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Khan W, Chopra S, Zheng X, Liu S, Paszkowski P, Valcarce-Aspegren M, Sieu LA, Mcgill S, Mccafferty C, Blumenfeld H. Neuronal rhythmicity and cortical arousal in a mouse model of absence epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2024; 381:114925. [PMID: 39151596 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Absence seizures impair psychosocial function, yet their detailed neuronal basis remains unknown. Recent work in a rat model suggests that cortical arousal state changes prior to seizures and that single neurons show diverse firing patterns during seizures. Our aim was to extend these investigations to a mouse model with studies of neuronal activity and arousal state to facilitate future fundamental investigations of absence epilepsy. METHODS We performed in vivo extracellular single unit recordings on awake head-fixed C3H/HeJ mice. Mice were implanted with tripolar electrodes for cortical electroencephalography (EEG). Extracellular single unit recordings were obtained with glass micropipettes in the somatosensory barrel cortex, while animals ambulated freely on a running wheel. Signals were digitized and analyzed during seizures and at baseline. RESULTS Neuronal activity was recorded from 36 cortical neurons in 19 mice while EEG showed characteristic 7-8 Hz spike-wave discharges. Different single neurons showed distinct firing patterns during seizures, but the overall mean population neuronal firing rate during seizures was no different from pre-seizure baseline. However, the rhythmicity of neuronal firing during seizures was significantly increased (p < 0.001). In addition, beginning 10s prior to seizure initiation, we observed a progressive decrease in cortical high frequency (>40 Hz) EEG and an increase in lower frequency (1-39 Hz) activity suggesting decreased arousal state. SIGNIFICANCE We found that the awake head-fixed C3H/HeJ mouse model demonstrated rhythmic neuronal firing during seizures, and a decreased cortical arousal state prior to seizure onset. Unlike the rat model we did not observe an overall decrease in neuronal firing during seizures. Similarities and differences across species strengthen the ability to investigate fundamental key mechanisms. Future work in the mouse model will identify the molecular basis of neurons with different firing patterns, their role in seizure initiation and behavioral deficits, with ultimate translation to human absence epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Khan
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Samiksha Chopra
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Xinyuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shixin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Patrick Paszkowski
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Lim-Anna Sieu
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sarah Mcgill
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Cian Mccafferty
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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2
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Khalaf A, Lopez E, Li J, Horn A, Edlow B, Blumenfeld H. Shared subcortical arousal systems across sensory modalities during transient modulation of attention. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.16.613316. [PMID: 39345640 PMCID: PMC11429725 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.16.613316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Subcortical arousal systems are known to play a key role in controlling sustained changes in attention and conscious awareness. Recent studies indicate that these systems have a major influence on short-term dynamic modulation of visual attention, but their role across sensory modalities is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated shared subcortical arousal systems across sensory modalities during transient changes in attention using block and event-related fMRI paradigms. We analyzed massive publicly available fMRI datasets collected while 1,561 participants performed visual, auditory, tactile, and taste perception tasks. Our analyses revealed a shared circuit of subcortical arousal systems exhibiting early transient increases in activity in midbrain reticular formation and central thalamus across perceptual modalities, as well as less consistent increases in pons, hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and basal ganglia. Identifying these networks is critical for understanding mechanisms of normal attention and consciousness and may help facilitate subcortical targeting for therapeutic neuromodulation.
