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Rau CN, Severin ME, Lee PW, Deffenbaugh JL, Liu Y, Murphy SP, Petersen-Cherubini CL, Lovett-Racke AE. MicroRNAs targeting TGF-β signaling exacerbate central nervous system autoimmunity by disrupting regulatory T cell development and function. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350548. [PMID: 38634287 PMCID: PMC11156541 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling is essential for a balanced immune response by mediating the development and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and suppressing autoreactive T cells. Disruption of this balance can result in autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) targeting TGF-β signaling have been shown to be upregulated in naïve CD4 T cells in MS patients, resulting in a limited in vitro generation of human Tregs. Utilizing the murine model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, we show that perinatal administration of miRNAs, which target the TGF-β signaling pathway, enhanced susceptibility to central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity. Neonatal mice administered with these miRNAs further exhibited reduced Treg frequencies with a loss in T cell receptor repertoire diversity following the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in adulthood. Exacerbated CNS autoimmunity as a result of miRNA overexpression in CD4 T cells was accompanied by enhanced Th1 and Th17 cell frequencies. These findings demonstrate that increased levels of TGF-β-associated miRNAs impede the development of a diverse Treg population, leading to enhanced effector cell activity, and contributing to an increased susceptibility to CNS autoimmunity. Thus, TGF-β-targeting miRNAs could be a risk factor for MS, and recovering optimal TGF-β signaling may restore immune homeostasis in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Rau
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mary E Severin
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Priscilla W Lee
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joshua L Deffenbaugh
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shawn P Murphy
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Cora L Petersen-Cherubini
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amy E Lovett-Racke
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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2
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Imraish A, Abu Thiab T, Alsalem M, Dahbour S, khleif H, Abu-Irmaileh B, Qasem R, El-Salem K. The neuroprotective effect of human primary astrocytes in multiple sclerosis: In vitro model. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300203. [PMID: 38564643 PMCID: PMC10987000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies highlighted the role of astrocytes in neuroinflammatory diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis, interacting closely with other CNS components but also with the immune cells. However, due to the difficulty in obtaining human astrocytes, their role in these pathologies is still unclear. In this study we develop an astrocyte in vitro model to evaluate their role in multiple sclerosis after being treated with CSF isolated from both healthy and MS diagnosed patients. Gene expression and ELISA assays reveal that several pro-inflammatory markers IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6, were significantly downregulated in astrocytes treated with MS-CSF. In contrast, neurotrophic survival, and growth factors, and GFAP, BDNF, GDNF and VEGF, were markedly elevated upon the same treatment. In summary, this study supports the notion of the astrocyte involvement in MS. The results reveal the neuroprotective role of astrocyte in MS pathogenicity by suppressing excessive inflammation and increasing the expression of tropic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Imraish
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Tuqa Abu Thiab
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Alsalem
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Saeed Dahbour
- Department of Neurology, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Hiba khleif
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Raneen Qasem
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Khalid El-Salem
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Kiel K, Król SK, Bronisz A, Godlewski J. MiR-128-3p - a gray eminence of the human central nervous system. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102141. [PMID: 38419943 PMCID: PMC10899074 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNA-128-3p (miR-128-3p) is a versatile molecule with multiple functions in the physiopathology of the human central nervous system. Perturbations of miR-128-3p, which is enriched in the brain, contribute to a plethora of neurodegenerative disorders, brain injuries, and malignancies, as this miRNA is a crucial regulator of gene expression in the brain, playing an essential role in the maintenance and function of cells stemming from neuronal lineage. However, the differential expression of miR-128-3p in pathologies underscores the importance of the balance between its high and low levels. Significantly, numerous reports pointed to miR-128-3p as one of the most depleted in glioblastoma, implying it is a critical player in the disease's pathogenesis and thus may serve as a therapeutic agent for this most aggressive form of brain tumor. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the diverse roles of miR-128-3p. We focus on its involvement in the neurogenesis and pathophysiology of malignant and neurodegenerative diseases. We also highlight the promising potential of miR-128-3p as an antitumor agent for the future therapy of human cancers, including glioblastoma, and as the linchpin of brain development and function, potentially leading to the development of new therapies for neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Kiel
- Tumor Microenvironment Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Katarzyna Król
- Department of Neurooncology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bronisz
- Tumor Microenvironment Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Godlewski
- Department of Neurooncology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Perdaens O, van Pesch V. MicroRNAs are dysregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in multiple sclerosis and correlate with T cell mediators. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 386:578196. [PMID: 38101084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
T cell mediators and microRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), but their interaction largely remains undetermined. We investigated by RT-qPCR the dysregulation of microRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MS patients versus healthy controls, according to radiological disease activity or treatment. Several microRNAs correlated positively/negatively with IL21/FOXP3 mRNA expression, but not with serum neurofilament light chain levels. Cytokine expression is conceivably balanced by several regulators, whereas microRNAs possibly target upstream transcription factors rather than directly cytokine mRNAs. Functional studies are needed to investigate their interaction, notably for the predicted targeting of FOXP3 by miR-34c-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Perdaens
- Neurochemistry Group, Institute of NeuroScience (IoNS), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), avenue Emmanuel Mounier 53/B1.53.03, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Vincent van Pesch
- Neurochemistry Group, Institute of NeuroScience (IoNS), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), avenue Emmanuel Mounier 53/B1.53.03, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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5
