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Jordan N, Emanuelle R. Hands off, brain off? A meta-analysis of neuroimaging data during active and passive driving. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3272. [PMID: 37828722 PMCID: PMC10726911 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Car driving is more and more automated, to such an extent that driving without active steering control is becoming a reality. Although active driving requires the use of visual information to guide actions (i.e., steering the vehicle), passive driving only requires looking at the driving scene without any need to act (i.e., the human is passively driven). MATERIALS & METHODS After a careful search of the scientific literature, 11 different studies, providing 17 contrasts, were used to run a comprehensive meta-analysis contrasting active driving with passive driving. RESULTS Two brain regions were recruited more consistently for active driving compared to passive driving, the left precentral gyrus (BA3 and BA4) and the left postcentral gyrus (BA4 and BA3/40), whereas a set of brain regions was recruited more consistently in passive driving compared to active driving: the left middle frontal gyrus (BA6), the right anterior lobe and the left posterior lobe of the cerebellum, the right sub-lobar thalamus, the right anterior prefrontal cortex (BA10), the right inferior occipital gyrus (BA17/18/19), the right inferior temporal gyrus (BA37), and the left cuneus (BA17). DISCUSSION From a theoretical perspective, these findings support the idea that the output requirement of the visual scanning process engaged for the same activity can trigger different cerebral pathways, associated with different cognitive processes. A dorsal stream dominance was found during active driving, whereas a ventral stream dominance was obtained during passive driving. From a practical perspective, and contrary to the dominant position in the Human Factors community, our findings support the idea that a transition from passive to active driving would remain challenging as passive and active driving engage distinct neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navarro Jordan
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082)Université de LyonBron Cedex, LyonFrance
- Institut Universitaire de FranceParisFrance
| | - Reynaud Emanuelle
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082)Université de LyonBron Cedex, LyonFrance
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2
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Schröder R, Keidel K, Trautner P, Radbruch A, Ettinger U. Neural mechanisms of background and velocity effects in smooth pursuit eye movements. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 44:1002-1018. [PMID: 36331125 PMCID: PMC9875926 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) are essential to guide behaviour in complex visual environments. SPEM accuracy is known to be degraded by the presence of a structured visual background and at higher target velocities. The aim of this preregistered study was to investigate the neural mechanisms of these robust behavioural effects. N = 33 participants performed a SPEM task with two background conditions (present and absent) at two target velocities (0.4 and 0.6 Hz). Eye movement and BOLD data were collected simultaneously. Both the presence of a structured background and faster target velocity decreased pursuit gain and increased catch-up saccade rate. Faster targets additionally increased position error. Higher BOLD response with background was found in extensive clusters in visual, parietal, and frontal areas (including the medial frontal eye fields; FEF) partially overlapping with the known SPEM network. Faster targets were associated with higher BOLD response in visual cortex and left lateral FEF. Task-based functional connectivity analyses (psychophysiological interactions; PPI) largely replicated previous results in the basic SPEM network but did not yield additional information regarding the neural underpinnings of the background and velocity effects. The results show that the presentation of visual background stimuli during SPEM induces activity in a widespread visuo-parieto-frontal network including areas contributing to cognitive aspects of oculomotor control such as medial FEF, whereas the response to higher target velocity involves visual and motor areas such as lateral FEF. Therefore, we were able to propose for the first time different functions of the medial and lateral FEF during SPEM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristof Keidel
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany,Department of FinanceThe University of MelbourneAustralia
| | - Peter Trautner
- Institute for Experimental Epileptology and Cognition ResearchUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Alexander Radbruch
- Clinic of NeuroradiologyUniversity HospitalBonnGermany,Clinical NeuroimagingGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
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3
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McDonald MA, Stevenson CH, Kersten HM, Danesh-Meyer HV. Eye Movement Abnormalities in Glaucoma Patients: A Review. Eye Brain 2022; 14:83-114. [PMID: 36105571 PMCID: PMC9467299 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s361946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common condition that relies on careful clinical assessment to diagnose and determine disease progression. There is growing evidence that glaucoma is associated not only with loss of retinal ganglion cells but also with degeneration of cortical and subcortical brain structures associated with vision and eye movements. The effect of glaucoma pathophysiology on eye movements is not well understood. In this review, we examine the evidence surrounding altered eye movements in glaucoma patients compared to healthy controls, with a focus on quantitative eye tracking studies measuring saccades, fixation, and optokinetic nystagmus in a range of visual tasks. The evidence suggests that glaucoma patients have alterations in several eye movement domains. Patients exhibit longer saccade latencies, which worsen with increasing glaucoma severity. Other saccadic abnormalities include lower saccade amplitude and velocity, and difficulty inhibiting reflexive saccades. Fixation is pathologically altered in glaucoma with reduced stability. Optokinetic nystagmus measures have also been shown to be abnormal. Complex visual tasks (eg reading, driving, and navigating obstacles), integrate these eye movements and result in behavioral adaptations. The review concludes with a summary of the evidence and recommendations for future research in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A McDonald
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clark H Stevenson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hannah M Kersten
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Eye Institute, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen V Danesh-Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Eye Institute, Auckland, New Zealand
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4
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McDonald MA, Tayebi M, McGeown JP, Kwon EE, Holdsworth SJ, Danesh-Meyer HV. A window into eye movement dysfunction following mTBI: A scoping review of magnetic resonance imaging and eye tracking findings. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2714. [PMID: 35861623 PMCID: PMC9392543 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), commonly known as concussion, is a complex neurobehavioral phenomenon affecting six in 1000 people globally each year. Symptoms last between days and years as microstructural damage to axons and neurometabolic changes result in brain network disruption. There is no clinically available objective biomarker to diagnose the severity of injury or monitor recovery. However, emerging evidence suggests eye movement dysfunction (e.g., saccades and smooth pursuits) in patients with mTBI. Patients with a higher symptom burden and prolonged recovery time following injury may show higher degrees of eye movement dysfunction. Likewise, recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have revealed both white matter tract damage and functional network alterations in mTBI patients, which involve areas responsible for the ocular motor control. This scoping review is presented in three sections: Section 1 explores the anatomical control of eye movements to aid the reader with interpreting the discussion in subsequent sections. Section 2 examines the relationship between abnormal MRI findings and eye tracking after mTBI based on the available evidence. Finally, Section 3 communicates gaps in our knowledge about MRI and eye tracking, which should be addressed in order to substantiate this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A McDonald
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Mātai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne, New Zealand
| | - Maryam Tayebi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joshua P McGeown
- Mātai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne, New Zealand.,Auckland University of Technology Traumatic Brain Injury Network, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eryn E Kwon
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Mātai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne, New Zealand.,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Samantha J Holdsworth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Mātai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen V Danesh-Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Eye Institute, Auckland, New Zealand
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5
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Smith ES, Crawford TJ. Positive and Negative Symptoms Are Associated with Distinct Effects on Predictive Saccades. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040418. [PMID: 35447950 PMCID: PMC9025332 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The predictive saccade task is a motor learning paradigm requiring saccades to track a visual target moving in a predictable pattern. Previous research has explored extensively anti-saccade deficits observed across psychosis, but less is known about predictive saccade-related mechanisms. The dataset analysed came from the studies of Crawford et al, published in 1995, where neuroleptically medicated schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder patients were compared with non-medicated patients and control participants using a predictive saccade paradigm. The participant groups consisted of medicated schizophrenia patients (n = 40), non-medicated schizophrenia patients (n = 18), medicated bipolar disorder patients (n = 14), non-medicated bipolar disorder patients (n = 18), and controls (n = 31). The current analyses explore relationships between predictive saccades and symptomatology, and the potential interaction of medication. Analyses revealed that the schizophrenia and bipolar disorder diagnostic categories are indistinguishable in patterns of predictive control across several saccadic parameters, supporting a dimensional hypothesis. Once collapsed into predominantly high-/low- negative/positive symptoms, regardless of diagnosis, differences were revealed, with significant hypometria and lower gain in those with more negative symptoms. This illustrates how the presentation of the deficits is homogeneous across diagnosis, but heterogeneous when surveyed by symptomatology; attesting that a diagnostic label is less informative than symptomatology when exploring predictive saccades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor S. Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK;
| | - Trevor J. Crawford
- Centre for Ageing Research, Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YF, UK
- Correspondence:
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6
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Liang CW. Inhibitory attentional control under cognitive load in social anxiety: An investigation using a novel dual-task paradigm. Behav Res Ther 2021; 144:103925. [PMID: 34242838 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2021.103925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that socially anxious (SA) individuals exhibit poorer attentional inhibition than their non-anxious (NA) counterparts. Attentional control theory presumes that cognitive load worsens the adverse effects of anxiety on attentional inhibition. However, previous studies examined the effects of cognitive load on attentional inhibition in social anxiety yielded inconsistent results. In this study, cognitive load was manipulated by adding a 1-back (low cognitive load) and 2-back task (high cognitive load) to the emotional antisaccade task, investigating the effects of cognitive load on attentional inhibition in the presence of social evaluative stimuli in SA and NA individuals. Results revealed that cognitive load improved the efficiency but impeded the effectiveness of inhibitory attentional control in SA participants. Under high cognitive load, SA participants made more erroneous saccades for threat-related than nonthreat-related faces while NA participants showed no differences in error rates among different face types. Moreover, regardless of cognitive levels, SA participants had shorter saccade latencies for angry faces than happy and neutral faces. NA participants did not show differences in saccade latencies among different face types. Implications of these findings for understanding the role that cognitive load plays in the processes of attentional control and interventions for social anxiety are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wen Liang
- Department of Psychology, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City, 320314, Taiwan, ROC.
