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Caruana GF, Carruthers SP, Berk M, Rossell SL, Van Rheenen TE. To what extent does white matter map to cognition in bipolar disorder? A systematic review of the evidence. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 128:110868. [PMID: 37797735 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a prominent feature of bipolar disorder (BD), however the neural substrates underpinning it remain unclear. Several studies have explored white matter as a correlate of cognitive functioning in BD cohorts, but mixed results and varied methodologies from one to another make inferences about this relationship difficult to draw. Here we sought to systematically synthesise the findings of these studies to more clearly explicate the nature and extent of relationships between white matter and cognition in BD and determine best practice methodologies and areas for future research in this area. Using PRISMA guidelines, we identified and systematically reviewed 37 relevant studies, all of which were cross-sectional by design. There was substantial methodological heterogeneity and variability in the clinical presentations of BD cohorts encapsulated within the studies we reviewed, which complicated our synthesis of the findings. Nonetheless, there was some evidence that cognition is related to both white matter macrostructure and microstructure in people with BD. In particular, multiple microstructural studies consistently reported that higher fractional anisotropy, both globally and in the corpus callosum, associated with better complex attention skills and executive functioning. However, several reports did not identify any associations at all, and in general, associations between WM and cognition tended to only be evident in studies utilising larger samples and post-hoc selection of WM regions of interest. Further research with increased statistical power and standardised methods are required moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia F Caruana
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Sean P Carruthers
- Centre for Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong 3220, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health and Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia; Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Susan L Rossell
- Centre for Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia; St Vincent's Mental Health, St Vincent's Hospital, VIC, Australia
| | - Tamsyn E Van Rheenen
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria 3053, Australia; Centre for Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia; Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong 3220, Australia.
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Campbell ML, Dalvie S, Shadrin A, van der Meer D, O'Connell K, Frei O, Andreassen OA, Stein DJ, Rokicki J. Distributed genetic effects of the corpus callosum subregions suggest links to neuropsychiatric disorders and related traits. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37612147 PMCID: PMC10891296 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2023.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The corpus callosum (CC) is a brain structure with a high heritability and potential role in psychiatric disorders. However, the genetic architecture of the CC and the genetic link with psychiatric disorders remain largely unclear. We investigated the genetic architectures of the volume of the CC and its subregions and the genetic overlap with psychiatric disorders. METHODS We applied multivariate genome-wide association study (GWAS) to genetic and T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of 40,894 individuals from the UK Biobank, aiming to boost genetic discovery and to assess the pleiotropic effects across volumes of the five subregions of the CC (posterior, mid-posterior, central, mid-anterior and anterior) obtained by FreeSurfer 7.1. Multivariate GWAS was run combining all subregions, co-varying for relevant variables. Gene-set enrichment analyses were performed using MAGMA. Linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) was used to determine Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability of total CC volume and volumes of its subregions as well as their genetic correlations with relevant psychiatric traits. RESULTS We identified 70 independent loci with distributed effects across the five subregions of the CC (p < 5 × 10-8). Additionally, we identified 33 significant loci in the anterior subregion, 23 in the mid-anterior, 29 in the central, 7 in the mid-posterior and 56 in the posterior subregion. Gene-set analysis revealed 156 significant genes contributing to volume of the CC subregions (p < 2.6 × 10-6). LDSC estimated the heritability of CC to (h2SNP = 0.38, SE = 0.03) and subregions ranging from 0.22 (SE = 0.02) to 0.37 (SE = 0.03). We found significant genetic correlations of total CC volume with bipolar disorder (BD, rg = -0.09, SE = 0.03; p = 5.9 × 10-3) and drinks consumed per week (rg = -0.09, SE = 0.02; p = 4.8 × 10-4), and volume of the mid-anterior subregion with BD (rg = -0.12, SE = 0.02; p = 2.5 × 10-4), major depressive disorder (MDD) (rg = -0.12, SE = 0.04; p = 3.6 × 10-3), drinks consumed per week (rg = -0.13, SE = 0.04; p = 1.8 × 10-3) and cannabis use (rg = -0.09, SE = 0.03; p = 8.4 × 10-3). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the CC has a polygenic architecture implicating multiple genes and show that CC subregion volumes are heritable. We found that distinct genetic factors are involved in the development of anterior and posterior subregions, consistent with their divergent functional specialisation. Significant genetic correlation between volumes of the CC and BD, drinks per week, MDD and cannabis consumption subregion volumes with psychiatric traits is noteworthy and deserving of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Global Initiative for Neuropsychiatric Genetics Education in Research (GINGER), Harvard, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alexey Shadrin
- NORMENT Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- NORMENT Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Kevin O'Connell
- NORMENT Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleksander Frei
- NORMENT Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jaroslav Rokicki
- NORMENT Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre of Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry (SIFER), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Wu Y, Zhong Y, Liao X, Miao X, Yu J, Lai X, Zhang Y, Ma C, Pan H, Wang S. Transmembrane protein 108 inhibits the proliferation and myelination of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in the corpus callosum. Mol Brain 2022; 15:33. [PMID: 35410424 PMCID: PMC8996597 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00918-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal white matter is a common neurobiological change in bipolar disorder, and dysregulation of myelination in oligodendrocytes (OLs) is the cause. Transmembrane protein 108 (Tmem108), as a susceptible gene of bipolar disorder, is expressed higher in OL lineage cells than any other lineage cells in the central nervous system. Moreover, Tmem108 mutant mice exhibit mania-like behaviors, belonging to one of the signs of bipolar disorder. However, it is unknown whether Tmem108 regulates the myelination of the OLs. Results Tmem108 expression in the corpus callosum decreased with the development, and OL progenitor cell proliferation and OL myelination were enhanced in the mutant mice. Moreover, the mutant mice exhibited mania-like behavior after acute restraint stress and were susceptible to drug-induced epilepsy. Conclusions Tmem108 inhibited OL progenitor cell proliferation and mitigated OL maturation in the corpus callosum, which may also provide a new role of Tmem108 involving bipolar disorder pathogenesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13041-022-00918-7.