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Esmaeilzadeh A, Mohammadi V, Elahi R. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS); molecular approaches. Mol Biol Rep 2023:10.1007/s11033-023-08419-z. [PMID: 37204543 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an acute demyelinating disease with an autoimmune nature, followed by gradual neurodegeneration and enervating scar formation. Dysregulated immune response is a crucial dilemma contributing to the pathogenesis of MS. The role of chemokines and cytokines, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), have been recently highlighted regarding their altered expressions in MS. TGF-β has three isoforms, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3, that are structurally similar; however, they can show different functions. RESULTS All three isoforms are known to induce immune tolerance by modifying Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Nevertheless, there are controversial reports concerning the role of TGF-β1 and 2 in the progression of scar formation in MS. At the same time, these proteins also improve oligodendrocyte differentiation and have shown neuroprotective behavior, two cellular processes that suppress the pathogenesis of MS. TGF-β3 shares the same properties but is less likely contributes to scar formation, and its direct role in MS remains elusive. DISCUSSION To develop novel neuroimmunological treatment strategies for MS, the optimal strategy could be the one that causes immune modulation, induces neurogenesis, stimulates remyelination, and prevents excessive scar formation. Therefore, regarding its immunological properties, TGF-β could be an appropriate candidate; however, contradictory results of previous studies have questioned its role and therapeutic potential in MS. In this review article, we provide an overview of the role of TGF-β in immunopathogenesis of MS, related clinical and animal studies, and the treatment potential of TGF-β in MS, emphasizing the role of different TGF-β isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Vahid Mohammadi
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Elahi
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Zamboni S, D'Ambrosio A, Margutti P. Extracellular vesicles as contributors in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 71:104554. [PMID: 36842311 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous family of extracellular structures bounded by a phospholipid bilayer, released by all cell types in various biological fluids, such as blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), playing important roles in intercellular communication, both locally and systemically. EVs carry and deliver a variety of bioactive molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and metabolites), conferring epigenetic and phenotypic changes to the recipient cells and thus resulting as important mediators of both homeostasis and pathogenesis. In neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), the EV ability to cross Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB), moving from central nervous system (CNS) to the peripheral circulation and vice versa, has increased the interest in EV study in the neurological field. In the present review, we will provide an overview of the recent advances made in understanding the pathogenic role of EVs regarding the immune response, the BBB dysfunction and the CNS inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Zamboni
- Department of Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Margutti
- Department of Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Barateiro A, Barros C, Pinto MV, Ribeiro AR, Alberro A, Fernandes A. Women in the field of multiple sclerosis: How they contributed to paradigm shifts. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1087745. [PMID: 36818652 PMCID: PMC9937661 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1087745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
History is full of women who made enormous contributions to science. While there is little to no imbalance at the early career stage, a decreasing proportion of women is found as seniority increases. In the multiple sclerosis (MS) field, 44% of first authors and only 35% of senior authors were female. So, in this review, we highlight ground-breaking research done by women in the field of MS, focusing mostly on their work as principal investigators. MS is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), with evident paradigm shifts in the understating of its pathophysiology. It is known that the immune system becomes overactivated and attacks myelin sheath surrounding axons. The resulting demyelination disrupts the communication signals to and from the CNS, which causes unpredictable symptoms, depending on the neurons that are affected. Classically, MS was reported to cause mostly physical and motor disabilities. However, it is now recognized that cognitive impairment affects more than 50% of the MS patients. Another shifting paradigm was the involvement of gray matter in MS pathology, formerly considered to be a white matter disease. Additionally, the identification of different T cell immune subsets and the mechanisms underlying the involvement of B cells and peripheral macrophages provided a better understanding of the immunopathophysiological processes present in MS. Relevantly, the gut-brain axis, recognized as a bi-directional communication system between the CNS and the gut, was found to be crucial in MS. Indeed, gut microbiota influences not only different susceptibilities to MS pathology, but it can also be modulated in order to positively act in MS course. Also, after the identification of the first microRNA in 1993, the role of microRNAs has been investigated in MS, either as potential biomarkers or therapeutic agents. Finally, concerning MS therapeutical approaches, remyelination-based studies have arisen on the spotlight aiming to repair myelin loss/neuronal connectivity. Altogether, here we emphasize the new insights of remarkable women that have voiced the impact of cognitive impairment, white and gray matter pathology, immune response, and that of the CNS-peripheral interplay on MS diagnosis, progression, and/or therapy efficacy, leading to huge breakthroughs in the MS field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Barateiro
- Central Nervous System, Blood and Peripheral Inflammation Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal,Andreia Barateiro,
| | - Catarina Barros
- Central Nervous System, Blood and Peripheral Inflammation Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria V. Pinto
- Central Nervous System, Blood and Peripheral Inflammation Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Ribeiro
- Central Nervous System, Blood and Peripheral Inflammation Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ainhoa Alberro
- Central Nervous System, Blood and Peripheral Inflammation Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal,Multiple Sclerosis Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Central Nervous System, Blood and Peripheral Inflammation Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal,*Correspondence: Adelaide Fernandes,
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8
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DeMaio A, Mehrotra S, Sambamurti K, Husain S. The role of the adaptive immune system and T cell dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:251. [PMID: 36209107 PMCID: PMC9548183 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system and associated inflammation are vital in surveillance and host protection against internal and external threats, but can secondarily damage host tissues. The central nervous system is immune-privileged and largely protected from the circulating inflammatory pathways. However, T cell involvement and the disruption of the blood-brain barriers have been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Under normal physiological conditions, regulatory T cells (Treg cells) dampen the inflammatory response of effector T cells. In the pathological states of many neurodegenerative disorders, the ability of Treg cells to mitigate inflammation is reduced, and a pro-inflammatory environment persists. This perspective review provides current knowledge on the roles of T cell subsets (e.g., effector T cells, Treg cells) in neurodegenerative and ocular diseases, including uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. Many neurodegenerative and ocular diseases have been linked to immune dysregulation, but the cellular events and molecular mechanisms involved in such processes remain largely unknown. Moreover, the role of T cells in ocular pathologies remains poorly defined and limited literature is available in this area of research. Adoptive transfer of Treg cells appears to be a vital immunological approach to control ocular pathologies. Similarities in T cell dysfunction seen among non-ocular neurodegenerative diseases suggest that this area of research has a great potential to develop better therapeutic agents for ocular diseases and warrants further studies. Overall, this perspective review article provides significant information on the roles of T cells in numerous ocular and non-ocular neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa DeMaio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Room 713, Medical University of South Carolina, 167 Ashley Ave, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA
| | - Kumar Sambamurti
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA
| | - Shahid Husain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Room 713, Medical University of South Carolina, 167 Ashley Ave, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA.