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7
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Wylie GR, Chiaravalloti ND, Weber E, Genova HM, Dyson-Hudson TA, Wecht JM. The Neural Mechanisms Underlying Processing Speed Deficits in Individuals Who Have Sustained a Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study. Brain Topogr 2020; 33:776-784. [PMID: 32978697 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-020-00798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine differences in brain activation during a processing-speed task in individuals with SCI compared to a group of age-matched healthy controls and to a group of older healthy controls. Ten individuals with cervical SCI (C3-C5), 10 age-matched healthy controls and 10 older healthy controls participated in a cross-sectional study in which performance on neuropsychological tests of processing speed and brain activation were the main outcome measures. The brain areas used by the individuals with SCI during the processing-speed task differed significantly from the age-matched healthy controls, but were similar to the older control cohort, and included activation in frontal, parietal and hippocampal areas. This suggests that individuals with SCI may compensate for processing-speed deficits by relying on brain regions that classically support control cognitive processes such as executive control and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn R Wylie
- Kessler Foundation, Rocco Ortenzio Neuroimaging Center, 1199 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, NJ, 07052, USA.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers-NJ Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
- Department of Veterans' Affairs, War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, East Orange, NJ, USA.
| | - Nancy D Chiaravalloti
- Kessler Foundation, Rocco Ortenzio Neuroimaging Center, 1199 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, NJ, 07052, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers-NJ Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Erica Weber
- Kessler Foundation, Rocco Ortenzio Neuroimaging Center, 1199 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, NJ, 07052, USA
| | - Helen M Genova
- Kessler Foundation, Rocco Ortenzio Neuroimaging Center, 1199 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, NJ, 07052, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers-NJ Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Trevor A Dyson-Hudson
- Kessler Foundation, Rocco Ortenzio Neuroimaging Center, 1199 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, NJ, 07052, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers-NJ Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jill M Wecht
- Department of Veterans' Affairs, RR&D National Center for the Medical Consequences of SCI, James J. Peters VAMC, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Vaca-Palomares I, Brien DC, Coe BC, Ochoa-Morales A, Martínez-Ruano L, Munoz DP, Fernandez-Ruiz J. Implicit learning impairment identified via predictive saccades in Huntington's disease correlates with extended cortico-striatal atrophy. Cortex 2019; 121:89-103. [PMID: 31550618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability to anticipate events and execute motor commands prior to a sensory event is an essential capability for human's everyday life. This implicitly learned anticipatory behavior depends on the past performance of repeated sensorimotor interactions timed with external cues. This kind of predictive behavior has been shown to be compromised in neurological disorders such as Huntington disease (HD), in which neural atrophy includes key cortical and basal ganglia regions. To investigate the neural basis of the anticipatory behavioral deficits in HD we used a predictive-saccade paradigm that requires predictive control to generate saccades in a metronomic temporal pattern. This is ideal because the integrity of the oculomotor network that includes the striatum and prefrontal, parietal, occipital and temporal cortices can be analyzed using structural MRI. Our results showed that the HD patients had severe predictive saccade deficits (i.e., an inability to reduce saccade reaction time in predictive condition), which are accentuated in patients with more severe motor deterioration. Structural imaging analyses revealed that these anticipatory deficits correlated with grey-matter atrophy in frontal, parietal-occipital and striatal regions. These findings indicate that the predictive saccade control deficits in HD are related to an extended cortico-striatal atrophy. This suggests that eye movement measurement could be a reliable marker of the progression of cognitive deficits in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vaca-Palomares
- Ciencias Cognitivas y del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Donald C Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brian C Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Adriana Ochoa-Morales
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, "Manuel Velasco Suarez", CDMX, Mexico
| | - Leticia Martínez-Ruano
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, "Manuel Velasco Suarez", CDMX, Mexico
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Juan Fernandez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico.
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9
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Talanow T, Kasparbauer AM, Lippold JV, Weber B, Ettinger U. Neural correlates of proactive and reactive inhibition of saccadic eye movements. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 14:72-88. [PMID: 30298238 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9972-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Although research on goal-directed, proactive inhibitory control (IC) and stimulus-driven, reactive IC is growing, no previous study has compared proactive IC in conditions of uncertainty with regard to upcoming inhibition to conditions of certain upcoming IC. Therefore, we investigated effects of certainty and uncertainty on behavior and blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in proactive and reactive IC. In two studies, healthy adults performed saccadic go/no-go and prosaccade/antisaccade tasks. The certainty manipulation had a highly significant behavioral effect in both studies, with inhibitory control being more successful under certain than uncertain conditions on both tasks (p ≤ 0.001). Saccadic go responses were significantly less efficient under conditions of uncertainty than certain responding (p < 0.001). Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (one study) revealed a dissociation of certainty- and uncertainty-related proactive inhibitory neural correlates in the go/no-go task, with lateral and medial prefrontal and occipital cortex showing stronger deactivations during uncertainty than during certain upcoming inhibition, and lateral parietal cortex being activated more strongly during certain upcoming inhibition than uncertainty or certain upcoming responding. In the antisaccade task, proactive BOLD effects arose due to stronger deactivations in uncertain response conditions of both tasks and before certain prosaccades than antisaccades. Reactive inhibition-related BOLD increases occurred in inferior parietal cortex and supramarginal gyrus (SMG) in the go/no-go task only. Proactive IC may imply focusing attention on the external environment for encoding salient or alerting events as well as inhibitory mechanisms that reduce potentially distracting neural processes. SMG and inferior parietal cortex may play an important role in both proactive and reactive IC of saccades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Talanow
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Julia V Lippold
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Weber
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Centre for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Ettinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, 53111, Bonn, Germany.
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10
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Lencer R, Yao L, Reilly JL, Keedy SK, McDowell JE, Keshavan MS, Pearlson GD, Tamminga CA, Gershon ES, Clementz BA, Lui S, Sweeney JA. Alterations in intrinsic fronto-thalamo-parietal connectivity are associated with cognitive control deficits in psychotic disorders. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:163-174. [PMID: 30260540 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a growing number of reports about alterations in intrinsic/resting brain activity observed in patients with psychotic disorders, their relevance to well-established cognitive control deficits in this patient group is not well understood. Totally 88 clinically stabilized patients with a psychotic disorder and 50 healthy controls participated in a resting-state magnetic resonance imaging study (rs-MRI) and performed an antisaccade task in the laboratory to assess voluntary inhibitory control ability. Deficits on this task are a well-established biomarker across psychotic disorders as we found in the present patient sample. First, regional cerebral function was evaluated by measuring the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) in rs-MRI BOLD signals. We found reduced ALFF in patients in regions known to be relevant to antisaccade task performance including bilateral frontal eye fields (FEF), supplementary eye fields (SEF) and thalamus. Second, areas with ALFF alterations were used as seed areas in whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) analysis. Altered FC was observed in a fronto-thalamo-parietal network that was associated with inhibition error rate in patients but not in controls. In contrast, faster time to generate a correct antisaccade was associated with FC in FEF and SEF in controls but this effect was not seen in patients. These findings establish a behavioral relevance of resting-state fMRI findings in psychotic disorders, and extend previous reports of alterations in fronto-thalamo-parietal network activation during antisaccade performance seen in task-based fMRI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Lencer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - James L Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Sarah K Keedy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deacones Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale School of Medicine, and Olin Research Center, Institute of Living/Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Su Lui
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
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11
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A rightward saccade to an unexpected stimulus as a marker for lateralised visuospatial attention. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7562. [PMID: 29765090 PMCID: PMC5954050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25890-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain is lateralised to the right for visuospatial attention, particularly when reorienting attention to unexpected stimuli. However, the developmental characteristics of lateralisation remain unclear. To address this question, we devised a saccade task applicable for both adults and children. To assess the utility of this system, we investigated the correlation between line bisection test performance and the saccade task for 54 healthy adult volunteers. Participants followed a visual target that jumped 10 times, alternating between two fixed positions across the midline with a constant pace. In both the rightward and leftward directions, saccadic reaction time (RT) to the target jump decreased and reached a plateau from the first to the tenth jumps. Furthermore, we obtained the time required for reorienting in the contralateral hemisphere using the corrected value of the first RT. We found that longer corrected RTs in the rightward saccade were associated with greater deviation to the left in the line bisection task. This correlation was not observed for leftward saccades. Thus, corrected RTs in rightward saccades reflected the strength of individual hemispheric lateralisation. In conclusion, the rightward saccade task provides a suitable marker for lateralised visuospatial attention, and for investigating the development of lateralisation.
