Lee
- Optics Division, MHG/MIT/HMS Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - David A Boas
- Optics Division, MHG/MIT/HMS Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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50
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Seidel JL, Escartin C, Ayata C, Bonvento G, Shuttleworth CW. Multifaceted roles for astrocytes in spreading depolarization: A target for limiting spreading depolarization in acute brain injury? Glia 2015; 64:5-20. [PMID: 26301517 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spreading depolarizations (SDs) are coordinated waves of synchronous depolarization, involving large numbers of neurons and astrocytes as they spread slowly through brain tissue. The recent identification of SDs as likely contributors to pathophysiology in human subjects has led to a significant increase in interest in SD mechanisms, and possible approaches to limit the numbers of SDs or their deleterious consequences in injured brain. Astrocytes regulate many events associated with SD. SD initiation and propagation is dependent on extracellular accumulation of K(+) and glutamate, both of which involve astrocytic clearance. SDs are extremely metabolically demanding events, and signaling through astrocyte networks is likely central to the dramatic increase in regional blood flow that accompanies SD in otherwise healthy tissues. Astrocytes may provide metabolic support to neurons following SD, and may provide a source of adenosine that inhibits neuronal activity following SD. It is also possible that astrocytes contribute to the pathophysiology of SD, as a consequence of excessive glutamate release, facilitation of NMDA receptor activation, brain edema due to astrocyte swelling, or disrupted coupling to appropriate vascular responses after SD. Direct or indirect evidence has accumulated implicating astrocytes in many of these responses, but much remains unknown about their specific contributions, especially in the context of injury. Conversion of astrocytes to a reactive phenotype is a prominent feature of injured brain, and recent work suggests that the different functional properties of reactive astrocytes could be targeted to limit SDs in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Seidel
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Carole Escartin
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Département des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), Molecular Imaging Center (MIRCen), CNRS UMR 9199, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Gilles Bonvento
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Département des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), Molecular Imaging Center (MIRCen), CNRS UMR 9199, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - C William Shuttleworth
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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