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Doyle C, Andel R, Saenz J, Crowe M. Correlates of SuperAging in Two Population-Based Samples of Hispanic Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2024; 79:gbae058. [PMID: 38581241 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbae058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES "SuperAgers" are generally defined as people 80+ years old with episodic memory performance comparable to those 20 years younger. Limited knowledge exists to describe characteristics of SuperAgers, with even less known about Hispanic SuperAgers. METHODS We examined indicators of cognitive, physical, and psychological resilience in relation to the likelihood of being a SuperAger using data from 2 population-based studies of Hispanic older adults (Puerto Rican Elderly: Health Conditions [PREHCO] Study; Health and Retirement Study [HRS]). SuperAgers were defined as (1) ≥80 years old, (2) recall scores ≥ the median for Hispanic respondents aged 55-64, and (3) no cognitive impairment during the observation period. Overall, 640 PREHCO participants and 180 HRS participants were eligible, of whom 45 (7%) and 31 (17%) met SuperAging criteria. RESULTS Logistic regressions controlling for age and sex demonstrated that higher education (PREHCO: odds ratio [OR] = 1.20, p < .001; HRS: OR = 1.14, p = .044) and fewer instrumental activities of daily living limitations (PREHCO: OR = 0.79, p = .019; HRS: OR = 0.58, p = .077; cognitive resilience), fewer activities of daily living limitations (PREHCO: OR = 0.72, p = .031; HRS: OR = 0.67, p = .068; physical resilience), and fewer depressive symptoms (PREHCO: OR = 0.84, p = .015; HRS: OR = 0.69, p = .007; psychological resilience) were associated with SuperAging, although not all results reached threshold for statistical significance, presumably due to low statistical power. Additionally, known indicators of physical health (e.g., chronic conditions and self-rated health) did not relate to SuperAging. DISCUSSION Increasing access to education and recognizing/treating depressive symptoms represent potential pathways to preserve episodic memory among older Hispanic adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy Doyle
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ross Andel
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Joseph Saenz
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael Crowe
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Ehrlich I, Ortiz-Tudela J, Tan YY, Muckli L, Shing YL. Mnemonic But Not Contextual Feedback Signals Defy Dedifferentiation in the Aging Early Visual Cortex. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0607232023. [PMID: 38395614 PMCID: PMC11026335 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0607-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Perception is an intricate interplay between feedforward visual input and internally generated feedback signals that comprise concurrent contextual and time-distant mnemonic (episodic and semantic) information. Yet, an unresolved question is how the composition of feedback signals changes across the lifespan and to what extent feedback signals undergo age-related dedifferentiation, that is, a decline in neural specificity. Previous research on this topic has focused on feedforward perceptual representation and episodic memory reinstatement, suggesting reduced fidelity of neural representations at the item and category levels. In this fMRI study, we combined an occlusion paradigm that filters feedforward input to the visual cortex and multivariate analysis techniques to investigate the information content in cortical feedback, focusing on age-related differences in its composition. We further asked to what extent differentiation in feedback signals (in the occluded region) is correlated to differentiation in feedforward signals. Comparing younger (18-30 years) and older female and male adults (65-75 years), we found that contextual but not mnemonic feedback was prone to age-related dedifferentiation. Semantic feedback signals were even better differentiated in older adults, highlighting the growing importance of generalized knowledge across ages. We also found that differentiation in feedforward signals was correlated with differentiation in episodic but not semantic feedback signals. Our results provide evidence for age-related adjustments in the composition of feedback signals and underscore the importance of examining dedifferentiation in aging for both feedforward and feedback processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Ehrlich
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main 60323, Germany
| | - Javier Ortiz-Tudela
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main 60323, Germany
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada 18013, Spain
| | - Yi You Tan
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main 60323, Germany
| | - Lars Muckli
- School of Psychology and of Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Yee Lee Shing
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main 60323, Germany
- IDeA Center for Individual Development and Adaptive Education, Frankfurt am Main 60323, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60528, Germany