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Deng X, Chen K, Ren J, Zeng J, Zhang Q, Li T, Tang Q, Zhu J. A B7-CD28 Family-Based Signature Demonstrates Significantly Different Prognosis and Immunological Characteristics in Diffuse Gliomas. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:849723. [PMID: 35928223 PMCID: PMC9344576 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.849723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The B7-CD28 gene family plays a crucial role in modulating immune functions and has served as potential targets for immunotherapeutic strategies. Therefore, we systematically analyzed B7-CD28 family gene expression profiles and constructed a B7-CD28 family-based prognostic signature to predict survival and immune host status in diffuse gliomas. The TCGA dataset was used as a training cohort, and three CGGA datasets (mRNAseq_325, mRNAseq_693 and mRNA-array) were employed as validation cohorts to intensify the findings that we have revealed in TCGA dataset. Ultimately, we developed a B7-CD28 family-based signature that consisted of CD276, CD274, PDCD1LG2 and CD80 using LASSO Cox analysis. This gene signature was validated to have significant prognostic value, and could be used as a biomarker to distinguish pathological grade and IDH mutation status in diffuse glioma. Additionally, we found that the gene signature was significantly related to intensity of immune response and immune cell population, as well as several other important immune checkpoint genes, holding a great potential to be a predictive immune marker for immunotherapy and tumor microenvironment. Finally, a B7-CD28 family-based nomogram was established to predict patient life expectancy contributing to facilitate personalizing therapy for tumor sufferers. In summary, this is the first mathematical model based on this gene family with the aim of providing novel insights into immunotherapy for diffuse glioma.
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10
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Krovi SH, Kuchroo VK. Activation pathways that drive CD4 + T cells to break tolerance in autoimmune diseases . Immunol Rev 2022; 307:161-190. [PMID: 35142369 PMCID: PMC9255211 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by dysfunctional immune systems that misrecognize self as non-self and cause tissue destruction. Several cell types have been implicated in triggering and sustaining disease. Due to a strong association of major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) proteins with various autoimmune diseases, CD4+ T lymphocytes have been thoroughly investigated for their roles in dictating disease course. CD4+ T cell activation is a coordinated process that requires three distinct signals: Signal 1, which is mediated by antigen recognition on MHC-II molecules; Signal 2, which boosts signal 1 in a costimulatory manner; and Signal 3, which helps to differentiate the activated cells into functionally relevant subsets. These signals are disrupted during autoimmunity and prompt CD4+ T cells to break tolerance. Herein, we review our current understanding of how each of the three signals plays a role in three different autoimmune diseases and highlight the genetic polymorphisms that predispose individuals to autoimmunity. We also discuss the drawbacks of existing therapies and how they can be addressed to achieve lasting tolerance in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Harsha Krovi
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Wang L, Liang Y. MicroRNAs as T Lymphocyte Regulators in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:865529. [PMID: 35548667 PMCID: PMC9082748 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.865529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of endogenous non-coding small RNA with regulatory activities, which generally regulates the expression of target genes at the post-transcriptional level. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is thought to be an autoimmune-mediated chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that typically affect young adults. T lymphocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of MS, and studies have suggested that miRNAs are involved in regulating the proliferation, differentiation, and functional maintenance of T lymphocytes in MS. Dysregulated expression of miRNAs may lead to the differentiation balance and dysfunction of T lymphocytes, and they are thus involved in the occurrence and development of MS. In addition, some specific miRNAs, such as miR-155 and miR-326, may have potential diagnostic values for MS or be useful for discriminating subtypes of MS. Moreover, miRNAs may be a promising therapeutic strategy for MS by regulating T lymphocyte function. By summarizing the recent literature, we reviewed the involvement of T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of MS, the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis and disease progression of MS by regulating T lymphocytes, the possibility of differentially expressed miRNAs to function as biomarkers for MS diagnosis, and the therapeutic potential of miRNAs in MS by regulating T lymphocytes.
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12
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Kong X, Wang J, Cao Y, Lu X, Zhang H, Zhang X, Bo C, Bai M, Li S, Jiao Y, Wang L. Construction of miRNA-regulated drug-pathway network to screen drug repurposing candidates for multiple sclerosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29107. [PMID: 35356949 PMCID: PMC10684250 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Given the high disability rate of multiple sclerosis (MS), there is a need for safer and more effective therapeutic agents. Existing literature highlights the prominent roles of miRNA in MS pathophysiology. Nevertheless, there are few studies that have explored the usefulness of existing drugs in treating MS through potential miRNA-modulating abilities.The current investigation identifies genes that may exacerbate the risk of MS due to their respective miRNA associations. These findings were then used to determine potential drug candidates through the construction of miRNA-regulated drug-pathway network through genes. We uncovered a total of 48 MS risk pathways, 133 MS risk miRNAs, and 186 drugs that can affect these pathways. Potential MS risk miRNAs that are also regulated by therapeutic candidates were hsa05215 and hsa05152. We analyzed the properties of the miRNA-regulated drug-pathway network through genes and uncovered a number of novel MS agents by assessing their respective Z-values.A total of 20 likely drug candidates were identified, including human immunoglobulin, aspirin, alemtuzumab, minocycline, abciximab, alefacept, palivizumab, bevacizumab, efalizumab, tositumomab, minocycline, etanercept, catumaxomab, and sarilumab. Each of these agents were then explored with regards to their likely mechanism of action in treating MS.The current investigation provides a fresh perspective on MS biological mechanisms as well as likely treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lihua Wang
- Correspondence: Lihua Wang, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China(e-mail: ).
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13
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Perdaens O, van Pesch V. Molecular Mechanisms of Immunosenescene and Inflammaging: Relevance to the Immunopathogenesis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2022; 12:811518. [PMID: 35281989 PMCID: PMC8913495 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.811518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized, amongst other features, by a complex process of cellular senescence involving both innate and adaptive immunity, called immunosenescence and associated to inflammaging, a low-grade chronic inflammation. Both processes fuel each other and partially explain increasing incidence of cancers, infections, age-related autoimmunity, and vascular disease as well as a reduced response to vaccination. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a lifelong disease, for which considerable progress in disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) and management has improved long-term survival. However, disability progression, increasing with age and disease duration, remains. Neurologists are now involved in caring for elderly MS patients, with increasing comorbidities. Aging of the immune system therefore has relevant implications for MS pathogenesis, response to DMTs and the risks mediated by these treatments. We propose to review current evidence regarding markers and molecular mechanisms of immunosenescence and their relevance to understanding MS pathogenesis. We will focus on age-related changes in the innate and adaptive immune system in MS and other auto-immune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. The consequences of these immune changes on MS pathology, in interaction with the intrinsic aging process of central nervous system resident cells will be discussed. Finally, the impact of immunosenescence on disease evolution and on the safety and efficacy of current DMTs will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Perdaens
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent van Pesch
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Vincent van Pesch
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14
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Elkhodiry AA, El Tayebi HM. Scavenging the hidden impacts of non-coding RNAs in multiple sclerosis. Noncoding RNA Res 2021; 6:187-199. [PMID: 34938929 PMCID: PMC8666456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory disease that causes severe neurological dysfunction leading to disabilities in patients. The prevalence of the disease has been increasing gradually worldwide, and the specific etiology behind the disease is not yet fully understood. Therapies aimed against treating MS patients have been growing lately, intending to delay the disease progression and increase the patients' quality of life. Various pathways play crucial roles in developing the disease, and several therapeutic approaches have been tackling those pathways. However, these strategies have shown several side effects and inconsistent efficacy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been shown to act as key players in various disease pathogenesis and development. Several proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory miRNAs have been reported to participate in the development of MS. Hence, the review assesses the role of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in regulating immune cell functions better to understand their impact on the molecular mechanics of MS.
