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Garvey MH, Nash T, Kippenhan JS, Kohn P, Mervis CB, Eisenberg DP, Ye J, Gregory MD, Berman KF. Contrasting neurofunctional correlates of face- and visuospatial-processing in children and adolescents with Williams syndrome: convergent results from four fMRI paradigms. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10304. [PMID: 38705917 PMCID: PMC11070425 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60460-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding neurogenetic mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism is complicated by their inherent clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Williams syndrome (WS), a rare neurodevelopmental condition in which both the genetic alteration (hemideletion of ~ twenty-six 7q11.23 genes) and the cognitive/behavioral profile are well-defined, offers an invaluable opportunity to delineate gene-brain-behavior relationships. People with WS are characterized by increased social drive, including particular interest in faces, together with hallmark difficulty in visuospatial processing. Prior work, primarily in adults with WS, has searched for neural correlates of these characteristics, with reports of altered fusiform gyrus function while viewing socioemotional stimuli such as faces, along with hypoactivation of the intraparietal sulcus during visuospatial processing. Here, we investigated neural function in children and adolescents with WS by using four separate fMRI paradigms, two that probe each of these two cognitive/behavioral domains. During the two visuospatial tasks, but not during the two face processing tasks, we found bilateral intraparietal sulcus hypoactivation in WS. In contrast, during both face processing tasks, but not during the visuospatial tasks, we found fusiform hyperactivation. These data not only demonstrate that previous findings in adults with WS are also present in childhood and adolescence, but also provide a clear example that genetic mechanisms can bias neural circuit function, thereby affecting behavioral traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline H Garvey
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Tiffany Nash
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - J Shane Kippenhan
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Philip Kohn
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Carolyn B Mervis
- Neurodevelopmental Sciences Laboratory, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Daniel P Eisenberg
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jean Ye
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michael D Gregory
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Karen F Berman
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Iadarola MJ, Sapio MR, Loydpierson AJ, Mervis CB, Fehrenbacher JC, Vasko MR, Maric D, Eisenberg DP, Nash TA, Kippenhan JS, Garvey MH, Mannes AJ, Gregory MD, Berman KF. Syntaxin1A overexpression and pain insensitivity in individuals with 7q11.23 duplication syndrome. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e176147. [PMID: 38261410 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.176147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic modifications leading to pain insensitivity phenotypes, while rare, provide invaluable insights into the molecular biology of pain and reveal targets for analgesic drugs. Pain insensitivity typically results from Mendelian loss-of-function mutations in genes expressed in nociceptive (pain-sensing) dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons that connect the body to the spinal cord. We document a pain insensitivity mechanism arising from gene overexpression in individuals with the rare 7q11.23 duplication syndrome (Dup7), who have 3 copies of the approximately 1.5-megabase Williams syndrome (WS) critical region. Based on parental accounts and pain ratings, people with Dup7, mainly children in this study, are pain insensitive following serious injury to skin, bones, teeth, or viscera. In contrast, diploid siblings (2 copies of the WS critical region) and individuals with WS (1 copy) show standard reactions to painful events. A converging series of human assessments and cross-species cell biological and transcriptomic studies identified 1 likely candidate in the WS critical region, STX1A, as underlying the pain insensitivity phenotype. STX1A codes for the synaptic vesicle fusion protein syntaxin1A. Excess syntaxin1A was demonstrated to compromise neuropeptide exocytosis from nociceptive DRG neurons. Taken together, these data indicate a mechanism for producing "genetic analgesia" in Dup7 and offer previously untargeted routes to pain control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Iadarola
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew R Sapio
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amelia J Loydpierson
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carolyn B Mervis
- Neurodevelopmental Sciences Laboratory, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jill C Fehrenbacher
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Michael R Vasko
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), and
| | - Daniel P Eisenberg
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tiffany A Nash