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12
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Lukasova K, Nucci MP, Neto RMDA, Vieira G, Sato JR, Amaro E. Predictive saccades in children and adults: A combined fMRI and eye tracking study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196000. [PMID: 29718927 PMCID: PMC5931500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccades were assessed in 21 adults (age 24 years, SD = 4) and 15 children (age 11 years, SD = 1), using combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and eye-tracking. Subjects visually tracked a point on a horizontal line in four conditions: time and position predictable task (PRED), position predictable (pPRED), time predictable (tPRED) and visually guided saccades (SAC). Both groups in the PRED but not in pPRED, tPRED and SAC produced predictive saccades with latency below 80 ms. In task versus group comparisons, children's showed less efficient learning compared to adults for predictive saccades (adults = 48%, children = 34%, p = 0.05). In adults brain activation was found in the frontal and occipital regions in the PRED, in the intraparietal sulcus in pPRED and in the frontal eye field, posterior intraparietal sulcus and medial regions in the tPRED task. Group-task interaction was found in the supplementary eye field and visual cortex in the PRED task, and the frontal cortex including the right frontal eye field and left frontal pole, in the pPRED condition. These results indicate that, the basic visuomotor circuitry is present in both adults and children, but fine-tuning of the activation according to the task temporal and spatial demand mature late in child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Lukasova
- LIM-44, NIF - Neuroimagem Funcional, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Mariana P. Nucci
- LIM-44, NIF - Neuroimagem Funcional, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gilson Vieira
- LIM-44, NIF - Neuroimagem Funcional, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Inter-institutional Grad Program on Bioinformatics, IME-USP, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João R. Sato
- Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Amaro
- LIM-44, NIF - Neuroimagem Funcional, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Zhang S, Li CSR. Functional Connectivity Parcellation of the Human Thalamus by Independent Component Analysis. Brain Connect 2017; 7:602-616. [PMID: 28954523 PMCID: PMC5695755 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2017.0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key structure to relay and integrate information, the thalamus supports multiple cognitive and affective functions through the connectivity between its subnuclei and cortical and subcortical regions. Although extant studies have largely described thalamic regional functions in anatomical terms, evidence accumulates to suggest a more complex picture of subareal activities and connectivities of the thalamus. In this study, we aimed to parcellate the thalamus and examine whole-brain connectivity of its functional clusters. With resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 96 adults, we used independent component analysis (ICA) to parcellate the thalamus into 10 components. On the basis of the independence assumption, ICA helps to identify how subclusters overlap spatially. Whole brain functional connectivity of each subdivision was computed for independent component's time course (ICtc), which is a unique time series to represent an IC. For comparison, we computed seed-region-based functional connectivity using the averaged time course across all voxels within a thalamic subdivision. The results showed that, at p < 10-6, corrected, 49% of voxels on average overlapped among subdivisions. Compared with seed-region analysis, ICtc analysis revealed patterns of connectivity that were more distinguished between thalamic clusters. ICtc analysis demonstrated thalamic connectivity to the primary motor cortex, which has eluded the analysis as well as previous studies based on averaged time series, and clarified thalamic connectivity to the hippocampus, caudate nucleus, and precuneus. The new findings elucidate functional organization of the thalamus and suggest that ICA clustering in combination with ICtc rather than seed-region analysis better distinguishes whole-brain connectivities among functional clusters of a brain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Chiang-Shan R. Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
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14
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Noiret N, Carvalho N, Laurent É, Chopard G, Binetruy M, Nicolier M, Monnin J, Magnin E, Vandel P. Saccadic Eye Movements and Attentional Control in Alzheimer's Disease. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 33:1-13. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Lee SM, Peltsch A, Kilmade M, Brien DC, Coe BC, Johnsrude IS, Munoz DP. Neural Correlates of Predictive Saccades. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 28:1210-27. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Every day we generate motor responses that are timed with external cues. This phenomenon of sensorimotor synchronization has been simplified and studied extensively using finger tapping sequences that are executed in synchrony with auditory stimuli. The predictive saccade paradigm closely resembles the finger tapping task. In this paradigm, participants follow a visual target that “steps” between two fixed locations on a visual screen at predictable ISIs. Eventually, the time from target appearance to saccade initiation (i.e., saccadic RT) becomes predictive with values nearing 0 msec. Unlike the finger tapping literature, neural control of predictive behavior described within the eye movement literature has not been well established and is inconsistent, especially between neuroimaging and patient lesion studies. To resolve these discrepancies, we used fMRI to investigate the neural correlates of predictive saccades by contrasting brain areas involved with behavior generated from the predictive saccade task with behavior generated from a reactive saccade task (saccades are generated toward targets that are unpredictably timed). We observed striking differences in neural recruitment between reactive and predictive conditions: Reactive saccades recruited oculomotor structures, as predicted, whereas predictive saccades recruited brain structures that support timing in motor responses, such as the crus I of the cerebellum, and structures commonly associated with the default mode network. Therefore, our results were more consistent with those found in the finger tapping literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ingrid S. Johnsrude
- 1Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- 2Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Cieslik EC, Seidler I, Laird AR, Fox PT, Eickhoff SB. Different involvement of subregions within dorsal premotor and medial frontal cortex for pro- and antisaccades. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:256-269. [PMID: 27211526 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The antisaccade task has been widely used to investigate cognitive action control. While the general network for saccadic eye movements is well defined, the exact location of eye fields within the frontal cortex strongly varies between studies. It is unknown whether this inconsistency reflects spatial uncertainty or is the result of different involvement of subregions for specific aspects of eye movement control. The aim of the present study was to examine functional differentiations within the frontal cortex by integrating results from neuroimaging studies analyzing pro- and antisaccade behavior using meta-analyses. The results provide evidence for a differential functional specialization of neighboring oculomotor frontal regions, with lateral frontal eye fields (FEF) and supplementary eye field (SEF) more often involved in prosaccades while medial FEF and anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC) revealed consistent stronger involvement for antisaccades. This dissociation was furthermore mirrored by functional connectivity analyses showing that the lateral FEF and SEF are embedded in a motor output network, while medial FEF and aMCC are integrated in a multiple demand network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna C Cieslik
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1) Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Isabelle Seidler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Angela R Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Peter T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, TX, USA; Research Service, South Texas Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; State Key Laboratory for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1) Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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17
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Voges C, Helmchen C, Heide W, Sprenger A. Ganzfeld stimulation or sleep enhance long term motor memory consolidation compared to normal viewing in saccadic adaptation paradigm. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123831. [PMID: 25867186 PMCID: PMC4395077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of saccade amplitude in response to intra-saccadic target displacement is a type of implicit motor learning which is required to compensate for physiological changes in saccade performance. Once established trials without intra-saccadic target displacement lead to de-adaptation or extinction, which has been attributed either to extra-retinal mechanisms of spatial constancy or to the influence of the stable visual surroundings. Therefore we investigated whether visual deprivation ("Ganzfeld"-stimulation or sleep) can partially maintain this motor learning compared to free viewing of the natural surroundings. Thirty-five healthy volunteers performed two adaptation blocks of 100 inward adaptation trials - interspersed by an extinction block - which were followed by a two-hour break with or without visual deprivation (VD). Using additional adaptation and extinction blocks short and long (4 weeks) term memory of this implicit motor learning were tested. In the short term, motor memory tested immediately after free viewing was superior to adaptation performance after VD. In the long run, however, effects were opposite: motor memory and relearning of adaptation was superior in the VD conditions. This could imply independent mechanisms that underlie the short-term ability of retrieving learned saccadic gain and its long term consolidation. We suggest that subjects mainly rely on visual cues (i.e., retinal error) in the free viewing condition which makes them prone to changes of the visual stimulus in the extinction block. This indicates the role of a stable visual array for resetting adapted saccade amplitudes. In contrast, visual deprivation (GS and sleep), might train subjects to rely on extra-retinal cues, e.g., efference copy or prediction to remap their internal representations of saccade targets, thus leading to better consolidation of saccadic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Voges
- Department of Neurology, University Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Heide
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital Celle, Celle, Germany
| | - Andreas Sprenger
- Department of Neurology, University Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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18
