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Kaushal JB, Raut P, Muniyan S, Siddiqui JA, Alsafwani ZW, Seshacharyulu P, Nair SS, Tewari AK, Batra SK. Racial disparity in prostate cancer: an outlook in genetic and molecular landscape. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024:10.1007/s10555-024-10193-8. [PMID: 38902476 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) incidence, morbidity, and mortality rates are significantly impacted by racial disparities. Despite innovative therapeutic approaches and advancements in prevention, men of African American (AA) ancestry are at a higher risk of developing PCa and have a more aggressive and metastatic form of the disease at the time of initial PCa diagnosis than other races. Research on PCa has underlined the biological and molecular basis of racial disparity and emphasized the genetic aspect as the fundamental component of racial inequality. Furthermore, the lower enrollment rate, limited access to national-level cancer facilities, and deferred treatment of AA men and other minorities are hurdles in improving the outcomes of PCa patients. This review provides the most up-to-date information on various biological and molecular contributing factors, such as the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), mutational spectrum, altered chromosomal loci, differential gene expression, transcriptome analysis, epigenetic factors, tumor microenvironment (TME), and immune modulation of PCa racial disparities. This review also highlights future research avenues to explore the underlying biological factors contributing to PCa disparities, particularly in men of African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti B Kaushal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Pratima Raut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Sakthivel Muniyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Jawed A Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Zahraa W Alsafwani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Parthasarathy Seshacharyulu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Sujit S Nair
- Department of Urology and the Tisch Cancer Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ashutosh K Tewari
- Department of Urology and the Tisch Cancer Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA.
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA.
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA.
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA.
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Liadi Y, Campbell T, Dike P, Harlemon M, Elliott B, Odero-Marah V. Prostate cancer metastasis and health disparities: a systematic review. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2024; 27:183-191. [PMID: 37046071 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-023-00667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa), one of the most prevalent malignancies affecting men, significantly contributes to increased mortality rates worldwide. While the causative death is due to advanced metastatic disease, this occurrence disproportionately impacts men of African descent compared to men of European descent. In this review, we describe potential mechanisms underlying PCa metastases disparities and current treatments for metastatic disease among these populations, differences in treatment outcomes, and survival rates, in hopes of highlighting a need to address disparities in PCa metastases. METHODS We reviewed existing literature using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct using the following keywords: "prostate cancer metastases", "metastatic prostate cancer disparity", "metastatic prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment", "prostate cancer genetic differences and mechanisms", "genetic differences and prostate tumor microenvironment", and "men of African descent and access to clinical treatments". The inclusion criteria for literature usage were original research articles and review articles. RESULTS Studies indicate unique genetic signatures and molecular mechanisms such as Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), inflammation, and growth hormone signaling involved in metastatic PCa disparities. Clinical studies also demonstrate differences in treatment outcomes that are race-specific, for example, patients of African descent have a better response to enzalutamide and immunotherapy yet have less access to these drugs as compared to patients of European descent. CONCLUSIONS Growing evidence suggests a connection between a patient's genetic profile, the prostate tumor microenvironment, and social determinants of health that contribute to the aggressiveness of metastatic disease and treatment outcomes. With several potential pathways highlighted, the limitations in current diagnostic and therapeutic applications that target disparity in PCa metastases warrant rigorous research attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Liadi
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, 21251, USA
| | - Taaliah Campbell
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, 21251, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, 30314, USA
| | - Precious Dike
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, 21251, USA
| | - Maxine Harlemon
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, 21251, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, 30314, USA
| | - Bethtrice Elliott
- Center for Urban Health Disparities Research and Innovation, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, 21251, USA
| | - Valerie Odero-Marah
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, 21251, USA.
- Center for Urban Health Disparities Research and Innovation, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, 21251, USA.