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Pezzoli S, Giorgio J, Martersteck A, Dobyns L, Harrison TM, Jagust WJ. Successful cognitive aging is associated with thicker anterior cingulate cortex and lower tau deposition compared to typical aging. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:341-355. [PMID: 37614157 PMCID: PMC10916939 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is no consensus on either the definition of successful cognitive aging (SA) or the underlying neural mechanisms. METHODS We examined the agreement between new and existing definitions using: (1) a novel measure, the cognitive age gap (SA-CAG, cognitive-predicted age minus chronological age), (2) composite scores for episodic memory (SA-EM), (3) non-memory cognition (SA-NM), and (4) the California Verbal Learning Test (SA-CVLT). RESULTS Fair to moderate strength of agreement was found between the four definitions. Most SA groups showed greater cortical thickness compared to typical aging (TA), especially in the anterior cingulate and midcingulate cortices and medial temporal lobes. Greater hippocampal volume was found in all SA groups except SA-NM. Lower entorhinal 18 F-Flortaucipir (FTP) uptake was found in all SA groups. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that a feature of SA, regardless of its exact definition, is resistance to tau pathology and preserved cortical integrity, especially in the anterior cingulate and midcingulate cortices. HIGHLIGHTS Different approaches have been used to define successful cognitive aging (SA). Regardless of definition, different SA groups have similar brain features. SA individuals have greater anterior cingulate thickness and hippocampal volume. Lower entorhinal tau deposition, but not amyloid beta is related to SA. A combination of cortical integrity and resistance to tau may be features of SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pezzoli
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Joseph Giorgio
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- University of NewcastleNewcastleNSWAustralia
| | - Adam Martersteck
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lindsey Dobyns
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Theresa M. Harrison
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - William J. Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
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Powell A, Page ZA, Close JCT, Sachdev PS, Brodaty H. Defining exceptional cognition in older adults: A systematic review of cognitive super-ageing. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2023; 38:e6034. [PMID: 38078669 PMCID: PMC10947516 DOI: 10.1002/gps.6034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A consistent approach to defining cognitive super-ageing is needed to increase the value of research insights that may be gained from studying this population including ageing well and preventing and treating neurodegenerative conditions. This review aims to evaluate the existing definitions of 'super-ageing' with a focus on cognition. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO and Google Scholar from inception to 24 July 2023. RESULTS Of 44 English language studies that defined super-ageing from a cognitive perspective in older adults (60-97 years), most (n = 33) were based on preserved verbal episodic memory performance comparable to that of younger adult in age range 16-65 years. Eleven studies defined super-agers as the top cognitive performers for their age group based upon standard deviations or percentiles above the population mean. Only nine studies included longitudinal cognitive performance in their definitions. CONCLUSIONS Equivalent cognitive abilities to younger adults, exceptional cognition for age and a lack of cognitive deterioration over time are all meaningful constructs and may provide different insights into cognitive ageing. Using these criteria in combination or individually to define super-agers, with a clear rationale for which elements have been selected, could be fit for purpose depending on the research question. However, major discrepancies including the age range of super-agers and comparator groups and the choice of cognitive domains assessed should be addressed to reach some consensus in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Powell
- Centre for Healthy Brain AgeingDiscipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Zara A. Page
- Centre for Healthy Brain AgeingDiscipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Jacqueline C. T. Close
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- The Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Perminder S. Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain AgeingDiscipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
- Neuropsychiatric InstituteThe Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain AgeingDiscipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
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Hebscher M, Bainbridge WA, Voss JL. Neural similarity between overlapping events at learning differentially affects reinstatement across the cortex. Neuroimage 2023; 277:120220. [PMID: 37321360 PMCID: PMC10468827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory often involves high overlap between the actors, locations, and objects of everyday events. Under some circumstances, it may be beneficial to distinguish, or differentiate, neural representations of similar events to avoid interference at recall. Alternatively, forming overlapping representations of similar events, or integration, may aid recall by linking shared information between memories. It is currently unclear how the brain supports these seemingly conflicting functions of differentiation and integration. We used multivoxel pattern similarity analysis (MVPA) of fMRI data and neural-network analysis of visual similarity to examine how highly overlapping naturalistic events are encoded in patterns of cortical activity, and how the degree of differentiation versus integration at encoding affects later retrieval. Participants