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Keedy SK, Reilly JL, Bishop JR, Weiden PJ, Sweeney JA. Impact of antipsychotic treatment on attention and motor learning systems in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:355-65. [PMID: 24894883 PMCID: PMC4332935 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antipsychotic medications have established clinical benefit, but there are few neuroimaging studies before and after initiating antipsychotic medication to assess drug influence on brain circuitry. Attention and motor learning tasks are promising approaches for examining treatment-related changes in frontostriatal systems. METHODS Twenty-one unmedicated first-episode schizophrenia patients (14 antipsychotic-naïve) participated in functional imaging studies while performing visual attention (prosaccades) and motor learning tasks (predictive saccades). Posttreatment testing was completed in 14 patients after 4-6 weeks of antipsychotic treatment. Matched healthy controls were studied in parallel. RESULTS Pretreatment, patients had reduced activation in the dorsal neocortical visual attention network. Activation deficits were significantly reduced posttreatment. Higher medication dose was associated with greater caudate activation at follow-up. For the motor learning task, patients' dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was unimpaired prior to treatment but showed significantly reduced activation after treatment. CONCLUSION Impairments in dorsal cortical attention networks are present in untreated first-episode schizophrenia patients. These impairments are reduced after antipsychotic treatment, suggesting a beneficial effect on neural systems for attention. Treatment-emergent decreases in DLPFC activation observed for the motor learning task are consistent with other clinical and preclinical evidence suggesting that antipsychotics can have adverse effects on prefrontal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Keedy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL;
| | - James L Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Jeffrey R Bishop
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Peter J Weiden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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19
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Keedy SK, Bishop JR, Weiden PJ, Sweeney JA, Rosen C, Marvin R, Reilly JL. Disease and drug effects on internally-generated and externally-elicited responses in first episode schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 2014; 159:101-6. [PMID: 25112158 PMCID: PMC4177289 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurocognitive deficits are associated with most psychotic disorders, but may differ across diagnosis and by treatment status. This ambiguity is partly addressed in longitudinal pre/post treatment studies with first episode patients. Antipsychotic-naïve first-episode schizophrenia patients have shown intact performance on a predictive saccade task that assesses simple motor learning, spatial abilities, and response planning. After antipsychotic treatment, however, schizophrenia patients performing this task show a selective impairment in the accuracy of anticipatory responses, generated from learned internal representations of the task stimulus. This finding is in line with other observations of antipsychotic medication effects on frontostriatal systems, particularly dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We sought to replicate this provocative finding with an independent sample of antipsychotic-naïve first-episode schizophrenia patients and extend it by including a group of patients with first episode bipolar disorder with psychosis (BDP). Matched healthy controls were also studied in parallel. Schizophrenia patients demonstrated intact performance pretreatment followed by impairment post-treatment for accuracy of anticipatory responses, and worse accuracy was associated with higher antipsychotic dose. BDP patients displayed saccade accuracy deficits before and after treatment and had no correlation of performance and antipsychotic dose. The findings suggest different neural alterations early in the course of each psychotic disorder, and different vulnerabilities to antipsychotic treatment effects between schizophrenia and BDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Keedy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC3077, University of Chicago, IL, 60637,Corresponding author: ph. 773 834-7178, fax 773 834-4536
| | - Jeffrey R. Bishop
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Peter J. Weiden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - John A. Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Cherise Rosen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Robert Marvin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - James L. Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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20
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Bharadwaj HM, Lee AKC, Shinn-Cunningham BG. Measuring auditory selective attention using frequency tagging. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 8:6. [PMID: 24550794 PMCID: PMC3913882 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequency tagging of sensory inputs (presenting stimuli that fluctuate periodically at rates to which the cortex can phase lock) has been used to study attentional modulation of neural responses to inputs in different sensory modalities. For visual inputs, the visual steady-state response (VSSR) at the frequency modulating an attended object is enhanced, while the VSSR to a distracting object is suppressed. In contrast, the effect of attention on the auditory steady-state response (ASSR) is inconsistent across studies. However, most auditory studies analyzed results at the sensor level or used only a small number of equivalent current dipoles to fit cortical responses. In addition, most studies of auditory spatial attention used dichotic stimuli (independent signals at the ears) rather than more natural, binaural stimuli. Here, we asked whether these methodological choices help explain discrepant results. Listeners attended to one of two competing speech streams, one simulated from the left and one from the right, that were modulated at different frequencies. Using distributed source modeling of magnetoencephalography results, we estimate how spatially directed attention modulates the ASSR in neural regions across the whole brain. Attention enhances the ASSR power at the frequency of the attended stream in contralateral auditory cortex. The attended-stream modulation frequency also drives phase-locked responses in the left (but not right) precentral sulcus (lPCS), a region implicated in control of eye gaze and visual spatial attention. Importantly, this region shows no phase locking to the distracting stream. Results suggest that the lPCS in engaged in an attention-specific manner. Modeling results that take account of the geometry and phases of the cortical sources phase locked to the two streams (including hemispheric asymmetry of lPCS activity) help to explain why past ASSR studies of auditory spatial attention yield seemingly contradictory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari M Bharadwaj
- Center for Computational Neuroscience and Neural Technology, Boston University Boston, MA, USA ; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Charlestown, MA, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adrian K C Lee
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Charlestown, MA, USA ; Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Barbara G Shinn-Cunningham
- Center for Computational Neuroscience and Neural Technology, Boston University Boston, MA, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Burke M, Bramley P, Gonzalez C, McKeefry D. The contribution of the right supra-marginal gyrus to sequence learning in eye movements. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:3048-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Lukasova K, Sommer J, Nucci-da-Silva MP, Vieira G, Blanke M, Bremmer F, Sato JR, Kircher T, Amaro E. Test-retest reliability of fMRI activation generated by different saccade tasks. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 40:37-46. [PMID: 24307559 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the reproducibility of brain-activation and eye-movement patterns in a saccade paradigm when comparing subjects, tasks, and magnetic resonance (MR) systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-five healthy adults at two different sites (n = 45) performed saccade tasks with varying levels of target predictability: predictable (PRED), position predictable (pPRED), time predictable (tPRED), and prosaccade (SAC). Eye-movement pattern was tested with a repeated-measures analysis of variance. Activation maps reproducibility were estimated with the cluster overlap Jaccard index and signal variance coefficient of determination for within-subjects test-retest data, and for between-subjects data from the same and different sites. RESULTS In all groups latencies increased with decreasing target predictability: PRED < pPRED < tPRED < SAC (P < 0,001). Activation overlap was good to fair (>0.40) in all tasks in the within-subjects test-retest comparisons and poor (<0.40) in the tPRED for different subjects. The overlap of the different tasks for within-groups data was higher (0.40-0.68) than for the between-groups data (0.30-0.50). Activation consistency was 60-85% in the same subjects, 50-79% in different subjects, and 50-80% in different sites. In SAC, the activation found in the same and in different subjects was more consistent than in other tasks (50-80%). CONCLUSION The predictive saccade tasks produced evidence for brain-activation and eye-movement reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Lukasova
- NIF/LIM44, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Faculty of Psychology, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Burke MR, Barnes GR. In pursuit of delay-related brain activity for anticipatory eye movements. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73326. [PMID: 24039911 PMCID: PMC3767777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
How the brain stores motion information and subsequently uses it to follow a moving target is largely unknown. This is mainly due to previous fMRI studies using paradigms in which the eye movements cannot be segregated from the storage of this motion information. To avoid this problem we used a novel paradigm designed in our lab in which we interlaced a delay (2, 4 or 6 seconds) between the 1st and 2nd presentation of a moving stimulus. Using this design we could examine brain activity during a delay period using fMRI and have subsequently found a number of brain areas that reveal sustained activity during predictive pursuit. These areas include, the V5 complex and superior parietal lobe. This study provides new evidence for the network involved in the storage of visual information to generate early motor responses in pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R. Burke
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Graham R. Barnes
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancashire, United Kingdom
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24
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Manoach DS, Lee AKC, Hämäläinen MS, Dyckman KA, Friedman J, Vangel M, Goff DC, Barton JJ. Anomalous use of context during task preparation in schizophrenia: a magnetoencephalography study. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:967-75. [PMID: 23380717 PMCID: PMC3641151 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired ability to use contextual information to optimally prepare for tasks contributes to performance deficits in schizophrenia. We used magnetoencephalography and an antisaccade task to investigate the neural basis of this deficit. METHODS In schizophrenia patients and healthy control participants, we examined the difference in preparatory activation to cues indicating an impending antisaccade or prosaccade. We analyzed activation for correct trials only and focused on the network for volitional ocular motor control-frontal eye field (FEF), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), and the ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC, DLPFC). RESULTS Compared with control subjects, patients made more antisaccade errors and showed reduced differential preparatory activation in the dACC and increased differential preparatory activation in the VLPFC. In patients only, antisaccade error rates correlated with preparatory activation in the FEF, DLPFC, and VLPFC. CONCLUSIONS In schizophrenia, reduced differential preparatory activation of the dACC may reflect reduced signaling of the need for control. Greater preparatory activation in the VLPFC and the correlations of error rate with FEF, DLPFC, and VLPFC activation may reflect that patients who are more error prone require stronger activation in these regions for correct performance. These findings provide the first evidence of abnormal task preparation, distinct from response generation, during volitional saccades in schizophrenia. We conclude that schizophrenia patients are impaired in using task cues to modulate cognitive control and that this contributes to deficits inhibiting prepotent but contextually inappropriate responses and to behavior that is stimulus bound and error prone rather than flexibly guided by context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara S. Manoach
