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Bayles BR, George MF, Christofferson RC. Long-term trends and spatial patterns of West Nile Virus emergence in California, 2004-2021. Zoonoses Public Health 2024; 71:258-266. [PMID: 38110854 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS West Nile Virus (WNV) has remained a persistent source of vector-borne disease risk in California since first being identified in the state in 2003. The geographic distribution of WNV activity is relatively widespread, but varies considerably across different regions within the state. Spatial variation in human WNV infection depends upon social-ecological factors that influence mosquito populations and virus transmission dynamics. Measuring changes in spatial patterns over time is necessary for uncovering the underlying regional drivers of disease risk. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we utilized statewide surveillance data to quantify temporal changes and spatial patterns of WNV activity in California. We obtained annual WNV mosquito surveillance data from 2004 through 2021 from the California Arbovirus Surveillance Program. Geographic coordinates for mosquito pools were analysed using a suite of spatial statistics to identify and classify patterns in WNV activity over time. CONCLUSIONS We detected clear patterns of non-random WNV risk during the study period, including emerging hot spots in the Central Valley and non-random periods of oscillating WNV risk in Southern and Northern California subregions. Our findings offer new insights into 18 years of spatio-temporal variation in WNV activity across California, which may be used for targeted surveillance efforts and public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Bayles
- Department of Global Public Health, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, California, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Michaela F George
- Department of Global Public Health, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, California, USA
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2
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Lu HZ, Xie YZ, Gao C, Wang Y, Liu TT, Wu XZ, Dai F, Wang DQ, Deng SQ. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for severe dengue fever and West Nile fever: A meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012217. [PMID: 38820529 PMCID: PMC11168630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue fever (DF) and West Nile fever (WNF) have become endemic worldwide in the last two decades. Studies suggest that individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at a higher risk of developing severe complications from these diseases. Identifying the factors associated with a severe clinical presentation is crucial, as prompt treatment is essential to prevent complications and fatalities. This article aims to summarize and assess the published evidence regarding the link between DM and the risk of severe clinical manifestations in cases of DF and WNF. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A systematic search was conducted using the PubMed and Web of Science databases. 27 studies (19 on DF, 8 on WNF) involving 342,873 laboratory-confirmed patients were included in the analysis. The analysis showed that a diagnosis of DM was associated with an increased risk for severe clinical presentations of both DF (OR 3.39; 95% CI: 2.46, 4.68) and WNF (OR 2.89; 95% CI: 1.89, 4.41). DM also significantly increased the risk of death from both diseases (DF: OR 1.95; 95% CI: 1.09, 3.52; WNF: OR 1.74; 95% CI: 1.40, 2.17). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study provides strong evidence supporting the association between DM and an increased risk of severe clinical manifestations in cases of DF and WNF. Diabetic individuals in DF or WNF endemic areas should be closely monitored when presenting with febrile symptoms due to their higher susceptibility to severe disease. Early detection and appropriate management strategies are crucial in reducing the morbidity and mortality rates associated with DF and WNF in diabetic patients. Tailored care and targeted public health interventions are needed to address this at-risk population. Further research is required to understand the underlying mechanisms and develop effective preventive and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zheng Lu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Yu-Zhuang Xie
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chen Gao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing-Zhe Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fang Dai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Duo-Quan Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Qun Deng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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3
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Underwood EC, Vera IM, Allen D, Alvior J, O’Driscoll M, Silbert S, Kim K, Barr KL. Seroprevalence of West Nile Virus in Tampa Bay Florida Patients Admitted to Hospital during 2020-2021 for Respiratory Symptoms. Viruses 2024; 16:719. [PMID: 38793601 PMCID: PMC11125834 DOI: 10.3390/v16050719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus spread primarily by Culex mosquitoes, with humans being a dead-end host. WNV was introduced to Florida in 2001, with 467 confirmed cases since. It is estimated that 80 percent of cases are asymptomatic, with mild cases presenting as a non-specific flu-like illness. Currently, detection of WNV in humans occurs primarily in healthcare settings via RT-PCR or CSF IgM when patients present with severe manifestations of disease including fever, meningitis, encephalitis, or acute flaccid paralysis. Given the short window of detectable viremia and requirement for CSF sampling, most WNV infections never receive an official diagnosis. This study utilized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect WNV IgG antibodies in 250 patient serum and plasma samples collected at Tampa General Hospital during 2020 and 2021. Plaque reduction neutralization tests were used to confirm ELISA results. Out of the 250 patients included in this study, 18.8% of them were IgG positive, consistent with previous WNV exposure. There was no relationship between WNV exposure and age or sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Underwood
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (E.C.U.)
| | - Iset M. Vera
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Dylan Allen
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Joshua Alvior
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | | | | | - Kami Kim
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (E.C.U.)