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15
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Small noncoding RNA profiling across cellular and biofluid compartments and their implications for multiple sclerosis immunopathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2011574118. [PMID: 33879606 PMCID: PMC8092379 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011574118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs), a type of small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs), has frequently been associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, most studies have focused on peripheral blood, and few investigated other classes of sncRNAs. To address this, we analyzed all classes of sncRNAs in matching peripheral blood mononuclear cells, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells, and cell-free CSF from MS patients and controls. We demonstrate widespread alterations of small nuclear (snRNA)–derived RNAs, small nucleolar-derived RNAs (sdRNAs), transfer RNA–derived fragments, and miRNAs, particularly in CSF cells. The striking contrast between the periphery and central nervous system and between relapse and remission phases of disease highlights the importance of sncRNA-mediated mechanisms in MS, in particular alternative splicing and mRNA translation. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) and, in particular, microRNAs (miRNAs) have frequently been associated with MS. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of all classes of sncRNAs in matching samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells, and cell-free CSF from relapsing-remitting (RRMS, n = 12 in relapse and n = 11 in remission) patients, secondary progressive (SPMS, n = 6) MS patients, and noninflammatory and inflammatory neurological disease controls (NINDC, n = 11; INDC, n = 5). We show widespread changes in miRNAs and sncRNA-derived fragments of small nuclear, nucleolar, and transfer RNAs. In CSF cells, 133 out of 133 and 115 out of 117 differentially expressed sncRNAs were increased in RRMS relapse compared to remission and RRMS compared to NINDC, respectively. In contrast, 65 out of 67 differentially expressed PBMC sncRNAs were decreased in RRMS compared to NINDC. The striking contrast between the periphery and CNS suggests that sncRNA-mediated mechanisms, including alternative splicing, RNA degradation, and mRNA translation, regulate the transcriptome of pathogenic cells primarily in the CNS target organ.
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16
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Tapia-Maltos MA, Treviño-Frenk I, García-González HB, Rosetti M, Barriga-Maldonado V, Morales-Ramírez F, López-Hernández DC, Rosetti F, Crispín JC. Identification of regulatory T cell molecules associated with severity of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2020; 27:1695-1705. [PMID: 33300840 DOI: 10.1177/1352458520977045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory CD4+ T cells (Tregs) exhibit functional alterations in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a key regulator of Treg development and function. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine whether the expression of functionally relevant TGF-β-regulated molecules is altered in Tregs from patients with MS. METHODS Expression of nine Treg markers was analyzed by multi-color flow cytometry in CD4+ T cells and Treg subpopulations of 31 untreated MS patients and age- and sex-matched healthy donors (HDs). Correlations between Treg marker expression and clinical variables were sought. RESULTS Expression of the transcription factor Helios, which defines thymic-derived Tregs, was decreased in this Treg subpopulation. The frequency of peripherally generated Tregs was increased in patients with MS, particularly in patients with progressive MS. Low frequencies of thymic-derived Tregs were associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesion-burden and a high relapse rate. Four surface markers associated with TGF-β signaling (ABCA1, BTLA, DNAM-1, and GARP) were differentially expressed on Tregs from patients with MS and HDs. Expression levels of CD73, CD103, ABCA1, and PAR2 showed strong correlations with disease severity. CONCLUSION We have identified novel markers abnormally expressed on Tregs from patients with MS that could detect patients with severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tapia-Maltos
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico/Plan de Estudios Combinados en Medicina (PECEM), Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - I Treviño-Frenk
- Departamento de Neurología y Psiquiatría, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - H B García-González
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Rosetti
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - V Barriga-Maldonado
- Departamento de Neurología y Psiquiatría, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - F Morales-Ramírez
- Departamento de Neurología y Psiquiatría, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - D C López-Hernández
- Departamento de Neurología y Psiquiatría, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - F Rosetti
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J C Crispín
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico/Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
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17
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Cytokines and Transgenic Matrix in Autoimmune Diseases: Similarities and Differences. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120559. [PMID: 33271810 PMCID: PMC7761121 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are increasingly recognized as disease entities in which dysregulated cytokines contribute to tissue-specific inflammation. In organ-specific and multiorgan autoimmune diseases, the cytokine profiles show some similarities. Despite these similarities, the cytokines have different roles in the pathogenesis of different diseases. Altered levels or action of cytokines can result from changes in cell signaling. This article describes alterations in the JAK-STAT, TGF-β and NF-κB signaling pathways, which are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. There is a special focus on T cells in preclinical models and in patients afflicted with these chronic inflammatory diseases.
