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Alhadidi QM, Bahader GA, Arvola O, Kitchen P, Shah ZA, Salman MM. Astrocytes in functional recovery following central nervous system injuries. J Physiol 2024; 602:3069-3096. [PMID: 37702572 DOI: 10.1113/jp284197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are increasingly recognised as partaking in complex homeostatic mechanisms critical for regulating neuronal plasticity following central nervous system (CNS) insults. Ischaemic stroke and traumatic brain injury are associated with high rates of disability and mortality. Depending on the context and type of injury, reactive astrocytes respond with diverse morphological, proliferative and functional changes collectively known as astrogliosis, which results in both pathogenic and protective effects. There is a large body of research on the negative consequences of astrogliosis following brain injuries. There is also growing interest in how astrogliosis might in some contexts be protective and help to limit the spread of the injury. However, little is known about how astrocytes contribute to the chronic functional recovery phase following traumatic and ischaemic brain insults. In this review, we explore the protective functions of astrocytes in various aspects of secondary brain injury such as oedema, inflammation and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. We also discuss the current knowledge on astrocyte contribution to tissue regeneration, including angiogenesis, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, dendrogenesis and axogenesis. Finally, we discuss diverse astrocyte-related factors that, if selectively targeted, could form the basis of astrocyte-targeted therapeutic strategies to better address currently untreatable CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim M Alhadidi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Yarmok University College, Diyala, Iraq
| | - Ghaith A Bahader
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Oiva Arvola
- Division of Anaesthesiology, Jorvi Hospital, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philip Kitchen
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Mootaz M Salman
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kavli Institute for NanoScience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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Nakajima C, Sawada M, Umeda E, Takagi Y, Nakashima N, Kuboyama K, Kaneko N, Yamamoto S, Nakamura H, Shimada N, Nakamura K, Matsuno K, Uesugi S, Vepřek NA, Küllmer F, Nasufović V, Uchiyama H, Nakada M, Otsuka Y, Ito Y, Herranz-Pérez V, García-Verdugo JM, Ohno N, Arndt HD, Trauner D, Tabata Y, Igarashi M, Sawamoto K. Identification of the growth cone as a probe and driver of neuronal migration in the injured brain. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1877. [PMID: 38461182 PMCID: PMC10924819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Axonal growth cones mediate axonal guidance and growth regulation. We show that migrating neurons in mice possess a growth cone at the tip of their leading process, similar to that of axons, in terms of the cytoskeletal dynamics and functional responsivity through protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type sigma (PTPσ). Migrating-neuron growth cones respond to chondroitin sulfate (CS) through PTPσ and collapse, which leads to inhibition of neuronal migration. In the presence of CS, the growth cones can revert to their extended morphology when their leading filopodia interact with heparan sulfate (HS), thus re-enabling neuronal migration. Implantation of an HS-containing biomaterial in the CS-rich injured cortex promotes the extension of the growth cone and improve the migration and regeneration of neurons, thereby enabling functional recovery. Thus, the growth cone of migrating neurons is responsive to extracellular environments and acts as a primary regulator of neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Nakajima
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Masato Sawada
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
- Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Erika Umeda
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yuma Takagi
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Norihiko Nakashima
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kuboyama
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Naoko Kaneko
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
- Laboratory of Neuronal Regeneration, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Satoaki Yamamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Haruno Nakamura
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Naoki Shimada
- Research and Development Center, The Japan Wool Textile Co., Ltd., Kobe, 675-0053, Japan
| | - Koichiro Nakamura
- Medical Device Department, Nikke Medical Co., Ltd., Osaka, 541-0048, Japan
| | - Kumiko Matsuno
- Research and Development Center, The Japan Wool Textile Co., Ltd., Kobe, 675-0053, Japan
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences (LiMe), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shoji Uesugi
- Medical Device Department, Nikke Medical Co., Ltd., Osaka, 541-0048, Japan
| | - Nynke A Vepřek
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Florian Küllmer
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Veselin Nasufović
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | | | | | - Yuji Otsuka
- Toray Research Center, Inc., Otsu, 520-8567, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ito
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medical/Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, 329-0498, Japan
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hans-Dieter Arndt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences (LiMe), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medical/Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
- Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
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Kheirollahi A, Sadeghi S, Orandi S, Moayedi K, Khajeh K, Khoobi M, Golestani A. Chondroitinase as a therapeutic enzyme: Prospects and challenges. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 172:110348. [PMID: 37898093 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The chondroitinases (Chase) are bacterial lyases that specifically digest chondroitin sulfate and/or dermatan sulfate glycosaminoglycans via a β-elimination reaction and generate unsaturated disaccharides. In recent decades, these enzymes have attracted the attention of many researchers due to their potential applications in various aspects of medicine from the treatment of spinal cord injury to use as an analytical tool. In spite of this diverse spectrum, the application of Chase is faced with several limitations and challenges such as thermal instability and lack of a suitable delivery system. In the current review, we address potential therapeutic applications of Chase with emphasis on the challenges ahead. Then, we summarize the latest achievements to overcome the problems by considering the studies carried out in the field of enzyme engineering, drug delivery, and combination-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Kheirollahi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Sadeghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Orandi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiana Moayedi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosro Khajeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-154, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Golestani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yuan S, Shi J, Tang X, Deng B, Wu Z, Qiu B, Lin S, Ji C, Wang L, Cui S, Xu N, Yao L. The Role of Perineuronal Nets in the Contralateral Hemisphere in the Electroacupuncture-Mediated Rehabilitation of Poststroke Dysphagia Mice. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0234-23.2023. [PMID: 37977825 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0234-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture at Lianquan (CV23) acupoint has been shown to improve swallowing function in poststroke dysphagia (PSD). This improvement is supposed to be associated with the regulation of neuronal activity in the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1), while the underlying mechanism still needs to be elucidated. Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are well-known to be involved in the regulation of neuronal activity. Thus, we here aimed to detect the role of PNNs in the contralateral M1 hemisphere in the electroacupuncture (EA)-mediated effect in male mice. The results were obtained from a combination of methods, including in vitro slice electrophysiological recording, in vivo electrophysiological recording, and immunofluorescent staining in male mice. These results showed a decrease of the excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) and no alteration of the inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) in the GABAergic neurons and the tonic inhibition in the excitatory neurons in the contralateral M1 after stroke induction, and EA recovered the impaired sEPSCs in the GABAergic neurons. We further found that the effect of EA-induced increase of c-Fos expression, enhancement of spike firing, potentiation of sEPSCs in the excitatory neurons, and improvement of swallowing function were all blocked by the removal of PNNs in the contralateral M1. In conclusion, the PNNs in the contralateral M1 was suggested to be participated in stroke pathogenesis and might be associated with the EA-mediated swallowing function rehabilitation of PSD in male mice. Our study provides insight into how PNNs might be involved in the mechanism of EA treatment for stroke rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yuan
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
- Department of Rehabilitation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 410208, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jiahui Shi
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Xiaorong Tang
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Bing Deng
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Zhennan Wu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Bo Qiu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Shumin Lin
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Chang Ji
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510630, China
| | - Lin Wang
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Shuai Cui
- Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province 230012, China
| | - Nenggui Xu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Lulu Yao
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
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5
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Li H, Ghorbani S, Ling CC, Yong VW, Xue M. The extracellular matrix as modifier of neuroinflammation and recovery in ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 186:106282. [PMID: 37683956 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and has two major subtypes: ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Neuroinflammation is a pathological hallmark of ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), contributing to the extent of brain injury but also in its repair. Neuroinflammation is intricately linked to the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is profoundly altered after brain injury and in aging. In the early stages after ischemic stroke and ICH, immune cells are involved in the deposition and remodeling of the ECM thereby affecting processes such as blood-brain barrier and cellular integrity. ECM components regulate leukocyte infiltration into the central nervous system, activate a variety of immune cells, and induce the elevation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) after stroke. In turn, excessive MMPs may degrade ECM into components that are pro-inflammatory and injurious. Conversely, in the later stages after stroke, several ECM molecules may contribute to tissue recovery. For example, thrombospondin-1 and biglycan may promote activity of regulatory T cells, inhibit the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, and aid regenerative processes. We highlight these roles of the ECM in ischemic stroke and ICH and discuss their potential cellular and molecular mechanisms. Finally, we discuss therapeutics that could be considered to normalize the ECM in stroke. Our goal is to spur research on the ECM in order to improve the prognosis of ischemic stroke and ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Li
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samira Ghorbani
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chang-Chun Ling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Dzyubenko E, Willig KI, Yin D, Sardari M, Tokmak E, Labus P, Schmermund B, Hermann DM. Structural changes in perineuronal nets and their perforating GABAergic synapses precede motor coordination recovery post stroke. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:76. [PMID: 37658339 PMCID: PMC10474719 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00971-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke remains one of the leading causes of long-term disability worldwide, and the development of effective restorative therapies is hindered by an incomplete understanding of intrinsic brain recovery mechanisms. Growing evidence indicates that the brain extracellular matrix (ECM) has major implications for neuroplasticity. Here we explored how perineuronal nets (PNNs), the facet-like ECM layers surrounding fast-spiking interneurons, contribute to neurological recovery after focal cerebral ischemia in mice with and without induced stroke tolerance. METHODS We investigated the structural remodeling of PNNs after stroke using 3D superresolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) and structured illumination (SR-SIM) microscopy. Superresolution imaging allowed for the precise reconstruction of PNN morphology using graphs, which are mathematical constructs designed for topological analysis. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (tMCAO). PNN-associated synapses and contacts with microglia/macrophages were quantified using high-resolution confocal microscopy. RESULTS PNNs undergo transient structural changes after stroke allowing for the dynamic reorganization of GABAergic input to motor cortical L5 interneurons. The coherent remodeling of PNNs and their perforating inhibitory synapses precedes the recovery of motor coordination after stroke and depends on the severity of the ischemic injury. Morphological alterations in PNNs correlate with the increased surface of contact between activated microglia/macrophages and PNN-coated neurons. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate a novel mechanism of post stroke neuroplasticity involving the tripartite interaction between PNNs, synapses, and microglia/macrophages. We propose that prolonging PNN loosening during the post-acute period can extend the opening neuroplasticity window into the chronic stroke phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor Dzyubenko
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.