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Adrian K. C. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences (I-LABS), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7988
| | - Matti S. Hämäläinen
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kara A. Dyckman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jesse Friedman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mark Vangel
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Donald C. Goff
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jason J.S. Barton
- Departments of Neurology, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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25
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Graner J, Oakes TR, French LM, Riedy G. Functional MRI in the investigation of blast-related traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol 2013; 4:16. [PMID: 23460082 PMCID: PMC3586697 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the application of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to the investigation of blast-related traumatic brain injury (bTBI). Relatively little is known about the exact mechanisms of neurophysiological injury and pathological and functional sequelae of bTBI. Furthermore, in mild bTBI, standard anatomical imaging techniques (MRI and computed tomography) generally fail to show focal lesions and most of the symptoms present as subjective clinical functional deficits. Therefore, an objective test of brain functionality has great potential to aid in patient diagnosis and provide a sensitive measurement to monitor disease progression and treatment. The goal of this review is to highlight the relevant body of blast-related TBI literature and present suggestions and considerations in the development of fMRI studies for the investigation of bTBI. The review begins with a summary of recent bTBI publications followed by discussions of various elements of blast-related injury. Brief reviews of some fMRI techniques that focus on mental processes commonly disrupted by bTBI, including working memory, selective attention, and emotional processing, are presented in addition to a short review of resting state fMRI. Potential strengths and weaknesses of these approaches as regards bTBI are discussed. Finally, this review presents considerations that must be made when designing fMRI studies for bTBI populations, given the heterogeneous nature of bTBI and its high rate of comorbidity with other physical and psychological injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Graner
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Bethesda, MD, USA ; National Capital Neuroimaging Consortium, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, MD, USA
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26
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Diaz G, Cooper J, Rothkopf C, Hayhoe M. Saccades to future ball location reveal memory-based prediction in a virtual-reality interception task. J Vis 2013; 13:13.1.20. [PMID: 23325347 DOI: 10.1167/13.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite general agreement that prediction is a central aspect of perception, there is relatively little evidence concerning the basis on which visual predictions are made. Although both saccadic and pursuit eye-movements reveal knowledge of the future position of a moving visual target, in many of these studies targets move along simple trajectories through a fronto-parallel plane. Here, using a naturalistic and racquet-based interception task in a virtual environment, we demonstrate that subjects make accurate predictions of visual target motion, even when targets follow trajectories determined by the complex dynamics of physical interactions and the head and body are unrestrained. Furthermore, we found that, following a change in ball elasticity, subjects were able to accurately adjust their prebounce predictions of the ball's post-bounce trajectory. This suggests that prediction is guided by experience-based models of how information in the visual image will change over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Diaz
- Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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27
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Lee AKC, Rajaram S, Xia J, Bharadwaj H, Larson E, Hämäläinen MS, Shinn-Cunningham BG. Auditory selective attention reveals preparatory activity in different cortical regions for selection based on source location and source pitch. Front Neurosci 2013; 6:190. [PMID: 23335874 PMCID: PMC3538445 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to extract information in a rich environment, we focus on different features that allow us to direct attention to whatever source is of interest. The cortical network deployed during spatial attention, especially in vision, is well characterized. For example, visuospatial attention engages a frontoparietal network including the frontal eye fields (FEFs), which modulate activity in visual sensory areas to enhance the representation of an attended visual object. However, relatively little is known about the neural circuitry controlling attention directed to non-spatial features, or to auditory objects or features (either spatial or non-spatial). Here, using combined magnetoencephalography (MEG) and anatomical information obtained from MRI, we contrasted cortical activity when observers attended to different auditory features given the same acoustic mixture of two simultaneous spoken digits. Leveraging the fine temporal resolution of MEG, we establish that activity in left FEF is enhanced both prior to and throughout the auditory stimulus when listeners direct auditory attention to target location compared to when they focus on target pitch. In contrast, activity in the left posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS), a region previously associated with auditory pitch categorization, is greater when listeners direct attention to target pitch rather than target location. This differential enhancement is only significant after observers are instructed which cue to attend, but before the acoustic stimuli begin. We therefore argue that left FEF participates more strongly in directing auditory spatial attention, while the left STS aids auditory object selection based on the non-spatial acoustic feature of pitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian K C Lee
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Charlestown, MA, USA ; Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA ; Center for Computational Neuroscience and Neural Technology, Boston University Boston, MA, USA
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Larson E, Lee AKC. The cortical dynamics underlying effective switching of auditory spatial attention. Neuroimage 2013; 64:365-70. [PMID: 22974974 PMCID: PMC3508251 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful rapid deployment of attention to relevant sensory stimuli is critical for survival. In a complex environment, attention can be captured by salient events or be deployed volitionally. Furthermore, when multiple events are of interest concurrently, effective interaction with one's surroundings hinges on efficient top-down control of shifting attention. It has been hypothesized that two separate cortical networks coordinate attention shifts across multiple modalities. However, the cortical dynamics of these networks and their behavioral relevance to switching of auditory attention are unknown. Here we show that the strength of each subject's right temporoparietal junction (RTPJ, part of the ventral network) activation was highly correlated with their behavioral performance in an auditory task. We also provide evidence that the recruitment of the RTPJ likely precedes the right frontal eye fields (FEF; participating in both the dorsal and ventral networks) and middle frontal gyrus (MFG) by around 100 ms when subjects switch their auditory spatial attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Larson
- Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences University of Washington 1715 Columbia Road N, Box 357988 Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences University of Washington 1715 Columbia Road N, Box 357988 Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Adrian KC Lee
- Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences University of Washington 1715 Columbia Road N, Box 357988 Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences University of Washington 1715 Columbia Road N, Box 357988 Seattle, WA 98195 USA
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Bittencourt J, Velasques B, Teixeira S, Basile LF, Salles JI, Nardi AE, Budde H, Cagy M, Piedade R, Ribeiro P. Saccadic eye movement applications for psychiatric disorders. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013; 9:1393-409. [PMID: 24072973 PMCID: PMC3783508 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s45931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study presented here analyzed the patterns of relationship between oculomotor performance and psychopathology, focusing on depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and anxiety disorder. METHODS Scientific articles published from 1967 to 2013 in the PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge, Cochrane, and SciELO databases were reviewed. RESULTS Saccadic eye movement appears to be heavily involved in psychiatric diseases covered in this review via a direct mechanism. The changes seen in the execution of eye movement tasks in patients with psychopathologies of various studies confirm that eye movement is associated with the cognitive and motor system. CONCLUSION Saccadic eye movement changes appear to be heavily involved in the psychiatric disorders covered in this review and may be considered a possible marker of some disorders. The few existing studies that approach the topic demonstrate a need to improve the experimental paradigms, as well as the methods of analysis. Most of them report behavioral variables (latency/reaction time), though electrophysiological measures are absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Bittencourt
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Institute of Applied Neuroscience, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Neurophysiology and Neuropsychology of Attention, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Laboratory of Physical Therapy, Veiga de Almeida University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Neural activity in the macaque putamen associated with saccades and behavioral outcome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51596. [PMID: 23251586 PMCID: PMC3519730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that the basal ganglia nuclei form segregated, parallel loops with neocortical areas. The prevalent view is that the putamen is part of the motor loop, which receives inputs from sensorimotor areas, whereas the caudate, which receives inputs from frontal cortical eye fields and projects via the substantia nigra pars reticulata to the superior colliculus, belongs to the oculomotor loop. Tracer studies in monkeys and functional neuroimaging studies in human subjects, however, also suggest a potential role for the putamen in oculomotor control. To investigate the role of the putamen in saccadic eye movements, we recorded single neuron activity in the caudal putamen of two rhesus monkeys while they alternated between short blocks of pro- and anti-saccades. In each trial, the instruction cue was provided after the onset of the peripheral stimulus, thus the monkeys could either generate an immediate response to the stimulus based on the internal representation of the rule from the previous trial, or alternatively, could await the visual rule-instruction cue to guide their saccadic response. We found that a subset of putamen neurons showed saccade-related activity, that the preparatory mode (internally- versus externally-cued) influenced the expression of task-selectivity in roughly one third of the task-modulated neurons, and further that a large proportion of neurons encoded the outcome of the saccade. These results suggest that the caudal putamen may be part of the neural network for goal-directed saccades, wherein the monitoring of saccadic eye movements, context and performance feedback may be processed together to ensure optimal behavioural performance and outcomes are achieved during ongoing behaviour.