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Piras F, Vecchio D, Kurth F, Piras F, Banaj N, Ciullo V, Luders E, Spalletta G. Corpus callosum morphology in major mental disorders: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab100. [PMID: 34095833 PMCID: PMC8172496 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental disorders diagnosis is based on specific clinical criteria. However, clinical studies found similarities and overlapping phenomenology across a variety of disorders, which suggests a common neurobiological substrate. Thus, there is a need to measure disease-related neuroanatomical similarities and differences across conditions. While structural alterations of the corpus callosum have been investigated in obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, no study has addressed callosal aberrations in all diseases in a single study. Moreover, results from pairwise comparisons (patients vs. controls) show some inconsistencies, possibly related to the parcellation methods to divide the corpus callosum into subregions. The main aim of the present paper was to uncover highly localized callosal characteristics for each condition (i.e. obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder) as compared either to healthy control subjects or to each other. For this purpose, we did not rely on any sub-callosal parcellation method, but applied a well-validated approach measuring callosal thickness at 100 equidistant locations along the whole midline of the corpus callosum. One hundred and twenty patients (30 in each disorder) as well as 30 controls were recruited for the study. All groups were closely matched for age and gender, and the analyses were performed controlling for the impact of antipsychotic treatment and illness duration. There was a significant main effect of group along the whole callosal surface. Pairwise post hoc comparisons revealed that, compared to controls, patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder had the thinnest corpora callosa with significant effects almost on the entire callosal structure. Patients with schizophrenia also showed thinner corpora callosa than controls but effects were confined to the isthmus and the anterior part of the splenium. No significant differences were found in both major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder patients compared to controls. When comparing the disease groups to each other, the corpus callosum was thinner in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients than in any other group. The effect was evident across the entire corpus callosum, with the exception of the posterior body. Altogether, our study suggests that the corpus callosum is highly changed in obsessive-compulsive disorder, selectively changed in schizophrenia and not changed in bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. These results shed light on callosal similarities and differences among mental disorders providing valuable insights regarding the involvement of the major brain commissural fibre tract in the pathophysiology of each specific mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Piras
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Vecchio
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Florian Kurth
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
| | - Federica Piras
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Nerisa Banaj
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Ciullo
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Eileen Luders
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand.,Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy.,Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Poletti S, Melloni E, Aggio V, Colombo C, Valtorta F, Benedetti F, Comai S. Grey and white matter structure associates with the activation of the tryptophan to kynurenine pathway in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2019; 259:404-412. [PMID: 31610997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mental illness characterised by reduced grey matter (GM) volumes and cortical thickness, and disrupted white matter (WM) microstructure. Activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase following a pro-inflammatory state could increase the amount of tryptophan (Trp) converted to kynurenine (Kyn) possibly leading to the production of detrimental catabolites of the Kyn pathway with neurotoxic effects. We investigated if peripheral levels of Trp-and Kyn and the breakdown of Trp-into Kyn (Kyn/Trp-ratio) are related to WM and GM integrity in BD. METHODS Peripheral levels of Trp-and Kyn were analysed in 72 patients with BD and 33 controls. Patients also underwent MRI in a Philips 3T scanner. RESULTS Patients showed higher Kyn levels and Kyn/Trp-ratio compared to controls. MRI analyses performed in patients with BD showed a negative association between the Kyn/Trp-ratio and the integrity of corpus callosum microstructure, the volume of the amygdala and cortical thickness in fronto-parietal regions. LIMITATION The lack of information on the levels of downstream metabolites of Kyn prevent us to confirm the possible unbalance between quinolinic and kynurenic acids as well as their possible relationship with changes in GM and WM markers. The activation of the Kyn pathway as suggested by the increased Kyn/Trp-ratio may lead to an imbalance of the neurotoxic vs the neuroprotective arm of the biochemical pathway, resulting in significant changes in GM and WM regions of brain areas strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of BD, such as amygdala and corpus callosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Poletti
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Turro, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elisa Melloni
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Turro, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Aggio
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Turro, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Colombo
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Turro, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, Milan, Italy
| | - Flavia Valtorta
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Turro, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Turro, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Comai
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Turro, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, Milan, Italy
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Delvecchio G, Pigoni A, Bauer IE, Soares JC, Brambilla P. Disease-discordant twin structural MRI studies on affective disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 108:459-471. [PMID: 31790709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have identified neural structures implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders, especially bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the role of genetic and environmental influences on such brain deficits is still unclear. In this context, the present review summarizes the current evidence from structural MRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) studies on twin samples concordant or discordant for BD or MDD, with the aim of clarifying the role of genetic and environmental risk factors on brain alterations. Although the results showed a complex interplay between gene and environment in affective disorders, the evidence seem to underline that both genetic and environmental risk factors have an impact on brain areas and vulnerability to MDD and BD. However, the precise mechanism of action and the interaction between these factors still needs to be unveiled. Therefore, future larger studies on concordant or discordant twins should be encouraged, because this population provides a unique opportunity to probe separately genetic and environmental markers of disease vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Delvecchio
- University of Milan, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milan, Italy
| | - A Pigoni
- University of Milan, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Milan, Italy
| | - I E Bauer
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - J C Soares
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - P Brambilla
- University of Milan, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Milan, Italy.
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Cyfip1 haploinsufficient rats show white matter changes, myelin thinning, abnormal oligodendrocytes and behavioural inflexibility. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3455. [PMID: 31371763 PMCID: PMC6671959 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological basis of the increased risk for psychiatric disorders seen in 15q11.2 copy number deletion is unknown. Previous work has shown disturbances in white matter tracts in human carriers of the deletion. Here, in a novel rat model, we recapitulated low dosage of the candidate risk gene CYFIP1 present within the 15q11.2 interval. Using diffusion tensor imaging, we first showed extensive white matter changes in Cyfip1 mutant rats, which were most pronounced in the corpus callosum and external capsule. Transmission electron microscopy showed that these changes were associated with thinning of the myelin sheath in the corpus callosum. Myelin thinning was independent of changes in axon number or diameter but was associated with effects on mature oligodendrocytes, including aberrant intracellular distribution of myelin basic protein. Finally, we demonstrated effects on cognitive phenotypes sensitive to both disruptions in myelin and callosal circuitry. People with a genetic deletion of the 15q11.2 locus are at increased risk for psychiatric disorders and white matter disturbances, but the gene(s) responsible are unclear. Here, the authors show that low dosage of CYFIP1, present in the human 15q11.2 region, alters white matter structure and cognition in rats.
