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Zhang X, Luo Y, Xia L, Song Y, Li W, Kong L, Liu Y, Shen C, Huang C, Chu Y. A study on the determination of the metabolites of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene using a dual-drift tube ion mobility spectrometer. Talanta 2025; 281:126857. [PMID: 39255620 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its four metabolites, namely 2-ADNT, 4-ADNT, 2,4-DANT, and 2,6-DANT, are highly toxic substances. These metabolites also serve as biomarkers for assessing the health of individuals exposed to TNT. In this study, a homemade DDT-IMS apparatus was utilized to detect these metabolites. Under negative detection mode, the drift times of 2-ADNT and 4-ADNT showed subtle shifts within a drift tube temperature range of 100 °C-120 °C, aiding in their differentiation. In positive detection mode for 2,4-DANT and 2,6-DANT, significant variations were observed in both the number and drift time of their positive product ions across a drift tube temperature range of 80 °C-120 °C. Consequently, optimal analytical performance for these metabolites was achieved at approximately 100 °C. Evaluation of the instrumental response during the measurement of the four metabolites in both positive and negative modes revealed that negative detection mode offered greater advantages of detecting these compounds. The working ranges for measuring the four metabolites spanned two orders of magnitude, with detection limits for each metabolite nearly below 1 ng. Notably, clear identification of the signals for these metabolites was achieved even when samples were mixed in urine, highlighting the ability of the DDT-IMS in detecting TNT metabolites. The developed DDT-IMS detection method has significant potential for enhancing environmental risk assessment and biological hazard evaluation, particularly in relation to human exposure to TNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, China; University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanjiang Luo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, China; University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, China.
| | - Yu Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, China
| | - Wanjun Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, China
| | - Lingwen Kong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, China; University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Yawei Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, China
| | - Chengyin Shen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, China
| | - Chaoqun Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, China.
| | - Yannan Chu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, China
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Adomako-Bonsu AG, Jacobsen J, Maser E. Metabolic activation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene; a case for ROS-induced cell damage. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103082. [PMID: 38527399 PMCID: PMC10979124 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The explosive compound 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is well known as a major component of munitions. In addition to its potential carcinogenicity and mutagenicity in humans, recent reports have highlighted TNT toxicities in diverse organisms due to its occurrence in the environment. These toxic effects have been linked to the intracellular metabolism of TNT, which is generally characterised by redox cycling and the generation of noxious reactive molecules. The reactive intermediates formed, such as nitroso and hydroxylamine compounds, also interact with oxygen molecules and cellular components to cause macromolecular damage and oxidative stress. The current review aims to highlight the crucial role of TNT metabolism in mediating TNT toxicity, via increased generation of reactive oxygen species. Cellular proliferation of reactive species results in depletion of cellular antioxidant enzymes, DNA and protein adduct formation, and oxidative stress. While TNT toxicity is well known, its ability to induce oxidative stress, resulting from its reductive activation, suggests that some of its toxic effects may be caused by its reactive metabolites. Hence, further research on TNT metabolism is imperative to elucidate TNT-induced toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amma Gyapomah Adomako-Bonsu
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jana Jacobsen
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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Maser E, Andresen KJ, Bünning TH, Clausen OR, Wichert U, Strehse JS. Ecotoxicological Risk of World War Relic Munitions in the Sea after Low- and High-Order Blast-in-Place Operations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20169-20181. [PMID: 37933956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Submerged munitions from World War I and II are threatening human activities in the oceans, including fisheries and shipping or the construction of pipelines and offshore facilities. To avoid unforeseen explosions, remotely controlled "blast-in-place" (BiP) operations are a common practice worldwide. However, after underwater BiP detonations, the toxic and carcinogenic energetic compounds (ECs) will not completely combust but rather distribute within the marine ecosphere. To shed light on this question, two comparable World War II mines in Denmark's Sejerø Bay (Baltic Sea) were blown up by either low-order or high-order BiP operations by the Royal Danish Navy. Water and sediment samples were taken before and immediately after the respective BiP operation and analyzed for the presence of ECs with sensitive GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS technology. EC concentrations increased after high-order BiP detonations up to 353 ng/L and 175 μg/kg in water and sediment, respectively, while low-order BiP detonations resulted in EC water and sediment concentrations up to 1,000,000 ng/L (1 mg/L) and >10,000,000 μg/kg (>10 g/kg), respectively. Our studies provide unequivocal evidence that BiP operations in general lead to a significant increase of contamination of the marine environment and ecotoxicological risk with toxic ECs. Moreover, as compared to high-order BiP detonations, low-order BiP detonations resulted in a several 1000-fold higher burden on the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Katrine J Andresen
- Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tobias H Bünning
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ole R Clausen
- Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Uwe Wichert
- Consultant BLANO, MEKUN and HELCOM SUBMERGED, Eichenweg 6, 24351 Damp, Germany
| | - Jennifer S Strehse
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Jia K, Xiong H, Yuan W, Huang L, Xu J, Lu C, Hu Y, Huang K, Luo Q, Ma J, Lu H. Diflovidazin damages the hematopoietic stem cells to zebrafish embryos via the TLR4/ NF-κB/ p53 pathway. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 135:108672. [PMID: 36893927 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental contaminants frequently induces the occurrence of blood diseases, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are scarcely known. The toxicity of Diflovidazin (DFD), a widely used mite-remover, to the blood system of non-target organisms requires urgent elucidation. To investigate the deleterious effects of DFD (2, 2.5, and 3 mg/L) on the development and survive of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), the zebrafish model was used in this study. DFD exposure reduced the number of HSCs and their subtypes, including macrophages, neutrophils, thymus T-cells, erythrocytes, and platelets. The significant changes in the abnormal apoptosis and differentiation of HSCs were the major reasons for the reduction in blood cells. Using small-molecule antagonists and p53 morpholino revealed that the NF-κB/p53 pathway was responsible for the apoptosis of HSCs upon DFD exposure. The restoration results attributed to the TLR4 inhibitor and molecular docking showed that the TLR4 protein, which was upstream of NF-κB signaling, played a vital role in DFD toxicology. This study elucidates the role and molecular mechanism of DFD in damaging zebrafish HSCs. It provides a theoretical basis for the occurrence of various blood diseases in zebrafish and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Jia
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Haibin Xiong
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lirong Huang
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chen Lu
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kaijie Huang
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qiang Luo
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jinze Ma
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huiqiang Lu
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, China.
