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Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Sickbert-Bennett E. Emerging infectious diseases, focus on infection prevention, environmental survival and germicide susceptibility: SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and Candida auris. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:A22-A34. [PMID: 37890950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New and emerging infectious diseases continue to represent a public health threat. Emerging infectious disease threats include pathogens increasing in range (eg, Mpox), zoonotic microbes jumping species lines to cause sustained infections in humans via person-to-person transmission (SARS-CoV-2) and multidrug-resistant pathogens (eg, Candida auris). MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched the published English literature and reviewed the selected articles on SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and Candida auris with a focus on environmental survival, contamination of the patient's hospital environment, susceptibility of the pathogen to antiseptics and disinfectants and infection prevention recommendations. RESULTS All three pathogens (ie, SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and Candida auris) can survive on surfaces for minutes to hours and for Mpox and C auris for days. Currently available antiseptics (eg, 70%-90% alcohol hand hygiene products) are active against SARS-CoV-2, Mpox and C auris. The U.S Environmental Protection Agency provides separate lists of surface disinfectants active against SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and C auris. DISCUSSION The risk of environment-to-patient transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Mpox and Candida auris, is very low, low-moderate and high, respectively. In the absence of appropriate patient isolation and use of personal protection equipment, the risk of patient-to-health care provider transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and C auris is high, moderate and low, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Appropriate patient isolation, use of personal protective equipment by health care personnel, hand hygiene, and surface disinfection can protect patients and health care personnel from acquiring SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and C auris from infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Weber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Infection Prevention, UNC Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | - William A Rutala
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Emily Sickbert-Bennett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Infection Prevention, UNC Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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Rutala WA, Boyce JM, Weber DJ. Disinfection, sterilization and antisepsis: An overview. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:A3-A12. [PMID: 37890951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Each year in the United States there are approximately 100,000,000 outpatient/inpatient surgical procedures. Each of these procedures involves contact by a medical device or surgical instrument with a patient's sterile tissue and/or mucous membrane. A major risk of all such procedures is the introduction of infection. METHODS We searched published literature for articles on the use and effectiveness of disinfectants, sterilization methods and antiseptics. RESULTS The level of disinfection is dependent on the intended use of the object: critical (items that contact sterile tissue such as surgical instruments), semicritical (items that contact mucous membrane such as endoscopes), and noncritical (devices that contact only intact skin such as stethoscopes) items require sterilization, high-level disinfection and low-level disinfection, respectively. Cleaning must always precede high-level disinfection and sterilization. Antiseptics are essential to infection prevention as part of a hand hygiene program as well as other uses such as surgical hand antisepsis and pre-operative patient skin preparation. CONCLUSIONS When properly used, disinfection and sterilization can ensure the safe use of invasive and non-invasive medical devices. Cleaning should always precede high-level disinfection and sterilization. Strict adherence to current disinfection and sterilization guidelines is essential to prevent patient infections and exposures to infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Rutala
- Statewide Program for Infection Control and Epidemiology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; Division of Infectious Diseases, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | - John M Boyce
- J.M. Boyce Consulting, Boyce Consulting, LLC, Middletown, CT
| | - David J Weber
- Statewide Program for Infection Control and Epidemiology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; Division of Infectious Diseases, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; Infection Prevention, University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC
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3
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Graves AM, Barrett A, Addison B, Polage CR, Smith BA, Lewis S, Anderson DJ, Warren BG. Disinfection efficacy of Oxivir TB wipe residue on severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2023; 44:1-3. [PMID: 37466072 PMCID: PMC10665868 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2023.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
We assessed Oxivir Tb wipe disinfectant residue in a controlled laboratory setting to evaluate low environmental contamination of SARS-CoV-2. Frequency of viral RNA detection was not statistically different between intervention and control arms on day 3 (P=0.14). Environmental contamination viability is low; residual disinfectant did not significantly contribute to low contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Graves
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, North Carolina
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Disinfection, Resistance, Transmission and Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Aaron Barrett
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, North Carolina
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Disinfection, Resistance, Transmission and Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bechtler Addison
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, North Carolina
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christopher R Polage
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, North Carolina
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Becky A Smith
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, North Carolina
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sarah Lewis
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, North Carolina
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Deverick J Anderson
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, North Carolina
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bobby G Warren
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, North Carolina
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Disinfection, Resistance, Transmission and Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Apisarnthanarak A, Ling ML, Weber DJ. The role of environmental and healthcare-associated infections in Asia: Lessons learned from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP & HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY : ASHE 2023; 3:e100. [PMID: 37396196 PMCID: PMC10311687 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2023.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anucha Apisarnthanarak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Moi Lin Ling
- Infection Prevention & Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David J. Weber
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
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5
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Kang Y, Wang J, Zhang W, Xu Y, Xu B, Qu G, Yu Y, Yan B, Su G. RNA extraction-free workflow integrated with a single-tube CRISPR-Cas-based colorimetric assay for rapid SARS-CoV-2 detection in different environmental matrices. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131487. [PMID: 37148798 PMCID: PMC10125216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
On-site environmental surveillance of viruses is increasingly important for infection prevention and pandemic control. Herein, we report a facile single-tube colorimetric assay for detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) from environmental compartments. Using glycerol as the phase separation additive, reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA), CRISPR-Cas system activation, G-quadruplex (G4) cleavage, and G4-based colorimetric reaction were performed in a single tube. To further simplify the test, viral RNA genomes used for the one-tube assay were obtained via acid/base treatment without further purification. The whole assay from sampling to visual readout was completed within 30 min at a constant temperature without the need for sophisticated instruments. Coupling the RT-RPA to CRISPR-Cas improved the reliability by avoiding false positive results. Non-labeled cost-effective G4-based colorimetric systems are highly sensitive to CRISPR-Cas cleavage events, and the proposed assay reached the limit of detection of 0.84 copies/µL. Moreover, environmental samples from contaminated surfaces and wastewater were analyzed using this facile colorimetric assay. Given its simplicity, sensitivity, specificity, and cost-effectiveness, our proposed colorimetric assay is highly promising for applications in on-site environmental surveillance of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Wensi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yuhang Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Bohui Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Bing Yan
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Gaoxing Su
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
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Continuously active disinfectant inactivates severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human coronavirus 229E two days after the disinfectant was applied and following wear exposures. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2023; 44:507-509. [PMID: 34852869 PMCID: PMC9379261 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The surface environment in rooms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients may be persistently contaminated despite disinfection. A continuously active disinfectant demonstrated excellent sustained antiviral activity following a 48-hour period of wear and abrasion exposures with reinoculations. Reductions of >4-log10 were achieved within a 1-minute contact time for severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the human coronavirus, 229E.