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18
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Sotiropoulos MG, Chitnis T. Opposing and potentially antagonistic effects of BMP and TGF-β in multiple sclerosis: The "Yin and Yang" of neuro-immune Signaling. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 347:577358. [PMID: 32795734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) and Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) are cytokines with similar receptors and messengers. They are important for immune cell function, with BMPs exerting mainly proinflammatory but also anti-inflammatory effects, and TGF-β suppressing inflammation. Patients with Multiple Sclerosis exhibit BMP overactivity and suppressed TGF-β signaling. This dysregulated signaling participates in the crosstalk between infiltrating immune cells and glia, where BMP inhibits remyelination. Reciprocal antagonism between the two pathways takes place via a variety of mechanisms. Although this antagonism has not been studied in the setting of Multiple Sclerosis, it could inform further research and treatment discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinos G Sotiropoulos
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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19
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Finardi A, Diceglie M, Carbone L, Arnò C, Mandelli A, De Santis G, Fedeli M, Dellabona P, Casorati G, Furlan R. Mir106b-25 and Mir17-92 Are Crucially Involved in the Development of Experimental Neuroinflammation. Front Neurol 2020; 11:912. [PMID: 32973667 PMCID: PMC7473303 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded RNA that have key roles in the development of the immune system and are involved in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases. We previously demonstrated that two members of the miR106b-25 cluster and the miR17-92 paralog cluster were upregulated in T regulatory cells from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. The aim of the present work was to clarify the impact of miR106b-25 and miR17-92 clusters in MS pathogenesis. Here, we show that the mice lacking miR17-92 specifically in CD4+ T cells or both total miR106b-25 and miR17-92 in CD4+ T cells (double knockout) are protected from Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) development while depletion of miR106b-25 only does not influence EAE susceptibility. We suggest that the absence of miR106b does not protect mice because of a mechanism of compensation of miR17-92 clusters. Moreover, the decrease of neuroinflammation was found to be associated with a significant downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (GM-CSF, IFNγ, and IL-17) in the spinal cord of double knockout EAE mice and a reduction of Th17 inflammatory cells. These results elucidate the effect of miR106b-25 and miR17-92 deletion in MS pathogenesis and suggest that their targeted inhibition may have therapeutic effect on disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Diceglie
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Carbone
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Arnò
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mandelli
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Santis
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maya Fedeli
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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20
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an aggravating autoimmune disease that cripples young patients slowly with physical, sensory and cognitive deficits. The break of self-tolerance to neuronal antigens is the key to the pathogenesis of MS, with autoreactive T cells causing demyelination that subsequently leads to inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative events in the central nervous system. The exact etiology of MS remains elusive; however, the interplay of genetic and environmental factors contributes to disease development and progression. Given that genetic variation only accounts for a fraction of risk for MS, extrinsic risk factors including smoking, infection and lack of vitamin D or sunshine, which cause changes in gene expression, contribute to disease development through epigenetic regulation. To date, there is a growing body of scientific evidence to support the important roles of epigenetic processes in MS. In this chapter, the three main layers of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, namely DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNA-mediated gene regulation, will be discussed, with a particular focus on the role of epigenetics on dysregulated immune responses and neurodegenerative events in MS. Also, the potential for epigenetic modifiers as biomarkers and therapeutics for MS will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Sau-Fong Chan
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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21
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Perdaens O, Dang HA, D'Auria L, van Pesch V. CSF microRNAs discriminate MS activity and share similarity to other neuroinflammatory disorders. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 7:7/2/e673. [PMID: 32033981 PMCID: PMC7051201 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective To perform a comprehensive multicompartment analysis of microRNA (miRNA) expression in multiple sclerosis (MS) linked to disease activity and compared with other neuroinflammatory diseases through a retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods One hundred twenty-seven miRNAs were measured by PCR arrays on pooled CSF, serum, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples of 10 patients with relapsing MS and 10 controls. Sixty-four miRNAs were then measured by quantitative PCR on individual CSF samples of patients with relapsing or remitting MS and controls (n = 68). Fifty-seven miRNAs were analyzed in the CSF from a second cohort (n = 75), including patients with MS, neuroinfectious, or neuroinflammatory diseases and controls. MiRNAs significantly dysregulated in the CSF were analyzed on individual serum/PBMC samples (n = 59/48) of patients with relapsing or remitting MS and controls. Post hoc analysis consisted of principal component analysis (PCA), gene set, and pathway enrichment analysis. Results Twenty-one miRNAs were differentially expressed, mainly upregulated in the CSF during MS relapses. Relapsing MS and neuroinfectious/inflammatory diseases exhibited a partially overlapping CSF miRNA expression profile. Besides confirming the association of miR-146a-5p/150-5p/155-5p with MS, 7 miRNAs uncharacterized for MS emerged (miR-15a-3p/124-5p/149-3p/29c-3p/33a-3p/34c-5p/297). PCA showed that distinct miRNA sets segregated MS from controls and relapse from remission. In silico analysis predicted the involvement of these miRNAs in cell cycle, immunoregulation, and neurogenesis, but also revealed that the signaling pathway pattern of remitting MS is more akin to controls rather than patients with relapsing MS. Conclusions This study highlights the CSF-predominant dysregulation of miRNAs in MS by identifying a signature of disease activity and intrathecal inflammation among neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Perdaens
- From the Neurochemistry Group (O.P, H.A.D., L.D., V.v.P.), Institute of NeuroScience (IoNS), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain); and Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.v.P.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hong Anh Dang
- From the Neurochemistry Group (O.P, H.A.D., L.D., V.v.P.), Institute of NeuroScience (IoNS), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain); and Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.v.P.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ludovic D'Auria
- From the Neurochemistry Group (O.P, H.A.D., L.D., V.v.P.), Institute of NeuroScience (IoNS), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain); and Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.v.P.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent van Pesch
- From the Neurochemistry Group (O.P, H.A.D., L.D., V.v.P.), Institute of NeuroScience (IoNS), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain); and Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.v.P.), Brussels, Belgium.
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22
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Pre- and Neonatal Exposure to Lead (Pb) Induces Neuroinflammation in the Forebrain Cortex, Hippocampus and Cerebellum of Rat Pups. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031083. [PMID: 32041252 PMCID: PMC7037720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal with a proven neurotoxic effect. Exposure is particularly dangerous to the developing brain in the pre- and neonatal periods. One postulated mechanism of its neurotoxicity is induction of inflammation. This study analyzed the effect of exposure of rat pups to Pb during periods of brain development on the concentrations of selected cytokines and prostanoids in the forebrain cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. Methods: Administration of 0.1% lead acetate (PbAc) in drinking water ad libitum, from the first day of gestation to postnatal day 21, resulted in blood Pb in rat pups reaching levels below the threshold considered safe for humans by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (10 µg/dL). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to determine the levels of interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2). Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR were used to determine the expression levels of cyclooxygenases COX-1 and COX-2. Finally, Western blot was used to determine the level of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Results: In all studied brain structures (forebrain cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum), the administration of Pb caused a significant increase in all studied cytokines and prostanoids (IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β, PGE2 and TXB2). The protein and mRNA expression of COX-1 and COX-2 increased in all studied brain structures, as did NF-κB expression. Conclusions: Chronic pre- and neonatal exposure to Pb induces neuroinflammation in the forebrain cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of rat pups.