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - J Shane Kippenhan
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Madeline H Garvey
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew J Mannes
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael D Gregory
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen F Berman
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Serrano-Juárez CA, Prieto-Corona B, Rodríguez-Camacho M, Sandoval-Lira L, Villalva-Sánchez ÁF, Yáñez-Téllez MG, López MFR. Neuropsychological Genotype-Phenotype in Patients with Williams Syndrome with Atypical Deletions: A Systematic Review. Neuropsychol Rev 2023; 33:891-911. [PMID: 36520254 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-022-09571-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Williams syndrome (WS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a microdeletion in the q11.23 region of chromosome 7. Recent case series reports and clinical case studies have suggested that the cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and social profile in WS could depend on the genes involved in the deletion. The objective of this systematic review was to analyze and synthesize the variability of the cognitive and behavioral profile of WS with atypical deletion and its probable relationship with the affected genes. The medical subject headings searched were "Williams syndrome," "genotype," "phenotype," "cognitive profile," and "atypical deletion." The studies included were in English or Spanish, with children and adults, and published between January 2000 and October 2022. Twenty-three studies are reported. The characteristics of the participants, the genes involved, the neuropsychological domains and instruments, and the prevalence of the WS cognitive profile criteria were used for the genotype-phenotype analysis. The genes with a major impact on the cognitive profile of WS were (a) LIMK1 and those belonging to the GTF2I family, the former with a greater influence on visuospatial abilities; (b) GTF2IRD1 and GTF2I, which have an impact on intellectual capacity as well as on visuospatial and social skills; (c) FZD9, BAZ1B, STX1A, and CLIP2, which influence the cognitive profile if other genes are also effected; and (d) GTF2IRD2, which is related to the severity of the effect on visuospatial and social skills, producing a behavioral phenotype like that of the autism spectrum. The review revealed four neuropsychological phenotypes, depending on the genes involved, and established the need for more comprehensive study of the neuropsychological profile of these patients. Based on the results found, we propose a model for the investigation of and clinical approach to the WS neuropsychological phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Serrano-Juárez
- Neuroscience Group. Laboratorio de Neurometría, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. De los Barrios #1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, CP 54090, México
| | - Belén Prieto-Corona
- Neuroscience Group. Laboratorio de Neurometría, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. De los Barrios #1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, CP 54090, México.
| | - Mario Rodríguez-Camacho
- Neuroscience Group. Laboratorio de Neurometría, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. De los Barrios #1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, CP 54090, México
| | - Lucero Sandoval-Lira
- Neuroscience Group. Laboratorio de Neurometría, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. De los Barrios #1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, CP 54090, México
| | - Ángel Fernando Villalva-Sánchez
- Neuroscience Group. Laboratorio de Neurometría, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. De los Barrios #1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, CP 54090, México
| | - Ma Guillermina Yáñez-Téllez
- Neuroscience Group. Laboratorio de Neurometría, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. De los Barrios #1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, CP 54090, México
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Thom RP, Canales C, Tresvalles M, McDougle CJ, Hooker JM, Chen Y, Zürcher NR. Neuroimaging research in Williams syndrome: Beginning to bridge the gap with clinical care. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105364. [PMID: 37598875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Williams syndrome (WS) is a genetic disorder affecting multiple organ systems. Cardinal features include cardiovascular disease, distinct facies, and a unique cognitive profile characterized by intellectual disability, hypersociability, and visuospatial weaknesses. Here, we synthesize neuroimaging research in WS with a focus on how the current literature and future work may be leveraged to improve health and quality of life in WS. More than 80 neuroimaging studies in WS have been conducted, the vast majority of which have focused on identifying morphometric brain differences. Aside from decreased volume of the parieto-occipital region and increased cerebellar volume, morphometric findings have been variable across studies. fMRI studies investigating the visuospatial deficit have identified dorsal stream dysfunction and abnormal activation of the hippocampal formation. Minimal work has been done using PET or MRS. Future approaches that conduct neuroimaging in tandem with clinical phenotyping, utilize novel imaging techniques to visualize brain vasculature or provide biochemical and molecular information, and include more homogenous age groups across the lifespan, have significant potential to advance clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn P Thom