| | - Katrin I Willig
- Group of Optical Nanoscopy in Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dongpei Yin
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Maryam Sardari
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Erdin Tokmak
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Patrick Labus
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Ben Schmermund
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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Le C, Hu X, Tong L, Ye X, Zhang J, Yan J, Sherchan P, Zhang JH, Gao F, Tang J. Inhibition of LAR attenuates neuroinflammation through RhoA/IRS-1/Akt signaling pathway after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:869-881. [PMID: 36802818 PMCID: PMC10196755 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231159352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte common antigen-related phosphatase (LAR) is widely expressed in the central nervous system and is known to regulate a variety of processes including cell growth, differentiation, and inflammation. However, little is currently known about LAR signaling mediated neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The objective of this study was to investigate the role of LAR in ICH using autologous blood injection-induced ICH mouse model. Expression of endogenous proteins, brain edema and neurological function after ICH were evaluated. Extracellular LAR peptide (ELP), an inhibitor of LAR, was administered to ICH mice and outcomes were evaluated. LAR activating-CRISPR or IRS inhibitor NT-157 was administered to elucidate the mechanism. The results showed that expressions of LAR, its endogenous agonist chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) including neurocan and brevican, and downstream factor RhoA increased after ICH. Administration of ELP reduced brain edema, improved neurological function, and decreased microglia activation after ICH. ELP decreased RhoA and phosphorylated serine-IRS1, increased phosphorylated tyrosine-IRS1 and p-Akt, and attenuated neuroinflammation after ICH, which was reversed by LAR activating-CRISPR or NT-157. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that LAR contributed to neuroinflammation after ICH via RhoA/IRS-1 pathway, and ELP may be a potential therapeutic strategy to attenuate LAR mediated neuroinflammation after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chensheng Le
- Department of Neurology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
China
- Department of Physiology and
Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo
Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Physiology and
Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, West
China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lusha Tong
- Department of Neurology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
China
- Department of Physiology and
Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Xianghua Ye
- Department of Neurology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
China
| | - Junyi Zhang
- Department of Physiology and
Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Physiology and
Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangxi
Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology and
Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and
Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and
Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Chemistry and Function of Glycosaminoglycans in the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:117-162. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Brown TE, Sorg BA. Net gain and loss: influence of natural rewards and drugs of abuse on perineuronal nets. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:3-20. [PMID: 35568740 PMCID: PMC9700711 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Overindulgence, excessive consumption, and a pattern of compulsive use of natural rewards, such as certain foods or drugs of abuse, may result in the development of obesity or substance use disorder, respectively. Natural rewards and drugs of abuse can trigger similar changes in the neurobiological substrates that drive food- and drug-seeking behaviors. This review examines the impact natural rewards and drugs of abuse have on perineuronal nets (PNNs). PNNs are specialized extracellular matrix structures that ensheathe certain neurons during development over the critical period to provide synaptic stabilization and a protective microenvironment for the cells they surround. This review also analyzes how natural rewards and drugs of abuse impact the density and maturation of PNNs within reward-associated circuitry of the brain, which may contribute to maladaptive food- and drug-seeking behaviors. Finally, we evaluate the relatively few studies that have degraded PNNs to perturb reward-seeking behaviors. Taken together, this review sheds light on the complex way PNNs are regulated by natural rewards and drugs and highlights a need for future studies to delineate the molecular mechanisms that underlie the modification and maintenance of PNNs following exposure to rewarding stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis E Brown
- Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Barbara A Sorg
- R.S. Dow Neurobiology, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, 97232, USA
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Luo F, Wang J, Zhang Z, You Z, Bedolla A, Okwubido-Williams F, Huang LF, Silver J, Luo Y. Inhibition of CSPG receptor PTPσ promotes migration of newly born neuroblasts, axonal sprouting, and recovery from stroke. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111137. [PMID: 35905716 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to neuroprotective strategies, neuroregenerative processes could provide targets for stroke recovery. However, the upregulation of inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) impedes innate regenerative efforts. Here, we examine the regulatory role of PTPσ (a major proteoglycan receptor) in dampening post-stroke recovery. Use of a receptor modulatory peptide (ISP) or Ptprs gene deletion leads to increased neurite outgrowth and enhanced NSCs migration upon inhibitory CSPG substrates. Post-stroke ISP treatment results in increased axonal sprouting as well as neuroblast migration deeply into the lesion scar with a transcriptional signature reflective of repair. Lastly, peptide treatment post-stroke (initiated acutely or more chronically at 7 days) results in improved behavioral recovery in both motor and cognitive functions. Therefore, we propose that CSPGs induced by stroke play a predominant role in the regulation of neural repair and that blocking CSPG signaling pathways will lead to enhanced neurorepair and functional recovery in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fucheng Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jiapeng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Zhen You
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Alicia Bedolla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - FearGod Okwubido-Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - L Frank Huang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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11
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Houlton J, Zubkova OV, Clarkson AN. Recovery of Post-Stroke Spatial Memory and Thalamocortical Connectivity Following Novel Glycomimetic and rhBDNF Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094817. [PMID: 35563207 PMCID: PMC9101131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke-induced cognitive impairments remain of significant concern, with very few treatment options available. The involvement of glycosaminoglycans in neuroregenerative processes is becoming better understood and recent advancements in technology have allowed for cost-effective synthesis of novel glycomimetics. The current study evaluated the therapeutic potential of two novel glycomimetics, compound A and G, when administered systemically five-days post-photothrombotic stroke to the PFC. As glycosaminoglycans are thought to facilitate growth factor function, we also investigated the combination of our glycomimetics with intracerebral, recombinant human brain-derived neurotrophic factor (rhBDNF). C56BL/6J mice received sham or stroke surgery and experimental treatment (day-5), before undergoing the object location recognition task (OLRT). Four-weeks post-surgery, animals received prelimbic injections of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin B (CTB), before tissue was collected for quantification of thalamo-PFC connectivity and reactive astrogliosis. Compound A or G treatment alone modulated a degree of reactive astrogliosis yet did not influence spatial memory performance. Contrastingly, compound G+rhBDNF treatment significantly improved spatial memory, dampened reactive astrogliosis and limited stroke-induced loss of connectivity between the PFC and midline thalamus. As rhBDNF treatment had negligible effects, these findings support compound A acted synergistically to enhance rhBDNF to restrict secondary degeneration and facilitate functional recovery after PFC stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Houlton
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | - Olga V. Zubkova
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Gracefield Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand;
| | - Andrew N. Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +64-3-279-7326
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12
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Yellajoshyula D, Pappas SS, Dauer WT. Oligodendrocyte and Extracellular Matrix Contributions to Central Nervous System Motor Function: Implications for Dystonia. Mov Disord 2022; 37:456-463. [PMID: 34989453 PMCID: PMC11152458 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest to elucidate nervous system function and dysfunction in disease has focused largely on neurons and neural circuits. However, fundamental aspects of nervous system development, function, and plasticity are regulated by nonneuronal elements, including glial cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). The rapid rise of genomics and neuroimaging techniques in recent decades has highlighted neuronal-glial interactions and ECM as a key component of nervous system development, plasticity, and function. Abnormalities of neuronal-glial interactions have been understudied but are increasingly recognized to play a key role in many neurodevelopmental disorders. In this report, we consider the role of myelination and the ECM in the development and function of central nervous system motor circuits and the neurodevelopmental disease dystonia. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel S Pappas
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - William T Dauer
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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13
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Laaksonen K, Ward NS. Biomarkers of plasticity for stroke recovery. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 184:287-298. [PMID: 35034742 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the commonest cause of physical disability in the world. Our understanding of the biologic mechanisms involved in recovery and repair has advanced to the point that therapeutic opportunities to promote recovery through manipulation of post-stroke plasticity have never been greater. This work has almost exclusively been carried out in rodent models of stroke with little translation into human studies. The challenge ahead is to develop a mechanistic understanding of recovery from stroke in humans. Advances in neuroimaging techniques can now provide the appropriate intermediate level of description to bridge the gap between a molecular and cellular account of recovery and a behavioral one. Clinical trials can then be designed in a stratified manner taking into account when an intervention should be delivered and who is most likely to benefit. This approach is most likely to lead to the step-change in how restorative therapeutic strategies are delivered in human stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Laaksonen
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nick S Ward
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom.