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Kynurenine pathway and white matter microstructure in bipolar disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:157-168. [PMID: 27619930 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-016-0731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Decreased availability of serotonin in the central nervous system has been suggested to be a central factor in the pathogenesis of depression. Activation of indoleamine 2-3 dioxygenase following a pro-inflammatory state could reduce the amount of tryptophan converted to serotonin and increase the production of tryptophan catabolites such as kynurenic acid, an antagonist of ionotropic excitatory aminoacid receptors, whose levels are reduced in bipolar disorder. Abnormalities in white matter (WM) integrity have been widely reported in BD. We then hypothesized that metabolites involved in serotoninergic turnover in BD could influence DTI measures of WM microstructure. Peripheral levels of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxy-kynurenine, and 5-HIAA were analysed in 22 patients affected by BD and 15 healthy controls. WM microstructure was evaluated using diffusion tensor imaging and tract-based spatial statistics with threshold-free cluster enhancement only in bipolar patients. We observed that kynurenic acid and 5-HIAA were reduced in BD and associated with DTI measures of WM integrity in several association fibres: inferior and superior longitudinal fasciculus, cingulum bundle, corpus callosum, uncus, anterior thalamic radiation and corona radiata. Our results seem to suggest that higher levels of 5-HIAA, a measure of serotonin levels, and higher levels of kynurenic acid, which protects from glutamate excitotoxicity, could exert a protective effect on WM microstructure. Reduced levels of these metabolites in BD thus seem to confirm a crucial role of serotonin turnover in BD pathophysiology.
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Jahanshad N, Thompson PM. Multimodal neuroimaging of male and female brain structure in health and disease across the life span. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:371-379. [PMID: 27870421 PMCID: PMC5119539 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in brain development and aging are important to identify, as they may help to understand risk factors and outcomes in brain disorders that are more prevalent in one sex compared with the other. Brain imaging techniques have advanced rapidly in recent years, yielding detailed structural and functional maps of the living brain. Even so, studies are often limited in sample size, and inconsistent findings emerge, one example being varying findings regarding sex differences in the size of the corpus callosum. More recently, large‐scale neuroimaging consortia such as the Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis Consortium have formed, pooling together expertise, data, and resources from hundreds of institutions around the world to ensure adequate power and reproducibility. These initiatives are helping us to better understand how brain structure is affected by development, disease, and potential modulators of these effects, including sex. This review highlights some established and disputed sex differences in brain structure across the life span, as well as pitfalls related to interpreting sex differences in health and disease. We also describe sex‐related findings from the ENIGMA consortium, and ongoing efforts to better understand sex differences in brain circuitry. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Neuroscience Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California
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Choi MH, Na JE, Yoon YR, Lee HJ, Yoon S, Rhyu IJ, Baik JH. Role of Dopamine D2 Receptor in Stress-Induced Myelin Loss. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11654. [PMID: 28912499 PMCID: PMC5599541 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic systems play a major role in reward-related behavior and dysregulation of dopamine (DA) systems can cause several mental disorders, including depression. We previously reported that dopamine D2 receptor knockout (D2R-/-) mice display increased anxiety and depression-like behaviors upon chronic stress. Here, we observed that chronic stress caused myelin loss in wild-type (WT) mice, while the myelin level in D2R-/- mice, which was already lower than that in WT mice, was not affected upon stress. Fewer mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) were observed in the corpus callosum of stressed WT mice, while in D2R-/- mice, both the control and stressed group displayed a decrease in the number of mature OLs. We observed a decrease in the number of active β-catenin (ABC)-expressing and TCF4-expressing cells among OL lineage cells in the corpus callosum of stressed WT mice, while such regulation was not found in D2R-/- mice. Administration of lithium normalized the behavioral impairments and myelin damage induced by chronic stress in WT mice, and restored the number of ABC-positive and TCF4-positive OLs, while such effect was not found in D2R-/- mice. Together, our findings indicate that chronic stress induces myelin loss through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in association with DA signaling through D2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyun Choi
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Na
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Ye Ran Yoon
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Lee
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Sehyoun Yoon
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Im Joo Rhyu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Baik
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
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Ganzola R, Nickson T, Bastin ME, Giles S, Macdonald A, Sussmann J, McIntosh AM, Whalley HC, Duchesne S. Longitudinal differences in white matter integrity in youth at high familial risk for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2017; 19:158-167. [PMID: 28470928 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous neuroimaging studies have reported abnormalities in white matter (WM) pathways in subjects at high familial risk of mood disorders. In the current study, we examined the trajectory of these abnormalities during the early stages of illness development using longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data. METHODS Subjects (16-28 years old) were recruited in the Scottish Bipolar Family Study, a prospective longitudinal study that has examined individuals at familial risk of mood disorder on three occasions, 2 years apart. The current study concerns imaging data from the first and second assessments. We analysed DTI data for 43 controls and 69 high-risk individuals who were further subdivided into a group of 53 high-risk subjects who remained well (high-risk well) and 16 who met diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder (high-risk MDD) at follow-up. Longitudinal differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) between groups based on diagnostic status were investigated using the tract-based spatial statistics technique (TBSS). RESULTS We found a significant reduction in FA (Pcorr <.05) across widespread brain regions over 2 years in all three groups. The trajectory of FA reduction did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that there are similar trajectories of FA reductions for controls and high-risk young adults, despite high-risk individuals being at a disadvantaged starting point considering their reduced WM integrity detected at baseline in previous studies. Difference in WM integrity between high-risk individuals and controls could therefore occur in earlier childhood and be a necessary but not sufficient condition to develop future mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Ganzola
- Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas Nickson
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen Giles
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alix Macdonald
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Simon Duchesne
- Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Départment de Radiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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Twin studies for the investigation of the relationships between genetic factors and brain abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2016; 25:515-520. [PMID: 27641241 PMCID: PMC7137663 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796016000615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of bipolar disorder (BD) is to date not entirely clear. Classical genetic research showed that there is a contribution of genetic factors in BD, with high heritability. Twin studies, thanks to the fact that confounding factors as genetic background or family environment are shared, allow etiological inferences. In this work, we selected twin studies, which focus on the relationship between BD, genetic factors and brain structure, evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging. All the studies found differences in brain structure between BD patients and their co-twins, and also in respect to healthy controls. Genetic effects are predominant in white matter, except corpus callosum, while gray matter resulted more influenced by environment, or by the disease itself. All studies found no interactions between BD and shared environment between twins. Twin studies have been demonstrated to be useful in exploring BD pathogenesis and could be extremely effective at discriminating the neural mechanisms underlying BD.
