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Carvalho BF, Gomez GVB, Carron J, Macedo LT, Gonçalves GM, Vazquez VDL, Serrano SV, Lourenço GJ, Lima CSP. TNFRSF1B Gene Variants in Clinicopathological Aspects and Prognosis of Patients with Cutaneous Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2868. [PMID: 38474115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T lymphocytes play a critical role in immune regulation and are involved in the aberrant cell elimination by facilitating tumor necrosis factor connection to the TNFR2 receptor, encoded by the TNFRSF1B polymorphic gene. We aimed to examine the effects of single nucleotide variants TNFRSF1B c.587T>G, c.*188A>G, c.*215C>T, and c.*922C>T on the clinicopathological characteristics and survival of cutaneous melanoma (CM) patients. Patients were genotyped using RT-PCR. TNFRSF1B levels were measured using qPCR. Luciferase reporter assay evaluated the interaction of miR-96 and miR-1271 with the 3'-UTR of TNFRSF1B. The c.587TT genotype was more common in patients younger than 54 years old than in older patients. Patients with c.*922CT or TT, c.587TG or GG + c.*922CT or TT genotypes, as well as those with the haplotype TATT, presented a higher risk of tumor progression and death due to the disease effects. Individuals with the c.*922TT genotype had a higher TNFRSF1B expression than those with the CC genotype. miR-1271 had less efficient binding with the 3'-UTR of the T allele when compared with the C allele of the SNV c.*922C>T. Our findings, for the first time, demonstrate that TNFRSF1B c.587T>G and c.*922C>T variants can serve as independent prognostic factors in CM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Fernandes Carvalho
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-888, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Vilas Bôas Gomez
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-888, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Carron
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-888, SP, Brazil
| | - Ligia Traldi Macedo
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-888, SP, Brazil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Oncology, and Radiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-888, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele Melo Gonçalves
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Surgery Department, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinicius de Lima Vazquez
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Surgery Department, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Vicente Serrano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Jacob Lourenço
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-888, SP, Brazil
| | - Carmen Silvia Passos Lima
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-888, SP, Brazil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Oncology, and Radiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-888, SP, Brazil
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2
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Chen S, Lei J, Mou H, Zhang W, Jin L, Lu S, Yinwang E, Xue Y, Shao Z, Chen T, Wang F, Zhao S, Chai X, Wang Z, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Ye Z, Li B. Multiple influence of immune cells in the bone metastatic cancer microenvironment on tumors. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1335366. [PMID: 38464516 PMCID: PMC10920345 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1335366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone is a common organ for solid tumor metastasis. Malignant bone tumor becomes insensitive to systemic therapy after colonization, followed by poor prognosis and high relapse rate. Immune and bone cells in situ constitute a unique immune microenvironment, which plays a crucial role in the context of bone metastasis. This review firstly focuses on lymphatic cells in bone metastatic cancer, including their function in tumor dissemination, invasion, growth and possible cytotoxicity-induced eradication. Subsequently, we examine myeloid cells, namely macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, dendritic cells, and megakaryocytes, evaluating their interaction with cytotoxic T lymphocytes and contribution to bone metastasis. As important components of skeletal tissue, osteoclasts and osteoblasts derived from bone marrow stromal cells, engaging in 'vicious cycle' accelerate osteolytic bone metastasis. We also explain the concept tumor dormancy and investigate underlying role of immune microenvironment on it. Additionally, a thorough review of emerging treatments for bone metastatic malignancy in clinical research, especially immunotherapy, is presented, indicating current challenges and opportunities in research and development of bone metastasis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiangchu Lei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haochen Mou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenkan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingxiao Jin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Senxu Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Eloy Yinwang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yucheng Xue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenxuan Shao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangqian Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shenzhi Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xupeng Chai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zenan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zengjie Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaoming Ye
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binghao Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Gao Z, Zhang Q, Chen H, Chen J, Kang J, Yu H, Song Y, Zhang X. TNFR2 promotes pancreatic cancer proliferation, migration, and invasion via the NF-κB signaling pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:8013-8025. [PMID: 37589506 PMCID: PMC10497022 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignant disease with low overall survival; chemotherapy and immunotherapy have limited efficacy. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2), a type II transmembrane protein, contributes to the development and progression of several tumors. In this study, we elucidated the effect and molecular mechanisms of TNFR2. METHOD We used The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Genotype-Tissue Expression database to compare the expression of the TNFR2 gene between normal and malignant pancreatic tissue. Using immunohistochemical staining, we divided the patients into high and low-expression groups, then investigated clinicopathologic data and survival curves of pancreatic cancer patients. We measured TNFR2 protein expression in PANC-1 and ASPC-1 pancreatic cancer cells subjected to TNFR2 small interfering RNA or negative control treatment. We performed proliferation, invasion, and migration assays to study the biological effects of TNFR2 in PDAC. The molecular mechanisms were validated using western blotting. RESULTS TNFR2 was more highly expressed in PDAC cells and tissues than controls. Abundant expression of TNFR2 was associated with aggressive clinicopathologic characteristics and poor outcomes. Overexpression of TNFR2 promoted PDAC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Mechanistically, TNFR2 binds to TNF-α and activates the NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSION TNFR2 is a prognostic marker that facilitates the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PDAC via the NF-κB signaling pathway. TNFR2 may become a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetian Gao
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, China
| | - Qiubo Zhang
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, China
| | - Hang Chen
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Ningbo Clinical Pathology Diagnosis Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jingyu Kang
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yufei Song
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, China
| | - Xie Zhang
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, China
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4
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Zhu L, Zhang X, Chen X, Yang D, Nie Y, Pan R, Li L, Wang C, Gui H, Chen S, Jing Q, Wang M, Nie Y. Anti-TNFR2 enhanced the antitumor activity of a new HMGN1/3M-052 stimulated dendritic cell vaccine in a mouse model of colon cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 653:106-114. [PMID: 36868074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is the new approach for cancer treatment that can be achieved through several strategies, one of which is dendritic cells (DCs) vaccine therapy. However, traditional DC vaccination lacks accurate targeting, so DC vaccine preparation needs to be optimized. Immunosuppressive CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the tumor microenvironment can promote tumor immune escape. Therefore, targeting Tregs has become a strategy for tumor immunotherapy. In this study, we found that HMGN1 (N1, a dendritic cell-activating TLR4 agonist) and 3M-052 (a newly synthesized TLR7/8 agonist) synergistically stimulate DCs maturation and increase the production of proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-12. In a colon cancer mice model, vaccination with N1 and 3M-052 stimulated and tumor antigen-loaded DCs combined with anti-TNFR2 inhibited tumor growth in mice, and the antitumor effect was mainly achieved through stimulation of cytotoxic CD8 T cell activation and depletion of Tregs. Overall, the combinating of DC activation by N1 and 3M-052 with inhibition of Tregs by antagonizing TNFR2 as a therapeutic strategy may represent a more effective strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhu
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Xiangyan Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, China.
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China.
| | - De Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Yujie Nie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, China.
| | - Runsang Pan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Linzhao Li
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Chenglv Wang
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Huan Gui
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Shuanghui Chen
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Qianyu Jing
- School of Preclinical Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Mengjiao Wang
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Yingjie Nie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, China; School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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The Immunosuppressive Effect of TNFR2 Expression in the Colorectal Cancer Microenvironment. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010173. [PMID: 36672682 PMCID: PMC9856189 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents one of the most common causes of death among cancers worldwide. Its incidence has been increasing among the young population. Many risk factors contribute to the development and progression of CRC and about 70% of them are sporadic. The CRC microenvironment is highly heterogeneous and represents a very complex immunosuppressive platform. Many cytokines and their receptors are vital participants in this immunosuppressive microenvironment. Tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) and TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) are critical players in the development of CRC. TNFR2 was observed to have increased the immunosuppressive activity of CRC cells via regulatory T cells (T regs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the CRC microenvironment. However, the exact mechanism of TNFR2 in regulating the CRC prognosis remains elusive. Here, we discuss the role of TNFR2 in immune escape mechanism of CRC in the immunosuppressive cells, including Tregs and MDSCs, and the complex signaling pathways that facilitate the development of CRC. It is suggested that extensive studies on TNFR2 downstream signaling must be done, since TNFR2 has a high potential to be developed into a therapeutic agent and cancer biomarker in the future.