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Response to "Severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) surface contamination in staff common areas and impact on healthcare worker infection: Prospective surveillance during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic". Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2023; 44:161-162. [PMID: 35383551 PMCID: PMC9043627 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2022.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Aikebaier S, Song Y, Li M, Liu J. Exploring the Impact and Prevention of Epidemics from a New Perspective: COVID-19 Transmission through Express Boxes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16884. [PMID: 36554764 PMCID: PMC9778959 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The number of express boxes worldwide exceeded 170 billion in 2021, and, from several regions in China, tested positive. Therefore, it is important to study the transmission of viruses through express boxes. In this paper, we establish a model of express box virus transmission based on comprehensive consideration of environmental factors, such as temperature, disinfection, humidity, virus release intensity, and volume of vehicle, to study the transmission of express box virus, and explore the spatial and geographic spread variation of express box viruses in China. Several important findings emerged from the study, including: (1) Disinfection can prolong the spread of viruses in the express box for ≥21 h; (2) For every 1 °C rise in temperature, the infected time can be prolonged by ≥1.2 h, and for every 10% rise in relative humidity, the virus transmission time can be prolonged by ≥1.32 h; (3) In an environment suitable for virus transmission, when loaded with 1000, 2000, 4000 express boxes, areas where the express delivery time exceeds 22.56, 18, 14.64 h will face the risk of all the boxes in the carriage being infected. These findings could help public health departments prevent the risk of virus transmission from express boxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saierdaer Aikebaier
- China Emergency Management Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center of Safety Early Warning and Emergency Response Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yinghua Song
- China Emergency Management Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center of Safety Early Warning and Emergency Response Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Moxiao Li
- China Emergency Management Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center of Safety Early Warning and Emergency Response Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiexin Liu
- China Emergency Management Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center of Safety Early Warning and Emergency Response Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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9
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Jin T, Chen X, Nishio M, Zhuang L, Shiomi H, Tonosaki Y, Yokohata R, King MF, Kang M, Fujii K, Zhang N. Interventions to prevent surface transmission of an infectious virus based on real human touch behavior: a case study of the norovirus. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 122:83-92. [PMID: 35649497 PMCID: PMC9148625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Infectious viruses (e.g., SARS-CoV-2, norovirus) can transmit through surfaces. Norovirus has infected millions of individuals annually. Interventions on norovirus transmission in high-risk indoor environment are important. METHODS This study focused on a restaurant in Guangzhou, China. More than 41,000 touches by both diners and staff members were collected using video cameras. A surface transmission model was developed and combined with these real human touch behaviors to analyze the effectiveness of different norovirus prevention strategies. RESULTS When the virus carrier was a diner, the virus intake fraction of diners in the same table was the highest. Increasing the touch frequency on personal private surfaces would reduce the virus exposure. The virus intake fraction was reduced by 18.4% on average if public surfaces were not touched. Optimization on surface materials could reduce the virus intake fraction by 86.6%. Additionally, disinfecting tablecloths, clothes of diners, and chairs were the three most effective surface disinfection strategies. CONCLUSION Controlling human touch behavior (e.g., reducing the self-touches on mucous membranes) is more effective than surface disinfection in controlling norovirus transmission, but surface disinfection cannot be ignored because human behavior is difficult to be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuguang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong province, China
| | - Masaya Nishio
- R&D-Safety Science, Kao Corporation, Japan,R&D-Strategy, Kao Corporation, Japan
| | - Linan Zhuang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hiroyuki Shiomi
- R&D-Processing Development Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tonosaki
- R&D-Processing Development Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Japan
| | | | | | - Min Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong province, China
| | - Kenkichi Fujii
- R&D-Safety Science, Kao Corporation, Japan,R&D-Strategy, Kao Corporation, Japan
| | - Nan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China,Corresponding author: Nan Zhang, Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Room 204, Pingleyuan 100, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China, Telephone: +86 18210064566
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Walker J. Implementing COVID-19 infection prevention and control measures in long-term care settings. Nurs Older People 2022; 34:34-42. [PMID: 35262291 DOI: 10.7748/nop.2022.e1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had far-reaching and significant effects worldwide. Many of those identified as most vulnerable to the disease reside in long-term care settings such as nursing and residential homes, so infection prevention and control is an essential area of practice. This article describes how COVID-19 is transmitted and discusses various measures that can be taken to reduce the spread of infection to protect residents, staff and visitors. Such measures include social distancing, routine screening, the use of personal protective equipment and cleaning.