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Gong J, Kim DM, Freeman MR, Kim H, Ellis L, Smith B, Theodorescu D, Posadas E, Figlin R, Bhowmick N, Freedland SJ. Genetic and biological drivers of prostate cancer disparities in Black men. Nat Rev Urol 2024; 21:274-289. [PMID: 37964070 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Black men with prostate cancer have historically had worse outcomes than white men with prostate cancer. The causes of this disparity in outcomes are multi-factorial, but a potential basis is that prostate cancers in Black men are biologically distinct from prostate cancers in white men. Evidence suggests that genetic and ancestral factors, molecular pathways involving androgen and non-androgen receptor signalling, inflammation, epigenetics, the tumour microenvironment and tumour metabolism are contributing factors to the racial disparities observed. Key genetic and molecular pathways linked to prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness have potential clinical relevance. Describing biological drivers of prostate cancer disparities could inform efforts to improve outcomes for Black men with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gong
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel M Kim
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hyung Kim
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leigh Ellis
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bethany Smith
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edwin Posadas
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Figlin
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neil Bhowmick
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Section of Urology, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Neagu AN, Bruno P, Johnson KR, Ballestas G, Darie CC. Biological Basis of Breast Cancer-Related Disparities in Precision Oncology Era. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4113. [PMID: 38612922 PMCID: PMC11012526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Precision oncology is based on deep knowledge of the molecular profile of tumors, allowing for more accurate and personalized therapy for specific groups of patients who are different in disease susceptibility as well as treatment response. Thus, onco-breastomics is able to discover novel biomarkers that have been found to have racial and ethnic differences, among other types of disparities such as chronological or biological age-, sex/gender- or environmental-related ones. Usually, evidence suggests that breast cancer (BC) disparities are due to ethnicity, aging rate, socioeconomic position, environmental or chemical exposures, psycho-social stressors, comorbidities, Western lifestyle, poverty and rurality, or organizational and health care system factors or access. The aim of this review was to deepen the understanding of BC-related disparities, mainly from a biomedical perspective, which includes genomic-based differences, disparities in breast tumor biology and developmental biology, differences in breast tumors' immune and metabolic landscapes, ecological factors involved in these disparities as well as microbiomics- and metagenomics-based disparities in BC. We can conclude that onco-breastomics, in principle, based on genomics, proteomics, epigenomics, hormonomics, metabolomics and exposomics data, is able to characterize the multiple biological processes and molecular pathways involved in BC disparities, clarifying the differences in incidence, mortality and treatment response for different groups of BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca-Narcisa Neagu
- Laboratory of Animal Histology, Faculty of Biology, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iași, Carol I bvd. 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania
| | - Pathea Bruno
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| | - Kaya R Johnson
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| | - Gabriella Ballestas
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| | - Costel C Darie
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
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George DJ, Agarwal N, Ramaswamy K, Klaassen Z, Bitting RL, Russell D, Sandin R, Emir B, Yang H, Song W, Lin Y, Hong A, Gao W, Freedland SJ. Emerging racial disparities among Medicare beneficiaries and Veterans with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2024:10.1038/s41391-024-00815-1. [PMID: 38565911 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-024-00815-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that Black men receive worse prostate cancer care than White men. This has not been explored in metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC) in the current treatment era. METHODS We evaluated treatment intensification (TI) and overall survival (OS) in Medicare (2015-2018) and Veterans Health Administration (VHA; 2015-2019) patients with mCSPC, classifying first-line mCSPC treatment as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) + novel hormonal therapy; ADT + docetaxel; ADT + first-generation nonsteroidal antiandrogen; or ADT alone. RESULTS We analyzed 2226 Black and 16,071 White Medicare, and 1020 Black and 2364 White VHA patients. TI was significantly lower for Black vs White Medicare patients overall (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58-0.81) and without Medicaid (adjusted OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.57-0.87). Medicaid patients had less TI irrespective of race. OS was worse for Black vs White Medicare patients overall (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.20; 95% CI 1.09-1.31) and without Medicaid (adjusted HR 1.13; 95% CI 1.01-1.27). OS was worse in Medicaid vs without Medicaid, with no significant OS difference between races. TI was significantly lower for Black vs White VHA patients (adjusted OR 0.75; 95% CI 0.61-0.92), with no significant OS difference between races. CONCLUSIONS Guideline-recommended TI was low for all patients with mCSPC, with less TI in Black patients in both Medicare and the VHA. Black race was associated with worse OS in Medicare but not the VHA. Medicaid patients had less TI and worse OS than those without Medicaid, suggesting poverty and race are associated with care and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J George
- Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Zachary Klaassen
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Rhonda L Bitting
- Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Song
- Analysis Group, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yilu Lin