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5
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Wu H, Yang L, Sun W, Yang P, Xing H. Facile preparation of mesoporous silica coated nitrogen doped carbon dots for sensitive detection of picric acid. RSC Adv 2022; 12:33696-33705. [PMID: 36505676 PMCID: PMC9685500 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04878g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a nanocomposite suitable for long-term storage was constructed for efficient and highly selective detection of picric acid (PA). For this purpose, nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal reaction one-step method, and the synthesized nitrogen-doped carbon dots were loaded into amine-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN-NH2) to form N-CDs@MSN-NH2 nanocomposites. The as-synthesized N-CDs@MSN-NH2 was detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis methods. After being coated with MSNs, the as-synthesized N-CDs@MSN-NH2 exhibits excellent photo-stability in storage for 60 days at room temperature. Furthermore, PA can significantly quench the fluorescence signal of N-CDs@MSN-NH2 through the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect, while other metal ions and nitro compounds only cause little change. The a-synthesized composites were used to detect PA with a detection limit of 50 nM in an aqueous solution. These results indicate that the synthesized composites have promise for application in PA detection in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science & TechnologyHuainan 232001China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science & TechnologyHuainan 232001China
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science & TechnologyHuainan 232001China
| | - Ping Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science & TechnologyHuainan 232001China
| | - Honglong Xing
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science & TechnologyHuainan 232001China
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Gupta S, Siebner H, Ramanathan G, Ronen Z. Inhibition effect of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) on RDX degradation by rhodococcus strains isolated from contaminated soil and water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:120018. [PMID: 36002099 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a highly toxic explosive that contaminates soil and water and may interfere with the degradation of co-occurring compounds, such as hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). We proposed that TNT may influence RDX-degrading bacteria via either general toxicity or a specific effect on the |RDX degradation mechanisms. Thus, we examined the impact of TNT on RDX degradation by Rhodococcus strains YH1, T7, and YY1, which were isolated from an explosives-polluted environment. Although partly degraded, TNT did not support the growth of any of the strains when used as either sole carbon or sole nitrogen sources, or as carbon and nitrogen sources. The incubation of a mixture of TNT (25 mg/l) and RDX (20 mg/l) completely inhibited RDX degradation. The effect of TNT on the cytochrome P450, catalyzing RDX degradation, was tested in a resting cell experiment, proving that TNT inhibits XplA protein activity. A dose-response experiment showed that the IC50/trans values for YH1, T7, and YY1 were 7.272, 5.098, and 9.140 (mg/l of TNT), respectively, illustrating variable sensitivity to TNT among the strains. The expression of xplA was also strongly suppressed by TNT. Cells that were pre-grown with RDX (allowing xplA expression) and incubated with ammonium chloride, glucose, and TNT, completely transformed into their amino dinitrotoluene isomers and formed azoxy toluene isomers. The presence of oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase that enable reduction of the nitro group in the presence of O2 in the genomes of these strains suggests that they are responsible for TNT transformation in the cultures. The experimental results concluded that TNT has an adverse effect on RDX degradation by the examined strains. It inhibits RDX degradation due to the direct impact on cytochrome P450, xplA, or its expression. The tested strains can transform TNT independently of RDX. Thus, degradation of both compounds is possible if TNT concentrations are below their IC50 values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Gupta
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker Campus, 8490000, Israel; Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Hagar Siebner
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker Campus, 8490000, Israel
| | - Gurunath Ramanathan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Zeev Ronen
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker Campus, 8490000, Israel.