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Li M, Li J, Yang Y, Liu W, Liang Z, Ding G, Chen X, Song Q, Xue C, Sun B. Investigation of mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 inactivation under both ambient and cold environments reveals the mechanisms of infectivity reduction following UVC exposure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022; 10:107206. [PMID: 35043085 PMCID: PMC8757640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2022.107206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The surface contamination of SARS-CoV-2 is becoming a potential source of virus transmission during the pandemic of COVID-19. Under the cold environment, the infection incidents would be more severe with the increase of virus survival time. Thus, the disinfection of contaminated surfaces in both ambient and cold environments is a critical measure to restrain the spread of the virus. In our study, it was demonstrated that the 254 nm ultraviolet-C (UVC) is an efficient method to inactivate a coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV-A59). The inactivation rate to MHV-A59 coronavirus was up to 99.99% when UVC doses were 2.90 and 14.0 mJ/cm2 at room temperature (23 °C) and in cold environment (-20 °C), respectively. Further mechanistic study demonstrated that UVC could induce spike protein damage to partly impede virus attachment and genome penetration processes, which contributes to 12% loss of viral infectivity. Additionally, it can induce genome damage to significantly interrupt genome replication, protein synthesis, virus assembly and release processes, which takes up 88% contribution to viral inactivation. With these mechanistic understandings, it will greatly contribute to the prevention and control of the current SARS-CoV-2 transmissions in cold chains (low temperature-controlled product supply chains), public area such as airport, school, and warehouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Jiahuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Yunlong Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Zhihui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Guanyu Ding
- Soleilware Photonics Co.,LTD, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Xiaohe Chen
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China
| | - Qi Song
- Soleilware Photonics Co.,LTD, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China
| | - Changying Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
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Barrios Andrés JL, Carriba Rodriguez MJ, Aranzamendi Zaldumbide M, Hernández JM, Viciola García M. Evaluation of cleaning and disinfection protocols for severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on different hospital surfaces. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2022; 43:544-545. [PMID: 33487202 PMCID: PMC7870904 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Barrios Andrés
- Hospital Infection Control Division, Microbiology Service, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo (Bizkaia), Basque Country, Spain
| | | | | | - Jose María Hernández
- Commission on Infections and Antibiotic Policy, Department of Preventive Medicine, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo (Bizkaia), Basque Country, Spain
| | - Margarita Viciola García
- Preventive Medicine Service, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo (Bizkaia), Basque Country, Spain
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Crescioli G, Lanzi C, Gambassi F, Ieri A, Ercolini A, Borgioli G, Bettiol A, Vannacci A, Mannaioni G, Lombardi N. Exposures and suspected intoxications during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: preliminary results from an Italian poison control centre. Intern Emerg Med 2022; 17:535-540. [PMID: 34091841 PMCID: PMC8180185 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-021-02774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Data on cleaner and disinfectant exposure and misuse-related acute intoxications in Italy during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic are still lacking. The aim of the present study was to analyse and describe cleaner and disinfectant-related intoxications during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in an Italian poison control centre. Data were obtained from the toxicological consultations requested to the Toxicology Unit and Poison Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence (Italy). We compared data from January 1st to April 30th of 2019 and 2020. Data concerning probable or acute intoxication from any causative agent in the general population (all age groups), from private individuals or from Regional and National health structures, were included in the analysis. A toxicological evaluation was also performed to calculate the Poisoning Severity Score.In 2019, 451 phone counselling sessions were performed and compared to a total of 410 calls received during the same period of 2020. In both periods, the majority of events occurred in paediatric (0-17 years) and adult (18-65 years) patients, who were mainly exposed to one toxic agent, and intoxications took place principally at home due to domestic accidents. The oral route of intoxication was the most frequently observed one, followed by inhalation of toxic agents, which increased by 4.7% in 2020. In 2020, sanitizers and cleaners were reported in 21.6% of cases compared to 12.5% in 2019. This is the first study describing cleaner and disinfectant-related intoxications in Italy. Our results suggested a possible misuse of these products during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, underling the effects of home isolation on mental health and unintentional toxic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Crescioli
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini, 6-50139, Florence, Italy
- Tuscan Regional Centre of Pharmacovigilance, Florence, Italy
| | - Cecilia Lanzi
- Toxicology Unit and Poison Center, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Gambassi
- Toxicology Unit and Poison Center, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ieri
- Toxicology Unit and Poison Center, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Anita Ercolini
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini, 6-50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Borgioli
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini, 6-50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bettiol
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alfredo Vannacci
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini, 6-50139, Florence, Italy.