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Allman AA, Ettinger U, Joober R, O'Driscoll GA. Effects of methylphenidate on basic and higher-order oculomotor functions. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:1471-9. [PMID: 22588495 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112446531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Eye movements are sensitive indicators of pharmacological effects on sensorimotor and cognitive processing. Methylphenidate (MPH) is one of the most prescribed medications in psychiatry. It is increasingly used as a cognitive enhancer by healthy individuals. However, little is known of its effect on healthy cognition. Here we used oculomotor tests to evaluate the effects of MPH on basic oculomotor and executive functions. Twenty-nine males were given 20mg of MPH orally in a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design. Participants performed visually-guided saccades, sinusoidal smooth pursuit, predictive saccades and antisaccades one hour post-capsule administration. Heart rate and blood pressure were assessed prior to capsule administration, and again before and after task performance. Visually-guided saccade latency decreased with MPH (p<0.004). Smooth pursuit gain increased on MPH (p<0.001) and number of saccades during pursuit decreased (p<0.001). Proportion of predictive saccades increased on MPH (p<0.004), specifically in conditions with predictable timing. Peak velocity of predictive saccades increased with MPH (p<0.01). Antisaccade errors and latency were unaffected. Physiological variables were also unaffected. The effects on visually-guided saccade latency and peak velocity are consistent with MPH effects on dopamine in basal ganglia. The improvements in predictive saccade conditions and smooth pursuit suggest effects on timing functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava-Ann Allman
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Bittencourt J, Machado S, Teixeira S, Schlee G, Salles JI, Budde H, Basile LF, Nardi AE, Cagy M, Piedade R, Sack AT, Velasques B, Ribeiro P. Alpha-band power in the left frontal cortex discriminates the execution of fixed stimulus during saccadic eye movement. Neurosci Lett 2012; 523:148-53. [PMID: 22771570 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The saccadic paradigm has been used to investigate specific cortical networks involving attention. The behavioral and electrophysiological investigations of the SEM contribute significantly to the understanding of attentive patterns presented of neurological and psychiatric disorders and sports performance. OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to investigate absolute alpha power changes in sensorimotor brain regions and the frontal eye fields during the execution of a saccadic task. METHODS Twelve healthy volunteers (mean age: 26.25; SD: ±4.13) performed a saccadic task while the electroencephalographic signal was simultaneously recorded for the cerebral cortex electrodes. The participants were instructed to follow the LEDs with their eyes, being submitted to two different task conditions: a fixed pattern versus a random pattern. RESULTS We found a moment main effect for the C3, C4, F3 and F4 electrodes and a condition main effect for the F3 electrode. We also found interaction between factor conditions and frontal electrodes. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that absolute alpha power in the left frontal cortex discriminates the execution of the two stimulus presentation patterns during SEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Bittencourt
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Brazil
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Kenet T, Orekhova EV, Bharadwaj H, Shetty NR, Israeli E, Lee AKC, Agam Y, Elam M, Joseph RM, Hämäläinen MS, Manoach DS. Disconnectivity of the cortical ocular motor control network in autism spectrum disorders. Neuroimage 2012; 61:1226-34. [PMID: 22433660 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition, or the suppression of prepotent but contextually inappropriate behaviors, is essential to adaptive, flexible responding. Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) consistently show deficient response inhibition during antisaccades. In our prior functional MRI study, impaired antisaccade performance was accompanied by reduced functional connectivity between the frontal eye field (FEF) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), regions critical to volitional ocular motor control. Here we employed magnetoencephalography (MEG) to examine the spectral characteristics of this reduced connectivity. We focused on coherence between FEF and dACC during the preparatory period of antisaccade and prosaccade trials, which occurs after the presentation of the task cue and before the imperative stimulus. We found significant group differences in alpha band mediated coherence. Specifically, neurotypical participants showed significant alpha band coherence between the right inferior FEF and right dACC and between the left superior FEF and bilateral dACC across antisaccade, prosaccade, and fixation conditions. Relative to the neurotypical group, ASD participants showed reduced coherence between these regions in all three conditions. Moreover, while neurotypical participants showed increased coherence between the right inferior FEF and the right dACC in preparation for an antisaccade compared to a prosaccade or fixation, ASD participants failed to show a similar increase in preparation for the more demanding antisaccade. These findings demonstrate reduced long-range functional connectivity in ASD, specifically in the alpha band. The failure in the ASD group to increase alpha band coherence with increasing task demand may reflect deficient top-down recruitment of additional neural resources in preparation to perform a difficult task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Kenet
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Neggers SFW, Diepen RMV, Zandbelt BB, Vink M, Mandl RCW, Gutteling TP. A functional and structural investigation of the human fronto-basal volitional saccade network. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29517. [PMID: 22235303 PMCID: PMC3250458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all cortical areas are connected to the subcortical basal ganglia (BG) through parallel recurrent inhibitory and excitatory loops, exerting volitional control over automatic behavior. As this model is largely based on non-human primate research, we used high resolution functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate the functional and structural organization of the human (pre)frontal cortico-basal network controlling eye movements. Participants performed saccades in darkness, pro- and antisaccades and observed stimuli during fixation. We observed several bilateral functional subdivisions along the precentral sulcus around the human frontal eye fields (FEF): a medial and lateral zone activating for saccades in darkness, a more fronto-medial zone preferentially active for ipsilateral antisaccades, and a large anterior strip along the precentral sulcus activating for visual stimulus presentation during fixation. The supplementary eye fields (SEF) were identified along the medial wall containing all aforementioned functions. In the striatum, the BG area receiving almost all cortical input, all saccade related activation was observed in the putamen, previously considered a skeletomotor striatal subdivision. Activation elicited by the cue instructing pro or antisaccade trials was clearest in the medial FEF and right putamen. DTI fiber tracking revealed that the subdivisions of the human FEF complex are mainly connected to the putamen, in agreement with the fMRI findings. The present findings demonstrate that the human FEF has functional subdivisions somewhat comparable to non-human primates. However, the connections to and activation in the human striatum preferentially involve the putamen, not the caudate nucleus as is reported for monkeys. This could imply that fronto-striatal projections for the oculomotor system are fundamentally different between humans and monkeys. Alternatively, there could be a bias in published reports of monkey studies favoring the caudate nucleus over the putamen in the search for oculomotor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan F W Neggers
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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35
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Premotor and occipital theta asymmetries as discriminators of memory- and stimulus-guided tasks. Brain Res Bull 2012; 87:103-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sanfim A, Velasques B, Machado S, Arias-Carrión O, Paes F, Teixeira S, Santos JL, Bittencourt J, Basile LF, Cagy M, Piedade R, Sack AT, Nardi AE, Ribeiro P. Analysis of slow- and fast-alpha band asymmetry during performance of a saccadic eye movement task: Dissociation between memory- and attention-driven systems. J Neurol Sci 2012; 312:62-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hayhoe MM, McKinney T, Chajka K, Pelz JB. Predictive eye movements in natural vision. Exp Brain Res 2011; 217:125-36. [PMID: 22183755 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2979-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the natural world, the brain must handle inherent delays in visual processing. This is a problem particularly during dynamic tasks. A possible solution to visuo-motor delays is prediction of a future state of the environment based on the current state and properties of the environment learned from experience. Prediction is well known to occur in both saccades and pursuit movements and is likely to depend on some kind of internal visual model as the basis for this prediction. However, most evidence comes from controlled laboratory studies using simple paradigms. In this study, we examine eye movements made in the context of demanding natural behavior, while playing squash. We show that prediction is a pervasive component of gaze behavior in this context. We show in addition that these predictive movements are extraordinarily precise and operate continuously in time across multiple trajectories and multiple movements. This suggests that prediction is based on complex dynamic visual models of the way that balls move, accumulated over extensive experience. Since eye, head, arm, and body movements all co-occur, it seems likely that a common internal model of predicted visual state is shared by different effectors to allow flexible coordination patterns. It is generally agreed that internal models are responsible for predicting future sensory state for control of body movements. The present work suggests that model-based prediction is likely to be a pervasive component in natural gaze control as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Hayhoe
- Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, #A8000, Austin, TX 78712-0187, USA.