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Agnes Hong
- Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, USA
- Formerly of Astellas Pharma Inc., Northbrook, IL, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Analysis Group, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Section of Urology, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Urology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kyalwazi B, Yau C, Campbell MJ, Yoshimatsu TF, Chien AJ, Wallace AM, Forero-Torres A, Pusztai L, Ellis ED, Albain KS, Blaes AH, Haley BB, Boughey JC, Elias AD, Clark AS, Isaacs CJ, Nanda R, Han HS, Yung RL, Tripathy D, Edmiston KK, Viscusi RK, Northfelt DW, Khan QJ, Asare SM, Wilson A, Hirst GL, Lu R, Symmans WF, Yee D, DeMichele AM, van ’t Veer LJ, Esserman LJ, Olopade OI. Race, Gene Expression Signatures, and Clinical Outcomes of Patients With High-Risk Early Breast Cancer. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2349646. [PMID: 38153734 PMCID: PMC10755617 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.49646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance There has been little consideration of genomic risk of recurrence by breast cancer subtype despite evidence of racial disparities in breast cancer outcomes. Objective To evaluate associations between clinical trial end points, namely pathologic complete response (pCR) and distant recurrence-free survival (DRFS), and race and examine whether gene expression signatures are associated with outcomes by race. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study used data from the Investigation of Serial Studies to Predict Your Therapeutic Response With Imaging and Molecular Analysis 2 (I-SPY 2) multicenter clinical trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with novel agents and combinations for patients with previously untreated stage II/III breast cancer. Analyses were conducted of associations between race and short- and long-term outcomes, overall and by receptor subtypes, and their association with 28 expression biomarkers. The trial enrolled 990 female patients between March 30, 2010, and November 5, 2016, with a primary tumor size of 2.5 cm or greater and clinical or molecular high risk based on MammaPrint or hormone receptor (HR)-negative/ERBB2 (formerly HER2 or HER2/neu)-positive subtyping across 9 arms. This data analysis was performed between June 10, 2021, and October 20, 2022. Exposure Race, tumor receptor subtypes, and genomic biomarker expression of early breast cancer. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes were pCR and DRFS assessed by race, overall, and by tumor subtype using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression models. The interaction between 28 expression biomarkers and race, considering pCR and DRFS overall and within subtypes, was also evaluated. Results The analytic sample included 974 participants (excluding 16 self-reporting as American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, or multiple races due to small sample sizes), including 68 Asian (7%), 120 Black (12%), and 786 White (81%) patients. Median (range) age at diagnosis was 47 (25-71) years for Asian, 49 (25-77) for Black, and 49 (23-73) years for White patients. The pCR rates were 32% (n = 22) for Asian, 30% for Black (n = 36), and 32% for White (n = 255) patients (P = .87). Black patients with HR-positive/ERBB2-negative tumors not achieving pCR had significantly worse DRFS than their White counterparts (hazard ratio, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.24-4.21; P = .01), with 5-year DRFS rates of 55% (n = 32) and 77% (n = 247), respectively. Black patients with HR-positive/ERBB2-negative tumors, compared with White patients, had higher expression of an interferon signature (mean [SD], 0.39 [0.87] and -0.10 [0.99]; P = .007) and, compared with Asian patients, had a higher mitotic score (mean [SD], 0.07 [1.08] and -0.69 [1.06]; P = .01) and lower estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor signature (mean [SD], 0.31 [0.90] and 1.08 [0.95]; P = .008). A transforming growth factor β signature had a significant association with race relative to pCR and DRFS, with a higher signature associated with lower pCR and worse DRFS outcomes among Black patients only. Conclusions and Relevance The findings show that women with early high-risk breast cancer who achieve pCR have similarly good outcomes regardless of race, but Black women with HR-positive/ERBB2-negative tumors without pCR may have worse DRFS than White women, highlighting the need to develop and test novel biomarker-informed therapies in diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly Kyalwazi
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Christina Yau
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Toshio F. Yoshimatsu
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - A. Jo Chien
- Department of Hematology Oncology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco
| | - Anne M. Wallace
- Division of Breast Surgery and the Comprehensive Breast Health Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | | | - Lajos Pusztai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Kathy S. Albain
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Anne H. Blaes
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Barbara B. Haley
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | | | | | - Amy S. Clark
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | | | - Rita Nanda
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hyo S. Han
- Department of Breast Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Rachel L. Yung
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Debasish Tripathy
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | | | - Rebecca K. Viscusi
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson
| | | | - Qamar J. Khan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
| | - Smita M. Asare
- Quantum Leap Healthcare Collaborative, San Francisco, California
| | - Amy Wilson
- Quantum Leap Healthcare Collaborative, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Ruixiao Lu
- Quantum Leap Healthcare Collaborative, San Francisco, California
| | - William Fraser Symmans
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Douglas Yee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Angela M. DeMichele
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Laura J. van ’t Veer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco
| | | | - Olufunmilayo I. Olopade