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13
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Roberts G, Wen W, Frankland A, Perich T, Holmes-Preston E, Levy F, Lenroot RK, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Nurnberger JI, Breakspear M, Mitchell PB. Interhemispheric white matter integrity in young people with bipolar disorder and at high genetic risk. Psychol Med 2016; 46:2385-2396. [PMID: 27291060 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716001161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White matter (WM) impairments have been reported in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and those at high familial risk of developing BD. However, the distribution of these impairments has not been well characterized. Few studies have examined WM integrity in young people early in the course of illness and in individuals at familial risk who have not yet passed the peak age of onset. METHOD WM integrity was examined in 63 BD subjects, 150 high-risk (HR) individuals and 111 participants with no family history of mental illness (CON). All subjects were aged 12 to 30 years. RESULTS This young BD group had significantly lower fractional anisotropy within the genu of the corpus callosum (CC) compared with the CON and HR groups. Moreover, the abnormality in the genu of the CC was also present in HR participants with recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD) (n = 16) compared with CON participants. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide important validation of interhemispheric abnormalities in BD patients. The novel finding in HR subjects with recurrent MDD - a group at particular risk of future hypo/manic episodes - suggests that this may potentially represent a trait marker for BD, though this will need to be confirmed in longitudinal follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Roberts
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,NSW,Australia
| | - W Wen
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,NSW,Australia
| | - A Frankland
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,NSW,Australia
| | - T Perich
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,NSW,Australia
| | - E Holmes-Preston
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,NSW,Australia
| | - F Levy
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,NSW,Australia
| | - R K Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,NSW,Australia
| | - D Hadzi-Pavlovic
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,NSW,Australia
| | - J I Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry,Indiana University School of Medicine,Indianapolis, IN,USA
| | - M Breakspear
- Division of Mental Health Research,Queensland Institute of Medical Research,Brisbane,QLD,Australia
| | - P B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,NSW,Australia
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14
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Onnink AMH, Zwiers MP, Hoogman M, Mostert JC, Dammers J, Kan CC, Vasquez AA, Schene AH, Buitelaar J, Franke B. Deviant white matter structure in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder points to aberrant myelination and affects neuropsychological performance. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 63:14-22. [PMID: 25956761 PMCID: PMC4515357 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood is characterized by gray and white matter abnormalities in several brain areas. Considerably less is known about white matter microstructure in adults with ADHD and its relation with clinical symptoms and cognitive performance. In 107 adult ADHD patients and 109 gender-, age- and IQ-matched controls, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) to investigate whole-skeleton changes of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean, axial, and radial diffusivity (MD, AD, RD). Additionally, we studied the relation of FA and MD values with symptom severity and cognitive performance on tasks measuring working memory, attention, inhibition, and delay discounting. In comparison to controls, participants with ADHD showed reduced FA in corpus callosum, bilateral corona radiata, and thalamic radiation. Higher MD and RD were found in overlapping and even more widespread areas in both hemispheres, also encompassing internal and external capsule, sagittal stratum, fornix, and superior lateral fasciculus. Values of FA and MD were not associated with symptom severity. However, within some white matter clusters that distinguished patients from controls, worse inhibition performance was associated with reduced FA and more impulsive decision making was associated with increased MD. This study shows widespread differences in white matter integrity between adults with persistent ADHD and healthy individuals. Changes in RD suggest aberrant myelination as a pathophysiological factor in persistent ADHD. The microstructural differences in adult ADHD may contribute to poor inhibition and greater impulsivity but appear to be independent of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Marten H. Onnink
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel P. Zwiers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanette C. Mostert
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Dammers
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis C. Kan
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias Vasquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aart H. Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatric University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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15
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O'Shea KS, McInnis MG. Neurodevelopmental origins of bipolar disorder: iPSC models. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 73:63-83. [PMID: 26608002 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BP) is a chronic neuropsychiatric condition characterized by pathological fluctuations in mood from mania to depression. Adoption, twin and family studies have consistently identified a significant hereditary component to BP, yet there is no clear genetic event or consistent neuropathology. BP has been suggested to have a developmental origin, although this hypothesis has been difficult to test since there are no viable neurons or glial cells to analyze, and research has relied largely on postmortem brain, behavioral and imaging studies, or has examined proxy tissues including saliva, olfactory epithelium and blood cells. Neurodevelopmental factors, particularly pathways related to nervous system development, cell migration, extracellular matrix, H3K4 methylation, and calcium signaling have been identified in large gene expression and GWAS studies as altered in BP. Recent advances in stem cell biology, particularly the ability to reprogram adult somatic tissues to a pluripotent state, now make it possible to interrogate these pathways in viable cell models. A number of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from BP patient and healthy control (C) individuals have been derived in several laboratories, and their ability to form cortical neurons examined. Early studies suggest differences in activity, calcium signaling, blocks to neuronal differentiation, and changes in neuronal, and possibly glial, lineage specification. Initial observations suggest that differentiation of BP patient-derived neurons to dorsal telencephalic derivatives may be impaired, possibly due to alterations in WNT, Hedgehog or Nodal pathway signaling. These investigations strongly support a developmental contribution to BP and identify novel pathways, mechanisms and opportunities for improved treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sue O'Shea
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 3051 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher PL, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5765, United States.
| | - Melvin G McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5765, United States
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16
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Ajilore O, Vizueta N, Walshaw P, Zhan L, Leow A, Altshuler LL. Connectome signatures of neurocognitive abnormalities in euthymic bipolar I disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 68:37-44. [PMID: 26228398 PMCID: PMC4522047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Connectomics have allowed researchers to study integrative patterns of neural connectivity in humans. Yet, it is unclear how connectomics may elucidate structure-function relationships in bipolar I disorder (BPI). Expanding on our previous structural connectome study, here we used an overlapping sample with additional psychometric and fMRI data to relate structural connectome properties to both fMRI signals and cognitive performance. METHODS 42 subjects completed a neuropsychological (NP) battery covering domains of processing speed, verbal memory, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. 32 subjects also had fMRI data performing a Go/NoGo task. RESULTS Bipolar participants had lower NP performance across all domains, but only working memory reached statistical significance. In BPI participants, processing speed was significantly associated with both white matter integrity (WMI) in the corpus callosum and interhemispheric network integration. Mediation models further revealed that the relationship between interhemispheric integration and processing speed was mediated by WMI, and processing speed mediated the relationship between WMI and working memory. Bipolar subjects had significantly decreased BA47 activation during NoGo vs. Go. Significant predictors of BA47 fMRI activations during the Go/NoGo task were its nodal path length (left hemisphere) and its nodal clustering coefficient (right hemisphere). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that structural connectome changes underlie abnormalities in fMRI activation and cognitive performance in euthymic BPI subjects. Results support that BA47 structural connectome changes may be a trait marker for BPI. Future studies are needed to determine if these "connectome signatures" may also confer a biological risk and/or serve as predictors of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusola Ajilore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois, College of Medicine
| | - Nathalie Vizueta
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior
| | - Patricia Walshaw
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior
| | - Liang Zhan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Alex Leow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, United States.