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7
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Ring-shaped cataract and urinary metabolites among 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene exposed population of Pakistan. Int Ophthalmol 2022; 42:2619-2624. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gao W, Wang T, Zhu C, Sha P, Dong P, Wu X. A 'sandwich' structure for highly sensitive detection of TNT based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Talanta 2022; 236:122824. [PMID: 34635214 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-sensitive detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) plays an important role in society security and human health. The Raman probe molecule p-aminothiophenol (PATP) can interact with TNT in three ways to form a TNT-PATP complex. In this paper, a 'sandwich' structure was developed to detect TNT with high sensitivity. Au nano-pillar arrays (AuNPAs) substrates modified by low-concentration PATP through Au-S bonds were acted as capture probe for TNT. Meanwhile, Ag nano-particles (AgNPs) modified by PATP at higher concentration were employed as tags for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The formation of the TNT-PATP complex is not only the means by which AuNPAs substrates recognize and capture TNT, but also links the SERS tags to TNT, forming an AuNPAs-TNT-AgNPs 'sandwich' structure. The Raman signal of PATP was greatly enhanced mainly because novel 'hot spots' formed between the AuNPAs and AgNPs of the 'sandwich' structure. The Raman signal of PATP was further amplified by the chemical enhancement effect induced by the TNT-PATP complex formation. Based on this mechanism, the limit of detection (LOD) of TNT was determined from the Raman signal of PATP. The LOD reached 10-9 mg/mL (4.4 × 10-12 M), much lower than that suggested by the US Environmental Protection Agency (88 nM). Moreover, TNT was selectively detected over several TNT analogues 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), p-nitrotoluene (NT) and hexogen (RDX). Finally, the 'sandwich' structure was successfully applied to TNT detection in environmental water and sand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Gao
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tianran Wang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chushu Zhu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pengxing Sha
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peitao Dong
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xuezhong Wu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Barkheh H, Zeinoddini M, Ranjbar B, Xodadadi N. A Novel Strategy for Trinitrotoluene Detection Using Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Gonsalves MD, McLennan L, Slitt AL, Smith JL, Oxley JC. In vitro metabolism of HMTD and blood stability and toxicity of peroxide explosives (TATP and HMTD) in canines and humans. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:394-403. [PMID: 33439760 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1874563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) are prominent explosive threats. Mitigation of peroxide explosives is a priority among the law enforcement community, with canine (K9) units being trained to recognise the scent of peroxide explosives. Herein, the metabolism, blood distribution, and toxicity of peroxide explosives are investigated.HMTD metabolism studies in liver microsomes identified two potential metabolites, tetramethylene diperoxide diamine alcohol aldehyde (TMDDAA) and tetramethylene peroxide diamine dialcohol dialdehyde (TMPDDD).Blood stability studies in dogs and humans showed that HMTD was rapidly degraded, whereas TATP remained for at least one week.Toxicity studies in dog and human hepatocytes indicated minimum cell death for both TATP and HMTD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay McLennan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Angela L Slitt
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - James L Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Jimmie C Oxley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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Sabbioni G, Berset JD, Day BW. Is It Realistic to Propose Determination of a Lifetime Internal Exposome? Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2010-2021. [PMID: 32672951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biomonitoring of xenobiotics has been performed for many years in occupational and environmental medicine. It has revealed hidden exposures and the exposure of workers could be reduced. Although most of the toxic effects of chemicals on humans were discovered in workers, the scientific community has more recently focused on environmental samples. In several countries, urinary and blood samples have been collected and analyzed for xenobiotics. Health, biochemical, and clinical parameters were measured in the biomonitoring program of the Unites States. The data were collected and evaluated as group values, comparing races, ages, and gender. The term exposome was created in order to relate chemical exposure to health effects together with the terms genome, proteome, and transcriptome. Internal exposures were mostly established with snapshot measurements, which can lead to an obvious misclassification of the individual exposures. Albumin and hemoglobin adducts of xenobiotics reflect the exposure of a larger time frame, up to 120 days. It is likely that only a small fraction of xenobiotics form such adducts. In addition, adduct analyses are more work intensive than the measurement of xenobiotics and metabolites in urine and/or blood. New technology, such as high-resolution mass spectrometry, will enable the discovery of new compounds that have been overlooked in the past, since over 300,000 chemicals are commercially available and most likely also present in the environment. Yet, quantification will be challenging, as it was for the older methods. At this stage, determination of a lifetime internal exposome is very unrealistic. Instead of an experimental approach with a large number of people, which is economically and scientifically not feasible, in silico methods should be developed further to predict exposure, toxicity, and potential health effects of mixtures. The computer models will help to focus internal exposure investigations on smaller groups of people and smaller number of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, CH-6780 Airolo, Switzerland.,Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80336 München, Germany
| | - Jean-Daniel Berset
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, CH-6780 Airolo, Switzerland
| | - Billy W Day
- Medantox LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15241, United States.,ReNeuroGen LLC, Elm Grove, Wisconsin 53122, United States
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Gonsalves MD, Colizza K, Smith JL, Oxley JC. In vitro and in vivo studies of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) metabolism in humans. Forensic Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-020-00540-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) is a volatile but powerful explosive that appeals to terrorists due to its ease of synthesis from household items. For this reason, bomb squad, canine (K9) units, and scientists must work with this material to mitigate this threat. However, no information on the metabolism of TATP is available.
Methods
In vitro experiments using human liver microsomes and recombinant enzymes were performed on TATP and TATP-OH for metabolite identification and enzyme phenotyping. Enzyme kinetics for TATP hydroxylation were also investigated. Urine from laboratory personnel collected before and after working with TATP was analyzed for TATP and its metabolites.
Results
While experiments with flavin monooxygenases were inconclusive, those with recombinant cytochrome P450s (CYPs) strongly suggested that CYP2B6 was the principle enzyme responsible for TATP hydroxylation. TATP-O-glucuronide was also identified and incubations with recombinant uridine diphosphoglucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) indicated that UGT2B7 catalyzes this reaction. Michaelis–Menten kinetics were determined for TATP hydroxylation, with Km = 1.4 µM and Vmax = 8.7 nmol/min/nmol CYP2B6. TATP-O-glucuronide was present in the urine of all three volunteers after being exposed to TATP vapors showing good in vivo correlation to in vitro data. TATP and TATP-OH were not observed.
Conclusions
Since scientists working to characterize and detect TATP to prevent terrorist attacks are constantly exposed to this volatile compound, attention should be paid to its metabolism. This paper is the first to elucidate some exposure, metabolism and excretion of TATP in humans and to identify a marker of TATP exposure, TATP-O-glucuronide in urine.