- Lurie Center for Autism, 1 Maguire Road, Lexington, MA 02421, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Camila Canales
- Lurie Center for Autism, 1 Maguire Road, Lexington, MA 02421, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mary Tresvalles
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Christopher J McDougle
- Lurie Center for Autism, 1 Maguire Road, Lexington, MA 02421, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jacob M Hooker
- Lurie Center for Autism, 1 Maguire Road, Lexington, MA 02421, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Yachin Chen
- Lurie Center for Autism, 1 Maguire Road, Lexington, MA 02421, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nicole R Zürcher
- Lurie Center for Autism, 1 Maguire Road, Lexington, MA 02421, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Kippenhan JS, Gregory MD, Nash T, Kohn P, Mervis CB, Eisenberg DP, Garvey MH, Roe K, Morris CA, Kolachana B, Pani AM, Sorcher L, Berman KF. Dorsal visual stream and LIMK1: hemideletion, haplotype, and enduring effects in children with Williams syndrome. J Neurodev Disord 2023; 15:29. [PMID: 37633900 PMCID: PMC10464045 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-023-09493-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Williams syndrome (WS), a rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by hemizygous deletion of ~ 25 genes from chromosomal band 7q11.23, affords an exceptional opportunity to study associations between a well-delineated genetic abnormality and a well-characterized neurobehavioral profile. Clinically, WS is typified by increased social drive (often termed "hypersociability") and severe visuospatial construction deficits. Previous studies have linked visuospatial problems in WS with alterations in the dorsal visual processing stream. We investigated the impacts of hemideletion and haplotype variation of LIMK1, a gene hemideleted in WS and linked to neuronal maturation and migration, on the structure and function of the dorsal stream, specifically the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), a region known to be altered in adults with WS. METHODS We tested for IPS structural and functional changes using longitudinal MRI in a developing cohort of children with WS (76 visits from 33 participants, compared to 280 visits from 94 typically developing age- and sex-matched participants) over the age range of 5-22. We also performed MRI studies of 12 individuals with rare, shorter hemideletions at 7q11.23, all of which included LIMK1. Finally, we tested for effects of LIMK1 variation on IPS structure and imputed LIMK1 expression in two independent cohorts of healthy individuals from the general population. RESULTS IPS structural (p < 10-4 FDR corrected) and functional (p < .05 FDR corrected) anomalies previously reported in adults were confirmed in children with WS, and, consistent with an enduring genetic mechanism, were stable from early childhood into adulthood. In the short hemideletion cohort, IPS deficits similar to those in WS were found, although effect sizes were smaller than those found in WS for both structural and functional findings. Finally, in each of the two general population cohorts stratified by LIMK1 haplotype, IPS gray matter volume (pdiscovery < 0.05 SVC, preplication = 0.0015) and imputed LIMK1 expression (pdiscovery = 10-15, preplication = 10-23) varied according to LIMK1 haplotype. CONCLUSIONS This work offers insight into neurobiological and genetic mechanisms responsible for the WS phenotype and also more generally provides a striking example of the mechanisms by which genetic variation, acting by means of molecular effects on a neural intermediary, can influence human cognition and, in some cases, lead to neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shane Kippenhan
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Michael D Gregory
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tiffany Nash
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Philip Kohn
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Carolyn B Mervis
- Neurodevelopmental Sciences Laboratory, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Daniel P Eisenberg
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Madeline H Garvey
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Katherine Roe
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Colleen A Morris
- Department of Pediatrics, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, NV, 89102, USA
| | - Bhaskar Kolachana
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ariel M Pani
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Leah Sorcher
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Karen F Berman