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14
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Mouse model of voluntary movement deficits induced by needlestick injuries to the primary motor cortex. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 365:109380. [PMID: 34634284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor handicap is prevalent in patients with traumatic brain injury, but currently. there is a challenging task to prevent the degeneration of motor neurons and to fully recover the. voluntary movement after injury. NEW METHOD For the first time, we propose to apply needlestick injuries to the primary motor cortex to create mouse model of voluntary movement deficits. Rotarod test, cylinder test and forepaw grip strength test were used to assay motor coordination of both C57BL/6 J and the triple immunodeficient NCG mice. Immunofluorescence staining of PKC-gamma, UCHL1, GFAP, Iba1 and Fluoro-Jade C was performed to analyze the numbers of motor neurons, microglia, astrocytes and degenerating neurons. RESULTS Mice on either C57BL/6 J or immunodeficient background with the unilateral primary motor cortex injury exhibit motor neuron death, activation of glial cells and deficits in voluntary movement. CONCLUSIONS The main finding of this study was that the unilateral primary motor cortex injured by needlesticks leads to reactive gliosis, motor neuron death and voluntary movement deficits in mice. This needlestick injury model of primary motor cortex might be useful for future exploration of underlying mechanisms of motor neuron degeneration and of promising treatment modalities such as cell transplantation to improve locomotor deficiency following neurotrauma.
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15
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Hart CG, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Recent insights on astrocyte mechanisms in CNS homeostasis, pathology, and repair. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2427-2462. [PMID: 34259342 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play essential roles in development, homeostasis, injury, and repair of the central nervous system (CNS). Their development is tightly regulated by distinct spatial and temporal cues during embryogenesis and into adulthood throughout the CNS. Astrocytes have several important responsibilities such as regulating blood flow and permeability of the blood-CNS barrier, glucose metabolism and storage, synapse formation and function, and axon myelination. In CNS pathologies, astrocytes also play critical parts in both injury and repair mechanisms. Upon injury, they undergo a robust phenotypic shift known as "reactive astrogliosis," which results in both constructive and deleterious outcomes. Astrocyte activation and migration at the site of injury provides an early defense mechanism to minimize the extent of injury by enveloping the lesion area. However, astrogliosis also contributes to the inhibitory microenvironment of CNS injury and potentiate secondary injury mechanisms, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and glutamate excitotoxicity, which facilitate neurodegeneration in CNS pathologies. Intriguingly, reactive astrocytes are increasingly a focus in current therapeutic strategies as their activation can be modulated toward a neuroprotective and reparative phenotype. This review will discuss recent advancements in knowledge regarding the development and role of astrocytes in the healthy and pathological CNS. We will also review how astrocytes have been genetically modified to optimize their reparative potential after injury, and how they may be transdifferentiated into neurons and oligodendrocytes to promote repair after CNS injury and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Hart
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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16
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Akhoundzadeh K, Shafia S. Association between GFAP-positive astrocytes with clinically important parameters including neurological deficits and/or infarct volume in stroke-induced animals. Brain Res 2021; 1769:147566. [PMID: 34237322 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of GFAP-positive astrocytes, as positive or negative factors on stroke complications such as infarct volume and neurological deficits is currently under debate. This review was aimed to evaluate and compare the frequency of studies that showed a positive or negative relationship between astrocyte activation with the improvement of neurological deficits and/or the decrease of infarct volume. In addition, we reviewed two possible causes of differences in results including timepoint of stroke and stroke severity. Time of GFAP assessment was considered as time point and type of stroke induction and duration of stroke as stroke severity. According to our review in the most relevant English-language studies in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases from 2005 to 2020, the majority of studies (77 vs. 28) showed a negative coincidence or correlation between GFAP-positive cells with neurological improvement as well as between GFAP-positive cells with infarct volume reduction. In most reviewed studies, GFAP expression was reported as a marker related to or coinciding with worse neurological function, or greater infarct volume. However, there were also studies that showed helpful effects of GFAP-positive cells on neurological function or stroke lesion. Although there are some elucidations that the difference in these findings is due to the time point of stroke and stroke severity, our review did not confirm these interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sakineh Shafia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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17
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Conti S, Spalletti C, Pasquini M, Giordano N, Barsotti N, Mainardi M, Lai S, Giorgi A, Pasqualetti M, Micera S, Caleo M. Combining robotics with enhanced serotonin-driven cortical plasticity improves post-stroke motor recovery. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 203:102073. [PMID: 33984455 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent progresses in robotic rehabilitation technologies, their efficacy for post-stroke motor recovery is still limited. Such limitations might stem from the insufficient enhancement of plasticity mechanisms, crucial for functional recovery. Here, we designed a clinically relevant strategy that combines robotic rehabilitation with chemogenetic stimulation of serotonin release to boost plasticity. These two approaches acted synergistically to enhance post-stroke motor performance. Indeed, mice treated with our combined therapy showed substantial functional gains that persisted beyond the treatment period and generalized to non-trained tasks. Motor recovery was associated with a reduction in electrophysiological and neuroanatomical markers of GABAergic neurotransmission, suggesting disinhibition in perilesional areas. To unveil the translational potentialities of our approach, we specifically targeted the serotonin 1A receptor by delivering Buspirone, a clinically approved drug, in stroke mice undergoing robotic rehabilitation. Administration of Buspirone restored motor impairments similarly to what observed with chemogenetic stimulation, showing the immediate translational potential of this combined approach to significantly improve motor recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Conti
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Spalletti
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - M Pasquini
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - N Giordano
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - N Barsotti
- Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - M Mainardi
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - S Lai
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Giorgi
- Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - M Pasqualetti
- Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Italy; Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - S Micera
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy; Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational NeuroEngineering Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - M Caleo
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy.