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Cabrera MÁ, Márquez SL, Quezada CP, Osorio MI, Castro-Nallar E, González-Nilo FD, Pérez-Donoso JM. Biotransformation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by Pseudomonas sp. TNT3 isolated from Deception Island, Antarctica. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:113922. [PMID: 32443190 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a nitroaromatic explosive, highly toxic and mutagenic for organisms. In this study, we report for the first time the screening and isolation of TNT-degrading bacteria from Antarctic environmental samples with potential use as bioremediation agents. Ten TNT-degrading bacterial strains were isolated from Deception Island. Among them, Pseudomonas sp. TNT3 was selected as the best candidate since it showed the highest tolerance, growth, and TNT biotransformation capabilities. Our results showed that TNT biotransformation involves the reduction of the nitro groups. Additionally, Pseudomonas sp. TNT3 was capable of transforming 100 mg/L TNT within 48 h at 28 °C, showing higher biotransformation capability than Pseudomonas putida KT2440, a known TNT-degrading bacterium. Functional annotation of Pseudomonas sp. TNT3 genome revealed a versatile set of molecular functions involved in xenobiotic degradation pathways. Two putative xenobiotic reductases (XenA_TNT3 and XenB_TNT3) were identified by means of homology searches and phylogenetic relationships. These enzymes were also characterized at molecular level using homology modelling and molecular dynamics simulations. Both enzymes share different levels of sequence similarity with other previously described TNT-degrading enzymes and with their closest potential homologues in databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Ángeles Cabrera
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 330, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián L Márquez
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 330, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina P Quezada
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 330, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel I Osorio
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 330, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Castro-Nallar
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 330, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando D González-Nilo
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 330, Santiago, Chile
| | - José M Pérez-Donoso
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 330, Santiago, Chile.
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Babar D, Garje SS. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Co-Doped Carbon Dots for Selective Detection of Nitro Explosives. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:2710-2717. [PMID: 32095694 PMCID: PMC7033677 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a highly selective and sensitive method has been developed for the detection of trinitrophenol (TNP), which is a dangerous explosive. For this purpose, N and P co-doped carbon dots (NP-Cdots) have been used. Synthesis of N and P co-doped carbon dots has been carried out by a simple and quick method. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis was carried out to detect the doping of N and P. These carbon dots are insoluble in water (inNP-Cdots). These carbon dots were functionalized by treating them with conc. HNO3 so that they become water-soluble (wsNP-Cdots). These dots were characterized by different analytical techniques such as IR, UV-vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The as-prepared wsNP-Cdots have good fluorescence properties. The average diameter of wsNP-Cdots is found to be 5.7 nm with an interlayer spacing (d-spacing) of 0.16 nm. The as-prepared wsNP-Cdots are highly sensitive and selective toward TNP, as observed using a fluorescence quenching technique. The quenching constant for TNP is found to be very high (8.06 × 104 M-1), which indicates its high quenching ability. The limit of detection is found to be 23 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak
Gorakh Babar
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400 098, India
| | - Shivram S. Garje
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400 098, India
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15
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Dhingra G, Bansal P, Dhingra N, Rani S, Malik AK. Development of a microextraction by packed sorbent with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for quantification of nitroexplosives in aqueous and fluidic biological samples. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:639-647. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Dhingra
- Department of Chemistry; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab India
| | - Pooja Bansal
- Department of Chemistry; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab India
| | - Nidhi Dhingra
- Department of Chemistry; Atma Ram Sanatan Dharam College; New Delhi India
| | - Susheela Rani
- Department of Chemistry; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab India
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16
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Abstract
Arylamines and nitroarenes are intermediates in the production of pharmaceuticals, dyes, pesticides, and plastics and are important environmental and occupational pollutants. N-Hydroxyarylamines are the toxic common intermediates of arylamines and nitroarenes. N-Hydroxyarylamines and their derivatives can form adducts with hemoglobin (Hb-adducts), albumin, DNA, and tissue proteins in a dose-dependent manner. Most of the arylamine Hb-adducts are labile and undergo hydrolysis in vitro, by mild acid or base, to form the arylamines. According to current knowledge of arylamine adduct-formation, the hydrolyzable fraction is derived from the reaction products of the arylnitroso derivatives that yield arylsulfinamide adducts with cysteine. Hb-adducts are markers for the bioavailability of N-hydroxyarylamines. Hb-adducts of arylamines and nitroarenes have been used for many biomonitoring studies for over 30 years. Hb-adducts reflect the exposure history of the last four months. Biomonitoring of urinary metabolites is a less invasive process than biomonitoring blood protein adducts, and urinary metabolites have served as short-lived biomarkers of exposure to these hazardous chemicals. However, in case of intermittent exposure, urinary metabolites may not be detected, and subjects may be misclassified as nonexposed. Arylamines and nitroarenes and/or their metabolites have been measured in urine, especially to monitor the exposure of workers. This review summarizes the results of human biomonitoring studies involving urinary metabolites and Hb-adducts of arylamines and nitroarenes. In addition, studies about the relationship between Hb-adducts and diseases are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology , Casella Postale 108, CH-6780 Airolo, Switzerland.,Alpine Institute of Chemistry and Toxicology , CH-6718 Olivone, Switzerland.,Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , D-80336 München, Germany
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3D Visualization of Developmental Toxicity of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene in Zebrafish Embryogenesis Using Light-Sheet Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111925. [PMID: 27869673 PMCID: PMC5133921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental contamination by trinitrotoluene is of global concern due to its widespread use in military ordnance and commercial explosives. Despite known long-term persistence in groundwater and soil, the toxicological profile of trinitrotoluene and other explosive wastes have not been systematically measured using in vivo biological assays. Zebrafish embryos are ideal model vertebrates for high-throughput toxicity screening and live in vivo imaging due to their small size and transparency during embryogenesis. Here, we used Single Plane Illumination Microscopy (SPIM)/light sheet microscopy to assess the developmental toxicity of explosive-contaminated water in zebrafish embryos and report 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene-associated developmental abnormalities, including defects in heart formation and circulation, in 3D. Levels of apoptotic cell death were higher in the actively developing tissues of trinitrotoluene-treated embryos than controls. Live 3D imaging of heart tube development at cellular resolution by light-sheet microscopy revealed trinitrotoluene-associated cardiac toxicity, including hypoplastic heart chamber formation and cardiac looping defects, while the real time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) quantitatively measured the molecular changes in the heart and blood development supporting the developmental defects at the molecular level. Identification of cellular toxicity in zebrafish using the state-of-the-art 3D imaging system could form the basis of a sensitive biosensor for environmental contaminants and be further valued by combining it with molecular analysis.