| | - Lori L. Altshuler
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior
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17
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Sarrazin S, d’Albis MA, McDonald C, Linke J, Wessa M, Phillips M, Delavest M, Emsell L, Versace A, Almeida J, Mangin JF, Poupon C, Le Dudal K, Daban C, Hamdani N, Leboyer M, Houenou J. Corpus callosum area in patients with bipolar disorder with and without psychotic features: an international multicentre study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2015; 40:352-9. [PMID: 26151452 PMCID: PMC4543098 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.140262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported MRI abnormalities of the corpus callosum (CC) in patients with bipolar disorder (BD), although only a few studies have directly compared callosal areas in psychotic versus nonpsychotic patients with this disorder. We sought to compare regional callosal areas in a large international multicentre sample of patients with BD and healthy controls. METHODS We analyzed anatomic T1 MRI data of patients with BD-I and healthy controls recruited from 4 sites (France, Germany, Ireland and the United States). We obtained the mid-sagittal areas of 7 CC subregions using an automatic CC delineation. Differences in regional callosal areas between patients and controls were compared using linear mixed models (adjusting for age, sex, handedness, brain volume, history of alcohol abuse/dependence, lithium or antipsychotic medication status, symptomatic status and site) and multiple comparisons correction. We also compared regional areas of the CC between patients with BD with and without a history of psychotic features. RESULTS We included 172 patients and 146 controls in our study. Patients with BD had smaller adjusted mid-sagittal CC areas than controls along the posterior body, the isthmus and the splenium of the CC. Patients with a positive history of psychotic features had greater adjusted area of the rostral CC region than those without a history of psychotic features. LIMITATIONS We found small to medium effect sizes, and there was no calibration technique among the sites. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that BD with psychosis is associated with a different pattern of interhemispheric connectivity than BD without psychosis and could be considered a relevant neuroimaging subtype of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Sarrazin
- Correspondence to: S Sarrazin, Hôpital Henri Mondor- Albert Chenevier, Pôle de psychiatrie, 40 rue de Mesly 94000 Créteil France;
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18
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Prendergast DM, Ardekani B, Ikuta T, John M, Peters B, DeRosse P, Wellington R, Malhotra AK, Szeszko PR. Age and sex effects on corpus callosum morphology across the lifespan. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:2691-702. [PMID: 25833103 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) is the largest interhemispheric white matter tract in the human brain, and is characterized by pronounced differences in morphology among individuals. There are limited data, however, regarding typical development, sex differences, and the neuropsychological correlates of individual differences within CC subregions. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging exams were collected in a large cohort (N = 305) of healthy individuals (ages 8-68). We used a highly reliable program to automatically identify the midsagittal plane and obtain CC subregion measures according to approaches described by Witelson [1989]: Brain 112:799-835 and Hampel et al. [1998]: Arch Neurol 55:193-198 and a measure of whole CC shape (i.e., circularity). CC measurement parameters, including area, perimeter, length, circularity, and CC subregion area values were generally characterized by inverted U-shaped curves across the observed age range. Peak values for CC subregions were observed between ages 32 and 45, and descriptive linear correlations were consistent with sharper area changes in development. We also observed differing age-associated changes across the lifespan between males and females in the CC subregion corresponding to the genu (Witelson's subregion 2), as well as CC circularity. Mediation analysis using path modeling indicated that genu area mediated the relationship between age and processing speed for females, and the relationship between age and visual learning and executive functioning for males. Taken together, our findings implicate sex differences in CC morphology across the lifespan that are localized to the genu, which appear to mediate neuropsychological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Prendergast
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York.,Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Glen Oaks, New York.,Department of Psychology, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Babak Ardekani
- Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
| | - Toshikazu Ikuta
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Majnu John
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York.,Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Glen Oaks, New York.,Department of Mathematics, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York
| | - Bart Peters
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York.,Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Glen Oaks, New York
| | - Pamela DeRosse
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York.,Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Glen Oaks, New York
| | - Robin Wellington
- Department of Psychology, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York.,Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Glen Oaks, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra North Shore - LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore - LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York
| | - Philip R Szeszko
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York.,Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Glen Oaks, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra North Shore - LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore - LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York
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19
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Cognitive performances associate with measures of white matter integrity in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2015; 174:342-52. [PMID: 25553397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychological deficits constitute enduring trait-like features in bipolar disorder (BD), and persist in euthymia. White matter (WM) abnormalities are one of the most consistently reported findings in neuroimaging studies of BD. We hypothesized that neuropsychological performances could correlate with WM integrity in a sample of bipolar patients in core WM tracts. METHODS Seventy-eight patients affected by BD were evaluated for verbal memory, working memory, psychomotor coordination, executive functions, attention and information processing, and verbal fluency through the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia. White matter integrity was evaluated using DTI and tract-based spatial statistics with threshold free cluster enhancement (p>0.949). RESULTS We observed that cognitive performances in attention and information processing, working memory, executive functions and psychomotor coordination were associated with DTI measures of WM integrity in several association fibres: inferior and superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, cingulum bundle, corpus callosum, and corona radiata. LIMITATION The drug treatments administered during the course of the illness could have influenced DTI measures and neurocognitive function. Other limitations include issues such as generalizability due to the lack of a control group, possible undetected past comorbidities, population stratification, and the presence of a 28% of patients which previously experienced delusions. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to use a validated cognitive battery to investigate the principal cognitive domains in BD. Our data confirm the importance of WM integrity as a neurobiological underpinning of cognitive deficits.