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18
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Wingert JC, Sorg BA. Impact of Perineuronal Nets on Electrophysiology of Parvalbumin Interneurons, Principal Neurons, and Brain Oscillations: A Review. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:673210. [PMID: 34040511 PMCID: PMC8141737 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.673210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are specialized extracellular matrix structures that surround specific neurons in the brain and spinal cord, appear during critical periods of development, and restrict plasticity during adulthood. Removal of PNNs can reinstate juvenile-like plasticity or, in cases of PNN removal during early developmental stages, PNN removal extends the critical plasticity period. PNNs surround mainly parvalbumin (PV)-containing, fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons in several brain regions. These inhibitory interneurons profoundly inhibit the network of surrounding neurons via their elaborate contacts with local pyramidal neurons, and they are key contributors to gamma oscillations generated across several brain regions. Among other functions, these gamma oscillations regulate plasticity associated with learning, decision making, attention, cognitive flexibility, and working memory. The detailed mechanisms by which PNN removal increases plasticity are only beginning to be understood. Here, we review the impact of PNN removal on several electrophysiological features of their underlying PV interneurons and nearby pyramidal neurons, including changes in intrinsic and synaptic membrane properties, brain oscillations, and how these changes may alter the integration of memory-related information. Additionally, we review how PNN removal affects plasticity-associated phenomena such as long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term depression (LTD), and paired-pulse ratio (PPR). The results are discussed in the context of the role of PV interneurons in circuit function and how PNN removal alters this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jereme C Wingert
- Program in Neuroscience, Robert S. Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Barbara A Sorg
- Program in Neuroscience, Robert S. Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States
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19
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Raspa A, Carminati L, Pugliese R, Fontana F, Gelain F. Self-assembling peptide hydrogels for the stabilization and sustained release of active Chondroitinase ABC in vitro and in spinal cord injuries. J Control Release 2021; 330:1208-1219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Joy MT, Carmichael ST. Encouraging an excitable brain state: mechanisms of brain repair in stroke. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 22:38-53. [PMID: 33184469 PMCID: PMC10625167 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-00396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Stroke induces a plastic state in the brain. This period of enhanced plasticity leads to the sprouting of new axons, the formation of new synapses and the remapping of sensory-motor functions, and is associated with motor recovery. This is a remarkable process in the adult brain, which is normally constrained in its levels of neuronal plasticity and connectional change. Recent evidence indicates that these changes are driven by molecular systems that underlie learning and memory, such as changes in cellular excitability during memory formation. This Review examines circuit changes after stroke, the shared mechanisms between memory formation and brain repair, the changes in neuronal excitability that underlie stroke recovery, and the molecular and pharmacological interventions that follow from these findings to promote motor recovery in animal models. From these findings, a framework emerges for understanding recovery after stroke, central to which is the concept of neuronal allocation to damaged circuits. The translation of the concepts discussed here to recovery in humans is underway in clinical trials for stroke recovery drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary T Joy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Thomas Carmichael
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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21
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Napoli D, Lupori L, Mazziotti R, Sagona G, Bagnoli S, Samad M, Sacramento EK, Kirkpartick J, Putignano E, Chen S, Terzibasi Tozzini E, Tognini P, Baldi P, Kwok JC, Cellerino A, Pizzorusso T. MiR-29 coordinates age-dependent plasticity brakes in the adult visual cortex. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50431. [PMID: 33026181 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual cortical circuits show profound plasticity during early life and are later stabilized by molecular "brakes" limiting excessive rewiring beyond a critical period. The mechanisms coordinating the expression of these factors during the transition from development to adulthood remain unknown. We found that miR-29a expression in the visual cortex dramatically increases with age, but it is not experience-dependent. Precocious high levels of miR-29a blocked ocular dominance plasticity and caused an early appearance of perineuronal nets. Conversely, inhibition of miR-29a in adult mice using LNA antagomirs activated ocular dominance plasticity, reduced perineuronal nets, and restored their juvenile chemical composition. Activated adult plasticity had the typical functional and proteomic signature of critical period plasticity. Transcriptomic and proteomic studies indicated that miR-29a manipulation regulates the expression of plasticity brakes in specific cortical circuits. These data indicate that miR-29a is a regulator of the plasticity brakes promoting age-dependent stabilization of visual cortical connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Napoli
- BIO@SNS Lab, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Mazziotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, NEUROFARBA University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Sagona
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, NEUROFARBA University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Bagnoli
- BIO@SNS Lab, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Muntaha Samad
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Joanna Kirkpartick
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Elena Putignano
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Siwei Chen
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Paola Tognini
- BIO@SNS Lab, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierre Baldi
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Cf Kwok
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alessandro Cellerino
- BIO@SNS Lab, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.,Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Tommaso Pizzorusso
- BIO@SNS Lab, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, NEUROFARBA University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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22
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A Review of Exercise-Induced Neuroplasticity in Ischemic Stroke: Pathology and Mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4218-4231. [PMID: 32691303 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
After ischemic stroke, survivors experience motor dysfunction and deterioration of memory and cognition. These symptoms are associated with the disruption of normal neuronal function, i.e., the secretion of neurotrophic factors, interhemispheric connections, and synaptic activity, and hence the disruption of the normal neural circuit. Exercise is considered an effective and feasible rehabilitation strategy for improving cognitive and motor recovery following ischemic stroke through the facilitation of neuroplasticity. In this review, our aim was to discuss the mechanisms by which exercise-induced neuroplasticity improves motor function and cognitive ability after ischemic stroke. The associated mechanisms include increases in neurotrophins, improvements in synaptic structure and function, the enhancement of interhemispheric connections, the promotion of neural regeneration, the acceleration of neural function reorganization, and the facilitation of compensation beyond the infarcted tissue. We also discuss some common exercise strategies and a novel exercise therapy, robot-assisted movement, which might be widely applied in the clinic to help stroke patients in the future.
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23
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Day P, Alves N, Daniell E, Dasgupta D, Ogborne R, Steeper A, Raza M, Ellis C, Fawcett J, Keynes R, Muir E. Targeting chondroitinase ABC to axons enhances the ability of chondroitinase to promote neurite outgrowth and sprouting. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0221851. [PMID: 31961897 PMCID: PMC6974052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently no effective treatment for promoting regeneration of injured nerves in patients who have sustained injury to the central nervous system such as spinal cord injury. Chondroitinase ABC is an enzyme, which promotes neurite outgrowth and regeneration. It has shown considerable promise as a therapy for these conditions. The aim of the study is to determine if targeting chondroitinase ABC expression to the neuronal axon can further enhance its ability to promote axon outgrowth. Long-distance axon regeneration has not yet been achieved, and would be a significant step in attaining functional recovery following spinal cord injury. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To investigate this, neuronal cultures were transfected with constructs encoding axon-targeted chondroitinase, non-targeted chondroitinase or GFP, and the effects on neuron outgrowth and sprouting determined on substrates either permissive or inhibitory to neuron regeneration. The mechanisms underlying the observed effects were also explored. Targeting chondroitinase to the neuronal axon markedly enhances its ability to promote neurite outgrowth. The increase in neurite length is associated with an upregulation of β-integrin staining at the axonal cell surface. Staining for phosphofocal adhesion kinase, is also increased, indicating that the β-integrins are in an activated state. Expression of chondroitinase within the neurons also resulted in a decrease in expression of PTEN and RhoA, molecules which present a block to neurite outgrowth, thus identifying two of the pathways by which ChABC promotes neurite outgrowth. CONCLUSIONS / SIGNIFICANCE The novel finding that targeting ChABC to the axon significantly enhances its ability to promote neurite extension, suggests that this may be an effective way of promoting long-distance axon regeneration following spinal cord injury. It could also potentially improve its efficacy in the treatment of other pathologies, where it has been shown to promote recovery, such as myocardial infarction, stroke and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Day
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nuno Alves
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Daniell
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Debayan Dasgupta
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalie Ogborne
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Steeper
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mansoor Raza
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Ellis
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Fawcett
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Keynes
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Muir
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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24
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Regenhardt RW, Takase H, Lo EH, Lin DJ. Translating concepts of neural repair after stroke: Structural and functional targets for recovery. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2020; 38:67-92. [PMID: 31929129 PMCID: PMC7442117 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-190978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is among the most common causes of adult disability worldwide, and its disease burden is shifting towards that of a long-term condition. Therefore, the development of approaches to enhance recovery and augment neural repair after stroke will be critical. Recovery after stroke involves complex interrelated systems of neural repair. There are changes in both structure (at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels) and function (in terms of excitability, cortical maps, and networks) that occur spontaneously within the brain. Several approaches to augment neural repair through enhancing these changes are under study. These include identifying novel drug targets, implementing rehabilitation strategies, and developing new neurotechnologies. Each of these approaches has its own array of different proposed mechanisms. Current investigation has emphasized both cellular and circuit-based targets in both gray and white matter, including axon sprouting, dendritic branching, neurogenesis, axon preservation, remyelination, blood brain barrier integrity, blockade of extracellular inhibitory signals, alteration of excitability, and promotion of new brain cortical maps and networks. Herein, we review for clinicians recovery after stroke, basic elements of spontaneous neural repair, and ongoing work to augment neural repair. Future study requires alignment of basic, translational, and clinical research. The field continues to grow while becoming more clearly defined. As thrombolysis changed stroke care in the 1990 s and thrombectomy in the 2010 s, the augmentation of neural repair and recovery after stroke may revolutionize care for these patients in the coming decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Regenhardt
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Hajime Takase
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Eng H Lo
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114
| | - David J Lin
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114
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25
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Cirillo C, Brihmat N, Castel-Lacanal E, Le Friec A, Barbieux-Guillot M, Raposo N, Pariente J, Viguier A, Simonetta-Moreau M, Albucher JF, Olivot JM, Desmoulin F, Marque P, Chollet F, Loubinoux I. Post-stroke remodeling processes in animal models and humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:3-22. [PMID: 31645178 PMCID: PMC6928555 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19882788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
After cerebral ischemia, events like neural plasticity and tissue reorganization intervene in lesioned and non-lesioned areas of the brain. These processes are tightly related to functional improvement and successful rehabilitation in patients. Plastic remodeling in the brain is associated with limited spontaneous functional recovery in patients. Improvement depends on the initial deficit, size, nature and localization of the infarction, together with the sex and age of the patient, all of them affecting the favorable outcome of reorganization and repair of damaged areas. A better understanding of cerebral plasticity is pivotal to design effective therapeutic strategies. Experimental models and clinical studies have fueled the current understanding of the cellular and molecular processes responsible for plastic remodeling. In this review, we describe the known mechanisms, in patients and animal models, underlying cerebral reorganization and contributing to functional recovery after ischemic stroke. We also discuss the manipulations and therapies that can stimulate neural plasticity. We finally explore a new topic in the field of ischemic stroke pathophysiology, namely the brain-gut axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cirillo
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nabila Brihmat
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Evelyne Castel-Lacanal
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Le Friec
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Nicolas Raposo
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérémie Pariente
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Viguier
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Simonetta-Moreau
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Albucher
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marc Olivot
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Franck Desmoulin
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Marque
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - François Chollet
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Loubinoux
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
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26
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Recent advances in the therapeutic uses of chondroitinase ABC. Exp Neurol 2019; 321:113032. [PMID: 31398353 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many studies, using pre-clinical models of SCI, have demonstrated the efficacy of chondroitinase ABC as a treatment for spinal cord injury and this has been confirmed in laboratories worldwide and in several animal models. The aim of this review is report the current state of research in the field and to compare the relative efficacies of these new interventions to improve outcomes in both acute and chronic models of SCI. We also report new methods of chondroitinase delivery and the outcomes of two clinical trials using the enzyme to treat spinal cord injury in dogs and disc herniation in human patients. Recent studies have assessed the outcomes of combining chondroitinase with other strategies known to promote recovery following spinal cord injury and new approaches. Evidence is emerging that one of the most powerful combinations is that of chondroitinase with cell transplants. The particular benefits of each of the different cell types used for these transplant experiments are discussed. Combining chondroitinase with rehabilitation also improves outcomes. Gene therapy is an efficient method of enzyme delivery to the injured spinal cord and circumvents the issue of the enzyme's thermo-instability. Other methods of delivery, such as via nanoparticles or synthetic scaffolds, have shown promise; however, the outcomes from these experiments suggest that these methods of delivery require further optimization to achieve similar levels of efficacy to that obtained by a gene therapy approach. Pre-clinical models have also shown chondroitinase is efficacious in the treatment of other conditions, such as peripheral nerve injury, stroke, coronary reperfusion, Parkinson's disease and certain types of cancer. The wide range of conditions where the benefits of chondroitinase treatment have been demonstrated reflects the complex roles that chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (its substrate) play in health and disease and warrants the enzyme's further development as a therapy.