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3
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Greene AS, Horien C, Barson D, Scheinost D, Constable RT. Why is everyone talking about brain state? Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:508-524. [PMID: 37164869 PMCID: PMC10330476 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and coordinated propagation of neural activity across the brain provides the foundation for complex behavior and cognition. Technical advances across neuroscience subfields have advanced understanding of these dynamics, but points of convergence are often obscured by semantic differences, creating silos of subfield-specific findings. In this review we describe how a parsimonious conceptualization of brain state as the fundamental building block of whole-brain activity offers a common framework to relate findings across scales and species. We present examples of the diverse techniques commonly used to study brain states associated with physiology and higher-order cognitive processes, and discuss how integration across them will enable a more comprehensive and mechanistic characterization of the neural dynamics that are crucial to survival but are disrupted in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S Greene
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; MD/PhD program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Corey Horien
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; MD/PhD program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Daniel Barson
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; MD/PhD program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - R Todd Constable
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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4
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Khalaf A, Kronemer SI, Christison-Lagay K, Kwon H, Li J, Wu K, Blumenfeld H. Early neural activity changes associated with stimulus detection during visual conscious perception. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:1347-1360. [PMID: 35446937 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The earliest cortical neural signals following consciously perceived visual stimuli in humans are poorly understood. Using intracranial electroencephalography, we investigated neural activity changes associated with the earliest stages of stimulus detection during visual conscious perception. Participants (N = 10; 1,693 electrode contacts) completed a continuous performance task where subjects were asked to press a button when they saw a target letter among a series of nontargets. Broadband gamma power (40-115 Hz) was analyzed as marker of cortical population neural activity. Regardless of target or nontarget letter type, we observed early gamma power changes within 30-180 ms from stimulus onset in a network including increases in bilateral occipital, fusiform, frontal (including frontal eye fields), and medial temporal cortex; increases in left lateral parietal-temporal cortex; and decreases in the right anterior medial occipital cortex. No significant differences were observed between target and nontarget stimuli until >180 ms post-stimulus, when we saw greater gamma power increases in left motor and premotor areas, suggesting a possible role in perceptual decision-making and/or motor responses with the right hand. The early gamma power findings support a broadly distributed cortical visual detection network that is engaged at early times tens of milliseconds after signal transduction from the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Khalaf
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.,Biomedical Engineering and Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Sharif I Kronemer
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Kate Christison-Lagay
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Hunki Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Jiajia Li
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.,School of Information & Control Engineering, Xian University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Kun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
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5
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Abstract
Consciousness is a fascinating field of neuroscience research where questions often outnumber the answers. We advocate an open and optimistic approach where converging mechanisms in neuroscience may eventually provide a satisfactory understanding of consciousness. We first review several characteristics of conscious neural activity, including the involvement of dedicated systems for content and levels of consciousness, the distinction and overlap of mechanisms contributing to conscious states and conscious awareness of transient events, nonlinear transitions and involvement of large-scale networks, and finally the temporal nexus where conscious awareness of discrete events occurs when mechanisms of attention and memory meet. These considerations and recent new experimental findings lead us to propose an inclusive hypothesis involving four phases initiated shortly after an external sensory stimulus: (1) Detect-primary and higher cortical and subcortical circuits detect the stimulus and select it for conscious perception. (2) Pulse-a transient and massive neuromodulatory surge in subcortical-cortical arousal and salience networks amplifies signals enabling conscious perception to proceed. (3) Switch-networks that may interfere with conscious processing are switched off. (4) Wave-sequential processing through hierarchical lower to higher cortical regions produces a fully formed percept, encoded in frontoparietal working memory and medial temporal episodic memory systems for subsequent report of experience. The framework hypothesized here is intended to be nonexclusive and encourages the addition of other mechanisms with further progress. Ultimately, just as many mechanisms in biology together distinguish living from nonliving things, many mechanisms in neuroscience synergistically may separate conscious from nonconscious neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hal Blumenfeld
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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6