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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A Systems Approach to Interrogate Gene Expression Patterns in African American Men Presenting with Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205143. [PMID: 34680291 PMCID: PMC8533960 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Men of African origin have a 2–3 times greater chance of developing prostate cancer than those of European origin, and of patients that are diagnosed with the disease, men of African descent are 2 times more likely to die compared to white men. Men of African origin are still greatly underrepresented in genetic studies and clinical trials. This, unfortunately, means that new discoveries in cancer treatment are missing key information on the group with a greater chance of mortality. The objective of this study was to increase our knowledge of prostate cancer in men undergoing a prostate biopsy. We carried out RNA sequencing of biopsy specimens and examined racial differences in prostate gene expression. A gene expression signature was uncovered which separated the men based on their race. Furthermore, within men of African descent this signature separated men with the most severe clinical characteristics. Abstract An emerging theory about racial differences in cancer risk and outcomes is that psychological and social stressors influence cellular stress responses; however, limited empirical data are available on racial differences in cellular stress responses among men who are at risk for adverse prostate cancer outcomes. In this study, we undertook a systems approach to examine molecular profiles and cellular stress responses in an important segment of African American (AA) and European American (EA) men: men undergoing prostate biopsy. We assessed the prostate transcriptome with a single biopsy core via high throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Transcriptomic analyses uncovered impacted biological pathways including PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway, and ECM-receptor interaction. Additionally, 187 genes mapping to the Gene Ontology (GO) terms RNA binding, structural constituent of ribosome, SRP-dependent co-translational protein targeting to membrane and the biological pathways, translation, L13a-mediated translational silencing of Ceruloplasmin expression were differentially expressed (DE) between EA and AA. This signature allowed separation of AA and EA patients, and AA patients with the most severe clinical characteristics. AA patients with elevated expression levels of this genomic signature presented with higher Gleason scores, a greater number of positive core biopsies, elevated dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels and serum vitamin D deficiency. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed a high degree of connectivity between these 187 proteins.
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Thompson-Elliott B, Johnson R, Khan SA. Alterations in TGFβ signaling during prostate cancer progression. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2021; 9:318-328. [PMID: 34541030 PMCID: PMC8446771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During prostate cancer progression, TGF-β acts as both a tumor suppressor and tumor promoter. TGF-β inhibits cell proliferation in normal and early-stage prostate cancer cells, but during later stages of the disease the cancer cells develop resistance to inhibitory effects on cell proliferation. In these cells, TGF-β promotes cancer progression due to its effects on epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell migration and invasion, and immune suppression. The intracellular mechanisms involved in the development of resistance to TGF-β effects on cell proliferation are largely unknown. In this review, we summarized the roles of several intracellular proteins including PTEN, Id1 and JunD, which may play a role in this transition. The role of Ski/SnoN proteins in inhibition of Smad2/3 signaling is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rarnice Johnson
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shafiq A Khan
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Sivaram S, Perkins S, He M, Ginsburg E, Dominguez G, Vedham V, Katz F, Parascandola M, Bogler O, Gopal S. Building Capacity for Global Cancer Research: Existing Opportunities and Future Directions. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2021; 36:5-24. [PMID: 34273100 PMCID: PMC8285681 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-021-02043-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cancer incidence and mortality are increasing in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where more than 75% of global cancer burden will occur by the year 2040. The primary drivers of cancer morbidity and mortality in LMICs are environmental and behavioral risk factors, inadequate prevention and early detection services, presence of comorbidities, and poor access to treatment and palliation. These same drivers also contribute to marked cancer health disparities in high-income countries. Studying cancer in LMICs provides opportunities to better understand and address these drivers to benefit populations worldwide, and reflecting this, global oncology as an academic discipline has grown substantially in recent years. However, sustaining this growth requires a uniquely trained workforce with the skills to pursue relevant, rigorous, and equitable global oncology research. Despite this need, dedicated global cancer research training programs remain somewhat nascent and uncoordinated. In this paper, we discuss efforts to address these gaps in global cancer research training at the US National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Sivaram
- Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892-9760 USA
| | - Susan Perkins
- Center for Cancer Training, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892-9760 USA
| | - Min He
- Office of Cancer Centers, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892-9760 USA
| | - Erika Ginsburg
- Center for Cancer Training, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892-9760 USA
| | - Geraldina Dominguez
- Office of HIV/AIDS Malignancy, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Dr, Room 3A33, Bethesda, MD 20892‑2440 USA
| | - Vidya Vedham
- Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892-9760 USA
| | - Flora Katz
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Building 31, Bethesda, MD 20892-2220 USA
| | - Mark Parascandola
- Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892-9760 USA
| | - Oliver Bogler
- Center for Cancer Training, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892-9760 USA