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27
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Rosenzweig ES, Salegio EA, Liang JJ, Weber JL, Weinholtz CA, Brock JH, Moseanko R, Hawbecker S, Pender R, Cruzen CL, Iaci JF, Caggiano AO, Blight AR, Haenzi B, Huie JR, Havton LA, Nout-Lomas YS, Fawcett JW, Ferguson AR, Beattie MS, Bresnahan JC, Tuszynski MH. Chondroitinase improves anatomical and functional outcomes after primate spinal cord injury. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1269-1275. [PMID: 31235933 PMCID: PMC6693679 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory extracellular matrices form around mature neurons as perineuronal nets containing chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) that limit axonal sprouting after CNS injury. The enzyme chondroitinase (Chase) degrades the inhibitory CSPGs and improves axonal sprouting and functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rodents. We evaluated the effects of Chase in Rhesus monkeys that had undergone C7 spinal cord hemisection. Four weeks after hemisection, multiple intraparenchymal Chase injections targeted spinal cord circuits controlling hand function below the lesion. Hand function improved significantly in Chase-treated monkeys relative to vehicle-injected controls. Moreover, Chase significantly increased corticospinal axon growth and the number of synapses formed by corticospinal terminals in gray matter caudal to the lesion. No detrimental effects were detected. This approach appears to merit clinical translation in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephron S Rosenzweig
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ernesto A Salegio
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Justine J Liang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Janet L Weber
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chase A Weinholtz
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John H Brock
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rod Moseanko
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Hawbecker
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Roger Pender
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christina L Cruzen
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - J Russell Huie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leif A Havton
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yvette S Nout-Lomas
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Adam R Ferguson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Beattie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline C Bresnahan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark H Tuszynski
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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28
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Rodent Models of Developmental Ischemic Stroke for Translational Research: Strengths and Weaknesses. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:5089321. [PMID: 31093271 PMCID: PMC6476045 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5089321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia can occur at any stage in life, but clinical consequences greatly differ depending on the developmental stage of the affected brain structures. Timing of the lesion occurrence seems to be critical, as it strongly interferes with neuronal circuit development and determines the way spontaneous plasticity takes place. Translational stroke research requires the use of animal models as they represent a reliable tool to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the generation, progression, and pathological consequences of a stroke. Moreover, in vivo experiments are instrumental to investigate new therapeutic strategies and the best temporal window of intervention. Differently from adults, very few models of the human developmental stroke have been characterized, and most of them have been established in rodents. The models currently used provide a better understanding of the molecular factors involved in the effects of ischemia; however, they still hold many limitations due to matching developmental stages across different species and the complexity of the human disorder that hardly can be described by segregated variables. In this review, we summarize the key factors contributing to neonatal brain vulnerability to ischemic strokes and we provide an overview of the advantages and limitations of the currently available models to recapitulate different aspects of the human developmental stroke.
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29
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Hettiaratchi MH, O'Meara MJ, Teal CJ, Payne SL, Pickering AJ, Shoichet MS. Local delivery of stabilized chondroitinase ABC degrades chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in stroke-injured rat brains. J Control Release 2019; 297:14-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Faini G, Aguirre A, Landi S, Lamers D, Pizzorusso T, Ratto GM, Deleuze C, Bacci A. Perineuronal nets control visual input via thalamic recruitment of cortical PV interneurons. eLife 2018; 7:41520. [PMID: 30561327 PMCID: PMC6298774 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the neocortex, critical periods (CPs) of plasticity are closed following the accumulation of perineuronal nets (PNNs) around parvalbumin (PV)-positive inhibitory interneurons. However, how PNNs tune cortical function and plasticity is unknown. We found that PNNs modulated the gain of visual responses and γ-oscillations in the adult mouse visual cortex in vivo, consistent with increased interneuron function. Removal of PNNs in adult V1 did not affect GABAergic neurotransmission from PV cells, nor neuronal excitability in layer 4. Importantly, PNN degradation coupled to sensory input potentiated glutamatergic thalamic synapses selectively onto PV cells. In the absence of PNNs, increased thalamic PV-cell recruitment modulated feed-forward inhibition differently on PV cells and pyramidal neurons. These effects depended on visual input, as they were strongly attenuated by monocular deprivation in PNN-depleted adult mice. Thus, PNNs control visual processing and plasticity by selectively setting the strength of thalamic recruitment of PV cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Faini
- ICM - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Aguirre
- ICM - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Landi
- National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology, Institute Nanoscience-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Didi Lamers
- National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology, Institute Nanoscience-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pizzorusso
- CNR, Istituto di Neuroscienze, Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gian Michele Ratto
- National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology, Institute Nanoscience-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Charlotte Deleuze
- ICM - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alberto Bacci
- ICM - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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31
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Wu KW, Lv LL, Lei Y, Qian C, Sun FY. Endothelial cells promote excitatory synaptogenesis and improve ischemia-induced motor deficits in neonatal mice. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 121:230-239. [PMID: 30308244 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) are highly complex regulatory cells that communicate with other cells in the neurovascular unit. Cerebral ischemic injury is known to produce detectable synaptic dysfunction. This study aims to investigate whether endothelial cells in the brain regulate postnatal synaptic development and to elucidate their role in functional recovery after ischemia. Here, we found that in vivo engraftment of endothelial cells increased synaptic puncta and excitatory postsynaptic currents in layers 2/3 of the motor cortex. This pro-synaptogenic effect was blocked by the depletion of VEGF in the grafted BMEC. The in vitro results showed that BMEC conditioned medium enhanced spine and synapse formation but conditioned medium without VEGF had no such effects. Moreover, under pathological conditions, transplanted endothelial cells were capable of enhancing angiogenesis and synaptogenesis and improved motor function in the ischemic injury model. Collectively, our findings suggest that endothelial cells promote excitatory synaptogenesis via the paracrine factor VEGF during postnatal development and exert repair functions in hypoxia-ischemic neonatal mice. This study highlights the importance of the endothelium-neuron interaction not only in regulating neuronal development but also in maintaining healthy brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Wei Wu
- Departments of Neurobiology and System Biology for Medicine, Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ling-Ling Lv
- Departments of Neurobiology and System Biology for Medicine, Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Departments of Neurobiology and System Biology for Medicine, Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Departments of Neurobiology and System Biology for Medicine, Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Feng-Yan Sun
- Departments of Neurobiology and System Biology for Medicine, Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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32
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NG2/CSPG4 and progranulin in the posttraumatic glial scar. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:571-588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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33
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Hsieh TH, Lee HHC, Hameed MQ, Pascual-Leone A, Hensch TK, Rotenberg A. Trajectory of Parvalbumin Cell Impairment and Loss of Cortical Inhibition in Traumatic Brain Injury. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5509-5524. [PMID: 27909008 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neuropsychiatric symptoms that follow traumatic brain injury (TBI), including mood disorders, sleep disturbance, chronic pain, and posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) are attributable to compromised cortical inhibition. However, the temporal trajectory of cortical inhibition loss and its underlying mechanisms are not known. Using paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS) and immunohistochemistry, we tracked functional and cellular changes of cortical inhibitory network elements after fluid-percussion injury (FPI) in rats. ppTMS revealed a progressive loss of cortical inhibition as early as 2 weeks after FPI. This profile paralleled the increasing levels of cortical oxidative stress, which was accompanied by a gradual loss of parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactivity in perilesional cortex. Preceding the PV loss, we identified a degradation of the perineuronal net (PNN)-a specialized extracellular structure enwrapping cortical PV-positive (PV+) inhibitory interneurons which binds the PV+ cell maintenance factor, Otx2. The trajectory of these impairments underlies the reduced inhibitory tone, which can contribute to posttraumatic neurological conditions, such as PTE. Taken together, our results highlight the use of ppTMS as a biomarker to track the course of cortical inhibitory dysfunction post-TBI. Moreover, the neuroprotective role of PNNs on PV+ cell function suggests antioxidant treatment or Otx2 enhancement as a promising prophylaxis for post-TBI symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Henry Hing Cheong Lee