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Yew YT, Ambrosi A, Pumera M. Nitroaromatic explosives detection using electrochemically exfoliated graphene. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33276. [PMID: 27633489 PMCID: PMC5025880 DOI: 10.1038/srep33276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of nitroaromatic explosives is of paramount importance from security point of view. Graphene sheets obtained from the electrochemical anodic exfoliation of graphite foil in different electrolytes (LiClO4 and Na2SO4) were compared and tested as electrode material for the electrochemical detection of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in seawater. Voltammetry analysis demonstrated the superior electrochemical performance of graphene produced in LiClO4, resulting in higher sensitivity and linearity for the explosives detection and lower limit of detection (LOD) compared to the graphene obtained in Na2SO4. We attribute this to the presence of oxygen functionalities onto the graphene material obtained in LiClO4 which enable charge electrostatic interactions with the –NO2 groups of the analyte, in addition to π-π stacking interactions with the aromatic moiety. Research findings obtained from this study would assist in the development of portable devices for the on-site detection of nitroaromatic explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Teng Yew
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Adriano Ambrosi
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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An LC/ESI-SRM/MS method to screen chemically modified hemoglobin: simultaneous analysis for oxidized, nitrated, lipidated, and glycated sites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5379-92. [PMID: 27236314 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are continuously exposed to various reactive chemical species (reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, endogenous/exogenous aldehydes/epoxides, etc.) due to physiological and chemical stresses, resulting in various chemical modifications such as oxidation, nitration, glycation/glycoxidation, lipidation/lipoxidation, and adduct formation with drugs/chemicals. Abundant proteins with a long half-life, such as hemoglobin (Hb, t 1/2 63 days, ∼150 mg/mL), are believed to be major targets of reactive chemical species that reflect biological events. Chemical modifications on Hb have been investigated mainly by mechanistic in vitro experiments or in vivo/clinical experiments focused on single target modifications. Here, we describe an optimized LC/ESI-SRM/MS method to screen oxidized, nitrated, lipidated, and glycated sites on Hb. In vivo preliminary results suggest that this method can detect simultaneously the presence of oxidation (+16 Da) of α-Met(32), α-Met(76), β-Met(55), and β-Trp(15) and adducts of malondialdehyde (+54 Da) and glycation (+162 Da) of β-Val(1) in a blood sample from a healthy volunteer. Graphical Abstract Screening chemical modifications on hemoglobin.
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20
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Sabbioni G, Norppa H, Hirvonen A, Järventaus H, Jones CR, Yan H, Sepai O. Biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility in workers exposed to chloronitrobenzenes. Biomarkers 2016; 21:721-730. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2016.1172116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, Airolo, Switzerland
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Hannu Norppa
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Hirvonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Christopher R. Jones
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Huifang Yan
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ovnair Sepai
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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21
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Song L, Wang Y, Wang J, Yang F, Li X, Wu Y. Trinitrotoluene Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis in HePG2 Cells. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:3434-41. [PMID: 26551326 PMCID: PMC4644021 DOI: 10.12659/msm.894169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to describe trinitrotoluene (TNT)-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and apoptosis in HePG2 cells. Material/Methods HePG2 cells were cultured in vitro with 0, 6, 12, or 24 μg/ml TNT solution for 12, 24, and 48 h. Western blotting was performed to detect intracellular ERS-related proteins, including glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 78, GRP94, Caspase 4, p-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Real-time PCR was used to measure mRNA expression from the respective genes. Results The expressions of ERS-related proteins GRP78 and GRP94 as well as mRNA and protein expression of ERS signaling apoptotic CHOP in the TNT treatment group were significantly increased. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of ERS-induced apoptotic protein Caspase-4 were significantly increased. Flow cytometry revealed that after TNT treatment, the apoptosis rate also significantly increased. Conclusions TNT could increase the expression levels of GRP78, GRP94, Caspase-4, and CHOP in HePG2 cells; this increase in protein expression might be involved in HePG2 apoptosis through the induction of the ERS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Occupational Poisoning, Heilongjiang Institute of Labor, Health, and Occupational Disease, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Heilongjiang Institute of Labor, Health, and Occupational Disease, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yonghui Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
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Kamal A, Cincinelli A, Martellini T, Malik RN. A review of PAH exposure from the combustion of biomass fuel and their less surveyed effect on the blood parameters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:4076-4098. [PMID: 25410307 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3748-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies from all over the world have reported that populations of rural and urban environments differ in their health issues due to the differences in the countrywide pollution pattern. In developing countries, various occupational cohorts and subsections of the population in urban and rural areas are routinely exposed to several environmentally widespread contaminants. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of over hundred different compounds and have ubiquitous presence in rural and urban environments. Smoke from the combustion of biomass fuel contains a high concentration of carcinogenic PAHs, which are related with several human morbidities. The sources and types of biomass fuel are diverse and wide in distribution. Limited numbers of literature reports have focused the significant impact of PAHs on several components of blood, both in human and wildlife. The toxicity of PAHs to rapidly dividing cells (e.g., bone marrow cells) and other tissues is largely attributed to their reactive oxygenated metabolites, potential of causing oxidative stress, and the adducts of their metabolites with DNA. This review aims to encompass the blood-related effects of PAHs and associated human health risks-an aspect that needs further research-on the population of developing countries of the world in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Kamal
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan,
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Shinkai Y, Li S, Kikuchi T, Kumagai Y. Participation of metabolic activation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene to 4-hydroxylamino-2,6-dinitrotoluene in hematotoxicity. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 40:597-604. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shinkai
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
| | - Song Li
- Doctoral Program in Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Tomohiro Kikuchi
- Master’s program in Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