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Kronemer SI, Aksen M, Ding JZ, Ryu JH, Xin Q, Ding Z, Prince JS, Kwon H, Khalaf A, Forman S, Jin DS, Wang K, Chen K, Hu C, Agarwal A, Saberski E, Wafa SMA, Morgan OP, Wu J, Christison-Lagay KL, Hasulak N, Morrell M, Urban A, Todd Constable R, Pitts M, Mark Richardson R, Crowley MJ, Blumenfeld H. Human visual consciousness involves large scale cortical and subcortical networks independent of task report and eye movement activity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7342. [PMID: 36446792 PMCID: PMC9707162 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The full neural circuits of conscious perception remain unknown. Using a visual perception task, we directly recorded a subcortical thalamic awareness potential (TAP). We also developed a unique paradigm to classify perceived versus not perceived stimuli using eye measurements to remove confounding signals related to reporting on conscious experiences. Using fMRI, we discovered three major brain networks driving conscious visual perception independent of report: first, increases in signal detection regions in visual, fusiform cortex, and frontal eye fields; and in arousal/salience networks involving midbrain, thalamus, nucleus accumbens, anterior cingulate, and anterior insula; second, increases in frontoparietal attention and executive control networks and in the cerebellum; finally, decreases in the default mode network. These results were largely maintained after excluding eye movement-based fMRI changes. Our findings provide evidence that the neurophysiology of consciousness is complex even without overt report, involving multiple cortical and subcortical networks overlapping in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharif I Kronemer
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mark Aksen
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julia Z Ding
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jun Hwan Ryu
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Qilong Xin
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhaoxiong Ding
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jacob S Prince
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hunki Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aya Khalaf
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Biomedical Engineering and Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sarit Forman
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David S Jin
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kevin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kaylie Chen
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Claire Hu
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Akshar Agarwal
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Erik Saberski
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Syed Mohammad Adil Wafa
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Owen P Morgan
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jia Wu
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - R Todd Constable
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - R Mark Richardson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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7
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Gusso MM, Christison-Lagay KL, Zuckerman D, Chandrasekaran G, Kronemer SI, Ding JZ, Freedman NC, Nohama P, Blumenfeld H. More than a feeling: Scalp EEG and eye signals in conscious tactile perception. Conscious Cogn 2022; 105:103411. [PMID: 36156359 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the neural basis of consciousness is a fundamental goal of neuroscience, and sensory perception is often used as a proxy for consciousness in empirical studies. However, most studies rely on reported perception of visual stimuli. Here we present behavior, high density scalp EEG and eye metric recordings collected simultaneously during a novel tactile threshold perception task. We found significant N80, N140 and P300 event related potentials in perceived trials and in perceived versus not perceived trials. Significance was limited to a P100 and P300 in not perceived trials. We also found an increase in pupil diameter and blink rate and a decrease in microsaccade rate following perceived relative to not perceived tactile stimuli. These findings support the use of eye metrics as a measure of physiological arousal associated with conscious perception. Eye metrics may also represent a novel path toward the creation of tactile no-report tasks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Gusso
- Departments of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia em Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Kate L Christison-Lagay
- Departments of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David Zuckerman
- Departments of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ganesh Chandrasekaran
- Departments of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sharif I Kronemer
- Departments of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Departments of Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Julia Z Ding
- Departments of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Noah C Freedman
- Departments of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Percy Nohama
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia em Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Departments of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Departments of Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Departments of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Departments of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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8
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A call for comparing theories of consciousness and data sharing. Behav Brain Sci 2022; 45:e47. [PMID: 35319418 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x21001941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Merker, Williford, and Rudrauf make several arguments against the integrated information theory of consciousness; whereas some have merit, their conclusion that the theory should be discarded is premature. Coming years promise advances in the empirical study of consciousness, and only after theories are independently tested with shared data can they be ruled in or out. We propose future research directions.