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Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) are a group of subcortical structures involved in diverse functions, such as motor, cognition and emotion. However, the BG do not control these functions directly, but rather modulate functional processes occurring in structures outside the BG. The BG form multiple functional loops, each of which controls different functions with similar architectures. Accordingly, to understand the modulatory role of the BG, it is strategic to uncover the mechanisms of signal processing within specific functional loops that control simple neural circuits outside the BG, and then extend the knowledge to other BG loops. The saccade control system is one of the best-understood neural circuits in the brain. Furthermore, sophisticated saccade paradigms have been used extensively in clinical research in patients with BG disorders as well as in basic research in behaving monkeys. In this review, we describe recent advances of BG research from the viewpoint of saccade control. Specifically, we account for experimental results from neuroimaging and clinical studies in humans based on the updated knowledge of BG functions derived from neurophysiological experiments in behaving monkeys by taking advantage of homologies in saccade behavior. It has become clear that the traditional BG network model for saccade control is too limited to account for recent evidence emerging from the roles of subcortical nuclei not incorporated in the model. Here, we extend the traditional model and propose a new hypothetical framework to facilitate clinical and basic BG research and dialogue in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Watanabe
- Department of Physiology, Kansai Medical University, Fumizonocho 10-15, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506, Japan
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Velasques B, Machado S, Paes F, Bittencourt J, Domingues CA, Basile LF, Salles JI, Cagy M, Piedade R, Arias-Carrión O, Sack AT, Cheniaux E, Nardi AE, Ribeiro P. Hemispheric differences over frontal theta-band power discriminate between stimulus- versus memory-driven saccadic eye movement. Neurosci Lett 2011; 504:204-8. [PMID: 21964492 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Although several electrophysiological studies have demonstrated the role of theta band during the execution of different visuospatial attention tasks, this study is the first to directly investigate the role of theta power during the planning, execution and cognitive control of saccadic eye movements (SEMs). The current study aims at addressing this issue by investigating absolute theta power over the frontal cortex during the execution of random and fixed SEMs. Twelve healthy volunteers, performed two tasks involving different conditions in the planning, execution and cognitive control of SEMs while their brain activity pattern was recorded using quantitative electroencephalography. We found an interaction between SEM condition and electrode (F3, F4, Fz), and a main effect of time point and electrode. Our key finding revealed that the stimulus presentation induces different patterns over frontal theta power increase between the left and right hemisphere. We conclude that right and left frontal regions are an important factor to discriminate between memory- versus stimulus-driven SEMs, and speculate on their different contributions to visuospatial attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Velasques
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Brazil. bruna
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Kraus MF, Little DM, Wojtowicz SM, Sweeney JA. Procedural learning impairments identified via predictive saccades in chronic traumatic brain injury. Cogn Behav Neurol 2010; 23:210-7. [PMID: 21150346 PMCID: PMC3164864 DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0b013e3181cefe2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize integrity of fronto-striatal circuitry in chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI). BACKGROUND Due to both direct and indirect effects, TBI is hypothesized to affect frontal and striatal function. On the basis of elegant animal, lesion, and neuroimaging literatures, oculomotor testing can provide a useful tool for in vivo assessments of neurophysiologic function. The predictive saccade paradigm in oculomotor function is well established to provide assessment of this fronto-striatal circuit. METHODS Sixty patients with a history of chronic TBI completed 2 specific tests of oculomotor function, including a test of reflexive visually guided saccades to assess basic oculomotor function and a predictive saccade test to assess procedural learning. RESULTS TBI (mild and moderate/severe) was associated with a decrease in rates of procedural learning, with degree of impairment increasing with injury severity. This was observed as a decrease in the proportion of anticipatory saccades (primary measure of learning). CONCLUSIONS This abnormal oculomotor performance supports the hypothesis that TBI results in chronic impairment of frontal-striatal functions proportionally to injury severity and demonstrate that oculomotor testing is sensitive to all severities of closed-head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn F Kraus
- Center for Cognitive Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Krebs MO, Bourdel MC, Cherif ZR, Bouhours P, Lôo H, Poirier MF, Amado I. Deficit of inhibition motor control in untreated patients with schizophrenia: further support from visually guided saccade paradigms. Psychiatry Res 2010; 179:279-84. [PMID: 20483461 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to classical delusional, negative, and cognitive deficit, schizophrenia has consistently been associated with impairments in saccadic eye movements, e.g., an increased error rate in the antisaccade task. We hypothesized that a deficit in inhibitory control is a core defect in untreated patients with schizophrenia leading to impairment in different oculomotor paradigms. Ten drug-free or drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia were matched in age and gender to 11 healthy controls with no psychoactive substance use or abuse. They were explored using reflexive saccades with unpredictable targets with or without the gap procedure, predictive saccades and a fixation/distracter paradigm. Patients with schizophrenia displayed shorter latency in reflexive and predictive saccades. In the GAP condition, patients made more anticipatory saccades, fewer regular saccades, and had a shorter latency of express saccades than controls. In addition, patients had an increased error rate in the fixation/distracters task. Altogether, these results provide new evidence of reduced prefrontal inhibitory regulation of subcortical and brainstem systems involved in the control of saccades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Odile Krebs
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Alvarez TL, Alkan Y, Gohel S, Douglas Ward B, Biswal BB. Functional anatomy of predictive vergence and saccade eye movements in humans: A functional MRI investigation. Vision Res 2010; 50:2163-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mosconi MW, Kay M, D'Cruz AM, Guter S, Kapur K, Macmillan C, Stanford LD, Sweeney JA. Neurobehavioral abnormalities in first-degree relatives of individuals with autism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 67:830-40. [PMID: 20679591 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Studying sensorimotor and neurocognitive impairments in unaffected family members of individuals with autism may help identify familial pathophysiological mechanisms associated with the disorder. OBJECTIVE To determine whether atypical sensorimotor or neurocognitive characteristics associated with autism are present in first-degree relatives of individuals with autism. DESIGN Case-control comparison of neurobehavioral functions. SETTING University medical center. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-seven first-degree relatives of individuals with autism and 40 age-, sex-, and IQ-matched healthy control participants (aged 8-54 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Oculomotor tests of sensorimotor responses (saccades and smooth pursuit); procedural learning and response inhibition; neuropsychological tests of motor, memory, and executive functions; and psychological measures of social behavior, communication skills, and obsessive-compulsive behaviors. RESULTS On eye movement testing, family members demonstrated saccadic hypometria, reduced steady-state pursuit gain, and a higher rate of voluntary response inhibition errors relative to controls. They also showed lateralized deficits in procedural learning and open-loop pursuit gain (initial 100 milliseconds of pursuit) and increased variability in the accuracy of large-amplitude saccades that were confined to rightward movements. In neuropsychological studies, only executive functions were impaired relative to those of controls. Family members reported more communication abnormalities and obsessive-compulsive behaviors than controls. Deficits across oculomotor, neuropsychological, and psychological domains were relatively independent from one another. CONCLUSIONS Family members of individuals with autism demonstrate oculomotor abnormalities implicating pontocerebellar and frontostriatal circuits and left-lateralized alterations of frontotemporal circuitry and striatum. The left-lateralized alterations have not been identified in other neuropsychiatric disorders and are of interest given atypical brain lateralization and language development associated with the disorder. Similar oculomotor deficits have been reported in individuals with autism, suggesting that they may be familial and useful for studies of neurophysiological and genetic mechanisms in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Mosconi