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Quazi S. TNFR2 antagonist and agonist: a potential therapeutics in cancer immunotherapy. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:215. [PMID: 36175687 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor receptor 2 or TNFR2 is considered an appealing target protein due to its limited frequency to TREGs, which are highly immunosuppressive and present on human malignancies. Numerous studies have revealed that TNFR2 is primarily found on MDSCs (myeloid-derived suppressor cells) and CD + Foxp3 + regulatory T cells (TREGs). Therefore, it has great importance in the proliferation and functional activity of TREGs and MDSCs. TNFR2 suppression must be downregulated or upregulated as required to treat malignancies and diseases like autoimmune disorders. Therefore, at the molecular level, advances in the comprehension of TNFR2's complex structure and its binding to TNF have opened the door to structure-guided drug development. Two critical obstacles to cancer treatment are the dearth of TREG-specific inhibitors and the lack of widely applicable ways to target tumours via frequently expressed surface oncogenes directly. Many researchers have discovered potential antagonists and agonists of TNFR2, which were successful in inhibiting TREGs proliferation, reducing soluble TNFR2 secretion from normal cells, and expanding T effector cells. The data represented in the following review article elucidates the clinically administrated TNFR2 antagonist and agonist in treating cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Quazi
- GenLab Biosolutions Private Limited, Bangalore, 560043, Karnataka, India.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Takahashi H, Yoshimatsu G, Faustman DL. The Roles of TNFR2 Signaling in Cancer Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment and the Potency of TNFR2 Targeted Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:1952. [PMID: 35741080 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121952pubmedhttps:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35741080pubmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The appreciation that cancer growth is promoted by a dynamic tumor microenvironment (TME) has spawned novel approaches to cancer treatment. New therapies include agents that activate quiescent T effector cells and agents that interfere with abnormal neovascularity. Although promising, many experimental therapies targeted at the TME have systemic toxicity. Another approach is to target the TME with greater specificity by taking aim at the tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) signaling pathway. TNFR2 is an attractive molecular target because it is rarely expressed in normal tissues (thus, has low potential for systemic toxicity) and because it is overexpressed on many types of cancer cells as well as on associated TME components, such as T regulatory cells (Tregs), tumor-associated macrophages, and other cells that facilitate tumor progression and spread. Novel therapies that block TNFR2 signaling show promise in cell culture studies, animal models, and human studies. Novel antibodies have been developed that expressly kill only rapidly proliferating cells expressing newly synthesized TNFR2 protein. This review traces the origins of our understanding of TNFR2's multifaceted roles in the TME and discusses the therapeutic potential of agents designed to block TNFR2 as the cornerstone of a TME-specific strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Gumpei Yoshimatsu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Denise Louise Faustman
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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8
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Takahashi H, Yoshimatsu G, Faustman DL. The Roles of TNFR2 Signaling in Cancer Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment and the Potency of TNFR2 Targeted Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121952. [PMID: 35741080 PMCID: PMC9222015 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The appreciation that cancer growth is promoted by a dynamic tumor microenvironment (TME) has spawned novel approaches to cancer treatment. New therapies include agents that activate quiescent T effector cells and agents that interfere with abnormal neovascularity. Although promising, many experimental therapies targeted at the TME have systemic toxicity. Another approach is to target the TME with greater specificity by taking aim at the tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) signaling pathway. TNFR2 is an attractive molecular target because it is rarely expressed in normal tissues (thus, has low potential for systemic toxicity) and because it is overexpressed on many types of cancer cells as well as on associated TME components, such as T regulatory cells (Tregs), tumor-associated macrophages, and other cells that facilitate tumor progression and spread. Novel therapies that block TNFR2 signaling show promise in cell culture studies, animal models, and human studies. Novel antibodies have been developed that expressly kill only rapidly proliferating cells expressing newly synthesized TNFR2 protein. This review traces the origins of our understanding of TNFR2’s multifaceted roles in the TME and discusses the therapeutic potential of agents designed to block TNFR2 as the cornerstone of a TME-specific strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; (H.T.); (G.Y.)
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Gumpei Yoshimatsu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; (H.T.); (G.Y.)
| | - Denise Louise Faustman
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-726-4084; Fax: +1-617-726-4095
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Vargas JG, Wagner J, Shaikh H, Lang I, Medler J, Anany M, Steinfatt T, Mosca JP, Haack S, Dahlhoff J, Büttner-Herold M, Graf C, Viera EA, Einsele H, Wajant H, Beilhack A. A TNFR2-Specific TNF Fusion Protein With Improved In Vivo Activity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:888274. [PMID: 35769484 PMCID: PMC9234581 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.888274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-2 (TNFR2) has attracted considerable interest as a target for immunotherapy. Indeed, using oligomeric fusion proteins of single chain-encoded TNFR2-specific TNF mutants (scTNF80), expansion of regulatory T cells and therapeutic activity could be demonstrated in various autoinflammatory diseases, including graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). With the aim to improve the in vivo availability of TNFR2-specific TNF fusion proteins, we used here the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)-interacting IgG1 molecule as an oligomerizing building block and generated a new TNFR2 agonist with improved serum retention and superior in vivo activity. Methods Single-chain encoded murine TNF80 trimers (sc(mu)TNF80) were fused to the C-terminus of an in mice irrelevant IgG1 molecule carrying the N297A mutation which avoids/minimizes interaction with Fcγ-receptors (FcγRs). The fusion protein obtained (irrIgG1(N297A)-sc(mu)TNF80), termed NewSTAR2 (New selective TNF-based agonist of TNF receptor 2), was analyzed with respect to activity, productivity, serum retention and in vitro and in vivo activity. STAR2 (TNC-sc(mu)TNF80 or selective TNF-based agonist of TNF receptor 2), a well-established highly active nonameric TNFR2-specific variant, served as benchmark. NewSTAR2 was assessed in various in vitro and in vivo systems. Results STAR2 (TNC-sc(mu)TNF80) and NewSTAR2 (irrIgG1(N297A)-sc(mu)TNF80) revealed comparable in vitro activity. The novel domain architecture of NewSTAR2 significantly improved serum retention compared to STAR2, which correlated with efficient binding to FcRn. A single injection of NewSTAR2 enhanced regulatory T cell (Treg) suppressive activity and increased Treg numbers by > 300% in vivo 5 days after treatment. Treg numbers remained as high as 200% for about 10 days. Furthermore, a single in vivo treatment with NewSTAR2 upregulated the adenosine-regulating ectoenzyme CD39 and other activation markers on Tregs. TNFR2-stimulated Tregs proved to be more suppressive than unstimulated Tregs, reducing conventional T cell (Tcon) proliferation and expression of activation markers in vitro. Finally, singular preemptive NewSTAR2 administration five days before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) protected mice from acute GvHD. Conclusions NewSTAR2 represents a next generation ligand-based TNFR2 agonist, which is efficiently produced, exhibits improved pharmacokinetic properties and high serum retention with superior in vivo activity exerting powerful protective effects against acute GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gamboa Vargas
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Wagner
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Haroon Shaikh
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabell Lang
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Medler
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mohamed Anany
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Tim Steinfatt
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Josefina Peña Mosca
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Haack
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Dahlhoff
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maike Büttner-Herold
- Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carolin Graf
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Estibaliz Arellano Viera
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
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10
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Signaling pathway(s) of TNFR2 required for the immunoregulatory effect of CD4 +Foxp3 + regulatory T cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108823. [PMID: 35623290 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), a subpopulation of CD4+ T cells, are engaged in maintaining the periphery tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. Recent studies showed that tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) is preferentially expressed by Tregs and the expression of this receptor identifies the maximally suppressive Tregs. That is, TNFR2 is a liable phenotypic and functional surface marker of Tregs. Moreover, TNF activates and expands Tregs through TNFR2. However, it is very interesting which signaling pathway(s) of TNFR2 is required for the inhibitory effect of Tregs. Compelling evidence shows three TNFR2 signaling pathways in Tregs, including NF-κB, MAPK and PI3K-Akt pathways. Here, we summarize and discuss the latest progress in the studies on the downstream signaling pathways of TNF-TNFR2 for controlling Treg homeostasis, differentiation and proliferation.