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9
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Kwon H, Kronemer SI, Christison-Lagay KL, Khalaf A, Li J, Ding JZ, Freedman NC, Blumenfeld H. Early cortical signals in visual stimulus detection. Neuroimage 2021; 244:118608. [PMID: 34560270 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During visual conscious perception, the earliest responses linked to signal detection are little known. The current study aims to reveal the cortical neural activity changes in the earliest stages of conscious perception using recordings from intracranial electrodes. Epilepsy patients (N=158) were recruited from a multi-center collaboration and completed a visual word recall task. Broadband gamma activity (40-115Hz) was extracted with a band-pass filter and gamma power was calculated across subjects on a common brain surface. Our results show early gamma power increases within 0-50ms after stimulus onset in bilateral visual processing cortex, right frontal cortex (frontal eye fields, ventral medial/frontopolar, orbital frontal) and bilateral medial temporal cortex regardless of whether the word was later recalled. At the same early times, decreases were seen in the left rostral middle frontal gyrus. At later times after stimulus onset, gamma power changes developed in multiple cortical regions. These included sustained changes in visual and other association cortical networks, and transient decreases in the default mode network most prominently at 300-650ms. In agreement with prior work in this verbal memory task, we also saw greater increases in visual and medial temporal regions as well as prominent later (> 300ms) increases in left hemisphere language areas for recalled versus not recalled stimuli. These results suggest an early signal detection network in the frontal, medial temporal, and visual cortex is engaged at the earliest stages of conscious visual perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunki Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8018, USA
| | - Sharif I Kronemer
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8018, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kate L Christison-Lagay
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8018, USA
| | - Aya Khalaf
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8018, USA; Biomedical Engineering and Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Jiajia Li
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8018, USA; School of Information and Control Engineering, Xian University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Julia Z Ding
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8018, USA
| | - Noah C Freedman
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8018, USA
| | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8018, USA; Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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10
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Martin RA, Cukiert A, Blumenfeld H. Short-term changes in cortical physiological arousal measured by electroencephalography during thalamic centromedian deep brain stimulation. Epilepsia 2021; 62:2604-2614. [PMID: 34405892 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The intralaminar thalamus is well implicated in the processes of arousal and attention. Stimulation of the intralaminar thalamus has been used therapeutically to improve level of alertness in minimally conscious individuals and to reduce seizures in refractory epilepsy, both presumably through modulation of thalamocortical function. Little work exists that directly measures the effects of intralaminar thalamic stimulation on cortical physiological arousal in humans. Therefore, our goal was to quantify cortical physiological arousal in individuals with epilepsy receiving thalamic intralaminar deep brain stimulation. METHODS We recorded scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) during thalamic intralaminar centromedian (CM) nucleus stimulation in 11 patients with medically refractory epilepsy. Participants underwent stimulation at 130 Hz and 300 µs for periods of 5 min alternating with 5 min of rest while stimulus voltage was titrated upward from 1 to 5 V. EEG signal power was analyzed in different frequency ranges in relation to stimulus strength and time. RESULTS We found a progressive increase in broadband gamma (25-100 Hz) cortical EEG power (F = 7.64, p < .05) and decrease in alpha (8-13 Hz) power (F = 4.37, p < .05) with thalamic CM stimulation. Topographic maps showed these changes to be widely distributed across the cortical surface rather than localized to one region. SIGNIFICANCE Previous work has shown that broadband increases in gamma frequency power and decreases in alpha frequency power are generally associated with states of cortical activation and increased arousal/attention. Our observed changes therefore support the possible role of cortical activation and increased physiological arousal in therapeutic effects of intralaminar thalamic stimulation for improving both epilepsy and attention. Further investigations with this approach may lead to methods for determining optimal deep brain stimulation parameters to improve clinical outcome in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reese A Martin
- Yale Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Yale Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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11