- Tuscan Regional Centre of Pharmacovigilance, Florence, Italy.
| | - Guido Mannaioni
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini, 6-50139, Florence, Italy
- Toxicology Unit and Poison Center, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Lombardi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini, 6-50139, Florence, Italy
- Tuscan Regional Centre of Pharmacovigilance, Florence, Italy
- Toxicology Unit and Poison Center, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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14
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Mesenchymal stem cell-based treatments for COVID-19: status and future perspectives for clinical applications. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:142. [PMID: 35187617 PMCID: PMC8858603 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As a result of cross-species transmission in December 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) became a serious endangerment to human health and the causal agent of a global pandemic. Although the number of infected people has decreased due to effective management, novel methods to treat critical COVID-19 patients are still urgently required. This review describes the origins, pathogenesis, and clinical features of COVID-19 and the potential uses of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in therapeutic treatments for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected patients. MSCs have previously been shown to have positive effects in the treatment of lung diseases, such as acute lung injury, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, lung cancer, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. MSC mechanisms of action involve differentiation potentials, immune regulation, secretion of anti-inflammatory factors, migration and homing, anti-apoptotic properties, antiviral effects, and extracellular vesicles. Currently, 74 clinical trials are investigating the use of MSCs (predominately from the umbilical cord, bone marrow, and adipose tissue) to treat COVID-19. Although most of these trials are still in their early stages, the preliminary data are promising. However, long-term safety evaluations are still lacking, and large-scale and controlled trials are required for more conclusive judgments regarding MSC-based therapies. The main challenges and prospective directions for the use of MSCs in clinical applications are discussed herein. In summary, while the clinical use of MSCs to treat COVID-19 is still in the preliminary stages of investigation, promising results indicate that they could potentially be utilized in future treatments.
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15
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Warren BG, Nelson A, Barrett A, Addison B, Graves A, Binder R, Gray G, Lewis S, Smith BA, Weber DJ, Sickbert-Bennett EE, Anderson DJ. SARS-CoV-2 Environmental contamination in hospital rooms is uncommon using viral culture techniques. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:e307-e309. [PMID: 35023553 PMCID: PMC8807208 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed environmental contamination of inpatient rooms housing COVID-19 patients in a dedicated COVID-19 unit. Contamination with SARS-CoV-2 was found on 5.5% (19/347) of surfaces via RT-PCR and 0.3% (1/347) of surfaces via cell culture. Environmental contamination is uncommon in hospitals rooms; RNA presence is not a specific indicator of infectious virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby G Warren
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alicia Nelson
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aaron Barrett
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bechtler Addison
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amanda Graves
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Raquel Binder
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gregory Gray
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Lewis
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Becky A Smith
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David J Weber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emily E Sickbert-Bennett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Deverick J Anderson
- Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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16
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Abstract
Chemical methods of virus inactivation are used routinely to prevent viral transmission in both a personal hygiene capacity but also in at-risk environments like hospitals. Several virucidal products exist, including hand soaps, gels, and surface disinfectants. Resin acids, which can be derived from tall oil, produced from trees, have been shown to exhibit antibacterial activity. However, whether these products or their derivatives have virucidal activity is unknown. Here, we assessed the capacity of rosin soap to inactivate a panel of pathogenic mammalian viruses in vitro. We show that rosin soap can inactivate human enveloped viruses: influenza A virus (IAV), respiratory syncytial virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). For IAV, rosin soap could provide a 100,000-fold reduction in infectivity. However, rosin soap failed to affect the nonenveloped encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). The inhibitory effect of rosin soap against IAV infectivity was dependent on its concentration but not on the incubation time or temperature. In all, we demonstrate a novel chemical inactivation method against enveloped viruses, which could be of use for preventing virus infections in certain settings. IMPORTANCE Viruses remain a significant cause of human disease and death, most notably illustrated through the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Control of virus infection continues to pose a significant global health challenge to the human population. Viruses can spread through multiple routes, including via environmental and surface contamination, where viruses can remain infectious for days. Methods for inactivating viruses on such surfaces may help mitigate infection. Here, we present evidence identifying a novel virucidal product, rosin soap, which is produced from tall oil from coniferous trees. Rosin soap was able to rapidly and potently inactivate influenza virus and other enveloped viruses.
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17
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Gonçalves J, da Silva PG, Reis L, Nascimento MSJ, Koritnik T, Paragi M, Mesquita JR. Surface contamination with SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149231. [PMID: 34325141 PMCID: PMC8302502 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about contaminated surfaces as a route of transmission for SARS-CoV- 2 and a systematic review is missing and urgently needed to provide guidelines for future research studies. As such, the aim of the present study was to review the current scientific knowledge and to summarize the existing studies in which SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in inanimate surfaces. This systematic review includes studies since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, available in PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus. Duplicate publications were removed, and exclusion criteria was applied to eliminate unrelated studies, resulting in 37 eligible publications. The present study provides the first overview of SARS-CoV-2 detection in surfaces. The highest detection rates occurred in hospitals and healthcare facilities with COVID-19 patients. Contamination with SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces was detected in a wide range of facilities and surfaces. There is a lack of studies performing viability testing for SARS-CoV-2 recovered from surfaces, and consequently it is not yet possible to assess the potential for transmission via surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Gonçalves
- Department for Public Health Microbiology Ljubljana, Centre for Medical Microbiology, National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Priscilla Gomes da Silva
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIunit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Reis
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Tom Koritnik
- Department for Public Health Microbiology Ljubljana, Centre for Medical Microbiology, National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Paragi
- Department for Public Health Microbiology Ljubljana, Centre for Medical Microbiology, National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - João R Mesquita
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIunit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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18
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Elastomeric Respirators for COVID-19 and the Next Respiratory Virus Pandemic: Essential Design Elements. Anesthesiology 2021; 135:951-962. [PMID: 34666348 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses are transmitted via respiratory particles that are emitted when people breath, speak, cough, or sneeze. These particles span the size spectrum from visible droplets to airborne particles of hundreds of nanometers. Barrier face coverings ("cloth masks") and surgical masks are loose-fitting and provide limited protection from airborne particles since air passes around the edges of the mask as well as through the filtering material. Respirators, which fit tightly to the face, provide more effective respiratory protection. Although healthcare workers have relied primarily on disposable filtering facepiece respirators (such as N95) during the COVID-19 pandemic, reusable elastomeric respirators have significant potential advantages for the COVID-19 and future respiratory virus pandemics. However, currently available elastomeric respirators were not designed primarily for healthcare or pandemic use and require further development to improve their suitability for this application. The authors believe that the development, implementation, and stockpiling of improved elastomeric respirators should be an international public health priority.