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11
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Tang M, Jia F, Nan F, Zuo F, Yuan Z, Zhang D. Role of Cytokines in Thymic Regulatory T Cell Generation: Overview and Updates. Front Immunol 2022; 13:883560. [PMID: 35432378 PMCID: PMC9008509 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.883560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory (Treg) T cells are mainly generated within the thymus. However, the mechanism of thymic Treg cell (tTreg cell) generation remains to be fully revealed. Although the functions of TCR/CD28 co-stimulation have been widely accepted, the functions of cytokines in the generation of tTreg cells remain highly controversial. In this review, we summarize the existing studies on cytokine regulation of tTreg cell generation. By integrating the key findings of cytokines in tTreg cell generation, we have concluded that four members of γc family cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-7 and IL-15), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and three members of TNF superfamily cytokines (GITRL, OX40L and TNF-α) play vitally important roles in regulating tTreg cell generation. We also point out all disputed points and highlight critical scientific questions that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fuya Jia
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Nan
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengqiong Zuo
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dunfang Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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12
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Li M, Zhang X, Bai X, Liang T. Targeting TNFR2: A Novel Breakthrough in the Treatment of Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:862154. [PMID: 35494080 PMCID: PMC9048045 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.862154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor type II (TNFR2) is expressed in various tumor cells and some immune cells, such as regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressing cells. TNFR2 contributes a lot to the tumor microenvironment. For example, it directly promotes the occurrence and growth of some tumor cells, activates immunosuppressive cells, and supports immune escape. Existing studies have proved the importance of TNFR2 in cancer treatment. Here, we reviewed the activation mechanism of TNFR2 and its role in signal transduction in the tumor microenvironment. We summarized the expression and function of TNFR2 within different immune cells and the potential opportunities and challenges of targeting TNFR2 in immunotherapy. Finally, the advantages and limitations of TNFR2 to treat tumor-related diseases are discussed, and the problems that may be encountered in the clinical development and application of targeted anti-TNFR2 agonists and inhibitors are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muchun Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueli Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Tingbo Liang, ; Xueli Bai,
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Tingbo Liang, ; Xueli Bai,
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13
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Lei C, Jiang J, Zhang Y, Xiong G. Role and Function of Regulatory T Cell in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:1144563. [PMID: 35378904 PMCID: PMC8976649 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1144563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a subtype of chronic rhinosinusitis characterized by high edema in the stroma, albumin deposition, and formation of pseudocysts. The pathogenesis of CRSwNP is not yet fully understood. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a subset of CD4+ T cells that play a suppressive immunoregulatory role in the process of CRSwNP. Recent studies have found that there was a significant reduction in Treg cells in polyp tissues, which leads to the onset of CRSwNP. An imbalance between Th17 and Treg cells can also aggravate inflammation toward the Th2 type. This review focuses on our understanding of the function and role of Treg cells and their regulatory factors and clinical significance in CRSwNP. We also summarize the current drug treatments for CRSwNP with Tregs as the potential therapeutic target, which will provide new ideas for the treatment of CRSwNP in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Lei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan Jiang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gaoyun Xiong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Chen Y, Jia M, Wang S, Xu S, He N. Antagonistic Antibody Targeting TNFR2 Inhibits Regulatory T Cell Function to Promote Anti-Tumor Activity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835690. [PMID: 35251028 PMCID: PMC8889907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltration of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the tumor microenvironment suppresses anti-tumor immune response, and promotes tumor progression. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 (TNFR2), which is highly expressed on Tregs, activates Tregs through nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. Moreover, TNFR2+ Tregs have been shown to be most suppressive among all Tregs populations in tumor. Due to the unique expression pattern and function of TNFR2 on Tregs, a TNFR2 blocking antibody is expected to compromise Tregs function, relieve Tregs-mediated immunosuppression, and hence to enhance anti-tumor immune response. AN3025 is an antagonistic anti-human TNFR2 (hTNFR2) antibody that is currently under preclinical development. This study investigates the immunomodulatory and anti-tumor activity of AN3025. AN3025 was generated through rabbit immunization with extracellular domain of human TNFR2 and subsequent humanization by complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) grafting. AN3025 binds to the extracellular domain of both human and cynomolgus with sub-nanomolar affinity and specificity, but not mouse or rat TNFR2. AN3025 inhibited tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) induced cell death of hTNFR2-overexpressing Jurkat cells by competing with TNFα for binding to hTNFR2. In the Tregs/T effector co-culture assay, AN3025 increased T effector proliferation and enhanced interferon gamma (IFNγ) production. As a monotherapy, AN3025 significantly inhibited MC38 tumor growth in TNFR2 humanized mouse model. Subsequent flow cytometry (FACS) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis revealed that administration of AN3025 led to decreased Tregs population, increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell numbers in the tumor. The anti-tumor activity of AN3025 was dependent on the existence of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells abolished the anti-tumor activity of AN3025. In addition, AN3025 in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody demonstrated stronger in-vivo anti-tumor activity. The potent anti-tumor efficacy of AN3025, either as a monotherapy or in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody, supports its further clinical development for the treatment of various human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Chen
- Department of Biosciences, Adlai Nortye USA Inc., North Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Manxue Jia
- Department of Biosciences, Adlai Nortye USA Inc., North Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Sharon Wang
- Department of Biosciences, Adlai Nortye USA Inc., North Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Sherry Xu
- Department of Biosciences, Adlai Nortye USA Inc., North Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Nanhai He
- Department of Biosciences, Adlai Nortye USA Inc., North Brunswick, NJ, United States
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15
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Fu Q, Shen Q, Tong J, Huang L, Cheng Y, Zhong W. Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 2 Antibody Combined With Anti-PD-L1 Therapy Exerts Robust Antitumor Effects in Breast Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:720472. [PMID: 34900985 PMCID: PMC8655985 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading type of malignant tumor in women; however, the immunotherapy in breast cancer is still underappreciated. In this study, we demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) is highly expressed in both breast tumor tissue and tumor-infiltrating immunosuppressive CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). We found that TNFR2 antagonistic antibody reduced Foxp3 expression and the proliferation of Tregs and impaired the inhibitory effect of Tregs on CD4+CD25– effector T (Teff) cells in a dose-dependent manner. The treatment of anti-TNFR2 antibody not only inhibited the proliferation of breast tumor cells in vitro but also suppressed the tumorigenesis of murine mammary carcinoma 4T1 cells in vivo. Mice recovered from tumor growth also developed 4T1-specific immunity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that anti-TNFR2 antibody in combination with anti-PD-L1 exhibited augmented antitumor effects than monotherapy. Anti-TNFR2 treatment also tended to increase the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in tumor tissues. In conclusion, our study suggests that TNFR2 antagonist could potentially offer a clinical benefit as a single agent or in combination with immune checkpoint blockade treatment for breast cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Tong
- Department of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liu Huang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Department of Breast Cancer, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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16
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Moatti A, Cohen JL. The TNF-α/TNFR2 Pathway: Targeting a Brake to Release the Anti-tumor Immune Response. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:725473. [PMID: 34712661 PMCID: PMC8546260 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.725473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly discovered anti-cancer immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T cells, focus on spurring the anti-tumor effector T cell (Teff) response. Although such strategies have already demonstrated a sustained beneficial effect in certain malignancies, a substantial proportion of treated patients does not respond. CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), a suppressive subset of T cells, can impair anti-tumor responses and reduce the efficacy of currently available immunotherapies. An alternative view that has emerged over the last decade proposes to tackle this immune brake by targeting the suppressive action of Tregs on the anti-tumoral response. It was recently demonstrated that the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) is critical for the phenotypic stabilization and suppressive function of human and mouse Tregs. The broad non-specific effects of TNF-α infusion in patients initially led clinicians to abandon this signaling pathway as first-line therapy against neoplasms. Previously unrecognized, TNFR2 has emerged recently as a legitimate target for anti-cancer immune checkpoint therapy. Considering the accumulation of pre-clinical data on the role of TNFR2 and clinical reports of TNFR2+ Tregs and tumor cells in cancer patients, it is now clear that a TNFR2-centered approach could be a viable strategy, once again making the TNF-α pathway a promising anti-cancer target. Here, we review the role of the TNFR2 signaling pathway in tolerance and the equilibrium of T cell responses and its connections with oncogenesis. We analyze recent discoveries concerning the targeting of TNFR2 in cancer, as well as the advantages, limitations, and perspectives of such a strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Moatti
- Université Paris-Est Créteil Val de Marne, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Chenevier Mondor, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Créteil, France
| | - José L Cohen
- Université Paris-Est Créteil Val de Marne, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Chenevier Mondor, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Créteil, France
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17
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Aoyama S, Nakagawa R, Nemoto S, Perez-Villarroel P, Mulé JJ, Mailloux AW. Checkpoint blockade accelerates a novel switch from an NKT-driven TNFα response toward a T cell driven IFN-γ response within the tumor microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002269. [PMID: 34135102 PMCID: PMC8211075 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The temporal response to checkpoint blockade (CB) is incompletely understood. Here, we profiled the tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) landscape in response to combination checkpoint blockade at two distinct timepoints of solid tumor growth. Methods C57BL/6 mice bearing subcutaneous MC38 tumors were treated with anti-PD-1 and/or anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. At 11 or 21 days, TIL phenotype and effector function were analyzed in excised tumor digests using high parameter flow cytometry. The contributions of major TIL populations toward overall response were then assessed using ex vivo cytotoxicity and in vivo tumor growth assays. Results The distribution and effector function among 37 distinct TIL populations shifted dramatically between early and late MC38 growth. At 11 days, the immune response was dominated by Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-producing NKT, representing over half of all TIL. These were accompanied by modest frequencies of natural killer (NK), CD4+, or CD8+ T cells, producing low levels of IFN-γ. At 21 days, NKT populations were reduced to a combined 20% of TIL, giving way to increased NK, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells, with increased IFN-γ production. Treatment with CB accelerated this switch. At day 11, CB reduced NKT to less than 20% of all TIL, downregulated TNFα across NKT and CD4+ T cell populations, increased CD4+ and CD8+ TIL frequencies, and significantly upregulated IFN-γ production. Degranulation was largely associated with NK and NKT TIL. Blockade of H-2kb and/or CD1d during ex vivo cytotoxicity assays revealed NKT has limited direct cytotoxicity against parent MC38. However, forced CD1d overexpression in MC38 cells significantly diminished tumor growth, suggesting NKT TIL exerts indirect control over MC38 growth. Conclusions Despite an indirect benefit of early NKT activity, CB accelerates a switch from TNFα, NKT-driven immune response toward an IFN-γ driven CD4+/CD8+ T cell response in MC38 tumors. These results uncover a novel NKT/T cell switch that may be a key feature of CB response in CD1d+ tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Aoyama
- Department of Immunology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology and General Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nakagawa
- Department of Immunology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology and General Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nemoto
- Department of Immunology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology and General Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | | | - James J Mulé
- Department of Immunology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Cutaneous Oncology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Adam William Mailloux
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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18
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Laha D, Grant R, Mishra P, Nilubol N. The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor in Manipulating the Immunological Response of Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:656908. [PMID: 33986746 PMCID: PMC8110933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.656908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an intricate system within solid neoplasms. In this review, we aim to provide an updated insight into the TME with a focus on the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on its various components and the use of TNF-α to improve the efficiency of drug delivery. The TME comprises the supporting structure of the tumor, such as its extracellular matrix and vasculature. In addition to cancer cells and cancer stem cells, the TME contains various other cell types, including pericytes, tumor-associated fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and immune cells. These cells produce signaling molecules such as growth factors, cytokines, hormones, and extracellular matrix proteins. This review summarizes the intricate balance between pro-oncogenic and tumor-suppressive functions that various non-tumor cells within the TME exert. We focused on the interaction between tumor cells and immune cells in the TME that plays an essential role in regulating the immune response, tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis. The multifunctional cytokine, TNF-α, plays essential roles in diverse cellular events within the TME. The uses of TNF-α in cancer treatment and to facilitate cancer drug delivery are discussed. The effects of TNF-α on tumor neovasculature and tumor interstitial fluid pressure that improve treatment efficacy are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Naris Nilubol