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Gusso MDM, Serur G, Nohama P. Pupil Reactions to Tactile Stimulation: A Systematic Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:610841. [PMID: 33692668 PMCID: PMC7937793 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.610841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pupil dynamics can represent an indirect measure of perception; thus, it has been broadly explored in the auditory and visual fields. Although it is crucial for experiencing the outside world, tactile perception is not well-explored. Considering that, we sought to answer the following question via a systematic review: does normal tactile perception processing modulate pupil dilation in mammals (human or not)? The review process was conducted according to PRISMA Statement. We searched on Periódicos CAPES (Brazil) for the following terms: [(touch) OR (cutaneous stimulation) OR (tactile perception) OR (somatosensory) AND (pupil OR pupillary) NOT blind NOT reflex NOT pain NOT fear NOT noxious NOT autism NOT nerve NOT (pupillary block) NOT glaucoma NOT cataract NOT aneurysm NOT syndrome NOT treatment NOT special education]. From the 6,488 papers found, 4,568 were duplicates, and nine fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All papers found a positive relationship between pupil diameter and tactile perception. We found that the pupil is a reliable indirect measure of brain states and can evaluate norepinephrine (NE)/locus coeruleus (LC) action, stimulus inhibition, arousal, cognitive processes, and affection independently of the stimuli category (visual, auditory, or tactile). We also found that the perceptual tactile processing occurs in similar ways as the other perceptual modalities. We verified that more studies should be done, mostly avoiding low sampling rate recording systems, confounders as cue signs, not automated stimulation, and concurrent stimulus and using more reliable equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana de Mello Gusso
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Reabilitação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia em Saúde, Escola Politécnica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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12
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Doradzińska Ł, Wójcik MJ, Paź M, Nowicka MM, Nowicka A, Bola M. Unconscious perception of one's own name modulates amplitude of the P3B ERP component. Neuropsychologia 2020; 147:107564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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Kucyi A, Daitch A, Raccah O, Zhao B, Zhang C, Esterman M, Zeineh M, Halpern CH, Zhang K, Zhang J, Parvizi J. Electrophysiological dynamics of antagonistic brain networks reflect attentional fluctuations. Nat Commun 2020; 11:325. [PMID: 31949140 PMCID: PMC6965628 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging evidence suggests that the default mode network (DMN) exhibits antagonistic activity with dorsal attention (DAN) and salience (SN) networks. Here we use human intracranial electroencephalography to investigate the behavioral relevance of fine-grained dynamics within and between these networks. The three networks show dissociable profiles of task-evoked electrophysiological activity, best captured in the high-frequency broadband (HFB; 70-170 Hz) range. On the order of hundreds of milliseconds, HFB responses peak fastest in the DAN, at intermediate speed in the SN, and slowest in the DMN. Lapses of attention (behavioral errors) are marked by distinguishable patterns of both pre- and post-stimulus HFB activity within each network. Moreover, the magnitude of temporally lagged, negative HFB coupling between the DAN and DMN (but not SN and DMN) is associated with greater sustained attention performance and is reduced during wakeful rest. These findings underscore the behavioral relevance of temporally delayed coordination between antagonistic brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Kucyi
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Amy Daitch
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Omri Raccah
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Baotian Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Michael Esterman
- Boston Attention and Learning Laboratory & Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, Veterans Administration, Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Michael Zeineh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Casey H Halpern
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
| | - Josef Parvizi
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
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14
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Williams MS, Lecas S, Charpier S, Mahon S. Phase-dependent modulation of cortical and thalamic sensory responses during spike-and-wave discharges. Epilepsia 2020; 61:330-341. [PMID: 31912497 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The neuronal underpinnings of impaired consciousness during absence seizures remain largely unknown. Spike-and-wave (SW) activity associated with absences imposes two extremely different states in cortical neurons, which transition from suprathreshold synaptic depolarizations during spike phases to membrane hyperpolarization and electrical silence during wave phases. To investigate whether this rhythmic alternation of neuronal states affects the processing of sensory information during seizures, we examined cortical and thalamic responsiveness to brief sensory stimuli in the different phases of the epileptic cycle. METHODS Electrocorticographic (ECoG) monitoring from the primary somatosensory cortex combined with intracellular recordings of subjacent pyramidal neurons, or extracellular recordings of somatosensory thalamic neurons, were performed in the Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rat From Strasbourg. Sensory stimuli consisted of pulses of compressed air applied to the contralateral whiskers. RESULTS Whisker stimuli delivered during spike phases evoked smaller depolarizing synaptic potentials and fewer action