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mustafa Qadir Hameed
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Takao K Hensch
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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34
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Sandvig I, Augestad IL, Håberg AK, Sandvig A. Neuroplasticity in stroke recovery. The role of microglia in engaging and modifying synapses and networks. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:1414-1428. [PMID: 29786167 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroplasticity after ischaemic injury involves both spontaneous rewiring of neural networks and circuits as well as functional responses in neurogenic niches. These events involve complex interactions with activated microglia, which evolve in a dynamic manner over time. Although the exact mechanisms underlying these interactions remain poorly understood, increasing experimental evidence suggests a determining role of pro- and anti-inflammatory microglial activation profiles in shaping both synaptogenesis and neurogenesis. While the inflammatory response of microglia was thought to be detrimental, a more complex profile of the role of microglia in tissue remodelling is emerging. Experimental evidence suggests that microglia in response to injury can rapidly modify neuronal activity and modulate synaptic function, as well as be beneficial for the proliferation and integration of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from endogenous neurogenic niches into functional networks thereby supporting stroke recovery. The manner in which microglia contribute towards sculpting neural synapses and networks, both in terms of activity-dependent and homeostatic plasticity, suggests that microglia-mediated pro- and/or anti-inflammatory activity may significantly contribute towards spontaneous neuronal plasticity after ischaemic lesions. In this review, we first introduce some of the key cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neuroplasticity in stroke and then proceed to discuss the crosstalk between microglia and endogenous neuroplasticity in response to brain ischaemia with special focus on the engagement of synapses and neural networks and their implications for grey matter integrity and function in stroke repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Sandvig
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingrid Lovise Augestad
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Asta Kristine Håberg
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Axel Sandvig
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology, St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neuro, Head and Neck, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
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35
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Xu X, Bass B, McKillop WM, Mailloux J, Liu T, Geremia NM, Hryciw T, Brown A. Sox9 knockout mice have improved recovery following stroke. Exp Neurol 2018; 303:59-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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36
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Abstract
Proteoglycans are diverse, complex extracellular/cell surface macromolecules composed of a central core protein with covalently linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains; both of these components contribute to the growing list of important bio-active functions attributed to proteoglycans. Increasingly, attention has been paid to the roles of proteoglycans in nervous tissue development due to their highly regulated spatio/temporal expression patterns, whereby they promote/inhibit neurite outgrowth, participate in specification and maturation of various precursor cell types, and regulate cell behaviors like migration, axonal pathfinding, synaptogenesis and plasticity. These functions emanate from both the environments proteoglycans create around cells by retaining ions and water or serving as scaffolds for cell shaping or motility, and from dynamic interactions that modulate signaling fields for cytokines, growth factors and morphogens, which may bind to either the protein or GAG portions. Also, genetic abnormalities impacting proteoglycan synthesis during critical steps of brain development and response to environmental insults and injuries, as well as changes in microenvironment interactions leading to tumors in the central nervous system, all suggest roles for proteoglycans in behavioral and intellectual disorders and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Miriam S Domowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
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37
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Koh CH, Pronin S, Hughes M. Chondroitinase ABC for neurological recovery after acute brain injury: systematic review and meta-analyses of preclinical studies. Brain Inj 2018; 32:715-729. [PMID: 29436856 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1438665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Damage to critical brain regions causes deficits in important neurological functions. Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) has been shown to promote neuroplasticity and may ameliorate neurological deficits caused by disease or trauma. This systematic review identifies and evaluates preclinical studies of ChABC as a treatment for acute brain injury. METHODS Four databases were searched for studies relating to ChABC and brain or brain injuries. Controlled studies in mammals with acute brain injuries treated with ChABC were included in meta-analyses of neurobehavioural outcomes. Means and standard deviations from the fifth day of treatment were extracted, and normalised mean differences were calculated. RESULTS Of 775 identified records, 16 studies administered ChABC after acute brain injury, of which 9 reported neurobehavioural outcomes. The estimated treatment effect on neurological recovery over the duration of included studies was 49.4% (CI: 30.3-68.4% with Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman adjustment, p = 0.0002). The mechanisms of action may involve decreasing astroglial scar formation, promoting neuronal sprouting, and selective synaptic strengthening of sprouting neurites and activated neural pathways. CONCLUSIONS The summary of published evidence suggests that ChABC treatment is effective in improving neurological outcomes in preclinical models of acute brain injury. However, more studies are needed for better assessment of the specific translational potential of ChABC. ABBREVIATIONS AVM - Arteriovenous Malformation; ChABC - Chondroitinase ABC; CI - Confidence Interval; CSPG - Chondroitin Sulphate Proteoglycans; HKSJ - Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman; MCA - Middle Cerebral Artery; NMD - Normalised Mean Difference; NSPC - Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells; PI - Prediction Interval; SD - Standard Deviation; SMD - Standardised Mean Difference; TBI - Traumatic Brain Injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hee Koh
- a Edinburgh Medical School , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - Savva Pronin
- a Edinburgh Medical School , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - Mark Hughes
- b Translational Neurosurgery Unit , Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
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38
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Su W, Matsumoto S, Sorg B, Sherman LS. Distinct roles for hyaluronan in neural stem cell niches and perineuronal nets. Matrix Biol 2018; 78-79:272-283. [PMID: 29408010 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in mammals is a tightly regulated process where neural stem cells (NSCs), especially in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, proliferate and differentiate into new neurons that form new circuits or integrate into old circuits involved in episodic memory, pattern discrimination, and emotional responses. Recent evidence suggests that changes in the hyaluronan (HA)-based extracellular matrix of the SGZ may regulate neurogenesis by controlling NSC proliferation and early steps in neuronal differentiation. These studies raise the intriguing possibility that perturbations in this matrix, including HA accumulation with aging, could impact adult neurogenesis and cognitive functions, and that alterations to this matrix could be beneficial following insults to the central nervous system that impact hippocampal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Su
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Steven Matsumoto
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Integrative Biosciences Department, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Barbara Sorg
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
| | - Larry S Sherman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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39
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Longitudinal Brain Functional Connectivity Changes of the Cortical Motor-Related Network in Subcortical Stroke Patients with Acupuncture Treatment. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:5816263. [PMID: 29375914 PMCID: PMC5742470 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5816263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In clinical practice, the effectiveness of the rehabilitation therapy such as acupuncture combining conventional Western medicine (AG) on stroke people's motor-related brain network and their behaviors has not been systematically studied. In the present study, seventeen adult ischemic patients were collected and divided into two groups: the conventional Western medicine treatment group (CG) and the AG. The neurological deficit scores (NDS) and resting-state functional MRI data were collected before and after treatment. Compared with the CG patients, AG patients exhibited a significant enhancement of the percent changes of NDS from pre- to posttreatment intervention. All patients showed significant changes of functional connectivity (FC) between the pair of cortical motor-related regions. After treatment, both patient groups showed a recovery of brain connectivity to the nearly normal level compared with the controls in these pairs. Moreover, a significant correlation between the percent changes of NDS and the pretreatment FC values of bilateral primary motor cortex (M1) in all patients was found. In conclusion, our results showed that AG therapy can be an effective means for ischemic stroke patients to recover their motor function ability. The FC strengths between bilateral M1 of stroke patients can predict stroke patients' treatment outcome after rehabilitation therapy.