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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19
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Yang Y, Islam MS, Hu Y, Chen X. TNFR2: Role in Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy. Immunotargets Ther 2021; 10:103-122. [PMID: 33907692 PMCID: PMC8071081 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s255224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including anti-CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4) and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 (programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1), represent a turning point in the cancer immunotherapy. However, only a minor fraction of patients could derive benefit from such therapy. Therefore, new strategies targeting additional immune regulatory mechanisms are urgently needed. CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) represent a major cellular mechanism in cancer immune evasion. There is compelling evidence that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor type II (TNFR2) plays a decisive role in the activation and expansion of Tregs and other types of immunosuppressive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Furthermore, TNFR2 is also expressed by some tumor cells. Emerging experimental evidence indicates that TNFR2 may be a therapeutic target to enhance naturally occurring or immunotherapeutic-triggered anti-tumor immune responses. In this article, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of the mechanistic basis underlying the Treg-boosting effect of TNFR2. The role of TNFR2-expressing highly suppressive Tregs in tumor immune evasion and their possible contribution to the non-responsiveness to checkpoint treatment are analyzed. Moreover, the role of TNFR2 expression on tumor cells and the impact of TNFR2 signaling on other types of cells that shape the immunological landscape in the tumor microenvironment, such as MDSCs, MSCs, ECs, EPCs, CD8+ CTLs, and NK cells, are also discussed. The reports revealing the effect of TNFR2-targeting pharmacological agents in the experimental cancer immunotherapy are summarized. We also discuss the potential opportunities and challenges for TNFR2-targeting immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Md Sahidul Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, 999078, People's Republic of China
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20
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Recruitment and Expansion of Tregs Cells in the Tumor Environment-How to Target Them? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081850. [PMID: 33924428 PMCID: PMC8069615 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The immune response against cancer is generated by effector T cells, among them cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that destroy cancer cells and helper CD4+ T cells that mediate and support the immune response. This antitumor function of T cells is tightly regulated by a particular subset of CD4+ T cells, named regulatory T cells (Tregs), through different mechanisms. Even if the complete inhibition of Tregs would be extremely harmful due to their tolerogenic role in impeding autoimmune diseases in the periphery, the targeted blockade of their accumulation at tumor sites or their targeted depletion represent a major therapeutic challenge. This review focuses on the mechanisms favoring Treg recruitment, expansion and stabilization in the tumor microenvironment and the therapeutic strategies developed to block these mechanisms. Abstract Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are present in a large majority of solid tumors and are mainly associated with a poor prognosis, as their major function is to inhibit the antitumor immune response contributing to immunosuppression. In this review, we will investigate the mechanisms involved in the recruitment, amplification and stability of Tregs in the tumor microenvironment (TME). We will also review the strategies currently developed to inhibit Tregs’ deleterious impact in the TME by either inhibiting their recruitment, blocking their expansion, favoring their plastic transformation into other CD4+ T-cell subsets, blocking their suppressive function or depleting them specifically in the TME to avoid severe deleterious effects associated with Treg neutralization/depletion in the periphery and normal tissues.
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21
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Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are effective in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer and have emerged as a pillar of standard cancer care. However, their use is complicated by adverse effects known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including ICI-induced inflammatory arthritis. ICI-induced inflammatory arthritis is distinguished from other irAEs by its persistence and requirement for long-term treatment. TNF inhibitors are commonly used to treat inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathies and inflammatory bowel disease, and have also been adopted as second-line agents to treat irAEs refractory to glucocorticoid treatment. Experiencing an irAE is associated with a better antitumour response after ICI treatment. However, whether TNF inhibition can be safely used to treat irAEs without promoting cancer progression, either by compromising ICI therapy efficacy or via another route, remains an open question. In this Review, we discuss clinical and preclinical studies that address the relationship between TNF, TNF inhibition and cancer. The bulk of the evidence suggests that at least short courses of TNF inhibitors are safe for the treatment of irAEs in patients with cancer undergoing ICI therapy. Data from preclinical studies hint that TNF inhibition might augment the antitumour effect of ICI therapy while simultaneously ameliorating irAEs.
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22
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Gaborit BJ, Roquilly A, Louvet C, Sadek A, Tessoulin B, Broquet A, Jacqueline C, Vourc'h M, Chaumette T, Chauveau M, Asquier A, Bourdiol A, Le Mabecque V, Davieau M, Caillon J, Boutoille D, Coulpier F, Lemoine S, Ronin E, Poschmann J, Salomon BL, Asehnoune K. Regulatory T Cells Expressing Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Type 2 Play a Major Role in CD4+ T-Cell Impairment During Sepsis. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:1222-1234. [PMID: 32697326 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis causes inflammation-induced immunosuppression with lymphopenia and alterations of CD4+ T-cell functions that renders the host prone to secondary infections. Whether and how regulatory T cells (Treg) are involved in this postseptic immunosuppression is unknown. We observed in vivo that early activation of Treg during Staphylococcus aureus sepsis induces CD4+ T-cell impairment and increases susceptibility to secondary pneumonia. The tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 positive (TNFR2pos) Treg subset endorsed the majority of effector immunosuppressive functions, and TNRF2 was particularly associated with activation of genes involved in cell cycle and replication in Treg, probably explaining their maintenance. Blocking or deleting TNFR2 during sepsis decreased the susceptibility to secondary infection. In humans, our data paralleled those in mice; the expression of CTLA-4 was dramatically increased in TNFR2pos Treg after culture in vitro with S. aureus. Our findings describe in vivo mechanisms underlying sepsis-induced immunosuppression and identify TNFR2pos Treg as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Gaborit
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Biotech, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Nantes, CIC, INSERM, Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Roquilly
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Biotech, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Hotel Dieu, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Cédric Louvet
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Abderrahmane Sadek
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Benoit Tessoulin
- Service d'Hématologie, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Alexis Broquet
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Biotech, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Cédric Jacqueline
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Biotech, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Mickael Vourc'h
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Biotech, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Hotel Dieu, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Tanguy Chaumette
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Biotech, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Chauveau
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Biotech, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Nantes, CIC, INSERM, Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Asquier
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Biotech, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Nantes, CIC, INSERM, Nantes, France
| | - Alexandre Bourdiol
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Biotech, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Hotel Dieu, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Virginie Le Mabecque
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Biotech, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Marion Davieau
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Biotech, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jocelyne Caillon
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Biotech, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - David Boutoille
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Biotech, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Nantes, CIC, INSERM, Nantes, France
| | - Fanny Coulpier
- Institut de Biologie , École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Lemoine
- Institut de Biologie , École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Ronin
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Poschmann
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Benoit L Salomon
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Karim Asehnoune
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Biotech, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Hotel Dieu, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
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23
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Eckert IN, Ribechini E, Jarick KJ, Strozniak S, Potter SJ, Beilhack A, Lutz MB. VLA-1 Binding to Collagen IV Controls Effector T Cell Suppression by Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in the Splenic Red Pulp. Front Immunol 2021; 11:616531. [PMID: 33584706 PMCID: PMC7873891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.616531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent a major population controlling T cell immune responses. However, little is known about their molecular requirements for homing and T cell interaction to mediate suppression. Here, we investigated the functional role of the homing and collagen IV receptor VLA-1 (α1β1-integrin) on in vitro GM-CSF generated murine MDSCs from wild-type (WT) and CD49a/α1-integrin (Itga1−/−) gene-deficient mice. Here, we found that effector (Teff) but not naive (Tn) CD4+ T cells express VLA-1 and monocytes further up-regulated their expression after culture in GM-CSF when they differentiated into the monocytic subset of resting MDSCs (R-MDSCs). Subsequent activation of R-MDSCs by LPS+IFN-γ (A-MDSCs) showed increased in vitro suppressor potential, which was independent of VLA-1. Surprisingly, VLA-1 deficiency did not influence A-MDSC motility or migration on collagen IV in vitro. However, interaction times of Itga1−/− A-MDSCs with Teff were shorter than with WT A-MDSCs on collagen IV but not on fibronectin substrate in vitro. After injection, A-MDSCs homed to the splenic red pulp where they co-localized with Teff and showed immediate suppression already after 6 h as shown by inhibition of T cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Injection of A-MDSCs from Itga1−/− mice showed equivalent homing into the spleen but a reduced suppressive effect. Interaction studies of A-MDSCs with Teff in the subcapsular red pulp with intravital two-photon microscopy revealed also here that MDSC motility and migration parameters were not altered by VLA-1 deficiency, but the interaction times with Teff were reduced. Together, our data point to a new role of VLA-1 adhesion to collagen IV as a prerequisite for extended contact times with Teff required for suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina N Eckert
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eliana Ribechini
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katja J Jarick
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Strozniak
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah J Potter
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manfred B Lutz
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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24
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Mercogliano MF, Bruni S, Elizalde PV, Schillaci R. Tumor Necrosis Factor α Blockade: An Opportunity to Tackle Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:584. [PMID: 32391269 PMCID: PMC7189060 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the principal cause of mortality by malignancy in women and represents a main problem for public health worldwide. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine whose expression is increased in a variety of cancers. In particular, in breast cancer it correlates with augmented tumor cell proliferation, higher malignancy grade, increased occurrence of metastasis and general poor prognosis for the patient. These characteristics highlight TNFα as an attractive therapeutic target, and consequently, the study of soluble and transmembrane TNFα effects and its receptors in breast cancer is an area of active research. In this review we summarize the recent findings on TNFα participation in luminal, HER2-positive and triple negative breast cancer progression and metastasis. Also, we describe TNFα role in immune response against tumors and in chemotherapy, hormone therapy, HER2-targeted therapy and anti-immune checkpoint therapy resistance in breast cancer. Furthermore, we discuss the use of TNFα blocking strategies as potential therapies and their clinical relevance for breast cancer. These TNFα blocking agents have long been used in the clinical setting to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. TNFα blockade can be achieved by monoclonal antibodies (such as infliximab, adalimumab, etc.), fusion proteins (etanercept) and dominant negative proteins (INB03). Here we address the different effects of each compound and also analyze the use of potential biomarkers in the selection of patients who would benefit from a combination of TNFα blocking agents with HER2-targeted treatments to prevent or overcome therapy resistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Mercogliano
- Laboratorio de Biofisicoquímica de Proteínas, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofía Bruni
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia V Elizalde
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roxana Schillaci
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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25
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Mahdavi Sharif P, Jabbari P, Razi S, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Rezaei N. Importance of TNF-alpha and its alterations in the development of cancers. Cytokine 2020; 130:155066. [PMID: 32208336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
TNF-alpha is involved in many physiologic and pathologic cellular pathways, including cellular proliferation, differentiation, and death, regulation of immunologic reactions to different cells and molecules, local and vascular invasion of neoplasms, and destruction of tumor vasculature. It is obvious that because of integrated functions of TNF-alpha inside different physiologic systems, it cannot be used as a single-agent therapy for neoplasms; however, long-term investigation of its different cellular pathways has led to recognition of a variety of subsequent molecules with more specific interactions, and therefore, might be suitable as prognostic and therapeutic factors for neoplasms. Here, we will review different aspects of the TNF-alpha as a cytokine involved in both physiologic functions of cells and pathologic abnormalities, most importantly, cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Mahdavi Sharif
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnian Jabbari
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Razi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Sheffield, UK.