potentials in cortical neurons compared to stimuli occurring during wave phases. This spike-related attenuation of cortical responsiveness was accompanied by a reduced neuronal membrane resistance, likely due to the large increase in synaptic conductance. Sensory-evoked firing in thalamocortical neurons was also decreased during ECoG spikes as compared to wave phases, indicating that time-to-time changes in the thalamocortical volley may also contribute to the variability of cortical responses during seizures. SIGNIFICANCE These findings demonstrate that thalamocortical sensory processing during absence seizures is nonstationary and strongly suggest that the cortical impact of a given environmental stimulus is conditioned by its exact timing relative to the SW cycle. The lack of stability of thalamic and cortical responses along seizures may contribute to impaired conscious sensory perception during absences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Williams
- Brain and Spine Institute, National Institute of Health and Medical Research Mixed Unit of Research 1127, National Center for Scientific Research Mixed Unit of Research 7225, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Lecas
- Brain and Spine Institute, National Institute of Health and Medical Research Mixed Unit of Research 1127, National Center for Scientific Research Mixed Unit of Research 7225, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Charpier
- Brain and Spine Institute, National Institute of Health and Medical Research Mixed Unit of Research 1127, National Center for Scientific Research Mixed Unit of Research 7225, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Mahon
- Brain and Spine Institute, National Institute of Health and Medical Research Mixed Unit of Research 1127, National Center for Scientific Research Mixed Unit of Research 7225, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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15
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Li J, Kronemer SI, Herman WX, Kwon H, Ryu JH, Micek C, Wu Y, Gerrard J, Spencer DD, Blumenfeld H. Default mode and visual network activity in an attention task: Direct measurement with intracranial EEG. Neuroimage 2019; 201:116003. [PMID: 31295566 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic attention states are necessary to navigate the ever changing task demands of daily life. Previous investigations commonly utilize a block paradigm to study sustained and transient changes in attention networks. fMRI investigations have shown that sustained attention in visual block design attention tasks corresponds to decreased signal in the default mode and visual processing networks. While task negative networks are anticipated to decrease during active task engagement, it is unexpected that visual networks would also be suppressed during a visual task where event-related fMRI studies have found transient increases to visual stimuli. To resolve these competing results, the current investigations utilized intracranial EEG to directly interrogate visual and default mode network dynamics during a visual continuous performance task. We used the electrophysiological data to model expected fMRI signals and to maximize interpretation of current results with previous investigations. Results show broadband gamma power decreases in the default mode network, corresponding to previous EEG and fMRI findings. Meanwhile, visual processing regions including the primary visual cortex and fusiform gyrus demonstrate both sustained decreases during task engagement and stimuli-driven transient increases in gamma power. Modeled fMRI based on gamma power reproduces signal decreases reported in the fMRI literature, and emphasizes the insensitivity of fMRI to transient, regularly spaced signal changes embedded within sustained network dynamics. The signal processing functions of the dynamic visual and default mode network changes explored in this study are unknown but may be elucidated through further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Li
- Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sharif I Kronemer
- Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Hunki Kwon
- Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | | | | | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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16
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Alkawadri R. Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) Applications in Mapping of Epileptic Brain Networks Based on Intracranial-EEG: An Update. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:191. [PMID: 30971871 PMCID: PMC6446441 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The main applications of the Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) have been in the domain of rehabilitation, control of prosthetics, and in neuro-feedback. Only a few clinical applications presently exist for the management of drug-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy surgery can be a life-changing procedure in the subset of millions of patients who are medically intractable. Recording of seizures and localization of the Seizure Onset Zone (SOZ) in the subgroup of "surgical" patients, who require intracranial-EEG (icEEG) evaluations, remain to date the best available surrogate marker of the epileptogenic tissue. icEEG presents certain risks and challenges making it a frontier that will benefit from optimization. Despite the presentation of several novel biomarkers for the localization of epileptic brain regions (HFOs-spikes vs. Spikes for instance), integration of most in practices is not at the prime time as it requires a degree of knowledge about signal and computation. The clinical care remains inspired by the original practices of recording the seizures and expert