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
| | - Kelli L. Barr
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (E.C.U.)
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Hcini N, Lambert V, Picone O, Carod JF, Carles G, Pomar L, Epelboin L, Nacher M. Arboviruses and pregnancy: are the threats visible or hidden? Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2024; 10:4. [PMID: 38355934 PMCID: PMC10868105 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-023-00213-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne arboviral diseases are a global concern and can have severe consequences on maternal, neonatal, and child health. Their impact on pregnancy tends to be neglected in developing countries. Despite hundreds of millions of infections, 90% pregnancies being exposed, scientific data on pregnant women is poor and sometimes non-existent. Recently and since the 2016 Zika virus outbreak, there has been a newfound interest in these diseases. Through various neuropathogenic, visceral, placental, and teratogenic mechanisms, these arbovirus infections can lead to fetal losses, obstetrical complications, and a wide range of congenital abnormalities, resulting in long-term neurological and sensory impairments. Climate change, growing urbanization, worldwide interconnectivity, and ease of mobility allow arboviruses to spread to other territories and impact populations that had never been in contact with these emerging agents before. Pregnant travelers are also at risk of infection with potential subsequent complications. Beyond that, these pathologies show the inequalities of access to care on a global scale in a context of demographic growth and increasing urbanization. It is essential to promote research, diagnostic tools, treatments, and vaccine development to address this emerging threat.Background The vulnerability of pregnant women and fetuses to emergent and re-emergent pathogens has been notably illustrated by the outbreaks of Zika virus. Our comprehension of the complete scope and consequences of these infections during pregnancy remains limited, particularly among those involved in perinatal healthcare, such as obstetricians and midwives. This review aims to provide the latest information and recommendations regarding the various risks, management, and prevention for pregnant women exposed to arboviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najeh Hcini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West French Guiana Hospital Center, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana.
- CIC Inserm 1424 and DFR Santé Université Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France.
| | - Véronique Lambert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West French Guiana Hospital Center, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana
| | - Olivier Picone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Nord Val de Seine, Assistance Publique : Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Diderot, CEDEX, Colombes, France
| | - Jean-Francois Carod
- Department of Biology, West French Guiana Hospital Center, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana
| | - Gabriel Carles
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West French Guiana Hospital Center, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana
| | - Léo Pomar
- Materno-Fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department "Woman-Mother-Child", Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Epelboin
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Mathieu Nacher
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Inserm CIC1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Bektore B, Dogan B, Ozkul A, Gozalan A. West Nile virus seropositivity in Alanya, a coastal city in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Ann Saudi Med 2024; 44:48-54. [PMID: 38311862 PMCID: PMC10839453 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2024.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND West Nile virus (WNV)-related illness is a global health problem. Understanding the seropositivity rates and identifying the risk factors related to WNV in various animal species including humans is crucial for the implementation of effective prevention strategies. OBJECTIVES Assess the rate of seropositivity and the risk factors associated with WNV seropositivity. DESIGN Descriptive, cross-sectional. SETTING Microbiology and virology departments in a veterinary college. PATIENTS AND METHODS In a sample of healthy human participants in Alanya, located close to regions where WNV activity has been detected, anti-WNV IgG antibody detection was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The positive results were confirmed by virus neutralization tests (VNTs). The sample was compared with a second group of age- and gender-matched healthy subjects selected from a previous cross-sectional study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Determination of the seropositivity and risk factors that were associated with WNV in healthy humans. SAMPLE SIZE 87 in current study; 356 in previous study. RESULTS The first group of 87, which had a high risk of encountering vector mosquitoes, had a positivity rate of 8% (7/87), whereas positivity in the second group was 4.5% (16/356; P=.181). In the entire sample, the anti-WNV IgG antibody was positive in 23 out of 443 (5.2%) samples by the ELISA test. Among these 23 samples, ten were confirmed as positive using VNTs. Therefore, the WNV IgG seropositivity was 2.3% (10/442). Confirmed IgG seropositivity rates were higher among male (3.8%) than female participants (0.9%; P=.054) and among adults aged ≥45 years (4%) than those aged 18-44 years (0.8%; P=.048). CONCLUSION This study highlights the presence of WNV infection in the research region. More comprehensive and multidisciplinary studies are required to increase our knowledge about this zoonotic infection including risk factors in line with the One Health approach. LIMITATIONS Small sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayhan Bektore
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Ministry of Health Alanya Alaadin Keykubat University, Alanya Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, Alanya, Turkey
| | - Bora Dogan
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Urla State Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Akyut Ozkul