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40
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Sammali E, Alia C, Vegliante G, Colombo V, Giordano N, Pischiutta F, Boncoraglio GB, Barilani M, Lazzari L, Caleo M, De Simoni MG, Gaipa G, Citerio G, Zanier ER. Intravenous infusion of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells promotes functional recovery and neuroplasticity after ischemic stroke in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6962. [PMID: 28761170 PMCID: PMC5537246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07274-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hBM-MSC) promotes functional recovery after stroke in animal models, but the mechanisms underlying these effects remain incompletely understood. We tested the efficacy of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) compliant hBM-MSC, injected intravenously 3.5 hours after injury in mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo). We addressed whether hBM-MSC are efficacious and if this efficacy is associated with cortical circuit reorganization using neuroanatomical analysis of GABAergic neurons (parvalbumin; PV-positive cells) and perineuronal nets (PNN), a specialized extracellular matrix structure which acts as an inhibitor of neural plasticity. tMCAo mice receiving hBM-MSC, showed early and lasting improvement of sensorimotor and cognitive functions compared to control tMCAo mice. Furthermore, 5 weeks post-tMCAo, hBM-MSC induced a significant rescue of ipsilateral cortical neurons; an increased proportion of PV-positive neurons in the perilesional cortex, suggesting GABAergic interneurons preservation; and a lower percentage of PV-positive cells surrounded by PNN, indicating an enhanced plastic potential of the perilesional cortex. These results show that hBM-MSC improve functional recovery and stimulate neuroprotection after stroke. Moreover, the downregulation of “plasticity brakes” such as PNN suggests that hBM-MSC treatment stimulates plasticity and formation of new connections in the perilesional cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Sammali
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa,19, 20156, Milano, Italy.,Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Alia
- Neuroscience Institute, CNR, Pisa, Italy.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gloria Vegliante
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa,19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Colombo
- Laboratory for Cell and Gene Therapy "Stefano Verri", ASST-Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Nadia Giordano
- Neuroscience Institute, CNR, Pisa, Italy.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Pischiutta
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa,19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio B Boncoraglio
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Barilani
- Cell Factory, Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Cell Factory, Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa,19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gaipa
- Laboratory for Cell and Gene Therapy "Stefano Verri", ASST-Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Citerio
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.,Neurointensive Care, ASST-Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa,19, 20156, Milano, Italy.
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41
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Gennaro M, Mattiello A, Mazziotti R, Antonelli C, Gherardini L, Guzzetta A, Berardi N, Cioni G, Pizzorusso T. Focal Stroke in the Developing Rat Motor Cortex Induces Age- and Experience-Dependent Maladaptive Plasticity of Corticospinal System. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:47. [PMID: 28706475 PMCID: PMC5489564 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor system development is characterized by an activity-dependent competition between ipsilateral and contralateral corticospinal tracts (CST). Clinical evidence suggests that age is crucial for developmental stroke outcome, with early lesions inducing a “maladaptive” strengthening of ipsilateral projections from the healthy hemisphere and worse motor impairment. Here, we investigated in developing rats the relation between lesion timing, motor outcome and CST remodeling pattern. We induced a focal ischemia into forelimb motor cortex (fM1) at two distinct pre-weaning ages: P14 and P21. We compared long-term motor outcome with changes in axonal sprouting of contralesional CST at red nucleus and spinal cord level using anterograde tracing. We found that P14 stroke caused a more severe long-term motor impairment than at P21, and induced a strong and aberrant contralesional CST sprouting onto denervated spinal cord and red nucleus. The mistargeted sprouting of CST, and the worse motor outcome of the P14 stroke rats were reversed by an early skilled motor training, underscoring the potential of early activity-dependent plasticity in modulating lesion outcome. Thus, changes in the mechanisms controlling CST plasticity occurring during the third postnatal week are associated with age-dependent regulation of the motor outcome after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Gennaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mattiello
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy
| | - Raffaele Mazziotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy
| | - Camilla Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy.,Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Scientific InstitutePisa, Italy
| | - Lisa Gherardini
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR)Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Guzzetta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy.,Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Scientific InstitutePisa, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Berardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cioni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy.,Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Scientific InstitutePisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pizzorusso
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy
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42
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Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of complex adult disability in the world. Recovery from stroke is often incomplete, which leaves many people dependent on others for their care. The improvement of long-term outcomes should, therefore, be a clinical and research priority. As a result of advances in our understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in recovery and repair after stroke, therapeutic opportunities to promote recovery through manipulation of poststroke plasticity have never been greater. This work has almost exclusively been carried out in preclinical animal models of stroke with little translation into human studies. The challenge ahead is to develop a mechanistic understanding of recovery from stroke in humans. Advances in neuroimaging techniques now enable us to reconcile behavioural accounts of recovery with molecular and cellular changes. Consequently, clinical trials can be designed in a stratified manner that takes into account when an intervention should be delivered and who is most likely to benefit. This approach is expected to lead to a substantial change in how restorative therapeutic strategies are delivered in patients after stroke.
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43
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Alia C, Spalletti C, Lai S, Panarese A, Lamola G, Bertolucci F, Vallone F, Di Garbo A, Chisari C, Micera S, Caleo M. Neuroplastic Changes Following Brain Ischemia and their Contribution to Stroke Recovery: Novel Approaches in Neurorehabilitation. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:76. [PMID: 28360842 PMCID: PMC5352696 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic damage to the brain triggers substantial reorganization of spared areas and pathways, which is associated with limited, spontaneous restoration of function. A better understanding of this plastic remodeling is crucial to develop more effective strategies for stroke rehabilitation. In this review article, we discuss advances in the comprehension of post-stroke network reorganization in patients and animal models. We first focus on rodent studies that have shed light on the mechanisms underlying neuronal remodeling in the perilesional area and contralesional hemisphere after motor cortex infarcts. Analysis of electrophysiological data has demonstrated brain-wide alterations in functional connectivity in both hemispheres, well beyond the infarcted area. We then illustrate the potential use of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques to boost recovery. We finally discuss rehabilitative protocols based on robotic devices as a tool to promote endogenous plasticity and functional restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alia
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy; Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale SuperiorePisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Lai
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pontedera, Italy
| | - Alessandro Panarese
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pontedera, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lamola
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurorehabilitation-University Hospital of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Bertolucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurorehabilitation-University Hospital of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Vallone
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPontedera, Italy; CNR Biophysics Institute, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy; Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Italian institute of Technology (IIT)Rovereto, Italy
| | - Angelo Di Garbo
- CNR Biophysics Institute, National Research Council (CNR) Pisa, Italy
| | - Carmelo Chisari
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurorehabilitation-University Hospital of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvestro Micera
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPontedera, Italy; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational NeuroEngineering Laboratory, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of BioengineeringLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Caleo
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR) Pisa, Italy
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44
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Reactive astrogliosis in stroke: Contributions of astrocytes to recovery of neurological function. Neurochem Int 2017; 107:88-103. [PMID: 28057555 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in neuronal connectivity, particularly in the "peri-infarct" tissue adjacent to the region of ischemic damage, are important contributors to the spontaneous recovery of function that commonly follows stroke. Peri-infarct astrocytes undergo reactive astrogliosis and play key roles in modulating the adaptive responses in neurons. This reactive astrogliosis shares many features with that induced by other forms of damage to the central nervous system but also differs in details that potentially influence neurological recovery. A subpopulation of astrocytes within a few hundred micrometers of the infarct proliferate and are centrally involved in the development of the glial scar that separates the damaged tissue in the infarct from surrounding normal brain. The intertwined processes of astrocytes adjacent to the infarct provide the core structural component of the mature scar. Interventions that cause early disruption of glial scar formation typically impede restoration of neurological function. Marked reactive astrogliosis also develops in cells more distant from the infarct but these cells largely remain in the spatial territories they occupied prior to stroke. These cells play important roles in controlling the extracellular environment and release proteins and other molecules that are able to promote neuronal plasticity and improve functional recovery. Treatments manipulating aspects of reactive astrogliosis can enhance neuronal plasticity following stroke. Optimising these treatments for use in human stroke would benefit from a more complete characterization of the specific responses of peri-infarct astrocytes to stroke as well as a better understanding of the influence of other factors including age, sex, comorbidities and reperfusion of the ischemic tissue.