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19
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Chaudhary NK, Guragain B, Rai S, Chaudhary N, Chaudhary R, Sachin KM, Lamichhane-Khadka R, Bhattarai A. Alcohol-Based Sanitizers: An Effective Means for Preventing the Spread of Contagious Viral Diseases Including COVID-19. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/tsd-2020-2314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The global community is struggling with the highly contagious COVID-19. Returning to \normal life" now poses risks, and the use of appropriate protective measures has become necessary to continue daily life and protect public health. The main protective measures to prevent transmission of COVID-19 are masks, soaps and disinfectants. Because coronavirus is a \lipid-enveloped virus", it is very sensitive to lipid-dissolving chemicals and can therefore be effectively removed by washing hands sufficiently with soap and water. However, using an alcohol-based disinfectant is a more viable option for outdoor use. Alcohol-based disinfectants are inexpensive, immediately effective, easy to use and better tolerated by the skin compared to other disinfectants. WHO recommends disinfectants containing 75% isopropanol or 80% ethanol as highly effective in inactivating the SARS-CoV-2-virus. The current review discusses the role of alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) in preventing the spread of viruses, their side effects on human health, and suggests the use of alcohol-based sanitizers as potentially effective in combating the current epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus (Tribhuvan University) , Biratnagar , Nepal
| | - Biswash Guragain
- Department of Chemistry, Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus (Tribhuvan University) , Biratnagar , Nepal
| | - Summi Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus (Tribhuvan University) , Biratnagar , Nepal
| | - Nabina Chaudhary
- Dhaka Central International Medical College, Dhaka University , Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Rahul Chaudhary
- Dhaka Central International Medical College, Dhaka University , Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - KM Sachin
- School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat , Gandhinagar , Gujarat India
- Swarrnim Science College, Swarnim Startup and Innovation University , Gandhinagar , Gujarat , India
| | | | - Ajaya Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry, Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus (Tribhuvan University) , Biratnagar , Nepal
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20
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Mody L, Gibson KE, Mantey J, Bautista L, Montoya A, Neeb K, Jenq G, Mills JP, Min L, Kabeto M, Galecki A, Cassone M, Martin ET. Environmental contamination with SARS-CoV-2 in nursing homes. J Am Geriatr Soc 2021; 70:29-39. [PMID: 34674220 PMCID: PMC8661527 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in nursing homes (NHs) have been devastating and have led to the creation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) units within NHs to care for affected patients. Frequency and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 environmental contamination in these units have not been studied. METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted between October 2020 and January 2021 in four Michigan NHs. Swabs from high-touch surfaces in COVID-19-infected patient rooms were obtained at enrollment and follow-up. Demographic and clinical data were collected from clinical records. Primary outcome of interest was the probability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection from specific environmental surfaces in COVID-19 patient rooms. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess patient risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 contamination. Pairwise Phi coefficients were calculated to measure correlation of site-specific environmental detection upon enrollment and during follow-up. RESULTS One hundred and four patients with COVID-19 were enrolled (61.5% >80 years; 67.3% female; 89.4% non-Hispanic White; 51% short stay) and followed up for 241 visits. The study population had significant disabilities in activities of daily living (ADL; 81.7% dependent in four or more ADLs) and comorbidities, including dementia (55.8%), diabetes (40.4%), and heart failure (32.7%). Over the 3-month study period, 2087 swab specimens were collected (1896 COVID-19 patient rooms, 191 common areas). SARS-CoV-2 positivity was 28.4% (538/1896 swabs) on patient room surfaces and 3.7% (7/191 swabs) on common area surfaces. Nearly 90% (93/104) of patients had SARS-CoV-2 contamination in their room at least once. Environmental contamination upon enrollment correlated with contamination of the same site during follow-up. Functional independence increased the odds of proximate contamination. CONCLUSIONS Environmental detection of viral RNA from surfaces in the rooms of COVID-19 patients is nearly universal and persistent; more investigation is needed to determine the implications of this for infectiousness. Patients with greater independence are more likely than fully dependent patients to contaminate their immediate environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lona Mody
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kristen E Gibson
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Julia Mantey
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Liza Bautista
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ana Montoya
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Post-Acute Care Services, University of Michigan Medical Group, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Karen Neeb
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Grace Jenq
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Post-Acute Care Services, University of Michigan Medical Group, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John P Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lillian Min
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mohammed Kabeto
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrzej Galecki
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marco Cassone
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily T Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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21
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Mohamadi M, Babington-Ashaye A, Lefort A, Flahault A. Risks of Infection with SARS-CoV-2 Due to Contaminated Surfaces: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11019. [PMID: 34769538 PMCID: PMC8583529 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak is a global health concern. Understanding the transmission modes of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is key to limit the spread of the pandemic. A lack of knowledge about the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and infection through contaminated surfaces is noticeable and recent studies have stated conflicting findings. This scoping review aims to understand the risks of contaminations via fomites better. Relevant publications were selected through Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Medline, and Cochrane Library, with related keywords. PRISMA-ScR guidelines were followed. Out of the 565 articles found, exclusion criteria were applied, duplicates removed, and a total of 25 articles were finally included in the study. The included documents were assessed by the contamination risk: "low" (37.5%), "high" (16.7%), "plausible" (8.3%), "unlikely" (8.3%) risk, and "insufficient evidence" (29.2%). Research in hospital settings was found as the main setting in the reviewed papers, which precisely indicated the risk of contaminated surfaces. This scoping review underscores the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection via contaminated surfaces assessed as low in the majority of the reviewed articles. Further evaluation of the risk of the virus transmission by fomites and providing adequate information on its infectivity via contaminated surfaces in real-life conditions is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Mohamadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Awa Babington-Ashaye
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Agnès Lefort
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy and IAME, UMR1137, INSERM and Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - Antoine Flahault
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.M.); (A.F.)