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20
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MacMaster FP, Langevin LM, Jaworska N, Kemp A, Sembo M. Corpus callosal morphology in youth with bipolar depression. Bipolar Disord 2014; 16:889-93. [PMID: 25164210 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent evidence has demonstrated that corpus callosum maturation follows a similar developmental timeline to cognitive processes. Bipolar disorder (BD) has been associated with disruptions in error processing, response inhibition, and motor functioning, which are mediated by underlying white matter structures, including the corpus callosum. Disruptions in white matter integrity have been demonstrated in BD. However, it is unknown whether alterations in the developmental trajectory of the corpus callosum may contribute to cognitive impairments in the disorder. METHODS We assessed the area of the corpus callosum and its subregions (the genu, rostral body, anterior and posterior bodies, isthmus, and splenium) in 14 treatment-naïve adolescents with BD (<21 years of age and in the depressed phase) and 18 healthy adolescent controls. RESULTS In comparison with healthy controls, participants with BD demonstrated a significantly reduced overall corpus callosum area. We also noted smaller areas in the anterior and posterior mid-body of the corpus callosum in adolescents with BD. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that commissural fibers of the corpus callosum are disrupted in early-onset BD. Specific decreases in the anterior and posterior mid-body callosal aspects may contribute to motor organization and inhibition deficits seen in BD. These findings are consistent with the involvement of inter-hemispheric tracts in early-onset BD, which may reflect an early deviation in white matter development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank P MacMaster
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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21
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Benedetti F, Bollettini I, Radaelli D, Poletti S, Locatelli C, Falini A, Smeraldi E, Colombo C. Adverse childhood experiences influence white matter microstructure in patients with bipolar disorder. Psychol Med 2014; 44:3069-3082. [PMID: 25065766 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with adverse childhood experiences (ACE), which worsen the lifetime course of illness, and with signs of widespread disruption of white matter (WM) integrity in adult life. ACE are associated with changes in WM microstructure in healthy humans. METHOD We tested the effects of ACE on diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) measures of WM integrity in 80 in-patients affected by a major depressive episode in the course of BD. We used whole-brain tract-based spatial statistics in the WM skeleton with threshold-free cluster enhancement of DTI measures of WM microstructure: axial, radial and mean diffusivity, and fractional anisotropy. RESULTS ACE hastened the onset of illness. We observed an inverse correlation between the severity of ACE and DTI measures of axial diffusivity in several WM fibre tracts contributing to the functional integrity of the brain and including the corona radiata, thalamic radiations, corpus callosum, cingulum bundle, superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and uncinate fasciculus. CONCLUSIONS Axial diffusivity reflects the integrity of axons and myelin sheaths, and correlates with functional connectivity and with higher-order abilities such as reasoning and experience of emotions. In patients with BD axial diffusivity is increased by lithium treatment. ACE might contribute to BD pathophysiology by hampering structural connectivity in critical cortico-limbic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Benedetti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences,Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele,Milan,Italy
| | - I Bollettini
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences,Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele,Milan,Italy
| | - D Radaelli
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences,Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele,Milan,Italy
| | - S Poletti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences,Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele,Milan,Italy
| | - C Locatelli
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences,Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele,Milan,Italy
| | - A Falini
- C.E.R.M.A.C. (Centro di Eccellenza Risonanza Magnetica ad Alto Campo),University Vita-Salute San Raffaele,Milan,Italy
| | - E Smeraldi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences,Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele,Milan,Italy
| | - C Colombo
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences,Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele,Milan,Italy
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22
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Zhang J, Kendrick KM, Lu G, Feng J. The Fault Lies on the Other Side: Altered Brain Functional Connectivity in Psychiatric Disorders is Mainly Caused by Counterpart Regions in the Opposite Hemisphere. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:3475-86. [PMID: 25122466 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many psychiatric disorders are associated with abnormal resting-state functional connectivity between pairs of brain regions, although it remains unclear whether the fault resides within the pair of regions themselves or other regions connected to them. Identifying the source of dysfunction is crucial for understanding the etiology of different disorders. Using pathway- and network-based techniques to analyze resting-state functional magnetic imaging data from a large population of patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (239 patients, 251 controls), major depression (39 patients, 37 controls), and schizophrenia (69 patients, 62 controls), we show for the first time that only network-based cross-correlation identifies significant functional connectivity changes in all 3 disorders which survive correction. This demonstrates that the primary source of dysfunction resides not in the regional pairs themselves but in their external connections. Combining pathway and network-based functional-connectivity analysis, we established that, in all 3 disorders, the counterparts of pairs of regions in the opposite hemisphere contribute 60-76% to altered functional connectivity, compared with only 17-21% from the regions themselves. Thus, a transdiagnostic feature is of abnormal functional connectivity between brain regions produced via their contralateral counterparts. Our results demonstrate an important role for contralateral counterpart regions in contributing to altered regional connectivity in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Centre for Computational Systems Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China Fudan University - Jinling Hospital Computational Translational Medicine Center, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Keith M Kendrick
- Key Laboratory for Neuro Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Life Science and Technology, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Guangming Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, PR China Fudan University - Jinling Hospital Computational Translational Medicine Center, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Centre for Computational Systems Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China Fudan University - Jinling Hospital Computational Translational Medicine Center, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, PR China Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Paolozza A, Treit S, Beaulieu C, Reynolds JN. Response inhibition deficits in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: relationship between diffusion tensor imaging of the corpus callosum and eye movement control. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 5:53-61. [PMID: 24967159 PMCID: PMC4066187 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Response inhibition is the ability to suppress irrelevant impulses to enable goal-directed behavior. The underlying neural mechanisms of inhibition deficits are not clearly understood, but may be related to white matter connectivity, which can be assessed using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between response inhibition during the performance of saccadic eye movement tasks and DTI measures of the corpus callosum in children with or without Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). Participants included 43 children with an FASD diagnosis (12.3 ± 3.1 years old) and 35 typically developing children (12.5 ± 3.0 years old) both aged 7-18, assessed at three sites across Canada. Response inhibition was measured by direction errors in an antisaccade task and timing errors in a delayed memory-guided saccade task. Manual deterministic tractography was used to delineate six regions of the corpus callosum and calculate fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), parallel diffusivity, and perpendicular diffusivity. Group differences in saccade measures were assessed using t-tests, followed by partial correlations between eye movement inhibition scores and corpus callosum FA and MD, controlling for age. Children with FASD made more saccade direction errors and more timing errors, which indicates a deficit in response inhibition. The only group difference in DTI metrics was significantly higher MD of the splenium in FASD compared to controls. Notably, direction errors in the antisaccade task were correlated negatively to FA and positively to MD of the splenium in the control, but not the FASD group, which suggests that alterations in connectivity between the two hemispheres of the brain may contribute to inhibition deficits in children with FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Paolozza
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Sarah Treit
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G-2E1, Canada
| | - Christian Beaulieu
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G-2E1, Canada ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T5G 0B7, Canada
| | - James N Reynolds
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada ; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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24
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Abstract
This editorial focuses on discordant twins as a valuable epidemiological design for psychiatric aetiological research. First, we summarise the advantages and strengths of this design over the classical matched case-control study. Then, we draw attention to the use of this method in bipolar disorder, revising previous discordant-twin studies. A future greater use of discordant twins is desirable to gain further relevant insights in the aetiology of bipolar disorder.