- From the Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Gozalan
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Ministry of Health Alanya Alaadin Keykubat University, Alanya Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, Alanya, Turkey
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Bakal JA, Rivera R, Charlton C, Plitt S, Power C. Evolving etiologies, comorbidities, survival, and costs of care in adult encephalitis. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:605-613. [PMID: 37581843 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Encephalitis is a central nervous system disorder, often caused by infectious agents or aberrant immune responses. We investigated causes, comorbidities, costs, and outcomes of encephalitis in a population-based cohort. ICD-10 codes corresponding to encephalitis were used to identify health services records for all adults from 2004 to 2019. Data were cross-validated for identified diagnoses based on laboratory confirmation using univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. We identified persons with a diagnosis of encephalitis and abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results (n = 581) in whom viral genome was detected (n = 315) in a population of 3.2 million adults from 2004 to 2019. Viral genome-positive CSF samples included HSV-1 (n = 133), VZV (n = 116), HSV-2 (n = 34), enterovirus (n = 4), EBV (n = 5), and CMV (n = 3) with the remaining viruses included JCV (n = 12) and HHV-6 (n = 1). The mean Charlson Comorbidity Index (2.0) and mortality rate (37.6%) were significantly higher in the CSF viral genome-negative encephalitis group although the mean costs of care were significantly higher for the CSF viral genome-positive group. Cumulative incidence rates showed increased CSF VZV detection in persons with encephalitis, which predominated in persons over 65 years with a higher mean Charlson index. We detected HSV-2 and VZV more frequently in CSF from encephalitis cases with greater material-social deprivation. The mean costs of care were significantly greater for HSV-1 encephalitis group. Encephalitis remains an important cause of neurological disability and death with a viral etiology in 54.2% of affected adults accompanied by substantial costs of care and mortality. Virus-associated encephalitis is evolving with increased VZV detection, especially in older persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Bakal
- Provincial Research Data Services-Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - R Rivera
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - C Charlton
- Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - S Plitt
- Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - C Power
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, 6-11 Heritage, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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7
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Spiteri AG, van Vreden C, Ashhurst TM, Niewold P, King NJC. Clodronate is not protective in lethal viral encephalitis despite substantially reducing inflammatory monocyte infiltration in the CNS. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203561. [PMID: 37545511 PMCID: PMC10403146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM)-derived monocytes induce inflammation and tissue damage in a range of pathologies. In particular, in a mouse model of West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis (WNE), nitric oxide-producing, Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes from the BM are recruited to the central nervous system (CNS) and contribute to lethal immune pathology. Reducing the migration of these cells into the CNS using monoclonal antibody blockade, immune-modifying particles or CSF-1R inhibitors reduces neuroinflammation, improving survival and/or clinical outcomes. Macrophages can also be targeted more broadly by administration of clodronate-encapsulated liposomes, which induce apoptosis in phagocytes. In this study, clodronate reduced the inflammatory infiltrate by 70% in WNE, however, surprisingly, this had no effect on disease outcome. More detailed analysis demonstrated a compensatory increase in neutrophils and enhanced activation status of microglia in the brain. In addition, we observed increased numbers of Ly6Chi BM monocytes with an increased proliferative capacity and expression of SCA-1 and CD16/32, potentially indicating output of immature cells from the BM. Once in the brain, these cells were more phagocytic and had a reduced expression of antigen-presenting molecules. Lastly, we show that clodronate also reduces non-myeloid cells in the spleen and BM, as well as ablating red blood cells and their proliferation. These factors likely impeded the therapeutic potential of clodronate in WNE. Thus, while clodronate provides an excellent system to deplete macrophages in the body, it has larger and broader effects on the phagocytic and non-phagocytic system, which must be considered in the interpretation of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna G. Spiteri
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Caryn van Vreden
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas M. Ashhurst
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paula Niewold
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J. C. King
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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8
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Gould CV, Staples JE, Huang CYH, Brault AC, Nett RJ. Combating West Nile Virus Disease - Time to Revisit Vaccination. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:1633-1636. [PMID: 37125778 DOI: 10.1056/nejmp2301816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn V Gould
- From the Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO
| | - J Erin Staples
- From the Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Claire Y-H Huang
- From the Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Aaron C Brault
- From the Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Randall J Nett
- From the Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO
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9