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22
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Falcó I, Randazzo W, Sánchez G, Vilarroig J, Climent J, Chiva S, Chica A, Navarro-Laboulais J. Experimental and CFD evaluation of ozone efficacy against coronavirus and enteric virus contamination on public transport surfaces. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 9:106217. [PMID: 34422551 PMCID: PMC8367738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2021.106217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The limited information about the routes of the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within the ongoing pandemic scenario mobilized the administration, industry and academy to develop sanitation and disinfection systems for public and private spaces. Ozone has been proposed as an effective disinfection method against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, including viruses with similar morphology to SARS-CoV-2. Due to this efficacy, numerous gaseous and aqueous phase ozone applications have emerged potentially to inhibit virus persistence in aerosols, surfaces, and water. In this work, a numerical model, a RANS CFD model for ozone dispersion inside tram and underground coach has been developed including the chemical self-decomposition and surface reactions of the ozone. The CFD model has been developed for a real tram coach of 28.6 × 2.4 × 2.2 m (L × W × H) using 1.76 million nodes and the Menter's shear stress transport turbulence model. The model predicts the O3 concentration needed to meet disinfection criteria and the fluid dynamics inside the public transport coach. The effectiveness of the system has been validated with laboratory and field tests in real full-scale coach using porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and murine norovirus (MNV-1) as SARS-CoV-2 and human norovirus surrogates, respectively. Lab-scale experiments on plastic surfaces demonstrated O3 disinfection (100 ppm, 95% RH, 25 min) inactivate > 99.8% MNV-1 and PEDV. Additionally, field tests in real full-scale coach demostrate the efficacy of the system as > 98.6% of infectious MNV-1 and > 96.3% PEDV were inactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Falcó
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Walter Randazzo
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Sánchez
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Vilarroig
- Hydrodynamic and Environmental Services, Av. del Mar, 53, 12003 Castellón, Spain
| | - Javier Climent
- Hydrodynamic and Environmental Services, Av. del Mar, 53, 12003 Castellón, Spain
| | - Sergio Chiva
- Universitat Jaume I, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - A Chica
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avd. de Los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - J Navarro-Laboulais
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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23
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Huang YJS, Bilyeu AN, Hsu WW, Hettenbach SM, Willix JL, Stewart SC, Higgs S, Vanlandingham DL. Treatment with dry hydrogen peroxide accelerates the decay of severe acute syndrome coronavirus-2 on non-porous hard surfaces. Am J Infect Control 2021; 49:1252-1255. [PMID: 34273464 PMCID: PMC8279916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disinfection of contaminated or potentially contaminated surfaces has become an integral part of the mitigation strategies for controlling coronavirus disease 2019. Whilst a broad range of disinfectants are effective in inactivating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), application of disinfectants has a low throughput in areas that receive treatments. Disinfection of large surface areas often involves the use of reactive microbiocidal materials, including ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, chlorine dioxide, and hydrogen peroxide vapor. Albeit these methods are highly effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2, the deployment of these approaches creates unacceptable health hazards and precludes the treatment of occupied indoor spaces using existing disinfection technologies. In this study, the feasibility of using dry hydrogen peroxide (DHP) in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 on contaminated surfaces in large indoor spaces was evaluated. METHODS Glass slides were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 and treated with DHP between 5 and 25 ppb for up to 24 hours. Residual infectious virus samples were eluted from three replicates at each time point and titrated in African green monkey VeroE6 cells. RESULTS In comparison with the observed relatively high stability of SARS-CoV-2 on contaminated glass slides (control group), residual infectious titers of glass slides inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 were significantly reduced after receiving 120 minutes of DHP treatment. CONCLUSIONS The accelerated decay of SARS-CoV-2 on contaminated glass slides suggests that treatment with DHP can be an effective surface disinfection method for occupied indoor spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jang S Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Ashley N Bilyeu
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Wei-Wen Hsu
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | | | - Joshua L Willix
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Savannah C Stewart
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Dana L Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.