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23
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Ebrahimkhani S, Beadnall HN, Wang C, Suter CM, Barnett MH, Buckland ME, Vafaee F. Serum Exosome MicroRNAs Predict Multiple Sclerosis Disease Activity after Fingolimod Treatment. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1245-1258. [PMID: 31721043 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01792-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We and others have previously demonstrated the potential for circulating exosome microRNAs to aid in disease diagnosis. In this study, we sought the possible utility of serum exosome microRNAs as biomarkers for disease activity in multiple sclerosis patients in response to fingolimod therapy. We studied patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis prior to and 6 months after treatment with fingolimod. Disease activity was determined using gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Serum exosome microRNAs were profiled using next-generation sequencing. Data were analysed using univariate/multivariate modelling and machine learning to determine microRNA signatures with predictive utility. Accordingly, we identified 15 individual miRNAs that were differentially expressed in serum exosomes from post-treatment patients with active versus quiescent disease. The targets of these microRNAs clustered in ontologies related to the immune and nervous systems and signal transduction. While the power of individual microRNAs to predict disease status post-fingolimod was modest (average 77%, range 65 to 91%), several combinations of 2 or 3 miRNAs were able to distinguish active from quiescent disease with greater than 90% accuracy. Further stratification of patients identified additional microRNAs associated with stable remission, and a positive response to fingolimod in patients with active disease prior to treatment. Overall, these data underscore the value of serum exosome microRNA signatures as non-invasive biomarkers of disease in multiple sclerosis and suggest they may be used to predict response to fingolimod in future clinical practice. Additionally, these data suggest that fingolimod may have mechanisms of action beyond its known functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Ebrahimkhani
- Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Heidi N Beadnall
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine M Suter
- Division of Molecular Structural and Computational Biology, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael H Barnett
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael E Buckland
- Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Vafaee
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), 2106, L2 West, Bioscience South E26, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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24
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Zhang X, Pan A, Jia S, Ideozu JE, Woods K, Murkowski K, Hessner MJ, Simpson PM, Levy H. Cystic Fibrosis Plasma Blunts the Immune Response to Bacterial Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 61:301-311. [PMID: 30848661 PMCID: PMC6839930 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0114oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations of the gene encoding the CF transmembrane conductance regulator. It remains unclear whether the abnormal immune response in CF involves extrinsic signals released from the external or internal environment. We sought to characterize the peripheral immune signatures in CF and its association with clinical phenotypes. Healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured with plasma from CF probands (CFPs) or healthy control subjects (HCs) followed by nCounter gene and microRNA (miRNA) profiling. A discovery cohort of 12 CFPs and 12 HCs and a validation cohort of 103 CFPs and 31 HCs (our previous microarray data [GSE71799]) were analyzed to characterize the composition of cultured immune cells and establish a miRNA‒mRNA network. Cell compositions and miRNA profiles were associated with clinical characteristics of the cohorts. Significantly differentially expressed genes and abundance of myeloid cells were downregulated in PMBCs after culture with CF plasma (P < 0.05). Top-ranked miRNAs that increased in response to CF plasma (adjusted P < 0.05) included miR-155 and miR-146a, which target many immune-related genes, such as IL-8. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection was negatively associated with abundance of monocytes and the presence of those regulatory miRNAs. Extrinsic signals in plasma from patients with CF led to monocyte inactivation and miRNA upregulation in PBMCs. An improved understanding of the immune effects of extrinsic factors in CF holds great promise for integrating immunomodulatory cell therapies into current treatment strategies in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amy Pan
- Children’s Research Institute of the Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin; and
- Division of Quantitative Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Shuang Jia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Pediatrics, Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, and
| | - Justin E. Ideozu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Katherine Woods
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Kathleen Murkowski
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Martin J. Hessner
- Children’s Research Institute of the Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin; and
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Pediatrics, Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, and
| | - Pippa M. Simpson
- Children’s Research Institute of the Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin; and
- Division of Quantitative Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Hara Levy
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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25
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Piket E, Zheleznyakova GY, Kular L, Jagodic M. Small non-coding RNAs as important players, biomarkers and therapeutic targets in multiple sclerosis: A comprehensive overview. J Autoimmun 2019; 101:17-25. [PMID: 31014917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a leading cause of progressive disability among young adults caused by inflammation, demyelination and axonal loss in the central nervous system. Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) are important regulators of various biological processes and could therefore play important roles in MS. Over the past decade, a large number of studies investigated sncRNAs in MS patients, focusing primarily on microRNAs (miRNAs). Overwhelming 500 miRNAs have been reported as dysregulated in MS. Nevertheless, owing to a large heterogeneity between studies it is challenging to evaluate the reproducibility of findings, in turn hampering our knowledge about the functional roles of miRNAs in disease. We systematically searched main databases and evaluated results from all studies that examined sncRNAs in MS to date (n = 61) and provided a detailed overview of experimental design and findings of these studies. We focused on the mechanisms of the most dysregulated sncRNAs and used predicted targets of the most dysregulated sncRNAs as input for functional enrichment analysis to highlight affected pathways. The prime affected pathway was TGF-β signaling. This multifunctional cytokine is important in the differentiation and function of T helper type 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells, with opposing functions in the disease. Recent studies demonstrate the importance of miRNAs in controlling the balance between Th17/Th1 cells and Tregs and, importantly, the potential to exploit this paradigm for therapeutic purposes. Additionally, some of the discussed miRNAs could potentially serve as biomarkers of disease. In order to assist researchers in evaluating the evidence of a particular sncRNA in the pathogenesis of MS, we provide a detailed overview of experimental design and findings of these studies to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Piket
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lara Kular