performed an episodic memory task in which they learned and recalled naturalistic video stimuli with high feature overlap. Visually similar videos were encoded in overlapping patterns of neural activity in temporal, parietal, and occipital regions, suggesting integration. We further found that encoding processes differentially predicted later reinstatement across the cortex. In visual processing regions in occipital cortex, greater differentiation at encoding predicted later reinstatement. Higher-level sensory processing regions in temporal and parietal lobes showed the opposite pattern, whereby highly integrated stimuli showed greater reinstatement. Moreover, integration in high-level sensory processing regions during encoding predicted greater accuracy and vividness at recall. These findings provide novel evidence that encoding-related differentiation and integration processes across the cortex have divergent effects on later recall of highly similar naturalistic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hebscher
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Wilma A Bainbridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; The Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Joel L Voss
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Pauley C, Kobelt M, Werkle-Bergner M, Sander MC. Age differences in neural distinctiveness during memory encoding, retrieval, and reinstatement. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:9489-9503. [PMID: 37365853 PMCID: PMC10431749 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Robust evidence points to mnemonic deficits in older adults related to dedifferentiated, i.e. less distinct, neural responses during memory encoding. However, less is known about retrieval-related dedifferentiation and its role in age-related memory decline. In this study, younger and older adults were scanned both while incidentally learning face and house stimuli and while completing a surprise recognition memory test. Using pattern similarity searchlight analyses, we looked for indicators of neural dedifferentiation during encoding, retrieval, and encoding-retrieval reinstatement. Our findings revealed age-related reductions in neural distinctiveness during all memory phases in visual processing regions. Interindividual differences in retrieval- and reinstatement-related distinctiveness were strongly associated with distinctiveness during memory encoding. Both item- and category-level distinctiveness predicted trial-wise mnemonic outcomes. We further demonstrated that the degree of neural distinctiveness during encoding tracked interindividual variability in memory performance better than both retrieval- and reinstatement-related distinctiveness. All in all, we contribute to meager existing evidence for age-related neural dedifferentiation during memory retrieval. We show that neural distinctiveness during retrieval is likely tied to recapitulation of encoding-related perceptual and mnemonic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Pauley
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Malte Kobelt
- Department of Neuropsychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Werkle-Bergner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Myriam C Sander
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Ekstrom AD, Hill PF. Spatial navigation and memory: A review of the similarities and differences relevant to brain models and age. Neuron 2023; 111:1037-1049. [PMID: 37023709 PMCID: PMC10083890 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Spatial navigation and memory are often seen as heavily intertwined at the cognitive and neural levels of analysis. We review models that hypothesize a central role for the medial temporal lobes, including the hippocampus, in both navigation and aspects of memory, particularly allocentric navigation and episodic memory. While these models have explanatory power in instances in which they overlap, they are limited in explaining functional and neuroanatomical differences. Focusing on human cognition, we explore the idea of navigation as a dynamically acquired skill and memory as an internally driven process, which may better account for the differences between the two. We also review network models of navigation and memory, which place a greater emphasis on connections rather than the functions of focal brain regions. These models, in turn, may have greater explanatory power for the differences between navigation and memory and the differing effects of brain lesions and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne D Ekstrom
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
| | - Paul F Hill
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
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Atzil S, Satpute AB, Zhang J, Parrish MH, Shablack H, MacCormack JK, Leshin J, Goel S, Brooks JA, Kang J, Xu Y, Cohen M, Lindquist KA. The impact of sociality and affective valence on brain activation: A meta-analysis. Neuroimage 2023; 268:119879. [PMID: 36642154 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty years of neuroimaging reveal the set of brain regions consistently associated with pleasant and unpleasant affect in humans-or the neural reference space for valence. Yet some of humans' most potent affective states occur in the context of other humans. Prior work has yet to differentiate how the neural reference space for valence varies as a product of the sociality of affective stimuli. To address this question, we meta-analyzed across 614 social and non-social affective neuroimaging contrasts, summarizing the brain regions that are consistently activated for social and non-social