| | - Satish Gopal
- Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892-9760 USA
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Mishra S, Charan M, Verma AK, Ramaswamy B, Ahirwar DK, Ganju RK. Racially Disparate Expression of mTOR/ERK-1/2 Allied Proteins in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:601929. [PMID: 33996789 PMCID: PMC8120233 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.601929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies revealed that ethnic differences in mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK-1/2) signaling pathways might be associated with the development and progression of different human malignancies. The African American (AA) population has an increased rate of cancer incidence and mortality compared to the Caucasian American (CA) population. Although the socioeconomic differences across different ethnic groups contribute to the disparity in developing different cancers, recent scientific evidence indicates the association of molecular and genetic variations in racial disparities of different human malignancies. The mTOR and ERK-1/2 signaling pathways are one of the well-known oncogenic signaling mechanisms that regulate diverse molecular and phenotypic aspects of normal as well as cancer cells in response to different external or internal stimuli. To date, very few studies have been carried out to explore the significance of racial disparity with abnormal mTOR and ERK-1/2 kinase signaling pathways, which may contribute to the development of aggressive human cancers. In this review, we discuss the differential regulation of mTOR and ERK-1/2 kinase signaling pathways across different ethnic groups, especially between AA and CA populations. Notably, we observed that key signaling proteins associated with mTOR and ERK-1/2 pathway including transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), Akt, and VEGFR showed racially disparate expression in cancer patients. Overall, this review article encompasses the significance of racially disparate signaling molecules related to mTOR/ERK1/2 and their potential in developing tailor-made anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Mishra
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Manish Charan
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ajeet Kumar Verma
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Dinesh Kumar Ahirwar
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ramesh K Ganju
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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11
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Understanding the Relationship between Environmental Arsenic and Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness among African-American and European-American Men in North Carolina. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228364. [PMID: 33198142 PMCID: PMC7697081 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
High-level exposure to arsenic, a known carcinogen and endocrine disruptor, is associated with prostate cancer (PCa) mortality. Whether low-level exposure is associated with PCa aggressiveness remains unknown. We examined the association between urinary arsenic and PCa aggressiveness among men in North Carolina. This cross-sectional study included 463 African-American and 491 European-American men with newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed prostate adenocarcinoma. PCa aggressiveness was defined as low aggressive (Gleason score < 7, stage = cT1–cT2, and PSA < 10 ng/mL) versus intermediate/high aggressive (all other cases). Total arsenic and arsenical species (inorganic arsenic (iAsIII + iAsV), arsenobetaine, monomethyl arsenic, and dimethyl arsenic)) and specific gravity were measured in spot urine samples obtained an average of 23.7 weeks after diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the covariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for PCa aggressiveness in association with arsenic tertiles/quantiles overall and by race. The highest (vs. lowest) tertile of total arsenic was associated with PCa aggressiveness ORs of 1.77 (95% CI = 1.05–2.98) among European-American men, and 0.94 (95% CI = 0.57–1.56) among African-American men (PInteraction = 0.04). In contrast, total arsenic and arsenical species were not associated with PCa aggressiveness in unstratified models. Low-level arsenic exposure may be associated with PCa aggressiveness among European-Americans, but not among African-Americans.
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Caggia S, Tapadar S, Wu B, Venugopal SV, Garrett AS, Kumar A, Stiffend JS, Davis JS, Oyelere AK, Khan SA. Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Gα i2 Protein Attenuate Migration of Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1631. [PMID: 32575572 PMCID: PMC7353059 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-proteins are ubiquitously expressed in several cancers, and they transduce signals from activated G-protein coupled receptors. These proteins have numerous biological functions, and they are becoming interesting target molecules in cancer therapy. Previously, we have shown that heterotrimeric G-protein subunit alphai2 (Gαi2) has an essential role in the migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells. Using a structure-based approach, we have synthesized optimized small molecule inhibitors that are able to prevent specifically the activation of the Gαi2 subunit, keeping the protein in its inactive GDP-bound state. We observed that two of the compounds (13 and 14) at 10 μΜ significantly inhibited the migratory behavior of the PC3 and DU145 prostate cancer cell lines. Additionally, compound 14 at 10 μΜ blocked the activation of Gαi2 in oxytocin-stimulated prostate cancer PC3 cells, and inhibited the migratory capability of DU145 cells overexpressing the constitutively active form of Gαi2, under basal and EGF-stimulated conditions. We also observed that the knockdown or inhibition of Gαi2 negatively regulated migration of renal and ovarian cancer cell lines. Our results suggest that small molecule inhibitors of Gαi2 have potential as leads for discovering novel anti-metastatic agents for attenuating the capability of cancer cells to spread and invade to distant sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Caggia
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA; (S.C.); (S.V.V.); (A.S.G.); (A.K.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Subhasish Tapadar
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA; (S.T.); (B.W.)