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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Micro-RNA 18b and interleukin 17A profiles in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 28:226-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Rodríguez-Galán A, Fernández-Messina L, Sánchez-Madrid F. Control of Immunoregulatory Molecules by miRNAs in T Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2148. [PMID: 30319616 PMCID: PMC6167432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MiRNA targeting of key immunoregulatory molecules fine-tunes the immune response. This mechanism boosts or dampens immune functions to preserve homeostasis while supporting the full development of effector functions. MiRNA expression changes during T cell activation, highlighting that their function is constrained by a specific spatiotemporal frame related to the signals that induce T cell-based effector functions. Here, we update the state of the art regarding the miRNAs that are differentially expressed during T cell stimulation. We also revisit the existing data on miRNA function in T cell activation, with a special focus on the modulation of the most relevant immunoregulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rodríguez-Galán
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lola Fernández-Messina
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Chen Z, Chen S, Liu J. The role of T cells in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 169:1-23. [PMID: 30114440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, different components of the brain's immune system may exert diverse effects on neuroinflammatory events in PD. The adaptive immune response, especially the T cell response, can trigger type 1 pro-inflammatory activities and suppress type 2 anti-inflammatory activities, eventually resulting in deregulated neuroinflammation and subsequent dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Additionally, studies have increasingly shown that therapies targeting T cells can alleviate neurodegeneration and motor behavior impairment in animal models of PD. Therefore, we conclude that abnormal T cell-mediated immunity is a fundamental pathological process that may be a promising translational therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichun Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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29
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Dysregulated Network of miRNAs Involved in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:280-290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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30
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Komai T, Okamura T, Inoue M, Yamamoto K, Fujio K. Reevaluation of Pluripotent Cytokine TGF-β3 in Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082261. [PMID: 30071700 PMCID: PMC6121403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-βs are pluripotent cytokines with stimulatory and inhibitory properties for multiple types of immune cells. Analyses of genetic knockouts of each isoform of TGF-β have revealed differing expression patterns and distinct roles for the three mammalian isoforms of TGF-β. Considerable effort has been focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms of TGF-β1-mediated immune regulation, given its pivotal role in prohibiting systemic autoimmune disease. In recent years, functional similarities and differences between the TGF-β isoforms have delineated their distinct roles in the development of immunopathology and immune tolerance, with increased recent attention being focused on TGF-β3. In addition to the characteristic properties of each TGF-β isoform, recent progress has identified determinants of context-dependent functionality, including various cellular targets, cytokine concentrations, tissue microenvironments, and cytokine synergy, which combine to shape the physiological and pathophysiological roles of the TGF-βs in immunity. Controlling TGF-β production and signaling is being tested as a novel therapeutic strategy in multiple clinical trials for several human diseases. This review highlights advances in the understanding of the cellular sources, activation processes, contextual determinants, and immunological roles of TGF-β3 with comparisons to other TGF-β isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Komai
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Tomohisa Okamura
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
- Department of Functional Genomics and Immunological Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
- Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Mariko Inoue
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
- Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Keishi Fujio
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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31
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MicroRNA-181c promotes Th17 cell differentiation and mediates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 70:305-314. [PMID: 29545117 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Among T helper (Th) cell subsets differentiated from naive CD4+ T cells, IL-17-producing Th17 cells are closely associated with the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and the MS animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The modulation of Th17 differentiation offers a potential avenue for treatment. Although a series of microRNAs (miRNAs) that modulate autoimmune disease development have been reported, further studies on miRNA roles in Th17 differentiation and MS pathogenesis are still warranted. Here, we demonstrated that mice with miR-181c knockdown presented with delayed EAE and slowed disease progression, along with a decreased Th17 cell population. We also found that miR-181c was a Th17 cell-associated miRNA and that Smad7, a negative regulator of TGF-β signaling, was a potential target of miR-181c. miR-181c knockdown rendered T cells less sensitive to TGF-β-induced Smad2/3, enhancing the expression of IL-2 which has been reported to inhibit Th17 cell differentiation. Moreover, through the analysis of published miRNA expression profiles from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, increased miR-181c levels were found in peripheral blood from MS patients. Our results identified a novel miRNA that promotes Th17 cell differentiation and autoimmunity, thus miR-181c may serve as a potential treatment target in patients with MS.
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32
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Kimura K, Hohjoh H, Fukuoka M, Sato W, Oki S, Tomi C, Yamaguchi H, Kondo T, Takahashi R, Yamamura T. Circulating exosomes suppress the induction of regulatory T cells via let-7i in multiple sclerosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:17. [PMID: 29295981 PMCID: PMC5750223 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are reduced in frequency and dysfunctional in patients with MS, but the underlying mechanisms of this deficiency are unclear. Here, we show that induction of human IFN-γ−IL-17A−Foxp3+CD4+ T cells is inhibited in the presence of circulating exosomes from patients with MS. The exosomal miRNA profile of patients with MS differs from that of healthy controls, and let-7i, which is markedly increased in patients with MS, suppresses induction of Treg cells by targeting insulin like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) and transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGFBR1). Consistently, the expression of IGF1R and TGFBR1 on circulating naive CD4+ T cells is reduced in patients with MS. Thus, our study shows that exosomal let-7i regulates MS pathogenesis by blocking the IGF1R/TGFBR1 pathway. MiRNAs are small RNA molecules that can regulate gene expression. Here the authors show that expression of several exosomal miRNAs are altered in patients with multiple sclerosis, and that let-7i modulates regulatory T cell homeostasis to contribute to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimitoshi Kimura
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-konoe-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Hohjoh
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukuoka
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Wakiro Sato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.,Multiple Sclerosis Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan
| | - Shinji Oki
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Chiharu Tomi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yamaguchi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kondo
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-konoe-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University Medical Center, 10-15 Fumizono, Moriguchi, Osaka, 570-8507, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-konoe-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamura
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan. .,Multiple Sclerosis Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan.