affective information. We demonstrate that across the literature, social and non-social affective stimuli yield overlapping activations within regions associated with visceromotor control, including the amygdala, hypothalamus, anterior cingulate cortex and insula. However, we find that social processing differs from non-social affective processing in that it involves additional cortical activations in the medial prefrontal and posterior cingulum that have been associated with mentalizing and prediction. A Bayesian classifier was able to differentiate unpleasant from pleasant affect, but not social from non-social affective states. Moreover, it was not able to classify unpleasantness from pleasantness at the highest levels of sociality. These findings suggest that highly social scenarios may be equally salient to humans, regardless of their valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shir Atzil
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | | | - Jiahe Zhang
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Holly Shablack
- Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA, United States
| | | | - Joseph Leshin
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey A Brooks
- Hume AI, New York, NY, United States; University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jian Kang
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yuliang Xu
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Matan Cohen
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Ticha Z, Georgi H, Schmand B, Heissler R, Kopecek M. Processing speed predicts SuperAging years later. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:34. [PMID: 36732871 PMCID: PMC9896833 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SuperAging is one of the current concepts related to elite, resilient or high-functioning cognitive aging. The main aim of our study was to find possible predictors of SuperAgers (SA). METHODS Community-dwelling older persons (N = 96) aged 80-101 years in 2018 were repeatedly tested (year 2012 and 2018). SA were defined based on their performance in 2018 as persons of 80+ years of age who recalled ≥ 9 words in the delayed recall of the Philadelphia Verbal Learning Test, and had a normal performance in non-memory tasks [the Boston Naming Test, the Trail Making Test Part B, and Category Fluency ("Animals")], which was defined as a score within or above one standard deviation from the age and education appropriate average. Three composite scores (CS; immediate memory, processing speed, and executive functions) were created from the performance in 2012, and analysed as possible predictors of SA status in 2018. RESULTS We identified 19 SA (15 females) and 77 nonSA (42 females), groups did not significantly differ in age, years of education, and sex. The logistic regression model (p = 0.028) revealed three predictors of SA from the baseline (year 2012), including processing speed (p = 0.006; CS-speed: the Prague Stroop Test-Dots and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test), sex (p = 0.015), and age (p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS Thus, SA may be predicted based on the level of processing speed, which supports the hypothesis of the processing speed theory of healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Ticha
- grid.445531.20000 0004 0485 9760Prague College of Psychosocial Studies, Hekrova 805, 149 00 Prague 11, Háje, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Georgi
- grid.445531.20000 0004 0485 9760Prague College of Psychosocial Studies, Hekrova 805, 149 00 Prague 11, Háje, Czech Republic
| | - Ben Schmand
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Radek Heissler
- grid.447902.cNational Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Kopecek
- grid.447902.cNational Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic ,grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Kody E, Diwadkar VA. Magnocellular and parvocellular contributions to brain network dysfunction during learning and memory: Implications for schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 156:520-531. [PMID: 36351307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Memory deficits are core features of schizophrenia, and a central aim in biological psychiatry is to identify the etiology of these deficits. Scrutiny is naturally focused on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the hippocampal cortices, given these structures' roles in memory and learning. The fronto-hippocampal framework is valuable but restrictive. Network-based underpinnings of learning and memory are substantially diverse and include interactions between hetero-modal and early sensory networks. Thus, a loss of fidelity in sensory information may impact memorial and cognitive processing in higher-order brain sub-networks, becoming a sensory source for learning and memory deficits. In this overview, we suggest that impairments in magno- and parvo-cellular visual pathways result in degraded inputs to core learning and memory networks. The ascending cascade of aberrant neural events significantly contributes to learning and memory deficits in schizophrenia. We outline the network bases of these effects, and suggest that any network perspectives of dysfunction in schizophrenia must assess the impact of impaired perceptual contributions. Finally, we speculate on how this framework enriches the space of biomarkers and expands intervention strategies to ameliorate this prototypical disconnection syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kody
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Vaibhav A Diwadkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA.