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25
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Fears SC, Service SK, Kremeyer B, Araya C, Araya X, Bejarano J, Ramirez M, Castrillón G, Gomez-Franco J, Lopez MC, Montoya G, Montoya P, Aldana I, Teshiba TM, Abaryan Z, Al-Sharif NB, Ericson M, Jalbrzikowski M, Luykx JJ, Navarro L, Tishler TA, Altshuler L, Bartzokis G, Escobar J, Glahn DC, Ospina-Duque J, Risch N, Ruiz-Linares A, Thompson PM, Cantor RM, Lopez-Jaramillo C, Macaya G, Molina J, Reus VI, Sabatti C, Freimer NB, Bearden CE. Multisystem component phenotypes of bipolar disorder for genetic investigations of extended pedigrees. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71:375-87. [PMID: 24522887 PMCID: PMC4045237 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Genetic factors contribute to risk for bipolar disorder (BP), but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. A focus on measuring multisystem quantitative traits that may be components of BP psychopathology may enable genetic dissection of this complex disorder, and investigation of extended pedigrees from genetically isolated populations may facilitate the detection of specific genetic variants that affect BP as well as its component phenotypes. OBJECTIVE To identify quantitative neurocognitive, temperament-related, and neuroanatomical phenotypes that appear heritable and associated with severe BP (bipolar I disorder [BP-I]) and therefore suitable for genetic linkage and association studies aimed at identifying variants contributing to BP-I risk. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Multigenerational pedigree study in 2 closely related, genetically isolated populations: the Central Valley of Costa Rica and Antioquia, Colombia. A total of 738 individuals, all from Central Valley of Costa Rica and Antioquia pedigrees, participated; among them, 181 have BP-I. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Familial aggregation (heritability) and association with BP-I of 169 quantitative neurocognitive, temperament, magnetic resonance imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging phenotypes. RESULTS Of 169 phenotypes investigated, 126 (75%) were significantly heritable and 53 (31%) were associated with BP-I. About one-quarter of the phenotypes, including measures from each phenotype domain, were both heritable and associated with BP-I. Neuroimaging phenotypes, particularly cortical thickness in prefrontal and temporal regions as well as volume and microstructural integrity of the corpus callosum, represented the most promising candidate traits for genetic mapping related to BP based on strong heritability and association with disease. Analyses of phenotypic and genetic covariation identified substantial correlations among the traits, at least some of which share a common underlying genetic architecture. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE To our knowledge, this is the most extensive investigation of BP-relevant component phenotypes to date. Our results identify brain and behavioral quantitative traits that appear to be genetically influenced and show a pattern of BP-I association within families that is consistent with expectations from case-control studies. Together, these phenotypes provide a basis for identifying loci contributing to BP-I risk and for genetic dissection of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Fears
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Susan K Service
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Carmen Araya
- Cell and Molecular Biology Research, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Xinia Araya
- Cell and Molecular Biology Research, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Julio Bejarano
- Cell and Molecular Biology Research, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Margarita Ramirez
- Cell and Molecular Biology Research, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | | | - Juliana Gomez-Franco
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria C Lopez
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gabriel Montoya
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Patricia Montoya
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ileana Aldana
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Terri M Teshiba
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Zvart Abaryan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Noor B Al-Sharif
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Marissa Ericson
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jurjen J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles6Department of Psychiatry, ZNA Stuivenberg, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Linda Navarro
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Todd A Tishler
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Lori Altshuler
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - George Bartzokis
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Javier Escobar
- Department of Psychiatry and Family Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut9Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Jorge Ospina-Duque
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Neil Risch
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Andrés Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London, England
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Rita M Cantor
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Carlos Lopez-Jaramillo
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia12Mood Disorders Program, Hospital San Vicente Fundacion, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gabriel Macaya
- Cell and Molecular Biology Research, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Julio Molina
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles13BioCiencias Lab, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Victor I Reus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Chiara Sabatti
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
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26
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Rocha-Rego V, Jogia J, Marquand AF, Mourao-Miranda J, Simmons A, Frangou S. Examination of the predictive value of structural magnetic resonance scans in bipolar disorder: a pattern classification approach. Psychol Med 2014; 44:519-532. [PMID: 23734914 PMCID: PMC3880067 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713001013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Patients are further disadvantaged by delays in accurate diagnosis ranging between 5 and 10 years. We applied Gaussian process classifiers (GPCs) to structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) data to evaluate the feasibility of using pattern recognition techniques for the diagnostic classification of patients with BD. METHOD GPCs were applied to gray (GM) and white matter (WM) sMRI data derived from two independent samples of patients with BD (cohort 1: n = 26; cohort 2: n = 14). Within each cohort patients were matched on age, sex and IQ to an equal number of healthy controls. RESULTS The diagnostic accuracy of the GPC for GM was 73% in cohort 1 and 72% in cohort 2; the sensitivity and specificity of the GM classification were respectively 69% and 77% in cohort 1 and 64% and 99% in cohort 2. The diagnostic accuracy of the GPC for WM was 69% in cohort 1 and 78% in cohort 2; the sensitivity and specificity of the WM classification were both 69% in cohort 1 and 71% and 86% respectively in cohort 2. In both samples, GM and WM clusters discriminating between patients and controls were localized within cortical and subcortical structures implicated in BD. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the predictive value of neuroanatomical data in discriminating patients with BD from healthy individuals. The overlap between discriminative networks and regions implicated in the pathophysiology of BD supports the biological plausibility of the classifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Rocha-Rego
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - J. Jogia
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - A. F. Marquand
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - J. Mourao-Miranda
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
- Computer Science Department, Centre for Computational Statistics and Machine Learning, University College London, UK
| | - A. Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - S. Frangou
- Psychosis Research Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
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27
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Lloyd AJ, Ali HE, Nesbitt D, Moore PB, Young AH, Ferrier IN. Corpus callosum changes in euthymic bipolar affective disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2014; 204:129-36. [PMID: 24357572 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.112.123687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in corpus callosum area and thickness have been reported in bipolar disorder. Imaging and limited neuropathological data suggest possible abnormalities in myelination and/or glial function. AIMS To compare corpus callosum area, thickness and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T1 signal intensity in patients with bipolar disorder and healthy controls. METHOD A total of 48 patients with euthymic bipolar disorder and 46 healthy controls underwent MRI analysis of callosal midsagittal area, callosal thickness and T1 signal intensity. RESULTS The bipolar group had smaller overall and subregional callosal areas and correspondingly reduced callosal width than the control group. Age correlated negatively with callosal area in the control group but not in the bipolar group. Signal intensity was higher in women than in men in both groups. Signal intensity was reduced in women, but not in men, in the bipolar group. CONCLUSIONS Observed differences probably relate to diagnosis rather than mood state and bipolar disorder appears to result in morphometric change that overrides changes seen in normal ageing. Intensity changes are consistent with possible altered myelination or glial function. A gender-dependent factor appears to operate and to interact with diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Lloyd