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26
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Preferential Expansion of CD4 +Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) In Vitro by Tumor Necrosis Factor. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 31933199 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0266-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a distinct subset of CD4 T cells that play indispensable role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and prevention of deleterious immune responses to self-antigens. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a key cytokine in the autoimmune inflammatory responses. The effect of TNF on Treg activity was extensively studied in the past decade. We for the first time reported that TNF through TNFR2 preferentially activates and expands Tregs. Our discovery is increasingly supported by the research community; however, some controversial results were reported. The differential results are likely caused by different experimental condition. A standard experiment protocol can help researchers to obtain more consistent results. In this chapter, we detail methods used to examine in vitro effect of exogenous TNF on the proliferative expansion of Tregs in unfractionated mouse CD4+ T cells. The related technic issues are analyzed and discussed.
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27
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Oh E, Hong J, Yun CO. Regulatory T Cells Induce Metastasis by Increasing Tgf-β and Enhancing the Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition. Cells 2019; 8:E1387. [PMID: 31690033 PMCID: PMC6912455 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer; a substantial percentage of patients present with distant metastases. However, the mechanism of metastasis is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that the administration of exogenous regulatory T cells (Tregs) into melanoma tumor-bearing mice results in a significant increase in lung metastasis. An increase in the invasive and metastatic phenotype of melanoma was mediated by cell-to-cell contact between melanoma cells and Tregs, which elevated the expression level of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and the subsequent induction of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT).B16-BL6 melanoma tumors co-cultured with Tregs showed a larger population of migrating cells compared to B16-BL6 tumors cultured without Tregs. Additionally, the injection of exogenous Tregs into B16-BL6 melanoma tumors led to the recruitment and infiltration of endogenous Tregs into tumor tissues, thus increasing the overall Treg percentage in the tumor infiltrating lymphocyte population. Collectively, our findings propose novel mechanisms in which exogenous Treg-dependent upregulation of TGF-β and mesenchymal markers is important for augmenting the migration capacity and invasiveness of melanoma, thereby contributing to the metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eonju Oh
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea.
| | - JinWoo Hong
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea.
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea.
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea.
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28
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Dos Santos CMM, Diniz VLS, Bachi ALL, Dos Santos de Oliveira LC, Ghazal T, Passos MEP, de Oliveira HH, Murata G, Masi LN, Martins AR, Levada-Pires AC, Curi R, Hirabara SM, Sellitti DF, Pithon-Curi TC, Gorjão R. Moderate physical exercise improves lymphocyte function in melanoma-bearing mice on a high-fat diet. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:63. [PMID: 31528182 PMCID: PMC6739998 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity can lead to a chronic systemic inflammatory state that increases the risk of cancer development. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the alterations in tumor non-infiltrated lymphocytes function and melanoma growth in animals maintained on a high-fat diet and/or moderate physical exercise program in a murine model of melanoma. Methods Female mice were randomly divided into eight groups: 1) normolipidic control (N), 2) normolipidic + melanoma (NM), 3) high-fat control (H), 4) high-fat + melanoma (HM), 5) normolipidic control + physical exercise (NE), 6) normolipidic melanoma + physical exercise (NEM), 7) high-fat control + physical exercise (HE), and 8) high-fat melanoma + physical exercise (HEM). After 8 weeks of diet treatment and/or moderate physical exercise protocol, melanoma was initiated by explanting B16F10 cells into one-half of the animals. Results Animals fed a high-fat diet presented high-energy consumption (30%) and body weight gain (H and HE vs N and NE, 37%; HM and HEM vs NM and NEM, 73%, respectively), whether or not they carried melanoma explants. Although the tumor growth rate was higher in animals from the HM group than in animals from any other sedentary group, it was reduced by the addition of a physical exercise regimen. We also observed an increase in stimulated peripheral lymphocyte proliferation and a decrease in the T-helper 1 response in the HEM group. Conclusions The results of the present study support the hypothesis that altering function of tumor non-infiltrated lymphocytes via exercise-related mechanisms can slow melanoma progression, indicating that the incorporation of a regular practice of moderate-intensity exercises can be a potential strategy for current therapeutic regimens in treating advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Miguel Momesso Dos Santos
- 1Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, CEP: 01506 000, Liberdade, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Leonardo Sousa Diniz
- 1Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, CEP: 01506 000, Liberdade, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Luis Lacerda Bachi
- 1Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, CEP: 01506 000, Liberdade, São Paulo, Brazil.,2Department of Otorrhynolaringology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laiane Cristina Dos Santos de Oliveira
- 1Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, CEP: 01506 000, Liberdade, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tamara Ghazal
- 1Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, CEP: 01506 000, Liberdade, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Elizabeth Pereira Passos
- 1Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, CEP: 01506 000, Liberdade, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Helena de Oliveira
- 1Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, CEP: 01506 000, Liberdade, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilson Murata
- 4Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP: 05508-900, Butanta, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laureane Nunes Masi
- 1Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, CEP: 01506 000, Liberdade, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Roque Martins
- 4Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP: 05508-900, Butanta, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Cristina Levada-Pires
- 1Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, CEP: 01506 000, Liberdade, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- 1Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, CEP: 01506 000, Liberdade, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Massao Hirabara
- 1Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, CEP: 01506 000, Liberdade, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Donald F Sellitti
- 5Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Tania Cristina Pithon-Curi
- 1Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, CEP: 01506 000, Liberdade, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Gorjão
- 1Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, CEP: 01506 000, Liberdade, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wajant H, Beilhack A. Targeting Regulatory T Cells by Addressing Tumor Necrosis Factor and Its Receptors in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2040. [PMID: 31555271 PMCID: PMC6724557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An intricate network of molecular and cellular actors orchestrates the delicate balance between effector immune responses and immune tolerance. The pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) proves as a pivotal protagonist promoting but also suppressing immune responses. These opposite actions are accomplished through specialist cell types responding to TNF via TNF receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2. Recent findings highlight the importance of TNFR2 as a key regulator of activated natural FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in inflammatory conditions, such as acute graft-vs.-host disease (GvHD) and the tumor microenvironment. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of TNFR2 signaling in T cells and discuss how these can reconcile seemingly conflicting observations when manipulating TNF and TNFRs. As TNFR2 emerges as a new and attractive target we furthermore pinpoint strategies and potential pitfalls for therapeutic targeting of TNFR2 for cancer treatment and immune tolerance after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Interdisciplinary Clinical Research, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Else-Kröner-Forschungskolleg Würzburg, Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
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30
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He J, Li R, Chen Y, Hu Y, Chen X. TNFR2-expressing CD4 +Foxp3 + regulatory T cells in cancer immunology and immunotherapy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 164:101-117. [PMID: 31383403 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) represent a major cellular mechanism in tumor immune evasion. Elimination of Treg activity has become a strategy to devise an effective tumor immunotherapy. We reported that TNF receptor type II (TNFR2), one of two receptors transducing TNF biological activity, is preferentially expressed by the most suppressive subset of Tregs. By interaction with TNFR2, TNF plays a decisive role in the activation, expansion and phenotype stability of Tregs. We also found that highly suppressive TNFR2-expressing Tregs appear to be tumor-associated Tregs. This finding has been supported by recent studies in mouse tumor models and in cancer patients. In this chapter, published data revealing the important role of TNFR2+ Tregs in tumor development and metastasis in different tumor types are reviewed and analyzed. The therapeutic potential of targeting TNF-TNFR2 interaction as means to eliminate Treg activity, and consequently to enhance anti-tumor immune responses, also is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China; Investment Banking, Shenzhen Rhino Star Information Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruixin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yibo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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31
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Jung MK, Lee JS, Kwak JE, Shin EC. Tumor Necrosis Factor and Regulatory T Cells. Yonsei Med J 2019; 60:126-131. [PMID: 30666833 PMCID: PMC6342721 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.2.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ regulatory T (Treg) cells play major roles in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. In this review, we comprehensively describe the relationship between tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and Treg cells, focusing on the effects of TNF on Treg cells and on TNF-producing Treg cells. Contradictory results have been reported for the effect of TNF on the suppressive activity of Treg cells. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, TNF has been shown to reduce the suppressive activity of Treg cells. Meanwhile, however, TNF has also been reported to maintain the suppressive activity of Treg cells via a TNFR2-mediated mechanism. In addition, Treg cells have been found to acquire the ability to produce TNF under inflammatory conditions, such as acute viral hepatitis. These TNF-producing Treg cells exhibit T helper 17-like features and hold significance in various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Jung
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeong Seok Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Kwak
- BioMedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eui Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- BioMedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.