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Yang Y, Chen Y, Yang C, Chen K, Li X, Zhang Z. Contributions of early-life cognitive reserve and late-life leisure activity to successful and pathological cognitive aging. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:831. [PMID: 36319960 PMCID: PMC9628084 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03530-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of factors that specifically influence pathological and successful cognitive aging is a prerequisite for implementing disease prevention and promoting successful aging. However, multi-domain behavioral factors that characterize the difference between successful and pathological cognitive aging are not clear yet. METHODS A group of community-dwelling older adults (N = 1347, aged 70-88 years) in Beijing was recruited in this cross-sectional study, and a sub-cohort was further divided into successful cognitive aging (SCA, N = 154), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, N = 256), and cognitively normal control (CNC, N = 173) groups. Analyses of variance, regression models with the Shapley value algorithm, and structural equation model (SEM) analyses were conducted to determine specific influencing factors and to evaluate their relative importance and interacting relationships in altering cognitive performance. RESULTS We found that abundant early-life cognitive reserve (ECR, including the level of education and occupational attainment) and reduced late-life leisure activity (LLA, including mental, physical, and social activities) were distinct characteristics of SCA and MCI, respectively. The level of education, age, mental activity, and occupational attainment were the top four important factors that explained 31.6% of cognitive variability. By SEM analyses, we firstly found that LLA partially mediated the relationship between ECR and cognition; and further multi-group SEM analyses showed ECR played a more direct role in the SCA group than in the MCI group: in the SCA group, only the direct effect of ECR on cognition was significant, and in the MCI group, direct effects between ECR, LLA and cognition were all significant. CONCLUSIONS Results of this large-sample community-based study suggest it is important for older adults to have an abundant ECR for SCA, and to keep a high level of LLA to prevent cognitive impairment. This study clarifies the important rankings of behavioral characteristics of cognitive aging, and the relationship that ECR has a long-lasting effect on LLA and finally on cognition, providing efficient guidance for older adults to improve their cognitive function and new evidence to explain the heterogeneity of cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Yang
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875 China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China ,grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative (BABRI) Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Yaojing Chen
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875 China ,grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative (BABRI) Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Caishui Yang
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875 China ,grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative (BABRI) Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China ,grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Kewei Chen
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative (BABRI) Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China ,grid.418204.b0000 0004 0406 4925Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85006 USA
| | - Xin Li
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875 China ,grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative (BABRI) Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Zhanjun Zhang
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875 China ,grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative (BABRI) Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
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Folville A, Bahri MA, Delhaye E, Salmon E, Bastin C. Shared vivid remembering: age-related differences in across-participants similarity of neural representations during encoding and retrieval. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2022; 29:526-551. [PMID: 35168499 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2022.2036683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in multivariate neuroimaging analyses have made possible the examination of the similarity of the neural patterns of activations measured across participants, but it has not been investigated yet whether such measure is age-sensitive. Here, in the scanner, young and older participants viewed scene pictures associated with labels. At test, participants were presented with the labels and were asked to recollect the associated picture. We used Pattern Similarity Analyses by which we compared patterns of neural activation during the encoding or the remembering of each picture of one participant with the averaged pattern of activation across the remaining participants. Results revealed that across-participants neural similarity was higher in young than in older adults in distributed occipital, temporal and parietal areas during encoding and retrieval. These findings demonstrate that an age-related reduction in specificity of neural activation is also evident when the similarity of neural representations is examined across participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Folville
- GIGA-CRC in Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Psychology, Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Emma Delhaye
- GIGA-CRC in Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Psychology, Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Faculdade de Psicologia, CICPSI, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eric Salmon
- GIGA-CRC in Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Psychology, Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christine Bastin