| | - Bocheng Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA; (S.T.); (B.W.)
| | - Smrruthi V. Venugopal
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA; (S.C.); (S.V.V.); (A.S.G.); (A.K.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Autumn S. Garrett
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA; (S.C.); (S.V.V.); (A.S.G.); (A.K.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Aditi Kumar
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA; (S.C.); (S.V.V.); (A.S.G.); (A.K.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Janae S. Stiffend
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA; (S.C.); (S.V.V.); (A.S.G.); (A.K.); (J.S.S.)
| | - John S. Davis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center and VA Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Adegboyega K. Oyelere
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA; (S.T.); (B.W.)
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA
| | - Shafiq A. Khan
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA; (S.C.); (S.V.V.); (A.S.G.); (A.K.); (J.S.S.)
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13
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Bhargava HK, Leo P, Elliott R, Janowczyk A, Whitney J, Gupta S, Fu P, Yamoah K, Khani F, Robinson BD, Rebbeck TR, Feldman M, Lal P, Madabhushi A. Computationally Derived Image Signature of Stromal Morphology Is Prognostic of Prostate Cancer Recurrence Following Prostatectomy in African American Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:1915-1923. [PMID: 32139401 PMCID: PMC7165025 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Between 30%-40% of patients with prostate cancer experience disease recurrence following radical prostatectomy. Existing clinical models for recurrence risk prediction do not account for population-based variation in the tumor phenotype, despite recent evidence suggesting the presence of a unique, more aggressive prostate cancer phenotype in African American (AA) patients. We investigated the capacity of digitally measured, population-specific phenotypes of the intratumoral stroma to create improved models for prediction of recurrence following radical prostatectomy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN This study included 334 radical prostatectomy patients subdivided into training (VT, n = 127), validation 1 (V1, n = 62), and validation 2 (V2, n = 145). Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides from resected prostates were digitized, and 242 quantitative descriptors of the intratumoral stroma were calculated using a computational algorithm. Machine learning and elastic net Cox regression models were constructed using VT to predict biochemical recurrence-free survival based on these features. Performance of these models was assessed using V1 and V2, both overall and in population-specific cohorts. RESULTS An AA-specific, automated stromal signature, AAstro, was prognostic of recurrence risk in both independent validation datasets [V1,AA: AUC = 0.87, HR = 4.71 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.65-13.4), P = 0.003; V2,AA: AUC = 0.77, HR = 5.7 (95% CI, 1.48-21.90), P = 0.01]. AAstro outperformed clinical standard Kattan and CAPRA-S nomograms, and the underlying stromal descriptors were strongly associated with IHC measurements of specific tumor biomarker expression levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that considering population-specific information and stromal morphology has the potential to substantially improve accuracy of prognosis and risk stratification in AA patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hersh K Bhargava
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Patrick Leo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Robin Elliott
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Andrew Janowczyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jon Whitney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Pingfu Fu
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kosj Yamoah
- Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Francesca Khani
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Brian D Robinson
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Feldman
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Priti Lal
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anant Madabhushi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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14
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Abedini Bakhshmand E, Soltani BM. Regulatory effect of hsa-miR-5590-3P on TGFβ signaling through targeting of TGFβ-R1, TGFβ-R2, SMAD3 and SMAD4 transcripts. Biol Chem 2019; 400:677-685. [PMID: 30391930 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling acts as suppressor and inducer of tumor progression during the early and late stages of cancer, respectively. Some miRNAs have shown a regulatory effect on TGFβ signaling and here, we have used a combination of bioinformatics and experimental tools to show that hsa-miR-5590-3p is a regulator of multiple genes expression in the TGFβ signaling pathway. Consistent with the bioinformatics predictions, hsa-miR-5590-3p had a negative correlation of expression with TGFβ-R1, TGFβ-R2, SMAD3 and SMAD4 genes, detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Then, the dual luciferase assay supported the direct interaction between hsa-miR-5590-3p and TGFβ-R1, TGFβ-R2, SMAD3 and SMAD4-3'UTR sequences. Consistently, the TGFβ-R1 protein level was reduced following the overexpression of hsa-miR-5590-3p, detected by Western analysis. Also, hsa-miR-5590-3p overexpression brought about the downregulation of TGFβ-R1, TGFβ-R2, SMAD3 and SMAD4 expression in HCT-116 cells, detected by RT-qPCR, followed by cell cycle arrest in the sub-G1 phase, detected by flow cytometry. RT-qPCR results indicated that hsa-miR-5590-3p is significantly downregulated in breast tumor tissues (late stage) compared to their normal pairs. Altogether, data introduces hsa-miR-5590-3p as a negative regulator of the TGFβ/SMAD signaling pathway which acts through downregulation of TGFβ-R1, TGFβ-R2, SMAD3 and SMAD4 transcripts. Therefore, it can be tested as a therapy target in cancers in which the TGFβ/SMAD pathway is deregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Abedini Bakhshmand
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran
| | - Bahram Mohammad Soltani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran
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15