- Adrian J. Lloyd, MB, BS, MRCPsych, MD (Hons), Heba E. Ali, MB, BS, Mphil, David Nesbitt, BSc (Hons), MB, BS, P. Brian Moore, PhD, MB, BS, FRCPsych, Allan H. Young, MB, ChB, MPhil, PhD, FRCPsych, FRCPS, I. Nicol Ferrier, BSc(Hons), MD (Hons), FRCP(Ed), FRCPsych, Psychobiology Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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28
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Linke J, King AV, Poupon C, Hennerici MG, Gass A, Wessa M. Impaired anatomical connectivity and related executive functions: differentiating vulnerability and disease marker in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:908-16. [PMID: 23684382 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar 1 disorder (BD1) has been associated with impaired set shifting, increased risk taking, and impaired integrity of frontolimbic white matter. However, it remains unknown to what extent these findings are related to each other and whether these abnormalities represent risk factors or consequences of the illness. METHODS We addressed the first question by comparing 19 patients with BD1 and 19 healthy control subjects (sample 1) with diffusion tensor imaging, the Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift Task, and the Cambridge Gambling Task. The second question we approached by applying the same protocol to 22 healthy first-degree relatives of patients with BD1 and 22 persons without a family history of mental disorders (sample 2). RESULTS In comparison with their control groups, BD1 patients and healthy first-degree relatives of patients with BD1 showed significantly reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) in the right anterior limb of the internal capsule and right uncinate fasciculus. White matter integrity in corpus callosum was reduced in BD1 patients only. In addition, reduced FA in anterior limb of the internal capsule correlated significantly with an increased number of errors during set shifting and increased risk taking and reduced FA in uncinate fasciculus correlated significantly with increased risk taking. CONCLUSIONS Similar white matter alterations in BD1 patients and healthy relatives of BD1 patients are associated with comparable behavioral abnormalities. Further, results indicate that altered frontolimbic and frontothalamic connectivity and corresponding behavioral abnormalities might be a trait and vulnerability marker of BD1, whereas interhemispheric connectivity appears to be a disease marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Linke
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg; Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Psychological Institute, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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29
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Florio V, Savazzi S, Conca A, Marzi CA. Differential impairment of interhemispheric transmission in bipolar disease. Exp Brain Res 2013; 230:175-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Lithium and GSK3-β promoter gene variants influence white matter microstructure in bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:313-27. [PMID: 22990942 PMCID: PMC3527112 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lithium is the mainstay for the treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) and inhibits glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK3-β). The less active GSK3-β promoter gene variants have been associated with less detrimental clinical features of BD. GSK3-β gene variants and lithium can influence brain gray matter structure in psychiatric conditions. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures of white matter (WM) integrity showed widespred disruption of WM structure in BD. In a sample of 70 patients affected by a major depressive episode in course of BD, we investigated the effect of ongoing long-term lithium treatment and GSK3-β promoter rs334558 polymorphism on WM microstructure, using DTI and tract-based spatial statistics with threshold-free cluster enhancement. We report that the less active GSK3-β rs334558*C gene-promoter variants, and the long-term administration of the GSK3-β inhibitor lithium, were associated with increases of DTI measures of axial diffusivity (AD) in several WM fiber tracts, including corpus callosum, forceps major, anterior and posterior cingulum bundle (bilaterally including its hippocampal part), left superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculus, left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, left posterior thalamic radiation, bilateral superior and posterior corona radiata, and bilateral corticospinal tract. AD reflects the integrity of axons and myelin sheaths. We suggest that GSK3-β inhibition and lithium could counteract the detrimental influences of BD on WM structure, with specific benefits resulting from effects on specific WM tracts contributing to the functional integrity of the brain and involving interhemispheric, limbic, and large frontal, parietal, and fronto-occipital connections.
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31
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Herron TJ, Kang X, Woods DL. Automated measurement of the human corpus callosum using MRI. Front Neuroinform 2012; 6:25. [PMID: 22988433 PMCID: PMC3439830 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2012.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum includes the majority of fibers that connect the two cortical hemispheres. Studies of cross-sectional callosal morphometry and area have revealed developmental, gender, and hemispheric differences in healthy populations and callosal deficits associated with neurodegenerative disease and brain injury. However, accurate quantification of the callosum using magnetic resonance imaging is complicated by intersubject variability in callosal size, shape, and location and often requires manual outlining of the callosum in order to achieve adequate performance. Here we describe an objective, fully automated protocol that utilizes voxel-based images to quantify the area and thickness both of the entire callosum and of different callosal compartments. We verify the method's accuracy, reliability, robustness, and multisite consistency and make comparisons with manual measurements using public brain-image databases. An analysis of age-related changes in the callosum showed increases in length and reductions in thickness and area with age. A comparison of older subjects with and without mild dementia revealed that reductions in anterior callosal area independently predicted poorer cognitive performance after factoring out Mini-Mental Status Examination scores and normalized whole brain volume. Open-source software implementing the algorithm is available at www.nitrc.org/projects/c8c8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Herron
- Human Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Research Service, US Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System Martinez, CA, USA
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32
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Hafeman DM, Chang KD, Garrett AS, Sanders EM, Phillips ML. Effects of medication on neuroimaging findings in bipolar disorder: an updated review. Bipolar Disord 2012; 14:375-410. [PMID: 22631621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroimaging is an important tool for better understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of bipolar disorder (BD). However, potential study participants are often receiving psychotropic medications which can possibly confound imaging data. To better interpret the results of neuroimaging studies in BD, it is important to understand the impact of medications on structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), functional MRI (fMRI), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). METHODS To better understand the impact of medications on imaging data, we conducted a literature review and searched MEDLINE for papers that included the key words bipolar disorder and fMRI, sMRI, or DTI. The search was limited to papers that assessed medication effects and had not been included in a previous review by Phillips et al. (Medication effects in neuroimaging studies of bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165: 313-320). This search yielded 74 sMRI studies, 46 fMRI studies, and 15 DTI studies. RESULTS Medication appeared to influence many sMRI studies, but had limited impact on fMRI and DTI findings. From the structural studies, the most robust finding (20/45 studies) was that lithium was associated with increased volumes in areas important for mood regulation, while antipsychotic agents and anticonvulsants were generally not. Regarding secondary analysis of the medication effects of fMRI and DTI studies, few showed significant effects of medication, although rigorous analyses were typically not possible when the majority of subjects were medicated. Medication effects were more frequently observed in longitudinal studies designed to assess the impact of particular medications on the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal. With a few exceptions, the observed effects were normalizing, meaning that the medicated individuals with BD were more similar than their unmedicated counterparts to healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS The effects of psychotropic medications, when present, are predominantly normalizing and thus do not seem to provide an alternative explanation for differences in volume, white matter tracts, or BOLD signal between BD participants and healthy subjects. However, the normalizing effects of medication could obfuscate differences between BD and healthy subjects, and thus might lead to type II errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danella M Hafeman
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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