- GIGA-CRC in Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Psychology, Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Sommer VR, Sander MC. Contributions of representational distinctiveness and stability to memory performance and age differences. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2022; 29:443-462. [PMID: 34939904 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2021.2019184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Long-standing theories of cognitive aging suggest that memory decline is associated with age-related differences in the way information is neurally represented. Multivariate pattern similarity analyses enabled researchers to take a representational perspective on brain and cognition, and allowed them to study the properties of neural representations that support successful episodic memory. Two representational properties have been identified as crucial for memory performance, namely the distinctiveness and the stability of neural representations. Here, we review studies that used multivariate analysis tools for different neuroimaging techniques to clarify how these representational properties relate to memory performance across adulthood. While most evidence on age differences in neural representations involved stimulus category information , recent studies demonstrated that particularly item-level stability and specificity of activity patterns are linked to memory success and decline during aging. Overall, multivariate methods offer a versatile tool for our understanding of age differences in the neural representations underlying memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena R Sommer
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Myriam C Sander
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
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Izumika R, Cabeza R, Tsukiura T. Neural Mechanisms of Perceiving and Subsequently Recollecting Emotional Facial Expressions in Young and Older Adults. J Cogn Neurosci 2022; 34:1183-1204. [PMID: 35468212 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
It is known that emotional facial expressions modulate the perception and subsequent recollection of faces and that aging alters these modulatory effects. Yet, the underlying neural mechanisms are not well understood, and they were the focus of the current fMRI study. We scanned healthy young and older adults while perceiving happy, neutral, or angry faces paired with names. Participants were then provided with the names of the faces and asked to recall the facial expression of each face. fMRI analyses focused on the fusiform face area (FFA), the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), the OFC, the amygdala, and the hippocampus (HC). Univariate activity, multivariate pattern (MVPA), and functional connectivity analyses were performed. The study yielded two main sets of findings. First, in pSTS and the amygdala, univariate activity and MVPA discrimination during the processing of facial expressions were similar in young and older adults, whereas in FFA and OFC, MVPA discriminated facial expressions less accurately in older than young adults. These findings suggest that facial expression representations in FFA and OFC reflect age-related dedifferentiation and positivity effect. Second, HC-OFC connectivity showed subsequent memory effects (SMEs) for happy expressions in both age groups, HC-FFA connectivity exhibited SMEs for happy and neutral expressions in young adults, and HC-pSTS interactions displayed SMEs for happy expressions in older adults. These results could be related to compensatory mechanisms and positivity effects in older adults. Taken together, the results clarify the effects of aging on the neural mechanisms in perceiving and encoding facial expressions.
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Rivera DS, Lindsay CB, Oliva CA, Bozinovic F, Inestrosa NC. A Multivariate Assessment of Age-Related Cognitive Impairment in Octodon degus. Front Integr Neurosci 2021; 15:719076. [PMID: 34526882 PMCID: PMC8437396 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2021.719076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a progressive functional decline characterized by a gradual deterioration in physiological function and behavior. The most important age-related change in cognitive function is decline in cognitive performance (i.e., the processing or transformation of information to make decisions that includes speed of processing, working memory, and learning). The purpose of this study is to outline the changes in age-related cognitive performance (i.e., short-term recognition memory and long-term learning and memory) in long-lived Octodon degus. The strong similarity between degus and humans in social, metabolic, biochemical, and cognitive aspects makes it a unique animal model for exploring the mechanisms underlying the behavioral and cognitive deficits related to natural aging. In this study, we examined young adult female degus (12- and 24-months-old) and aged female degus (38-, 56-, and 75-months-old) that were exposed to a battery of cognitive-behavioral tests. Multivariate analyses of data from the Social Interaction test or Novel Object/Local Recognition (to measure short-term recognition memory), and the Barnes maze test (to measure long-term learning and memory) revealed a consistent pattern. Young animals formed a separate group of aged degus for both short- and long-term memories. The association between the first component of the principal component analysis (PCA) from short-term memory with the first component of the PCA from long-term memory showed a significant negative correlation. This suggests age-dependent differences in both memories, with the aged degus having higher values of long-term memory ability but poor short-term recognition memory, whereas in the young degus an opposite pattern was found. Approximately 5% of the young and 80% of the aged degus showed an impaired short-term recognition memory; whereas for long-term memory about 32% of the young degus and 57% of the aged degus showed decreased performance on the Barnes maze test. Throughout this study, we outlined age-dependent cognitive performance decline during natural aging in degus. Moreover, we also demonstrated that the use of a multivariate approach let us explore and visualize complex behavioral variables, and identified specific behavioral patterns that allowed us to make powerful conclusions that will facilitate further the study on the biology of aging. In addition, this study could help predict the onset of the aging process based on behavioral performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Rivera
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology and Environment, Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina B Lindsay
- Center of Aging and Regeneration UC (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina A Oliva
- Center of Aging and Regeneration UC (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Center of Aging and Regeneration UC (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
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Die Gehirnaktivität von Superagern. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1525-8077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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