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Villalonga E, Mosrin C, Normand T, Girardin C, Serrano A, Žunar B, Doudeau M, Godin F, Bénédetti H, Vallée B. LIM Kinases, LIMK1 and LIMK2, Are Crucial Node Actors of the Cell Fate: Molecular to Pathological Features. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050805. [PMID: 36899941 PMCID: PMC10000741 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) and LIM kinase 2 (LIMK2) are serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases and the only two members of the LIM kinase family. They play a crucial role in the regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics by controlling actin filaments and microtubule turnover, especially through the phosphorylation of cofilin, an actin depolymerising factor. Thus, they are involved in many biological processes, such as cell cycle, cell migration, and neuronal differentiation. Consequently, they are also part of numerous pathological mechanisms, especially in cancer, where their involvement has been reported for a few years and has led to the development of a wide range of inhibitors. LIMK1 and LIMK2 are known to be part of the Rho family GTPase signal transduction pathways, but many more partners have been discovered over the decades, and both LIMKs are suspected to be part of an extended and various range of regulation pathways. In this review, we propose to consider the different molecular mechanisms involving LIM kinases and their associated signalling pathways, and to offer a better understanding of their variety of actions within the physiology and physiopathology of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Villalonga
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Christine Mosrin
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Thierry Normand
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Caroline Girardin
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Amandine Serrano
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Bojan Žunar
- Laboratory for Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Michel Doudeau
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Fabienne Godin
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Hélène Bénédetti
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Béatrice Vallée
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire; UPR4301, CNRS, University of Orleans and INSERM, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orleans, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)2-38-25-76-11
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Sherer DM, Hsieh V, Granderson F, Yusuf H, Dalloul M. Mid-trimester isolated bilateral rocker bottom feet leading to prenatal diagnosis of 7q11.23 microdeletion: Williams syndrome. J Ultrasound 2022; 25:645-647. [PMID: 35001324 PMCID: PMC9402838 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-021-00638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal sonographic depiction of congenital vertical talus (rocker bottom feet), describing a prominent calcaneus and rounded convex appearance of the ventral aspect of the foot, has been reported with fetal Trisomies 18, 13, 9 HOXD10 mutations and recently 2q13 microdeletion. We present a 24 year old in whom mid-trimester sonographic finding of isolated bilateral rocker bottom feet led to diagnosis of 7q11.23 microdeletion-Williams syndrome. This association has not been reported previously. This case emphasizes the critical assessment of detail microarray upon prenatal sonographic notation of abnormal structural fetal features.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Sherer
- The Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York (SUNY), Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 24, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - Vicky Hsieh
- The Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York (SUNY), Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 24, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Freeda Granderson
- The Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York (SUNY), Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 24, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Hakeem Yusuf
- The Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York (SUNY), Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 24, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Mudar Dalloul
- The Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York (SUNY), Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 24, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Williams syndrome: reduced orienting to other's eyes in a hypersocial phenotype. J Autism Dev Disord 2022:10.1007/s10803-022-05563-6. [PMID: 35445369 PMCID: PMC9020553 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05563-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic condition associated with high sociability, intellectual disability, and social cognitive challenges. Attention to others’ eyes is crucial for social understanding. Orienting to, and from other’s eyes was studied in WS (n = 37, mean age = 23, age range 9–53). The WS group was compared to a typically developing comparison participants (n = 167) in stratified age groups from infancy to adulthood. Typically developing children and adults were quicker and more likely to orient to eyes than the mouth. This bias was absent in WS. The WS group had reduced peak saccadic velocities, indicating hypo-arousal. The current study indicates reduced orienting to others’ eyes in WS, which may affect social interaction skills.