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32
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with poor prognosis in the modern era. Inflammatory processes have emerged as key mediators of pancreatic cancer development and progression. Recently, studies have been carried out to investigate the underlying mechanisms that contribute to tumorigenesis induced by inflammation. In this review, the role of inflammation in the initiation and progression of pancreatic cancer is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamleshsingh Shadhu
- Pancreas Center of The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Pancreas Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- School of International Education of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Chunhua Xi
- Pancreas Center of The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Pancreas Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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33
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Reijmen E, Vannucci L, De Couck M, De Grève J, Gidron Y. Therapeutic potential of the vagus nerve in cancer. Immunol Lett 2018; 202:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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34
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The Interplay between Circulating Tumor Cells and the Immune System: From Immune Escape to Cancer Immunotherapy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2018; 8:diagnostics8030059. [PMID: 30200242 PMCID: PMC6164896 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics8030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have aroused increasing interest not only in mechanistic studies of metastasis, but also for translational applications, such as patient monitoring, treatment choice, and treatment change due to tumor resistance. In this review, we will assess the state of the art about the study of the interactions between CTCs and the immune system. We intend to analyze the impact that the cells of the immune system have in limiting or promoting the metastatic capability of CTCs. To this purpose, we will examine studies that correlate CTCs, immune cells, and patient prognosis, and we will also discuss relevant animal models that have contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms of immune-mediated metastasis. We will then consider some studies in which CTCs seem to play a promising role in monitoring cancer patients during immunotherapy regimens. We believe that, from an accurate and profound knowledge of the interactions between CTCs and the immune system, new immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer might emerge in the future.
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35
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Sheng Y, Li F, Qin Z. TNF Receptor 2 Makes Tumor Necrosis Factor a Friend of Tumors. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1170. [PMID: 29892300 PMCID: PMC5985372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is widely accepted as a tumor-suppressive cytokine via its ubiquitous receptor TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1). The other receptor, TNFR2, is not only expressed on some tumor cells but also on suppressive immune cells, including regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In contrast to TNFR1, TNFR2 diverts the tumor-inhibiting TNF into a tumor-advocating factor. TNFR2 directly promotes the proliferation of some kinds of tumor cells. Also activating immunosuppressive cells, it supports immune escape and tumor development. Hence, TNFR2 may represent a potential target of cancer therapy. Here, we focus on expression and role of TNFR2 in the tumor microenvironment. We summarize the recent progress in understanding how TNFR2-dependent mechanisms promote carcinogenesis and tumor growth and discuss the potential value of TNFR2 in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiao Sheng
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhihai Qin
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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36
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Zou H, Li R, Hu H, Hu Y, Chen X. Modulation of Regulatory T Cell Activity by TNF Receptor Type II-Targeting Pharmacological Agents. Front Immunol 2018; 9:594. [PMID: 29632537 PMCID: PMC5879105 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is now compelling evidence that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-TNF receptor type II (TNFR2) interaction plays a decisive role in the activation, expansion, and phenotypical stability of suppressive CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). In an effort to translate this basic research finding into a therapeutic benefit, a number of agonistic or antagonistic TNFR2-targeting biological agents with the capacity to activate or inhibit Treg activity have been developed and studied. Recent studies also show that thalidomide analogs, cyclophosphamide, and other small molecules are able to act on TNFR2, resulting in the elimination of TNFR2-expressing Tregs. In contrast, pharmacological agents, such as vitamin D3 and adalimumab, were reported to induce the expansion of Tregs by promoting the interaction of transmembrane TNF (tmTNF) with TNFR2. These studies clearly show that TNFR2-targeting pharmacological agents represent an effective approach to modulating the function of Tregs and thus may be useful in the treatment of major human diseases such as autoimmune disorders, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and cancer. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the latest progress in the study of TNFR2-targeting pharmacological agents and their therapeutic potential based on upregulation or downregulation of Treg activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Ruixin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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37
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Salomon BL, Leclerc M, Tosello J, Ronin E, Piaggio E, Cohen JL. Tumor Necrosis Factor α and Regulatory T Cells in Oncoimmunology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:444. [PMID: 29593717 PMCID: PMC5857565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine that has deleterious effect in some autoimmune diseases, which led to the use of anti-TNF drugs in some of these diseases. However, some rare patients treated with these drugs paradoxically develop an aggravation of their disease or new onset autoimmunity, revealing an immunosuppressive facet of TNF. A possible mechanism of this observation is the direct and positive effect of TNF on regulatory T cells (Tregs) through its binding to the TNF receptor type 2 (TNFR2). Indeed, TNF is able to increase expansion, stability, and possibly function of Tregs via TNFR2. In this review, we discuss the role of TNF in graft-versus-host disease as an example of the ambivalence of this cytokine in the pathophysiology of an immunopathology, highlighting the therapeutic potential of triggering TNFR2 to boost Treg expansion. We also describe new targets in immunotherapy of cancer, emphasizing on the putative suppressive effect of TNF in antitumor immunity and of the interest of blocking TNFR2 to regulate the Treg compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît L Salomon
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Leclerc
- Université Paris-Est and INSERM U955, Créteil, France.,Service d'Hématologie Clinique et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital H. Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Jimena Tosello
- Center of Cancer Immunotherapy and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie 1428, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Ronin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Center of Cancer Immunotherapy and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie 1428, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - José L Cohen
- Université Paris-Est and INSERM U955, Créteil, France.,Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital H. Mondor, Créteil, France
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38
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Faustman DL. TNF, TNF inducers, and TNFR2 agonists: A new path to type 1 diabetes treatment. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2018; 34. [PMID: 28843039 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, interest in the century-old tuberculosis vaccine, bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), has been revived for potential new therapeutic uses in type 1 diabetes and other forms of autoimmunity. Diverse clinical trials are now proving the value of BCG in prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes, in the treatment of new onset multiple sclerosis and other immune conditions. BCG contains the avirulent tuberculosis strain Mycobacterium bovis, a vaccine originally developed for tuberculosis prevention. BCG induces a host response that is driven in part by tumour necrosis factor (TNF). Induction of TNF through BCG vaccination or through selective agonism of TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) has 2 desired cellular immune effects: (1) selective death of autoreactive T cells and (2) expansion of beneficial regulatory T cells (Tregs). In human clinical trials in both type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis, administration of the BCG vaccine to diseased adults has shown great promise. In a Phase I trial in advanced type 1 diabetes (mean duration of diabetes 15 years), 2 BCG vaccinations spaced 4 weeks apart selectively eliminated autoreactive T cells, induced beneficial Tregs, and allowed for a transient and small restoration of insulin production. The advancing global clinical trials using BCG combined with mechanistic data on BCGs induction of Tregs suggest value in this generic agent and possible immune reversal of the type 1 diabetic autoimmune process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Faustman
- Director of Immunobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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39
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Aberrant frequency of TNFR2 + Treg and related cytokines in patients with CIN and cervical cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 9:5073-5083. [PMID: 29435163 PMCID: PMC5797034 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) are highly suppressive and are associated with immune homeostasis in various diseases. However, the role of TNFR2+Treg subset and relevant cytokines in the development of cervical cancer (CC) remained unclear. In this study, 72 patients with CC, 30 patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and 30 healthy volunteers were enrolled. The level of circulating TNFR2+Tregs was investigated through flow cytometry. The plasma concentrations of soluble TNFR1 (s-TNFR1) and soluble TNFR2 (s-TNFR2) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, TNFR1, TNFR2, and Foxp3 were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results showed that both peripheral and tumor infiltrating TNFR2+Tregs significantly increased in patients with CIN and CC and levels of circulating s-TNFR1 and s-TNFR2 increased in patients with CC. Moreover, the percentage of peripheral TNFR2+Tregs was inversely correlated with the clinical stages of CC. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, TNFR2, and Foxp3 increased in patients with CIN and CC. Overall, these results indicate that TNFR2+Tregs and relevant cytokines contribute to CC development and are promising targets in future immunotherapeutic approaches.