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33
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Esmailzadeh S, Mansoori B, Mohammadi A, Baradaran B. Regulatory roles of micro-RNAs in T cell autoimmunity. Immunol Invest 2017; 46:864-879. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2017.1373901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Esmailzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Mansoori
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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34
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Gaudet AD, Fonken LK, Watkins LR, Nelson RJ, Popovich PG. MicroRNAs: Roles in Regulating Neuroinflammation. Neuroscientist 2017; 24:221-245. [PMID: 28737113 DOI: 10.1177/1073858417721150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that broadly affect cellular and physiological function in all multicellular organisms. Here, the role of miRNAs in neuroinflammation is considered. miRNAs are 21- to 23-oligonucleotide RNAs that regulate translation of specific RNAs by binding to complementary regulatory RNA sequences, thereby causing mRNA degradation or sequestration. More than 5000 miRNAs likely exist in humans, and each miRNA binds an average of 200 RNAs. Specific immunomodulatory miRNAs can regulate a set of RNAs in a coordinated manner, suggesting that effective miRNA-based therapeutic manipulations for neuroinflammatory conditions may be revealed. For instance, miRNAs that preferentially inhibit translation of many cellular anti-inflammatory proteins could drive a pro-inflammatory response. Key pro-inflammatory ( miR-155, miR-27b, miR-326), anti-inflammatory ( miR-124, miR-146a, miR-21, miR-223), and mixed immunomodulatory ( let-7 family) miRNAs regulate neuroinflammation in various pathologies, including spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. miRNAs represent a newly revealed layer of physiological complexity, the therapeutic benefits of which remain to be fully explored and exploited. In this review, we discuss the role of miRNAs in neuroinflammatory regulation and discuss how controlling miRNAs could alter cellular machinery to improve neuroinflammatory dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Gaudet
- 1 Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA.,2 Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Laura K Fonken
- 1 Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA.,2 Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Linda R Watkins
- 1 Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA.,2 Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Randy J Nelson
- 3 Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,4 Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- 3 Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,4 Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,5 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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35
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Selmaj I, Cichalewska M, Namiecinska M, Galazka G, Horzelski W, Selmaj KW, Mycko MP. Global exosome transcriptome profiling reveals biomarkers for multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2017; 81:703-717. [PMID: 28411393 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulating evidence supports a role for exosomes in immune regulation. In this study, we investigated the total circulating exosome transcriptome in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients and healthy controls (HC). METHODS Next generation sequencing (NGS) was used to define the global RNA profile of serum exosomes in 19 RRMS patients (9 in relapse, 10 in remission) and 10 HC. We analyzed 5 million reads and >50,000 transcripts per sample, including a detailed analysis of microRNAs (miRNAs) differentially expressed in RRMS. The discovery set data were validated by quantification using digital quantitative polymerase chain reaction with an independent cohort of 63 RRMS patients (33 in relapse, 30 in remission) and 32 HC. RESULTS Exosomal RNA NGS revealed that of 15 different classes of transcripts detected, 4 circulating exosomal sequences within the miRNA category were differentially expressed in RRMS patients versus HC: hsa-miR-122-5p, hsa-miR-196b-5p, hsa-miR-301a-3p, and hsa-miR-532-5p. Serum exosomal expression of these miRNAs was significantly decreased during relapse in RRMS. These miRNAs were also decreased in patients with a gadolinium enhancement on brain magnetic resonance imaging. In vitro secretion of these miRNAs by peripheral blood mononuclear cells was also significantly impaired in RRMS. INTERPRETATION These data show that circulating exosomes have a distinct RNA profile in RRMS. Because putative targets for these miRNAs include the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and the cell cycle regulator aryl hydrocarbon receptor, the data suggest a disturbed cell-to-cell communication in this disease. Thus, exosomal miRNAs might represent a useful biomarker to distinguish multiple sclerosis relapse. Ann Neurol 2017;81:703-717.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Selmaj
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Cichalewska
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Namiecinska
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Grazyna Galazka
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Horzelski
- Applied Computer Science, Department of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof W Selmaj
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin P Mycko
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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36
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Therapeutic developments for autoimmune demyelinating diseases: Musings from an MD (mouse doctor). J Neuroimmunol 2017; 304:7-10. [PMID: 27452124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper is a summary of the lecture given by Dr. Racke at a meeting celebrating the 40th anniversary of the Neuroimmunology Branch (NIB). This talk was the keynote address given at the end of the first day of lectures after a toast given by Cedric Raine, Dale McFarlin's "brother from another mother". Several speakers during the day gave their own musings on the reasons for the success of the NIB, and this lecture attempted to give a sense to those present of the speaker's view for the reason of this success.
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37
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Lee PW, Severin ME, Lovett-Racke AE. TGF-β regulation of encephalitogenic and regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:446-453. [PMID: 28102541 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has been shown to influence the differentiation and function of T cells. The role that TGF-β plays in immune-mediated disease, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), has become a major area of investigation since CD4+ T cells appear to be a major mediator of autoimmunity. This review provides an analysis of the literature on the role that TGF-β plays in the generation and regulation of encephalitogenic and regulatory T cells (Treg) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, as well as in T cells of MS patients. Since TGF-β plays a major role in the development and function of both CD4+ effector and Treg, which are defective in MS patients, recent studies have found potential mechanisms to explain the basis for these T-cell defects to establish a foundation for potentially modulating TGF-β signaling to restore normal T-cell function in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla W Lee
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mary E Severin
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amy E Lovett-Racke
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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38
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Cruz LO, Hashemifar SS, Wu CJ, Cho S, Nguyen DT, Lin LL, Khan AA, Lu LF. Excessive expression of miR-27 impairs Treg-mediated immunological tolerance. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:530-542. [PMID: 28067667 DOI: 10.1172/jci88415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are tightly regulated in the immune system, and aberrant expression of miRs often results in hematopoietic malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Previously, it was suggested that elevated levels of miR-27 in T cells isolated from patients with multiple sclerosis facilitate disease progression by inhibiting Th2 immunity and promoting pathogenic Th1 responses. Here we have demonstrated that, although mice with T cell-specific overexpression of miR-27 harbor dysregulated Th1 responses and develop autoimmune pathology, these disease phenotypes are not driven by miR-27 in effector T cells in a cell-autonomous manner. Rather, dysregulation of Th1 responses and autoimmunity resulted from a perturbed Treg compartment. Excessive miR-27 expression in murine T cells severely impaired Treg differentiation. Moreover, Tregs with exaggerated miR-27-mediated gene regulation exhibited diminished homeostasis and suppressor function in vivo. Mechanistically, we determined that miR-27 represses several known as well as previously uncharacterized targets that play critical roles in controlling multiple aspects of Treg biology. Collectively, our data show that miR-27 functions as a key regulator in Treg development and function and suggest that proper regulation of miR-27 is pivotal to safeguarding Treg-mediated immunological tolerance.
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39
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Abstract
The immune system protects us from enormously diverse microbial pathogens but needs to be tightly regulated to avoid deleterious immune-mediated inflammation and tissue damage. A wide range of molecular determinants and cellular components work in concert to control the magnitude and duration of a given immune response. In the past decade, microRNAs (miRNAs), a major class of small non-coding RNA species, have been extensively studied as key molecular players in immune regulation. In this chapter, we will discuss how miRNAs function as negative regulators to restrict innate and adaptive immune responses. Moreover, we will review the current reports regarding miRNAs in human immunological diseases. Finally, we will also address the emerging roles of other non-coding RNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in particular, in the regulation of the immune system.
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