- Center for Cognitive Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Lee AKC, Hämäläinen MS, Dyckman KA, Barton JJS, Manoach DS. Saccadic preparation in the frontal eye field is modulated by distinct trial history effects as revealed by magnetoencephalography. Cereb Cortex 2010; 21:245-53. [PMID: 20522539 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimizing outcomes involves rapidly and continuously adjusting behavior based on context. While most behavioral studies focus on immediate task conditions, responses to events are also influenced by recent history. We used magnetoencephalography and a saccadic paradigm to investigate the neural bases of 2 trial history effects that are well characterized in the behavioral eye movement literature: task-switching and the prior-antisaccade effect. We found that switched trials were associated with increased errors and transient increases in activity in the frontal eye field (FEF) and anterior cingulate cortex early in the preparatory period. These activity changes are consistent with active reconfiguration of the task set, a time-limited process that is triggered by the instructional cue. Following an antisaccade versus prosaccade, there was increased activity in the FEF and prefrontal cortex that persisted into the preparatory period of the subsequent trial, and saccadic latencies were prolonged. We attribute these effects to persistent inhibition of the ocular motor response system from the prior antisaccade. These findings refine our understanding of how trial history interacts with current task demands to adjust responses. Such dynamic modulations of neural activity and behavior by recent experience are at the heart of adaptive flexible behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian K C Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Ramati A, Pliskin NH, Keedy S, Erwin RJ, Fink JW, Bodnar EN, Lee RC, Cooper MA, Kelley K, Sweeney JA. Alteration in functional brain systems after electrical injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 26:1815-22. [PMID: 19323610 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychological studies in electrical injury patients have reported deficits in attention, learning, and working memory, but the neural substrates of these deficits remain poorly characterized. In this study we sought to examine whether electrical injury subjects demonstrate abnormal patterns of brain activation during working memory and procedural learning tasks. Fourteen electrical injury subjects and fifteen demographically matched healthy control subjects performed a spatial working memory paradigm and a procedural learning paradigm during functional MRI studies. For the spatial working memory task, electrical injury patients exhibited significantly greater activation in the middle frontal gyrus and motor and posterior cingulate cortices. Increased activation in EI subjects also was observed on a visually-guided saccade task in several sensorimotor regions, including the frontal and parietal eye fields and striatum. On the procedural learning task, electrical injury patients exhibited significantly less activation in the middle frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, and frontal eye fields than controls. This is the first study to document task-dependent, system-level cortical and subcortical dysfunction in individuals who had experienced an electrical shock trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alona Ramati
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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D’Cruz AM, Mosconi MW, Steele S, Rubin LH, Luna B, Minshew N, Sweeney JA. Lateralized response timing deficits in autism. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 66:393-7. [PMID: 19232577 PMCID: PMC3145409 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Procedural learning is an implicit process in which a behavioral response is refined through repeated performance. Neural systems supporting this cognitive process include specific frontostriatal systems responsible for the preparation and timing of planned motor responses. Evaluating performance on procedural learning tasks can provide unique information about neurodevelopmental disorders in which frontostriatal disturbances have been reported, such as autism. METHODS Fifty-two individuals with autism and 54 age-, IQ-, and gender-matched healthy individuals performed an oculomotor serial reaction time task and a sensorimotor control task. RESULTS Whereas the rate of procedural learning and the precision of planned motor responses were unimpaired in autism, a lateralized alteration in the ability to time predictive responses was observed. Rightward saccadic responses were speeded in individuals with autism relative to healthy control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Speeded rightward predictive saccades suggest atypical functioning of left hemisphere striatal chronometric systems in autism.
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Picard HJ, Amado I, Bourdel MC, Landgraf S, Olié JP, Krebs MO. Correlates between neurological soft signs and saccadic parameters in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:676-81. [PMID: 19303908 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neurological Soft Signs (NSS) and impairments in oculomotor saccadic paradigms are both frequent in patients with schizophrenia but their correlation has never been explored. METHODS 78 patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia (including 43 non-treated) and 41 matched healthy controls were tested for NSS, and on three saccadic tasks: prosaccades, predictive saccades and memory-guided saccades) using infrared oculometry. We analyzed correlations between NSS scores and latencies in all three tasks, rate of errors in memory-guided saccades, and rate of anticipated predictive saccades. RESULTS No correlations were found in healthy controls. In the patient group, the NSS total and motor coordination scores were positively correlated with three saccadic variables: the latency of prosaccades (r=0.36, p<0.01 and r=0.36, p<0.01 respectively), of memory-guided saccades (r=0.35, p<0.01 and r=0.32, p<0.05 respectively) and, negative correlations were found, with the rate of anticipated predictive saccades (r=-0.33, p<0.01; r=-0.35, p<0.01 respectively). NSS total, motor coordination and sensory integration scores were correlated to the latency of non-anticipated predictive saccades (r=0.34, p<0.01; r=0.24, p<0.05 and r=0.40, p<0.001 respectively). The NSS total, motor integration and sensory integration scores were correlated with the rate of errors in memory-guided saccades (r=0.38, p<0.01; r=0.37, p<0.01 and r=0.34, p<0.01 respectively). CONCLUSIONS These results support a common pathological mechanism with partial overlapping neural substrates between NSS and saccades in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernàn J Picard
- INSERM, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Centre Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, U894, Paris, France.
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Alahyane N, Fonteille V, Urquizar C, Salemme R, Nighoghossian N, Pelisson D, Tilikete C. Separate neural substrates in the human cerebellum for sensory-motor adaptation of reactive and of scanning voluntary saccades. THE CEREBELLUM 2009; 7:595-601. [PMID: 19009327 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-008-0065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sensory-motor adaptation processes are critically involved in maintaining accurate motor behavior throughout life. Yet their underlying neural substrates and task-dependency bases are still poorly understood. We address these issues here by studying adaptation of saccadic eye movements, a well-established model of sensory-motor plasticity. The cerebellum plays a major role in saccadic adaptation but it has not yet been investigated whether this role can account for the known specificity of adaptation to the saccade type (e.g., reactive versus voluntary). Two patients with focal lesions in different parts of the cerebellum were tested using the double-step target paradigm. Each patient was submitted to two separate sessions: one for reactive saccades (RS) triggered by the sudden appearance of a visual target and the second for scanning voluntary saccades (SVS) performed when exploring a more complex scene. We found that a medial cerebellar lesion impaired adaptation of reactive-but not of voluntary-saccades, whereas a lateral lesion affected adaptation of scanning voluntary saccades, but not of reactive saccades. These findings provide the first evidence of an involvement of the lateral cerebellum in saccadic adaptation, and extend the demonstrated role of the cerebellum in RS adaptation to adaptation of SVS. The double dissociation of adaptive abilities is also consistent with our previous hypothesis of the involvement in saccadic adaptation of partially separated cerebellar areas specific to the reactive or voluntary task (Alahyane et al. Brain Res 1135:107-121 (2007)).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Alahyane
- INSERM, U864, Espace et Action, Bron, France
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Keedy SK, Rosen C, Khine T, Rajarethinam R, Janicak PG, Sweeney JA. An fMRI study of visual attention and sensorimotor function before and after antipsychotic treatment in first-episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2009; 172:16-23. [PMID: 19243925 PMCID: PMC2694499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
While much is known about receptor affinity profiles of antipsychotic medications, less is known about their impact on functional brain systems in patients with schizophrenia. We conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies with first-episode schizophrenia patients as they made saccades to unpredictable visual targets before and after 4-6 weeks of antipsychotic treatment. Matched healthy individuals were scanned at similar time intervals. Pretreatment, patients had less activation in frontal and parietal eye fields and cerebellum. After treatment these disturbances were not present, suggesting improved function in attentional and sensorimotor systems. Other pretreatment abnormalities were noted in sensory and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, but after treatment these abnormalities were absent or less prominent, in line with improved function in attentional systems. In addition, although not abnormal at baseline, there was reduced activity after treatment in dorsal prefrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, and dorsomedial thalamus, suggesting a potential adverse effect of treatment on frontostriatal systems, perhaps related to dopamine blockade in the caudate. These findings provide evidence for a complex impact of antipsychotic medication on functional brain systems in schizophrenia and illustrate the potential of neuroimaging biomarkers for both adverse and beneficial drug effects on functional brain systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Keedy
- Center for Cognitive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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Abstract
The saccadic eye movement system provides researchers with a powerful tool with which to explore the cognitive control of behaviour. It is a behavioural system whose limited output can be measured with exceptional precision, and whose input can be controlled and manipulated in subtle ways. A range of cognitive processes (notably those involved in working memory and attention) have been shown to influence saccade parameters. Researchers interested in the relationship between cognitive function and psychiatric disorders have made extensive use of saccadic eye movement tasks to draw inferences as to the cognitive deficits associated with particular psychopathologies. The purpose of this review is to provide researchers with an overview of the research literature documenting cognitive involvement in saccadic tasks in healthy controls. An appreciation of this literature provides a solid background against which to interpret the deficits on saccadic tasks demonstrated in patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Hutton
- Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Pevensey 1 1c03, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK.
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