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Ong BK, Poh HL, Chua CK, Pumera M. Graphenes Prepared by Hummers, Staudenmaier and Hofmann Methods for Analysis of TNT-Based Nitroaromatic Explosives in Seawater. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Naderi M, Ghanei M, Shohrati M, Saburi A, Babaei M, Najafian B. Systemic complications of trinitrotoluene (TNT) in exposed workers. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012; 32:31-4. [PMID: 22994931 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2012.699486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) has been widely used as an explosive. TNT can induce some well-recognized toxic impacts comprising toxic hepatitis, aplastic anemia and cataract. The aim of study was evaluation of TNT exposed workers for systemic complication. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, we carried out Liver Function Test (LFT), complete blood count (CBC) and slit lamp biomicroscopy to compare the prevalence and severity of these 3 complications between 47 male TNT exposed workers (with at least one year continuous experience of TNT exposure) and 43 unexposed male hospital worker who hadn't had any previous contacts with TNT. We also performed Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) to assess the probable obstructive/restrictive abnormalities, caused by TNT. RESULTS Mean alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level of TNT exposed group was significantly higher than the unexposed group (p = 0.023) Forced Expiratory Volume in one second to Forced Vital Capacity (FEV1/FVC) ratios of both groups were in the range of restrictive pattern (82.03% and 81.42% for the exposed and unexposed group, respectively) with no meaningful difference. We didn't find out any specific TNT induced cataract and general cortical cataract (CC) and nuclear sclerotic cataract (NSC) prevalence was not significantly different. DISCUSSION we haven't found TNT as a chemical, causing toxic hepatitis or aplastic anemia; neither did we find it as a compound, responsible for a meaningful increase in cataract prevalence. However, due to the increased ALP serum levels and FEV1/FVC ratios among TNT workers, safety precautions are advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Naderi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Deng Y, Meyer SA, Guan X, Escalon BL, Ai J, Wilbanks MS, Welti R, Garcia-Reyero N, Perkins EJ. Analysis of common and specific mechanisms of liver function affected by nitrotoluene compounds. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14662. [PMID: 21346803 PMCID: PMC3035612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nitrotoluenes are widely used chemical manufacturing and munitions applications. This group of chemicals has been shown to cause a range of effects from anemia and hypercholesterolemia to testicular atrophy. We have examined the molecular and functional effects of five different, but structurally related, nitrotoluenes on using an integrative systems biology approach to gain insight into common and disparate mechanisms underlying effects caused by these chemicals. Methodology/Principal Findings Sprague-Dawley female rats were exposed via gavage to one of five concentrations of one of five nitrotoluenes [2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2ADNT) 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoulene (4ADNT), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4DNT) and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6DNT)] with necropsy and tissue collection at 24 or 48 h. Gene expression profile results correlated well with clinical data and liver histopathology that lead to the concept that hematotoxicity was followed by hepatotoxicity. Overall, 2,4DNT, 2,6DNT and TNT had stronger effects than 2ADNT and 4ADNT. Common functional terms, gene expression patterns, pathways and networks were regulated across all nitrotoluenes. These pathways included NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response, aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, LPS/IL-1 mediated inhibition of RXR function, xenobiotic metabolism signaling and metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450. One biological process common to all compounds, lipid metabolism, was found to be impacted both at the transcriptional and lipid production level. Conclusions/Significance A systems biology strategy was used to identify biochemical pathways affected by five nitroaromatic compounds and to integrate data that tie biochemical alterations to pathological changes. An integrative graphical network model was constructed by combining genomic, gene pathway, lipidomic, and physiological endpoint results to better understand mechanisms of liver toxicity and physiological endpoints affected by these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youping Deng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
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Deng Y, Johnson DR, Guan X, Ang CY, Ai J, Perkins EJ. In vitro gene regulatory networks predict in vivo function of liver. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2010; 4:153. [PMID: 21073692 PMCID: PMC2998496 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-4-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evolution of toxicity testing is predicated upon using in vitro cell based systems to rapidly screen and predict how a chemical might cause toxicity to an organ in vivo. However, the degree to which we can extend in vitro results to in vivo activity and possible mechanisms of action remains to be fully addressed. RESULTS Here we use the nitroaromatic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) as a model chemical to compare and determine how we might extrapolate from in vitro data to in vivo effects. We found 341 transcripts differentially expressed in common among in vitro and in vivo assays in response to TNT. The major functional term corresponding to these transcripts was cell cycle. Similarly modulated common pathways were identified between in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we uncovered the conserved common transcriptional gene regulatory networks between in vitro and in vivo cellular liver systems that responded to TNT exposure, which mainly contain 2 subnetwork modules: PTTG1 and PIR centered networks. Interestingly, all 7 genes in the PTTG1 module were involved in cell cycle and downregulated by TNT both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The results of our investigation of TNT effects on gene expression in liver suggest that gene regulatory networks obtained from an in vitro system can predict in vivo function and mechanisms. Inhibiting PTTG1 and its targeted cell cycle related genes could be key mechanism for TNT induced liver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youping Deng
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) air concentrations, hemoglobin changes, and anemia cases in respirator protected TNT munitions demilitarization workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2010; 84:239-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-010-0559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bell SC, Gayton-Ely M, Nida CM. Bioassays for bomb-makers: proof of concept. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:401-9. [PMID: 19484462 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2851-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clandestine bomb-makers are exposed to significant amounts of explosives and allied materials. As with any ingested xenobiotic substance, these compounds are subject to biotransformation. As such, the potential exists that characteristic suites of biomarkers may be produced and deposited in matrices that can be exploited for forensic and investigative purposes. However, before such assays can be developed, foundational data must be gathered regarding the toxicokinetics, fate, and transport of the resulting biomarkers within the body and in matrices such as urine, hair, nails, sweat, feces, and saliva. This report presents an in vitro method for simulation of human metabolic transformations using human liver microsomes and an assay applicable to representative nitro-explosives. Control and metabolized samples of TNT, RDX, HMX, and tetryl were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and biomarkers identified for each. The challenges associated with this method arise from solubility issues and limitations imposed by instrumentation, specifically, modes of ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne C Bell
- Forensic Science & Chemistry, West Virginia University, 1600 University Avenue, Oglebay Hall, Room 208, Box 6121, Morgantown, WV 26506-6121, USA.