visual analysis of rhythms at onset. It is becoming increasingly evident, however, that there is more to infer from the large amount of EEG data sampled at rates in the order of less than 1 ms and collected over several days of invasive EEG recordings than commonly done in practice. This opens the door for interesting areas at the intersection of neuroscience, computation, engineering and clinical care. Brain-Computer interface (BCI) has the potential of enabling the processing of a large amount of data in a short period of time and providing insights that are not possible otherwise by human expert readers. Our practices suggest that implementation of BCI and Real-Time processing of EEG data is possible and suitable for most standard clinical applications, in fact, often the performance is comparable to a highly qualified human readers with the advantage of producing the results in real-time reliably and tirelessly. This is of utmost importance in specific environments such as in the operating room (OR) among other applications. In this review, we will present the readers with potential targets for BCI in caring for patients with surgical epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafeed Alkawadri
- Human Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Yale Human Brain Mapping Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- The Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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17
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Pitts MA, Lutsyshyna LA, Hillyard SA. The relationship between attention and consciousness: an expanded taxonomy and implications for 'no-report' paradigms. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170348. [PMID: 30061462 PMCID: PMC6074089 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tensions between global neuronal workspace theory and recurrent processing theory have sparked much debate in the field of consciousness research. Here, we focus on one of the key distinctions between these theories: the proposed relationship between attention and consciousness. By reviewing recent empirical evidence, we argue that both theories contain key insights and that certain aspects of each theory can be reconciled into a novel framework that may help guide future research. Alternative theories are also considered, including attended intermediate-level representations theory, integrated information theory and higher order thought theory. With the aim of offering a fresh and nuanced perspective to current theoretical debates, an updated taxonomy of conscious and non-conscious states is proposed. This framework maps a wider spectrum of conscious states by incorporating contemporary views from cognitive neuroscience regarding the variety of attentional mechanisms that are known to interact with sensory processing. Whether certain types of attention are necessary for phenomenal and access consciousness is considered and incorporated into this extended taxonomy. To navigate this expanded space, we review recent 'no-report' paradigms and address several methodological misunderstandings in order to pave a clear path forward for identifying the neural basis of perceptual awareness.This article is part of the theme issue 'Perceptual consciousness and cognitive access'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Pitts
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Lydia A Lutsyshyna
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Steven A Hillyard
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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18
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van Vugt B, Dagnino B, Vartak D, Safaai H, Panzeri S, Dehaene S, Roelfsema PR. The threshold for conscious report: Signal loss and response bias in visual and frontal cortex. Science 2018; 360:537-542. [PMID: 29567809 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar7186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Why are some visual stimuli consciously detected, whereas others remain subliminal? We investigated the fate of weak visual stimuli in the visual and frontal cortex of awake monkeys trained to report stimulus presence. Reported stimuli were associated with strong sustained activity in the frontal cortex, and frontal activity was weaker and quickly decayed for unreported stimuli. Information about weak stimuli could be lost at successive stages en route from the visual to the frontal cortex, and these propagation failures were confirmed through microstimulation of area V1. Fluctuations in response bias and sensitivity during perception of identical stimuli were traced back to prestimulus brain-state markers. A model in which stimuli become consciously reportable when they elicit a nonlinear ignition process in higher cortical areas explained our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram van Vugt
- Department of Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Bruno Dagnino
- Department of Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Devavrat Vartak
- Department of Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Houman Safaai
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Neural Computation Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Stefano Panzeri
- Neural Computation Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Stanislas Dehaene
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant/Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, INSERM, NeuroSpin Center, Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Collège de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pieter R Roelfsema
- Department of Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, Netherlands. .,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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