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40
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Bertrand F, Montfort A, Marcheteau E, Imbert C, Gilhodes J, Filleron T, Rochaix P, Andrieu-Abadie N, Levade T, Meyer N, Colacios C, Ségui B. TNFα blockade overcomes resistance to anti-PD-1 in experimental melanoma. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2256. [PMID: 29273790 PMCID: PMC5741628 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) have considerably changed the treatment for melanoma. However, many patients do not display therapeutic response or eventually relapse. Moreover, patients treated with anti-PD-1 develop immune-related adverse events that can be cured with anti-tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) antibodies. Whether anti-TNF antibodies affect the anti-cancer immune response remains unknown. Our recent work has highlighted that TNFR1-dependent TNF signalling impairs the accumulation of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (CD8+ TILs) in mouse melanoma. Herein, our results indicate that TNF or TNFR1 blockade synergizes with anti-PD-1 on anti-cancer immune responses towards solid cancers. Mechanistically, TNF blockade prevents anti-PD-1-induced TIL cell death as well as PD-L1 and TIM-3 expression. TNF expression positively correlates with expression of PD-L1 and TIM-3 in human melanoma specimens. This study provides a strong rationale to develop a combination therapy based on the use of anti-PD-1 and anti-TNF in cancer patients. Most melanoma patients do not respond to anti-PD1 therapy. Here, the authors show that TNFα blockade synergizes with anti-PD-1 by preventing anti-PD-1-induced CD8+ T cell death and TIM-3 expression on such cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florie Bertrand
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Montfort
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Elie Marcheteau
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 31062, Toulouse, France.,Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, 41 Allée Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Imbert
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 31062, Toulouse, France.,Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, 41 Allée Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Julia Gilhodes
- Institut Universitaire du Cancer, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Nathalie Andrieu-Abadie
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Levade
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 31062, Toulouse, France.,Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, 41 Allée Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Purpan, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Meyer
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 31062, Toulouse, France.,Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, 41 Allée Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France.,Institut Universitaire du Cancer, Toulouse, Hôpital Larrey et Oncopôle, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Colacios
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 31062, Toulouse, France.,Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, 41 Allée Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Ségui
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, 31037, Toulouse, France. .,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 31037, Toulouse, France. .,Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 31062, Toulouse, France. .,Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, 41 Allée Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France.
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41
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Schmid T, Falter L, Weber S, Müller N, Molitor K, Zeller D, Weber-Steffens D, Hehlgans T, Wajant H, Mostböck S, Männel DN. Chronic Inflammation Increases the Sensitivity of Mouse Treg for TNFR2 Costimulation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1471. [PMID: 29163535 PMCID: PMC5681910 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF receptor type 2 (TNFR2) has gained attention as a costimulatory receptor for T cells and as critical factor for the development of regulatory T cells (Treg) and myeloid suppressor cells. Using the TNFR2-specific agonist TNCscTNF80, direct effects of TNFR2 activation on myeloid cells and T cells were investigated in mice. In vitro, TNCscTNF80 induced T cell proliferation in a costimulatory fashion, and also supported in vitro expansion of Treg cells. In addition, activation of TNFR2 retarded differentiation of bone marrow-derived immature myeloid cells in culture and reduced their suppressor function. In vivo application of TNCscTNF80-induced mild myelopoiesis in naïve mice without affecting the immune cell composition. Already a single application expanded Treg cells and improved suppression of CD4 T cells in mice with chronic inflammation. By contrast, multiple applications of the TNFR2 agonist were required to expand Treg cells in naïve mice. Improved suppression of T cell proliferation depended on expression of TNFR2 by T cells in mice repeatedly treated with TNCscTNF80, without a major contribution of TNFR2 on myeloid cells. Thus, TNFR2 activation on T cells in naïve mice can lead to immune suppression in vivo. These findings support the important role of TNFR2 for Treg cells in immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schmid
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lena Falter
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Weber
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nils Müller
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - David Zeller
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dorothea Weber-Steffens
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hehlgans
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Mostböck
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniela N Männel
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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42
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Kampan NC, Madondo MT, McNally OM, Stephens AN, Quinn MA, Plebanski M. Interleukin 6 Present in Inflammatory Ascites from Advanced Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Patients Promotes Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 2-Expressing Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1482. [PMID: 29163543 PMCID: PMC5681739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains a highly lethal gynecological malignancy. Ascites, an accumulation of peritoneal fluid present in one-third of patients at presentation, is linked to poor prognosis. High levels of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in ascites are correlated with tumor progression and reduced survival. Malignant ascites harbors high levels of Tregs expressing the tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2), as well as pro-inflammatory factors such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). IL-6 is also associated with poor prognosis. Herein, we study the effect of IL-6 and TNF present in ascites on the modulation of TNFR2 expression on T cells, and specifically Tregs. Methods Ascites and respective peripheral blood sera were collected from 18 patients with advanced EOC and soluble biomarkers, including IL-6, sTNFR2, IL-10, TGF-β, and TNF, were quantified using multiplexed bead-based immunoassay. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors were incubated with cell-free ascites for 48 h (or media as a negative control). In some experiments, IL-6 or TNF within the ascites were neutralized by using monoclonal antibodies. The phenotype of TNFR2+ Tregs and TNFR2− Tregs were characterized post incubation in ascites. In some experiments, cell sorted Tregs were utilized instead of PBMC. Results High levels of immunosuppressive (sTNFR2, IL-10, and TGF-β) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF) were present in malignant ascites. TNFR2 expression on all T cell subsets was higher in post culture in ascites and highest on CD4+CD25hiFoxP3+ Tregs, resulting in an increased TNFR2+ Treg/effector T cell ratio. Furthermore, TNFR2+ Tregs conditioned in ascites expressed higher levels of the functional immunosuppressive molecules programmed cell death ligand-1, CTLA-4, and GARP. Functionally, TNFR2+ Treg frequency was inversely correlated with interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production by effector T cells, and was uniquely able to suppress TNFR2+ T effectors. Blockade of IL-6, but not TNF, within ascites decreased TNFR2+ Treg frequency. Results indicating malignant ascites promotes TNFR2 expression, and increased suppressive Treg activity using PBMC were confirmed using purified Treg subsets. Conclusion IL-6 present in malignant ovarian cancer ascites promotes increased TNFR2 expression and frequency of highly suppressive Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Chandralega Kampan
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Oncology Unit, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mutsa Tatenda Madondo
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Orla M McNally
- Oncology Unit, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew N Stephens
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Epworth Research Institute, Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael A Quinn
- Oncology Unit, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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43
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Vanamee ÉS, Faustman DL. TNFR2: A Novel Target for Cancer Immunotherapy. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:1037-1046. [PMID: 29032004 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer therapy but exhibit variable efficacy and relapse and can induce autoimmunity. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 2 (TNFR2) is a signaling molecule found on the surface of a subset of potent regulatory T cells (Tregs) that can activate the proliferation of these cells through nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). TNFR2 is also abundantly expressed on the surface of many human tumors. We propose that blocking TNFR2 might target abundant TNFR2+ tumor-infiltrating Tregs and directly kill TNFR2-expressing tumors. We also posit that TNFR2 inhibitors might potentially constitute safer and more targeted alternatives to ICI cancer treatment because the expression of TNFR2 on immune cells, concentrated in the tumor microenvironment of various cancers, appears to be more selective than that of checkpoint molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva S Vanamee
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Denise L Faustman
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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44
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Kim EY, Moudgil KD. Immunomodulation of autoimmune arthritis by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cytokine 2017; 98:87-96. [PMID: 28438552 PMCID: PMC5581685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines promote autoimmune inflammation and tissue damage, while anti-inflammatory cytokines help resolve inflammation and facilitate tissue repair. Over the past few decades, this general feature of cytokine-mediated events has offered a broad framework to comprehend the pathogenesis of autoimmune and other immune-mediated diseases, and to successfully develop therapeutic approaches for diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) therapy is a testimony in support of this endeavor. However, many patients with RA fail to respond to this or other biologics, and some patients may suffer unexpected aggravation of arthritic inflammation or other autoimmune effects. These observations combined with rapid advancements in immunology in regard to newer cytokines and T cell subsets have enforced a re-evaluation of the perceived pathogenic attribute of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. Studies conducted by others and us in experimental models of arthritis involving direct administration of IFN-γ or TNF-α; in vivo neutralization of the cytokine; the use of animals deficient in the cytokine or its receptor; and the impact of the cytokine or anti-cytokine therapy on defined T cell subsets have revealed paradoxical anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory attributes of these two cytokines. Similar studies in other models of autoimmunity as well as limited studies in arthritis patients have also unveiled the disease-protective effects of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. A major mechanism in this regard is the altered balance between the pathogenic T helper 17 (Th17) and protective T regulatory (Treg) cells in favor of the latter. However, it is essential to consider that this aspect of the pro-inflammatory cytokines is context-dependent such that the dose and timing of intervention, the experimental model of the disease under study, and the differences in individual responsiveness can influence the final outcomes. Nevertheless, the realization that pro-inflammatory cytokines can also be immunoregulatory offers a new perspective in fully understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and in designing better therapies for controlling them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Y Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Kamal D Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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45