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Abstract
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is an important occupational and environmental pollutant. In TNT-exposed humans, notable toxic manifestations have included aplastic anaemia, toxic hepatitis, cataracts, hepatomegaly and liver cancer. Therefore, it is important to develop protection measures and to monitor workers involved in the clean-up of ammunition sites. Haemoglobin (Hb) adducts of TNT, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4ADNT) and 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2ADNT), and the urine metabolites of TNT, 4ADNT and 2ADNT were found in 22-50% of the exposed workers, but not in the control group. The exposed workers were wearing protective equipment. The levels of erythrocytes, haemoglobin, creatinine, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase and lymphocyte levels were significantly lower in the exposed workers than in the non-exposed workers. The levels of blood urea and reticulocytes were significantly higher in the exposed workers than in the non-exposed workers. Headache (26%), mucous membrane irritation (16%), sick leave (18%), lassitude (8%), anxiety (6%), shortness of breath (3%), nausea (5%) and allergic reactions (8%) were reported by the exposed workers. In a further analysis the U-4ADNT levels and the Hb-adduct levels were compared to the blood parameter and the health effects. The blood parameters were not significantly different between the U-4ADNT positive and U-4ADNT-negative group. Headache, mucous membrane irritation, sick leave, lassitude, anxiety, shortness of breath and allergic reactions were statistically not different between the two groups. Also in the workers with Hb-4ADNT adducts no significant negative changes were seen in regards to the changes of the blood parameters or the health effects. According to the results of the present study, it appears that the blood parameter changes and the health effects are more influenced by other factors than by the internal exposure to TNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Sabbioni G, Sepai O, Norppa H, Yan H, Hirvonen A, Zheng Y, Järventaus H, Bäck B, Brooks LR, Warren SH, Demarini DM, Liu YY. Comparison of biomarkers in workers exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Biomarkers 2008; 12:21-37. [PMID: 17438651 DOI: 10.1080/13547500600807012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is an important occupational and environmental pollutant. In TNT-exposed humans, notable toxic manifestations have included aplastic anaemia, toxic hepatitis, cataracts, hepatomegaly, and liver cancer. Therefore, methods were developed to biomonitor workers exposed to TNT. The workers were employed in a typical ammunition factory in China. The external dose (air levels and skin exposure), the internal dose (urinary metabolites), the biologically effective dose (haemoglobin adducts, urinary mutagenicity), biological effects (chromosomal aberrations and health effects), and individual susceptibility (genotypes of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes) were determined. Haemoglobin-adducts of TNT, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4ADNT) and 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2ADNT), and the urinary metabolites of TNT, 4ADNT and 2ADNT, were found in all workers and in some controls. The levels of the haemoglobin-adducts or the urinary metabolites correlated weakly with the skin or air levels of TNT. The urinary mutagenicity determined in a subset of workers correlated strongly with the levels of 4ADNT and 2ADNT in urine. The haemoglobin-adducts correlated moderately with the urinary metabolites and with the urinary mutagenicity. The genotypes of glutathione S-transferases (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1) and N-acetyltransferases (NAT1, NAT2) were determined. In general, the genotypes did not significantly influence the haemoglobin-adduct levels and the urine metabolite levels. However, TNT-exposed workers who carried the NAT1 rapid acetylator genotype showed an increase in urinary mutagenicity and chromosomal aberrations as compared with slow acetylators. The haemoglobin adduct 4ADNT was significantly associated with a risk of hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and cataract; urine metabolites and genotypes were not associated with health effects. These results indicate that a set of well-selected biomarkers may be more informative regarding exposure and effect than routinely performed chemical measurements of pollutants in the air or on the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sabbioni
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, Airolo, Switzerland.