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Kozel BA, Barak B, Ae Kim C, Mervis CB, Osborne LR, Porter M, Pober BR. Williams syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7:42. [PMID: 34140529 PMCID: PMC9437774 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00276-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Williams syndrome (WS) is a relatively rare microdeletion disorder that occurs in as many as 1:7,500 individuals. WS arises due to the mispairing of low-copy DNA repetitive elements at meiosis. The deletion size is similar across most individuals with WS and leads to the loss of one copy of 25-27 genes on chromosome 7q11.23. The resulting unique disorder affects multiple systems, with cardinal features including but not limited to cardiovascular disease (characteristically stenosis of the great arteries and most notably supravalvar aortic stenosis), a distinctive craniofacial appearance, and a specific cognitive and behavioural profile that includes intellectual disability and hypersociability. Genotype-phenotype evidence is strongest for ELN, the gene encoding elastin, which is responsible for the vascular and connective tissue features of WS, and for the transcription factor genes GTF2I and GTF2IRD1, which are known to affect intellectual ability, social functioning and anxiety. Mounting evidence also ascribes phenotypic consequences to the deletion of BAZ1B, LIMK1, STX1A and MLXIPL, but more work is needed to understand the mechanism by which these deletions contribute to clinical outcomes. The age of diagnosis has fallen in regions of the world where technological advances, such as chromosomal microarray, enable clinicians to make the diagnosis of WS without formally suspecting it, allowing earlier intervention by medical and developmental specialists. Phenotypic variability is considerable for all cardinal features of WS but the specific sources of this variability remain unknown. Further investigation to identify the factors responsible for these differences may lead to mechanism-based rather than symptom-based therapies and should therefore be a high research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A. Kozel
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Boaz Barak
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience and The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chong Ae Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolyn B. Mervis
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA
| | - Lucy R. Osborne
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melanie Porter
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Barbara R. Pober
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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10
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Mortillo M, Mulle JG. A cross-comparison of cognitive ability across 8 genomic disorders. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 68:106-116. [PMID: 34082144 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genomic disorders result from rearrangement of the human genome. Most genomic disorders are caused by copy number variants (CNV), deletions or duplications of several hundred kilobases. Many CNV loci are associated with autism, schizophrenia, and most commonly, intellectual disability (ID). However, there is little comparison of cognitive ability measures across these CNV disorders. This study aims to understand whether existing data can be leveraged for a cross-comparison of cognitive ability among multiple CNV. We found there is a lack of harmonization among assessment instruments and little standardization for reporting summary data across studies. Despite these limitations, we identified a differential impact of CNV loci on cognitive ability. Our data suggest that future cross-comparisons of CNV disorders will reveal meaningful differences across the phenotypic spectrum, especially if standardized phenotypic assessment is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mortillo
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer G Mulle
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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11
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Moreau CA, Ching CR, Kumar K, Jacquemont S, Bearden CE. Structural and functional brain alterations revealed by neuroimaging in CNV carriers. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 68:88-98. [PMID: 33812299 PMCID: PMC8205978 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Copy Number Variants (CNVs) are associated with elevated rates of neuropsychiatric disorders. A 'genetics-first' approach, involving the CNV effects on the brain, irrespective of clinical symptomatology, allows investigation of mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric disorders in the general population. Recent years have seen an increasing number of larger multisite neuroimaging studies investigating the effect of CNVs on structural and functional brain endophenotypes. Alterations overlap with those found in idiopathic psychiatric conditions but effect sizes are twofold to fivefold larger. Here we review new CNV-associated structural and functional brain alterations and outline the future of neuroimaging genomics research, with particular emphasis on developing new resources for the study of high-risk CNVs and rare genomic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara A Moreau
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, CNRS UMR 3571, Université de Paris, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Christopher Rk Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, USA
| | - Kuldeep Kumar
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sebastien Jacquemont
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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12
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Chen G, Nash TA, Cole KM, Kohn PD, Wei SM, Gregory MD, Eisenberg DP, Cox RW, Berman KF, Shane Kippenhan J. Beyond linearity in neuroimaging: Capturing nonlinear relationships with application to longitudinal studies. Neuroimage 2021; 233:117891. [PMID: 33667672 PMCID: PMC8284193 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous adoption of linearity for quantitative predictors in statistical modeling is likely attributable to its advantages of straightforward interpretation and computational feasibility. The linearity assumption may be a reasonable approximation especially when the variable is confined within a narrow range, but it can be problematic when the variable's effect is non-monotonic or complex. Furthermore, visualization and model assessment of a linear fit are usually omitted because of challenges at the whole brain level in neuroimaging. By adopting a principle of learning from the data in the presence of uncertainty to resolve the problematic aspects of conventional polynomial fitting, we introduce a flexible and adaptive approach of multilevel smoothing splines (MSS) to capture any nonlinearity of a quantitative predictor for population-level neuroimaging data analysis. With no prior knowledge regarding the underlying relationship other than a parsimonious assumption about the extent of smoothness (e.g., no sharp corners), we express the unknown relationship with a sufficient number of smoothing splines and use the data to adaptively determine the specifics of the nonlinearity. In addition to introducing the theoretical framework of MSS as an efficient approach with a counterbalance between flexibility and stability, we strive to (a) lay out the specific schemes for population-level nonlinear analyses that may involve task (e.g., contrasting conditions) and subject-grouping (e.g., patients vs controls) factors; (b) provide modeling accommodations to adaptively reveal, estimate and compare any nonlinear effects of a predictor across the brain, or to more accurately account for the effects (including nonlinear effects) of a quantitative confound; (c) offer the associated program 3dMSS to the neuroimaging community for whole-brain voxel-wise analysis as part of the AFNI suite; and (d) demonstrate the modeling approach and visualization processes with a longitudinal dataset of structural MRI scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health, USA.