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Hanson HA, Martin C, O’Neil B, Leiser CL, Mayer EN, Smith KR, Lowrance WT. The Relative Importance of Race Compared to Health Care and Social Factors in Predicting Prostate Cancer Mortality: A Random Forest Approach. J Urol 2019; 202:1209-1216. [PMID: 31246547 PMCID: PMC8276188 DOI: 10.1097/ju.0000000000000416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a differential in prostate cancer mortality between black and white men. Advances in precision medicine have shifted the research focus toward underlying genetic differences. However, nonbiological factors may have a large role in these observed disparities. Therefore, we sought to measure the relative importance of race compared to health care and social factors on prostate cancer specific mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) database we identified 514,878 men diagnosed with prostate cancer at age 40 years or greater between 2004 and 2012. We also selected a subset of black and white men matched by age, stage and birth year. We stratified patients by age 40 to 54, 55 to 69 and 70 years or older and disease stage, resulting in 18 groups. By applying random forest methods with variable importance measures we analyzed 15 variables and interactions across 4 categories of factors (tumor characteristics, race, and health care and social factors) and the relative importance for prostate cancer specific mortality. RESULTS Tumor characteristics at diagnosis were the most important factors for prostate cancer mortality. Across all groups race was less than 5% as important as tumor characteristics and only more important than health care and social factors in 2 of the 18 groups. Although race had a significant impact, health care and social factors known to be associated with racial disparities had greater or similarly important effects across all ages and stages. CONCLUSIONS Eradicating disparities in prostate cancer survival will require a multipronged approach, including advances in precision medicine. Disparities will persist unless health care access and social equality are achieved among all populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A. Hanson
- Department of Surgery and Population Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Christopher Martin
- Division of Urology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Brock O’Neil
- Department of Surgery and Population Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Claire L. Leiser
- Department of Population Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Erik N. Mayer
- Division of Urology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ken R. Smith
- Department of Population Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - William T. Lowrance
- Division of Urology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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16
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Elliott B, Millena AC, Matyunina L, Zhang M, Zou J, Wang G, Zhang Q, Bowen N, Eaton V, Webb G, Thompson S, McDonald J, Khan S. Essential role of JunD in cell proliferation is mediated via MYC signaling in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2019; 448:155-167. [PMID: 30763715 PMCID: PMC6414252 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
JunD, a member of the AP-1 family, is essential for cell proliferation in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. We recently demonstrated that JunD knock-down (KD) in PCa cells results in cell cycle arrest in G1-phase concomitant with a decrease in cyclin D1, Ki67, and c-MYC, but an increase in p21 levels. Furthermore, the over-expression of JunD significantly increased proliferation suggesting JunD regulation of genes required for cell cycle progression. Here, employing gene expression profiling, quantitative proteomics, and validation approaches, we demonstrate that JunD KD is associated with distinct gene and protein expression patterns. Comparative integrative analysis by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) identified 1) cell cycle control/regulation as the top canonical pathway whose members exhibited a significant decrease in their expression following JunD KD including PRDX3, PEA15, KIF2C, and CDK2, and 2) JunD dependent genes are associated with cell proliferation, with MYC as the critical downstream regulator. Conversely, JunD over-expression induced the expression of the above genes including c-MYC. We conclude that JunD is a crucial regulator of cell cycle progression and inhibiting its target genes may be an effective approach to block prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethtrice Elliott
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, 223 James P. Brawley Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30314, USA
| | - Ana Cecilia Millena
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, 223 James P. Brawley Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30314, USA
| | - Lilya Matyunina
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, School of Biological Sciences, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30309, USA
| | - Mengnan Zhang
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, School of Biological Sciences, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30309, USA
| | - Jin Zou
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, 223 James P. Brawley Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30314, USA
| | - Guangdi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA, 70125, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA, 70125, USA
| | - Nathan Bowen
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, 223 James P. Brawley Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30314, USA
| | - Vanessa Eaton
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, 223 James P. Brawley Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30314, USA
| | - Gabrielle Webb
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, 223 James P. Brawley Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30314, USA
| | - Shadyra Thompson
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, 223 James P. Brawley Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30314, USA
| | - John McDonald
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, School of Biological Sciences, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30309, USA
| | - Shafiq Khan
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, 223 James P. Brawley Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30314, USA.