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Smith DJ, Craig AM, Duringer JM, Chaney RL. Absorption, tissue distribution, and elimination of residues after 2,4,6-trinitro[14C]toluene administration to sheep. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:2563-2569. [PMID: 18504997 DOI: 10.1021/es702601n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The compound 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a persistent contaminant of some industrial and military sites. Biological bioremediation techniques typically rely on the immobilization of TNT reduction products rather than on TNT mineralization. We hypothesized that sheep ruminal microbes would be suitable for TNT destruction after phytoremediation of TNT-contaminated soils by cool-season grasses. Therefore we investigated the fate of [14C]TNT in ruminating sheep to determine the utility of ruminant animals as a portion of the bioremediation process. Three wether sheep were dosed with 35.5 mg each of dietary unlabeled TNT for 21 consecutive days. On day 22 sheep (41.9 +/- 3.0 kg) were orally dosed with 35.5 mg of [14C]TNT (129 microCi; 99.1% radiochemical purity). Blood, urine, and feces were collected at regular intervals for 72 h. At slaughter, tissues were quantitatively collected. Tissues and blood were analyzed for total radioactive residues (TRR); excreta were analyzed for TRR, bound residues, and TNT metabolites. Plasma radioactivity peaked within 1 h of dosing and was essentially depleted within 18 h. Approximately 76% of the radiocarbon was excreted in feces, 17% in urine, with 5% being retained in the gastrointestinal tract and 1% retained in tissues. Parent TNT, dinitroamino metabolites, and diaminonitro metabolites were not detected in excreta. Ruminal and fecal radioactivity was essentially nonextractable using ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol; covalent binding of fecal radioactive residues was evenly distributed among extractable organic molecules (i.e., soluble organic matter, soluble carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and nucleic acid fractions) and undigested fibers (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin). This study demonstrated that TNT reduction within the ruminant gastrointestinal tract leads to substantial immobilization of residues to organic matter, a fate similar to TNT in other strongly reducing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- Animal Metabolism-Agricultural Chemicals Research Unit, USDA ARS, 1605 Albrecht Blvd. Fargo, North Dakota, 58105-5674, USA.
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Sabbioni G, Jones CR, Sepai O, Hirvonen A, Norppa H, Järventaus H, Glatt H, Pomplun D, Yan H, Brooks LR, Warren SH, Demarini DM, Liu YY. Biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility in workers exposed to nitrotoluenes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15:559-66. [PMID: 16537716 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrotoluenes, such as 2-nitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene (24DNT), and 26DNT, are carcinogenic in animal experiments. Humans are exposed to such chemicals in the workplace and in the environment. It is therefore important to develop methods to biomonitor people exposed to nitrotoluenes to prevent the potential harmful effects. For the present study, workers exposed to high levels of these chemicals were investigated. The external dose (air levels), the internal dose (urine metabolites), the biologically effective dose [hemoglobin (Hb) adducts and urine mutagenicity], and biological effects (chromosomal aberrations and health effects) were determined. Individual susceptibility was assessed by determining genetic polymorphisms of enzymes assumed to function in nitrotoluene metabolism, namely glutathione S-transferases (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1), N-acetyltransferases (NAT1, NAT2), and sulfotransferases (SULT1A1, SULT1A2). The levels of urinary metabolites did not correlate with the air levels. The urinary mutagenicity levels determined in a subset of workers correlated with the levels of a benzylalcohol metabolite of DNT. The Hb-adducts correlated with the urine metabolites but not with the air levels. The frequency of chromosomal aberrations (gaps included) was increased (P < 0.05) in the exposed workers in comparison with a group of factory controls and correlated with the level of 24DNT Hb-adducts in young subjects (<31 years). The GSTM1-null genotype was significantly more prevalent in the controls than in the exposed group, which probably reflected an elevated susceptibility of the GSTM1-null genotype to adverse health effects of DNT exposure, such as nausea (odds ratio, 8.8; 95% confidence interval, 2.4-32.2). A statistically significant effect was seen for SULT1A2 genotype on a 24DNT Hb-adduct; GSTP1 genotype on a 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene Hb-adduct; and SULT1A1, SULT1A2, NAT1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genotypes on chromosomal aberrations in the exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, Casella Postale 108, 6780 Airolo, Switzerland.
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Jones CR, Liu YY, Sepai O, Yan H, Sabbioni G. Internal exposure, health effects, and cancer risk of humans exposed to chloronitrobenzene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:387-94. [PMID: 16433376 DOI: 10.1021/es050693p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Chloronitrobenzenes (CNBs) are important intermediates for the production of dyes, pesticides, rubber chemicals, and drugs. 2CNB and 4CNB are possible human carcinogens. Therefore, it is important to develop methods to biomonitor people exposed to these occupational and environmental pollutants. We developed a method to determine hemoglobin (Hb) adducts of CNBs. Nitrobenzenes and the resulting arylamines yield the same sulfinamide adducts. Therefore, after base hydrolysis of the isolated Hb the corresponding arylamines are released and quantified by GC-MS. The method was applied to monitor 39 Chinese workers exposed to CNB and 15 control workers from the same factory. The determined Hb adduct levels were compared to the measured air levels, the clinical blood and urine parameters, and health effects identified in the workers. The median Hb adduct levels resulting from exposure to 2CNB and 4CNB were 82.9 and 1013 pg/mg of Hb, respectively. The median air concentrations determined from personal samplers were 0.37 and 0.87 mg/m3 for 2CNB and 4CNB, respectively. The air levels did not correlate with the Hb adduct levels. The median Hb adduct levels were higher in workers with fatigue, eye irritation, splenomegaly, and cardiovascular effects. Most negative urinary clinical parameters were present at higher median Hb adduct levels. The clinical blood parameters decreased at higher adduct levels. The daily dose was estimated from the Hb adduct levels and used to estimate the cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Jones
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, Casella Postale 108, 6780 Airolo, Switzerland
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