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24
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Khan WH, Hashmi Z, Goel A, Ahmad R, Gupta K, Khan N, Alam I, Ahmed F, Ansari MA. COVID-19 Pandemic and Vaccines Update on Challenges and Resolutions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:690621. [PMID: 34568087 PMCID: PMC8461057 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.690621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by a positive-stranded RNA virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), belonging to the Coronaviridae family. This virus originated in Wuhan City, China, and became the cause of a multiwave pandemic that has killed 3.46 million people worldwide as of May 22, 2021. The havoc intensified with the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants (B.1.1.7; Alpha, B.1.351; Beta, P.1; Gamma, B.1.617; Delta, B.1.617.2; Delta-plus, B.1.525; Eta, and B.1.429; Epsilon etc.) due to mutations generated during replication. More variants may emerge to cause additional pandemic waves. The most promising approach for combating viruses and their emerging variants lies in prophylactic vaccines. Several vaccine candidates are being developed using various platforms, including nucleic acids, live attenuated virus, inactivated virus, viral vectors, and protein-based subunit vaccines. In this unprecedented time, 12 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been phased in following WHO approval, 184 are in the preclinical stage, and 100 are in the clinical development process. Many of them are directed to elicit neutralizing antibodies against the viral spike protein (S) to inhibit viral entry through the ACE-2 receptor of host cells. Inactivated vaccines, to the contrary, provide a wide range of viral antigens for immune activation. Being an intracellular pathogen, the cytotoxic CD8+ T Cell (CTL) response remains crucial for all viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, and needs to be explored in detail. In this review, we try to describe and compare approved vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 that are currently being distributed either after phase III clinical trials or for emergency use. We discuss immune responses induced by various candidate vaccine formulations; their benefits, potential limitations, and effectiveness against variants; future challenges, such as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE); and vaccine safety issues and their possible resolutions. Most of the current vaccines developed against SARS-CoV-2 are showing either promising or compromised efficacy against new variants. Multiple antigen-based vaccines (multivariant vaccines) should be developed on different platforms to tackle future variants. Alternatively, recombinant BCG, containing SARS-CoV-2 multiple antigens, as a live attenuated vaccine should be explored for long-term protection. Irrespective of their efficacy, all vaccines are efficient in providing protection from disease severity. We must insist on vaccine compliance for all age groups and work on vaccine hesitancy globally to achieve herd immunity and, eventually, to curb this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajihul Hasan Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Host Pathogen Interaction and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Zohra Hashmi
- Department of Biotechnology, Host Pathogen Interaction and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya Goel
- Department of Biotechnology, Host Pathogen Interaction and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Razi Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Kanisha Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Host Pathogen Interaction and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Nida Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Host Pathogen Interaction and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Iqbal Alam
- Department of Physiology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Faheem Ahmed
- Department of Community Medicine, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Mairaj Ahmed Ansari
- Department of Biotechnology, Host Pathogen Interaction and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Moss HE, Ko MW, Mackay DD, Chauhan D, Gutierrez KG, Villegas NC, Lai KE. The Impact of COVID-19 on Neuro-Ophthalmology Office Visits and Adoption of Telemedicine Services. J Neuroophthalmol 2021; 41:362-367. [PMID: 34415270 PMCID: PMC9159905 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 public health emergency (PHE) has significantly changed medical practice in the United States, including an increase in the utilization of telemedicine. Here, we characterize change in neuro-ophthalmic care delivery during the early COVID-19 PHE, including a comparison of care delivered via telemedicine and in office. METHODS Neuro-ophthalmology outpatient encounters from 3 practices in the United States (4 providers) were studied during the early COVID-19 PHE (March 15, 2020-June 15, 2020) and during the same dates 1 year prior. For unique patient visits, patient demographics, visit types, visit format, and diagnosis were compared between years and between synchronous telehealth and in-office formats for 2020. RESULTS There were 1,276 encounters for 1,167 patients. There were 30% fewer unique patient visits in 2020 vs 2019 (477 vs 670) and 55% fewer in-office visits (299 vs 670). Compared with 2019, encounters in 2020 were more likely to be established, to occur via telemedicine and to relate to an efferent diagnosis. In 2020, synchronous telehealth visits were more likely to be established compared with in-office encounters. CONCLUSIONS In the practices studied, a lower volume of neuro-ophthalmic care was delivered during the early COVID-19 public health emergency than in the same period in 2019. The type of care shifted toward established patients with efferent diagnoses and the modality of care shifted toward telemedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E. Moss
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Melissa W. Ko
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Devin D. Mackay
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Divya Chauhan
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Kevin E. Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Ophthalmology Service, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Section, Midwest Eye Institute, Carmel, IN, USA
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Li W, Wang Y, Tang X, Yuen TTT, Han X, Li J, Huang N, Chan JFW, Chu H, Wang L. Liquid repellency enabled antipathogen coatings. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100145. [PMID: 34642656 PMCID: PMC8495064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-a respiratory contagion spreading through expiratory droplets-has evolved into a global pandemic, severely impacting the public health. Importantly, the emerging of immune evasion SARS-CoV-2 variants and the limited effect of current antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 in clinical trials suggested that alternative strategies in addition to the conventional vaccines and antivirals are required to successfully control the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we propose to use liquid-repellent coatings to prevent the spread of the disease in the absence of effective vaccines, antimicrobial agents, or therapeutics, wherein the deposition and penetration of pathogen droplets are prohibited. We use SARS-CoV-2 as a model pathogen and find that SARS-CoV-2 remnants are reduced by seven orders of magnitude on coated surfaces, yielding a repelling efficacy far outperforming the inactivation rate of disinfectants. The SARS-CoV-2 remnant scales exponentially with the liquid/solid adhesion, uncovering the mechanism and effective means for minimizing pathogen attachment. The antipathogen coating that both repels and inactivates pathogens is demonstrated by incorporating the super-liquid-repellent coating with antipathogen additives. Together with its versatility over a wide range of substrates and pathogens, the novel antipathogen coating is of considerable value for infection control in everyday life as well as during pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Y Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - X Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - T T T Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - X Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - J Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - N Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - J F W Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - H Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - L Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