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17
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Burton LJ, Hawsawi O, Loyd Q, Henderson V, Howard S, Harlemon M, Ragin C, Roberts R, Bowen N, Gacii A, Odero-Marah V. Association of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition with prostate and breast health disparities. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203855. [PMID: 30199553 PMCID: PMC6130866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African Americans (AA) have higher death rates due to prostate and breast cancer as compared to Caucasian Americans (CA), and few biomarkers have been associated with this disparity. In our study we investigated whether epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) with a focus on Snail and Cathepsin L (Cat L), could potentially be two markers associated with prostate and breast health disparities. We have previously shown that Snail can increase Cat L protein and activity in prostate and breast cancer. Western blot and real-time PCR analyses showed that mesenchymal protein expression (Snail, vimentin, Cat L) and Cat L activity (shown by zymography) was higher in AA prostate cancer cells as compared to CA normal transformed RWPE-1 prostate epithelial cells, and androgen-dependent cells, and comparable to metastatic CA cell lines. With respect to breast cancer, mesenchymal markers were higher in TNBC compared to non-TNBC cells. The higher mesenchymal marker expression was functionally associated with higher proliferative and migratory rates. Immunohistochemistry showed that both nuclear Snail and Cat L expression was significantly higher in cancer compared to normal for CA and Bahamas prostate patient tissue. Interestingly, AA normal tissue stained higher for nuclear Snail and Cat L that was not significantly different to cancer tissue for both prostate and breast tissue, but was significantly higher than CA normal tissue. AA TNBC tissue also displayed significantly higher nuclear Snail expression compared to CA TNBC, while no significant differences were observed with Luminal A cancer tissue. Therefore, increased EMT in AA compared to CA that may contribute to the more aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza J. Burton
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ohuod Hawsawi
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Quentin Loyd
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Veronica Henderson
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Simone Howard
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Maxine Harlemon
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- African Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Camille Ragin
- African Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Robin Roberts
- African Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- University of West Indies School of Clinical Medicine and Research, Nassau, The Bahamas
| | - Nathan Bowen
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Andrew Gacii
- African Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Lab Medicine, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Valerie Odero-Marah
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- African Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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18
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Caggia S, Chunduri H, Millena AC, Perkins JN, Venugopal SV, Vo BT, Li C, Tu Y, Khan SA. Novel role of Giα2 in cell migration: Downstream of PI3-kinase-AKT and Rac1 in prostate cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:802-815. [PMID: 30078221 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cell motility is the essential step in cancer metastasis. Previously, we showed that oxytocin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) effects on cell migration in prostate cancer cells require Giα2 protein. In the current study, we investigated the interactions among G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), Giα2, PI3-kinase, and Rac1 activation in the induction of migratory and invasive behavior by diverse stimuli. Knockdown and knockout of endogenous Giα2 in PC3 cells resulted in attenuation of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), oxytocin, SDF-1α, and EGF effects on cell migration and invasion. In addition, knockdown of Giα2 in E006AA cells attenuated cell migration and overexpression of Giα2 in LNCaP cells caused significant increase in basal and EGF-stimulated cell migration. Pretreatment of PC3 cells with Pertussis toxin resulted in attenuation of TGFβ1- and oxytocin-induced migratory behavior and PI3-kinase activation without affecting EGF-induced PI3-kinase activation and cell migration. Basal- and EGF-induced activation of Rac1 in PC3 and DU145 cells were not affected in cells after Giα2 knockdown. On the other hand, Giα2 knockdown abolished the migratory capability of PC3 cells overexpressing constitutively active Rac1. The knockdown or knockout of Giα2 resulted in impaired formation of lamellipodia at the leading edge of the migrating cells. We conclude that Giα2 protein acts at two different levels which are both dependent and independent of GPCR signaling to induce cell migration and invasion in prostate cancer cells and its action is downstream of PI3-kinase-AKT-Rac1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Caggia
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - HimaBindu Chunduri
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ana C Millena
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jonathan N Perkins
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Smrruthi V Venugopal
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - BaoHan T Vo
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Chunliang Li
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yaping Tu
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Shafiq A Khan
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia
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