| | - Tiffany A Nash
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, USA
| | - Katherine M Cole
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, USA; Section on Behavioral Endocrinology, National Institute of Mental Health, USA
| | - Philip D Kohn
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, USA
| | - Shau-Ming Wei
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, USA; Section on Behavioral Endocrinology, National Institute of Mental Health, USA
| | - Michael D Gregory
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, USA
| | - Daniel P Eisenberg
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, USA
| | - Robert W Cox
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health, USA
| | - Karen F Berman
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, USA
| | - J Shane Kippenhan
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, USA
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13
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Gregory MD, Kippenhan JS, Kohn P, Eisenberg DP, Callicott JH, Kolachana B, Berman KF. Neanderthal-Derived Genetic Variation is Associated with Functional Connectivity in the Brains of Living Humans. Brain Connect 2020; 11:38-44. [PMID: 33218283 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2020.0809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To determine whether Neanderthal-derived genetic variation relates to functional connectivity patterns in the brains of living modern humans. Introduction: Nearly 50,000 years ago, Neanderthals interbred with ancestors of modern humans, imparting a genetic legacy that lives on today. The vestiges of this Neanderthal-derived genetic variation have been previously shown to be enriched in genes coding for neurogenesis and myelination and to alter skull shape and brain structure in living people. Materials and Methods: Using two independent cohorts totaling 553 healthy individuals, we employed multivariate distance matrix regression (MDMR) to determine whether any brain areas exhibited whole-brain functional connectivity patterns that significantly related to the degree of Neanderthal introgression. Identified clusters were then used as regions of interest in follow-up seed-based functional connectivity analyses to determine the connectivity patterns driving the relationships. Results: The MDMR analysis revealed that the percentage of Neanderthal-originating polymorphisms was significantly associated with the functional connectivity patterns of an area of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) that was nearly identical in both cohorts. Using these IPS clusters as regions of interest in seed-based connectivity analyses, we found, again in both cohorts, that individuals with a higher proportion of Neanderthal-derived genetic variation showed increased IPS functional connectivity with visual processing regions, but decreased IPS connectivity with regions underlying social cognition. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the remnants of Neanderthal admixture continue to influence human brain function today, in ways that are consistent with anthropological conceptualizations of Neanderthal phenotypes, including the possibility that Neanderthals may have depended upon visual processing capabilities at the expense of social cognition, and this may have contributed to the extinction of this species through reduced cultural maintenance and inability to cope with fluctuating resources. This and other studies capitalizing on the emerging science surrounding ancient DNA provide a window through which to view an ancient lineage long past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Gregory
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging and Clinical and Translational Neurosciences Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - J Shane Kippenhan
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging and Clinical and Translational Neurosciences Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Philip Kohn
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging and Clinical and Translational Neurosciences Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel P Eisenberg
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging and Clinical and Translational Neurosciences Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph H Callicott
- Psychosis and Cognitive Studies Section, Clinical and Translational Neurosciences Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bhaskar Kolachana
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen F Berman
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging and Clinical and Translational Neurosciences Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Psychosis and Cognitive Studies Section, Clinical and Translational Neurosciences Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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