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Persistence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Virus and Viral RNA in Relation to Surface Type and Contamination Concentration. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0052621. [PMID: 33962986 PMCID: PMC8231718 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00526-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is likely to occur through a number of routes, including contact with contaminated surfaces. Many studies have used reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) analysis to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA on surfaces, but seldom has viable virus been detected. This paper investigates the viability over time of SARS-CoV-2 dried onto a range of materials and compares viability of the virus to RNA copies recovered and whether virus viability is concentration dependent. Viable virus persisted for the longest time on surgical mask material and stainless steel, with a 99.9% reduction in viability by 122 and 114 h, respectively. Viability of SARS-CoV-2 reduced the fastest on a polyester shirt, with a 99.9% reduction within 2.5 h. Viability on the bank note was reduced second fastest, with 99.9% reduction in 75 h. RNA on all surfaces exhibited a 1-log reduction in genome copy number recovery over 21 days. The findings show that SARS-CoV-2 is most stable on nonporous hydrophobic surfaces. RNA is highly stable when dried on surfaces, with only 1-log reduction in recovery over 3 weeks. In comparison, SARS-CoV-2 viability reduced more rapidly, but this loss in viability was found to be independent of starting concentration. Expected levels of SARS-CoV-2 viable environmental surface contamination would lead to undetectable levels within 2 days. Therefore, when RNA is detected on surfaces, it does not directly indicate the presence of viable virus, even at low cycle threshold values. IMPORTANCE This study shows the impact of material type on the viability of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces. It demonstrates that the decay rate of viable SARS-CoV-2 is independent of starting concentration. However, RNA shows high stability on surfaces over extended periods. This has implications for interpretation of surface sampling results using RT-PCR to determine the possibility of viable virus from a surface, where RT-PCR is not an appropriate technique to determine viable virus. Unless sampled immediately after contamination, it is difficult to align RNA copy numbers to quantity of viable virus on a surface.
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Conover CS. Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 via Contaminated Surfaces: What Is to Be Done? Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:2062-2064. [PMID: 33070181 PMCID: PMC7665372 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Conover
- Illinois Department of Public Health, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Ser HL, Letchumanan V, Goh BH, Wong SH, Lee LH. The Use of Fecal Microbiome Transplant in Treating Human Diseases: Too Early for Poop? Front Microbiol 2021; 12:519836. [PMID: 34054740 PMCID: PMC8155486 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.519836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal microbiome transplant (FMT) has gained popularity over the past few years, given its success in treating several gastrointestinal diseases. At the same time, microbial populations in the gut have been shown to have more physiological effects than we expected as "habitants" of the gut. The imbalance in the gut microbiome or dysbiosis, particularly when there are excessive harmful pathogens, can trigger not just infections but can also result in the development of common diseases, such as cancer and cardiometabolic diseases. By using FMT technology, the dysbiosis of the gut microbiome in patients can be resolved by administering fecal materials from a healthy donor. The current review summarizes the history and current uses of FMT before suggesting potential ideas for its high-quality application in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooi-Leng Ser
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Vengadesh Letchumanan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sunny Hei Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Impact of a Whole-Room Atomizing Disinfection System on Healthcare Surface Contamination, Pathogen Transfer, and Labor Efficiency. Crit Care Explor 2021; 3:e0340. [PMID: 33623925 PMCID: PMC7892299 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Healthcare surfaces contribute to nosocomial disease transmission. Studies show that despite standard guidelines and practices for cleaning and disinfection, secondary infection spread among healthcare workers and patients is common in ICUs. Manual terminal cleaning practices in healthcare are subject to highly variable results due to differences in training, compliance, and other inherent complexities. Standard cleaning practices combined with no-touch disinfecting technologies, however, may significantly lower nosocomial infection rates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a whole-room, no-touch disinfection intervention to reduce the concentration and cross-contamination of surface bacteria when used in tandem with manual cleaning protocols.
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Marquès M, Domingo JL. Contamination of inert surfaces by SARS-CoV-2: Persistence, stability and infectivity. A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 193:110559. [PMID: 33275925 PMCID: PMC7706414 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Undoubtedly, there is a tremendous concern regarding the new viral strain "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2" (SARS-CoV-2) and its related disease known as COVID-19. The World Health Organization has stated that SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted from person-to-person close contact, as well as by small aerosol respiratory droplets. Moreover, the results of some recent studies about the role of air pollution on the spread and lethality of the novel coronavirus suggest that air contaminants could be also a transmission pathway of the virus. On the other hand, indirect transmission of the virus cannot be discarded. Among many sources of indirect transmission, there is the contamination of inert/inanimate surfaces. This manuscript was aimed at reviewing the scientific literature currently available in PubMed and Scopus. The results of the reviewed studies point out that SARS-CoV-2 can last on different surfaces from hours to a few days. However, rapid SARS-CoV-2 inactivation is possible by applying commonly available chemicals and biocides on inanimate surfaces. Consequently, although the presence of SARS-CoV-2 on inanimate surfaces can represent a potential route of transmission, appropriate disinfection measures should reduce the possibilities of coronavirus transmission, and hence, significantly decrease the risks of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Marquès
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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An overview of research on air and environmental contamination with SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare settings. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 43:130-133. [PMID: 33298221 PMCID: PMC8485011 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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