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Partecke LI, Käding A, Trung DN, Diedrich S, Sendler M, Weiss F, Kühn JP, Mayerle J, Beyer K, von Bernstorff W, Heidecke CD, Keßler W. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy promotes tumor growth and reduces survival via TNFα in a murine pancreatic cancer model. Oncotarget 2017; 8:22501-22512. [PMID: 28160574 PMCID: PMC5410240 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyses the effects of vagotomy on tumor growth and survival in a murine, pancreatic cancer model in wild-type and TNFα-knockout (−/−) mice. Throughout many operative procedures in the upper gastrointestinal tract the partial or complete transection of the vagus nerve or its local nerve fibers is unavoidable. Thereby its anti-inflammatory effects in residual tumor tissue may get lost. This effect may be mediated by tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) secreting TNFα. In an orthotopic murine pancreatic cancer model subdiaphragmatic vagotomy versus sham surgery was performed. The impact on tumor growth was monitored in wild type and TNFα −/− mice using MRI. TAMs as well as expression levels of TNFα were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. The role of TNFα on tumor growth and migration was examined in vitro. Vagotomised mice showed increased tumor growth with macroscopic features of invasive growth and had a shorter survival time. The loss of vagal modulation led to significantly increased TNFα levels in tumors and considerably elevated numbers of TAMs. In vitro TNFα significantly stimulated growth (p < 0.05) and migration (p < 0.05) of pancreatic cancer cells. TNFα −/− mice survived significantly longer after tumor implantation (p < 0.05), with vagotomy not affecting the prognosis of these animals (p > 0.05). Vagotomy can increase tumor growth and worsen survival in a murine pancreatic cancer model mediated through TAMs and TNFα. Hence, the suppression of TAMs and the modulation of TNFα dependent pathways could offer new perspectives in immunotherapies of pancreatic cancer patients especially with remaining vital tumor cells and lost vagal modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Ivo Partecke
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - André Käding
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dung Nguyen Trung
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan Diedrich
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Sendler
- Department of Internal Medicine A, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine A, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jens-Peter Kühn
- Department of Experimental Radiology, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Internal Medicine A, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Beyer
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Charité-University Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (current address)
| | - Wolfram von Bernstorff
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claus-Dieter Heidecke
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wolfram Keßler
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
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46
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Vasanthakumar A, Liao Y, Teh P, Pascutti MF, Oja AE, Garnham AL, Gloury R, Tempany JC, Sidwell T, Cuadrado E, Tuijnenburg P, Kuijpers TW, Lalaoui N, Mielke LA, Bryant VL, Hodgkin PD, Silke J, Smyth GK, Nolte MA, Shi W, Kallies A. The TNF Receptor Superfamily-NF-κB Axis Is Critical to Maintain Effector Regulatory T Cells in Lymphoid and Non-lymphoid Tissues. Cell Rep 2017; 20:2906-2920. [PMID: 28889989 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
After exiting the thymus, Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells undergo further differentiation in the periphery, resulting in the generation of mature, fully suppressive effector (e)Treg cells in a process dependent on TCR signaling and the transcription factor IRF4. Here, we show that tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) signaling plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of eTreg cells. TNFRSF signaling activated the NF-κB transcription factor RelA, which was required to maintain eTreg cells in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues, including RORγt+ Treg cells in the small intestine. In response to TNFRSF signaling, RelA regulated basic cellular processes, including cell survival and proliferation, but was dispensable for IRF4 expression or DNA binding, indicating that both pathways operated independently. Importantly, mutations in the RelA binding partner NF-κB1 compromised eTreg cells in humans, suggesting that the TNFRSF-NF-κB axis was required in a non-redundant manner to maintain eTreg cells in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajithkumar Vasanthakumar
- Molecular Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Yang Liao
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peggy Teh
- Molecular Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Alfred Health and Western Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maria F Pascutti
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna E Oja
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alexandra L Garnham
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Renee Gloury
- Molecular Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jessica C Tempany
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tom Sidwell
- Molecular Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eloy Cuadrado
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Tuijnenburg
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Najoua Lalaoui
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lisa A Mielke
- Molecular Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vanessa L Bryant
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John Silke
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gordon K Smyth
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; The Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Martijn A Nolte
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wei Shi
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Axel Kallies
- Molecular Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Abstract
The spread of cancer from a primary tumor to distant organ sites is the most devastating aspect of malignancy. Dissemination to specific organs depends upon blood flow patterns and characteristics of the distant organ environment, such as the vascular architecture, stromal cell content, and the biochemical milieu of growth factors, signaling molecules, and metabolic substrates, which can be permissive or antagonistic to metastatic colonization. Metastatic tumor cells possess intrinsic cellular properties selected for adaptation to specific organ environments, where they co-opt growth and survival signals, undergo metabolic reprogramming, and subvert resident stromal cell activities to promote extravasation, immune evasion, angiogenesis, and overt metastatic growth. Recent work and new experimental models of metastatic organotropism are uncovering crucial details of how malignant cells metastasize to specific tissues, revealing key mediators that prepare metastatic niches in specific organs and identifying new targets that offer attractive options for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath A. Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
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48
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Torrey H, Butterworth J, Mera T, Okubo Y, Wang L, Baum D, Defusco A, Plager S, Warden S, Huang D, Vanamee E, Foster R, Faustman DL. Targeting TNFR2 with antagonistic antibodies inhibits proliferation of ovarian cancer cells and tumor-associated Tregs. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/462/eaaf8608. [PMID: 28096513 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf8608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Major barriers to cancer therapy include the lack of selective inhibitors of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the lack of broadly applicable ways to directly target tumors through frequently expressed surface oncogenes. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) is an attractive target protein because of its restricted abundance to highly immunosuppressive Tregs and oncogenic presence on human tumors. We characterized the effect of TNFR2 inhibition using antagonistic antibodies. In culture-based assays, we found that two TNFR2 antagonists inhibited Treg proliferation, reduced soluble TNFR2 secretion from normal cells, and enabled T effector cell expansion. The antagonistic activity occurred in the presence of added TNF, a natural TNFR2 agonist. These TNFR2 antibodies killed Tregs isolated from ovarian cancer ascites more potently than it killed Tregs from healthy donor samples, suggesting that these antibodies may have specificity for the tumor microenvironment. The TNFR2 antagonists also killed OVCAR3 ovarian cancer cells, which have abundant surface TNFR2. The antibodies stabilized antiparallel dimers in cell surface TNFR2 that rendered the receptor unable to activate the nuclear factor κB pathway and trigger cell proliferation. Our data suggest that, by targeting tumor cells and immunosuppressive tumor-associated Tregs, antagonistic TNFR2 antibodies may be an effective treatment for cancers positive for TNFR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Torrey
- Immunobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - John Butterworth
- Immunobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Toshiyuki Mera
- Immunobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Okubo
- Immunobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Limei Wang
- Immunobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Danielle Baum
- Immunobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Audrey Defusco
- Immunobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sara Plager
- Immunobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sarah Warden
- Immunobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Daniel Huang
- Immunobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Eva Vanamee
- Immunobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Rosemary Foster
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Denise L Faustman
- Immunobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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49
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Atretkhany KSN, Drutskaya MS, Nedospasov SA, Grivennikov SI, Kuprash DV. Chemokines, cytokines and exosomes help tumors to shape inflammatory microenvironment. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 168:98-112. [PMID: 27613100 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Relationship between inflammation and cancer is now well-established and represents a paradigm that our immune response does not necessarily serves solely to protect us from infections and cancer. Many specific mechanisms that link chronic inflammation to cancer promotion and metastasis have been uncovered in the recent years. Here we are focusing on the effects that tumors may exert on inflammatory cascades, tuning the immune system ability to cause tumor promotion or regression. In particular, we discuss the contributions of chemokines, cytokines and exosomes to the processes such as induction of inflammation and tumorigenesis. Overall, tumor-elicited inflammation is a key driver of tumor progression and an essential component of tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-S N Atretkhany
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Vavilova Str. 32, Russia; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia
| | - M S Drutskaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Vavilova Str. 32, Russia; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia
| | - S A Nedospasov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Vavilova Str. 32, Russia; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia; German Rheumatology Research Center (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - S I Grivennikov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Vavilova Str. 32, Russia; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - D V Kuprash
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Vavilova Str. 32, Russia; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia.
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50
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Molecular mechanisms of action of anti-TNF-α agents - Comparison among therapeutic TNF-α antagonists. Cytokine 2016; 101:56-63. [PMID: 27567553 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a potent pro-inflammatory and pathological cytokines in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases. Anti-TNF-α therapy has been established as an efficacious therapeutic strategy in these diseases. In clinical settings, three monoclonal anti-TNF-α full IgG1 antibodies infliximab, adalimumab, and golimumab, PEGylated Fab' fragment of anti-TNF-α antibody certolizumab pegol, extracellular domain of TNF receptor 2/IgG1-Fc fusion protein etanercept, are almost equally effective for rheumatoid arthritis. Although monoclonal full IgG1 antibodies are able to induce clinical and endoscopic remission in inflammatory bowel diseases, certolizumab pegol without Fc portion has been shown to be less effective for inflammatory bowel diseases compared to full IgG1 antibodies. In addition, there are no evidences that etanercept leads clinical remission in inflammatory bowel diseases. Besides the common effect of anti-TNF-α agents on neutralization of soluble TNF-α, each anti-TNF-α agent has its own distinctive pharmacological properties which cause the difference in clinical efficacies. Here we focus on the distinctions of action of anti-TNF-α agents especially in following points; (1) blocking ability against ligands, transmembrane TNF-α and lymphotoxin, (2) effects toward transmembrane TNF-α-expressing cells, (3) effects toward Fcγ receptor-expressing cells, (4) degradation and distribution in inflamed tissue. Accumulating evidence will give us the idea how to modify anti-TNF-α agents to enhance the clinical efficacy in inflammatory diseases.
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