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45
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Muir E, Raza M, Ellis C, Burnside E, Love F, Heller S, Elliot M, Daniell E, Dasgupta D, Alves N, Day P, Fawcett J, Keynes R. Trafficking and processing of bacterial proteins by mammalian cells: Insights from chondroitinase ABC. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186759. [PMID: 29121057 PMCID: PMC5679598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is very little reported in the literature about the relationship between modifications of bacterial proteins and their secretion by mammalian cells that synthesize them. We previously reported that the secretion of the bacterial enzyme Chondroitinase ABC by mammalian cells requires the strategic removal of at least three N-glycosylation sites. The aim of this study was to determine if it is possible to enhance the efficacy of the enzyme as a treatment for spinal cord injury by increasing the quantity of enzyme secreted or by altering its cellular location. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To determine if the efficiency of enzyme secretion could be further increased, cells were transfected with constructs encoding the gene for chondroitinase ABC modified for expression by mammalian cells; these contained additional modifications of strategic N-glycosylation sites or alternative signal sequences to direct secretion of the enzyme from the cells. We show that while removal of certain specific N-glycosylation sites enhances enzyme secretion, N-glycosylation of at least two other sites, N-856 and N-773, is essential for both production and secretion of active enzyme. Furthermore, we find that the signal sequence directing secretion also influences the quantity of enzyme secreted, and that this varies widely amongst the cell types tested. Last, we find that replacing the 3'UTR on the cDNA encoding Chondroitinase ABC with that of β-actin is sufficient to target the enzyme to the neuronal growth cone when transfected into neurons. This also enhances neurite outgrowth on an inhibitory substrate. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Some intracellular trafficking pathways are adversely affected by cryptic signals present in the bacterial gene sequence, whilst unexpectedly others are required for efficient secretion of the enzyme. Furthermore, targeting chondroitinase to the neuronal growth cone promotes its ability to increase neurite outgrowth on an inhibitory substrate. These findings are timely in view of the renewed prospects for gene therapy, and of direct relevance to strategies aimed at expressing foreign proteins in mammalian cells, in particular bacterial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Muir
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Mansoor Raza
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Ellis
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Burnside
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Love
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Heller
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Elliot
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Daniell
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Debayan Dasgupta
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nuno Alves
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Priscilla Day
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Fawcett
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Keynes
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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46
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Alia C, Spalletti C, Lai S, Panarese A, Micera S, Caleo M. Reducing GABA A-mediated inhibition improves forelimb motor function after focal cortical stroke in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37823. [PMID: 27897203 PMCID: PMC5126677 DOI: 10.1038/srep37823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A deeper understanding of post-stroke plasticity is critical to devise more effective pharmacological and rehabilitative treatments. The GABAergic system is one of the key modulators of neuronal plasticity, and plays an important role in the control of “critical periods” during brain development. Here, we report a key role for GABAergic inhibition in functional restoration following ischemia in the adult mouse forelimb motor cortex. After stroke, the majority of cortical sites in peri-infarct areas evoked simultaneous movements of forelimb, hindlimb and tail, consistent with a loss of inhibitory signalling. Accordingly, we found a delayed decrease in several GABAergic markers that accompanied cortical reorganization. To test whether reductions in GABAergic signalling were causally involved in motor improvements, we treated animals during an early post-stroke period with a benzodiazepine inverse agonist, which impairs GABAA receptor function. We found that hampering GABAA signalling led to significant restoration of function in general motor tests (i.e., gridwalk and pellet reaching tasks), with no significant impact on the kinematics of reaching movements. Improvements were persistent as they remained detectable about three weeks after treatment. These data demonstrate a key role for GABAergic inhibition in limiting motor improvements after cortical stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alia
- Scuola Normale Superiore, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,CNR Neuroscience Institute, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Lai
- The BioRobotics Institute Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56025, Pontedera (PI), Italy
| | - Alessandro Panarese
- The BioRobotics Institute Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56025, Pontedera (PI), Italy
| | - Silvestro Micera
- The BioRobotics Institute Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56025, Pontedera (PI), Italy.,Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational NeuroEngineering Laboratory, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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47
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Restani L, Caleo M. Reorganization of Visual Callosal Connections Following Alterations of Retinal Input and Brain Damage. Front Syst Neurosci 2016; 10:86. [PMID: 27895559 PMCID: PMC5107575 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vision is a very important sensory modality in humans. Visual disorders are numerous and arising from diverse and complex causes. Deficits in visual function are highly disabling from a social point of view and in addition cause a considerable economic burden. For all these reasons there is an intense effort by the scientific community to gather knowledge on visual deficit mechanisms and to find possible new strategies for recovery and treatment. In this review, we focus on an important and sometimes neglected player of the visual function, the corpus callosum (CC). The CC is the major white matter structure in the brain and is involved in information processing between the two hemispheres. In particular, visual callosal connections interconnect homologous areas of visual cortices, binding together the two halves of the visual field. This interhemispheric communication plays a significant role in visual cortical output. Here, we will first review the essential literature on the physiology of the callosal connections in normal vision. The available data support the view that the callosum contributes to both excitation and inhibition to the target hemisphere, with a dynamic adaptation to the strength of the incoming visual input. Next, we will focus on data showing how callosal connections may sense visual alterations and respond to the classical paradigm for the study of visual plasticity, i.e., monocular deprivation (MD). This is a prototypical example of a model for the study of callosal plasticity in pathological conditions (e.g., strabismus and amblyopia) characterized by unbalanced input from the two eyes. We will also discuss the findings of callosal alterations in blind subjects. Noteworthy, we will discuss data showing that inter-hemispheric transfer mediates recovery of visual responsiveness following cortical damage. Finally, we will provide an overview of how callosal projections dysfunction could contribute to pathologies such as neglect and occipital epilepsy. A particular focus will be on reviewing noninvasive brain stimulation techniques and optogenetic approaches that allow to selectively manipulate callosal function and to probe its involvement in cortical processing and plasticity. Overall, the data indicate that experience can potently impact on transcallosal connectivity, and that the callosum itself is crucial for plasticity and recovery in various disorders of the visual pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Restani
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR) Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Caleo
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR) Pisa, Italy
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Neural network remodeling underlying motor map reorganization induced by rehabilitative training after ischemic stroke. Neuroscience 2016; 339:338-362. [PMID: 27725217 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Motor map reorganization is believed to be one mechanism underlying rehabilitation-induced functional recovery. Although the ipsilesional secondary motor area has been known to reorganize motor maps and contribute to rehabilitation-induced functional recovery, it is unknown how the secondary motor area is reorganized by rehabilitative training. In the present study, using skilled forelimb reaching tasks, we investigated neural network remodeling in the rat rostral forelimb area (RFA) of the secondary motor area during 4weeks of rehabilitative training. Following photothrombotic stroke in the caudal forelimb area (CFA), rehabilitative training led to task-specific recovery and motor map reorganization in the RFA. A second injury to the RFA resulted in reappearance of motor deficits. Further, when both the CFA and RFA were destroyed simultaneously, rehabilitative training no longer improved task-specific recovery. In neural tracer studies, although rehabilitative training did not alter neural projection to the RFA from other brain areas, rehabilitative training increased neural projection from the RFA to the lower spinal cord, which innervates the muscles in the forelimb. Double retrograde tracer studies revealed that rehabilitative training increased the neurons projecting from the RFA to both the upper cervical cord, which innervates the muscles in the neck, trunk, and part of the proximal forelimb, and the lower cervical cord. These results suggest that neurons projecting to the upper cervical cord provide new connections to the denervated forelimb area of the spinal cord, and these new connections may contribute to rehabilitation-induced task-specific recovery and motor map reorganization in the secondary motor area.
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Lemarchant S, Dunghana H, Pomeshchik Y, Leinonen H, Kolosowska N, Korhonen P, Kanninen KM, García-Berrocoso T, Montaner J, Malm T, Koistinaho J. Anti-inflammatory effects of ADAMTS-4 in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. Glia 2016; 64:1492-507. [PMID: 27301579 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
ADAMTS-4 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs type 4) is a metalloprotease capable to degrade chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans leading to cartilage destruction during arthritis or to neuroplasticity during spinal cord injury (SCI). Although ADAMTS-4 is an inflammatory-regulated enzyme, its role during inflammation has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ADAMTS-4 in neuroinflammation. First, we evidenced an increase of ADAMTS-4 expression in the ischemic brain hemisphere of mouse and human patients suffering from ischemic stroke. Then, we described that ADAMTS-4 has predominantly an anti-inflammatory effect in the CNS. Treatment of primary microglia or astrocyte cultures with low doses of a human recombinant ADAMTS-4 prior to LPS exposure decreased NO production and the synthesis/release of pro-inflammatory cytokines including NOS2, CCL2, TNF-α, IL-1β and MMP-9. Accordingly, when cell cultures were transfected with silencing siRNA targeting ADAMTS-4 prior to LPS exposure, the production of NO and the synthesis/release of pro-inflammatory cytokines were increased. Finally, the feasibility of ADAMTS-4 to modulate neuroinflammation was investigated in vivo after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Although ADAMTS-4 treatment did not influence the lesion volume, it decreased astrogliosis and macrophage infiltration, and increased the number of microglia expressing arginase-1, a marker of alternatively activated cells with inflammation inhibiting functions. Additionally, ADAMTS-4 increased the production of IL-10 and IL-6 in the peri-ischemic area. By having anti-inflammatory and neuroregenerative roles, ADAMTS-4 may represent an interesting target to treat acute CNS injuries, such as ischemic stroke, SCI or traumatic brain injury. GLIA 2016;64:1492-1507.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sighild Lemarchant
- Department of Neurobiology, a. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, Finland
| | - Hiramani Dunghana
- Department of Neurobiology, a. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, Finland
| | - Yuriy Pomeshchik
- Department of Neurobiology, a. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, Finland
| | - Henri Leinonen
- Department of Neurobiology, a. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, Finland
| | - Natalia Kolosowska
- Department of Neurobiology, a. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, Finland
| | - Paula Korhonen
- Department of Neurobiology, a. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, Finland
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- Department of Neurobiology, a. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, Finland
| | - Teresa García-Berrocoso
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall D'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall D'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tarja Malm
- Department of Neurobiology, a. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Department of Neurobiology, a. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, Finland
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Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Stroke recovery is orchestrated by a set of highly interactive processes that involve the neurovascular unit and neural stem cells. Emerging data suggest that exosomes play an important role in intercellular communication by transferring exosomal protein and RNA cargo between source and target cells in the brain. Here, we review these advances and their impact on promoting coupled brain remodeling processes after stroke. The use of exosomes for therapeutic applications in stroke is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
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