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Waller C, Tiemensma M, Currie BJ, Williams DT, Baird RW, Krause VL. Japanese Encephalitis in Australia - A Sentinel Case. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:661-662. [PMID: 36070717 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2207004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Waller
- Northern Territory Department of Health, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | | | - Bart J Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research at Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - David T Williams
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert W Baird
- Northern Territory Department of Health, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Vicki L Krause
- Northern Territory Department of Health, Darwin, NT, Australia
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10
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Spiteri AG, Ni D, Ling ZL, Macia L, Campbell IL, Hofer MJ, King NJC. PLX5622 Reduces Disease Severity in Lethal CNS Infection by Off-Target Inhibition of Peripheral Inflammatory Monocyte Production. Front Immunol 2022; 13:851556. [PMID: 35401512 PMCID: PMC8990748 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.851556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PLX5622 is a CSF-1R inhibitor and microglia-depleting reagent, widely used to investigate the biology of this central nervous system (CNS)-resident myeloid population, but the indirect or off-target effects of this agent remain largely unexplored. In a murine model of severe neuroinflammation induced by West Nile virus encephalitis (WNE), we showed PLX5622 efficiently depleted both microglia and a sub-population of border-associated macrophages in the CNS. However, PLX5622 also significantly depleted mature Ly6Chi monocytes in the bone marrow (BM), inhibiting their proliferation and lethal recruitment into the infected brain, reducing neuroinflammation and clinical disease scores. Notably, in addition, BM dendritic cell subsets, plasmacytoid DC and classical DC, were depleted differentially in infected and uninfected mice. Confirming its protective effect in WNE, cessation of PLX5622 treatment exacerbated disease scores and was associated with robust repopulation of microglia, rebound BM monopoiesis and markedly increased inflammatory monocyte infiltration into the CNS. Monoclonal anti-CSF-1R antibody blockade late in WNE also impeded BM monocyte proliferation and recruitment to the brain, suggesting that the protective effect of PLX5622 is via the inhibition of CSF-1R, rather than other kinase targets. Importantly, BrdU incorporation in PLX5622-treated mice, suggest remaining microglia proliferate independently of CSF-1 in WNE. Our study uncovers significantly broader effects of PLX5622 on the myeloid lineage beyond microglia depletion, advising caution in the interpretation of PLX5622 data as microglia-specific. However, this work also strikingly demonstrates the unexpected therapeutic potential of this molecule in CNS viral infection, as well as other monocyte-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna G Spiteri
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Duan Ni
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Chronic Diseases Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zheng Lung Ling
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Chronic Diseases Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Iain L Campbell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Markus J Hofer
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas J C King
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review provides an overview of arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) infections that are important causes of human neurological infections world-wide. As many of the individual viruses in a specific genus or family cause overlapping clinical syndromes, this review discusses important viruses in groups to highlight some of the similarities and differences in groups of neuroinvasive arbovirus infections. RECENT FINDINGS Arboviruses that cause neurological infections in humans continue to emerge and distribute to new regions. The geographic range of the vectors, the hosts and subsequent arbovirus infections in humans continues to expand and evolve. As emerging arboviruses move into new geographic regions, it is important to examine the associated epidemiological and clinical impacts of these infections as they enter new populations. SUMMARY Arboviruses from the Flaviviridae, Togaviridae and Bunyaviridae families continue to emerge and spread into new regions. The arboviruses within these virus families cause characteristic neuroinvasive diseases in human populations. A complete understanding of the epidemiological and clinical features of the neuroinvasive arboviruses is important such that these pathogens can be recognized and diagnosed in humans as they emerge. Ongoing research to develop rapid, accurate diagnostics, therapeutic options and vaccines for these pathogens is needed to address future outbreaks of disease in human populations.
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12
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Barrett ADT. Is It Time to Reevaluate the Priority for a West Nile Vaccine? Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:448-449. [PMID: 32526009 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alan D T Barrett
- Department of Pathology and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Danforth ME, Fischer M, Snyder RE, Lindsey NP, Martin SW, Kramer VL. Characterizing Areas with Increased Burden of West Nile Virus Disease in California, 2009-2018. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:620-627. [PMID: 34077676 PMCID: PMC8380797 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that can cause severe neurological disease in humans, for which there is no treatment or vaccine. From 2009 to 2018, California has reported more human disease cases than any other state in the United States. We sought to identify smaller geographic areas within the 10 California counties with the highest number of WNV cases that accounted for disproportionately large numbers of human cases from 2009 to 2018. Eleven areas, consisting of groups of high-burden ZIP codes, were identified in nine counties within southern California and California's Central Valley. Despite containing only 2% of California's area and 17% of the state's population, these high-burden ZIP codes accounted for 44% of WNV cases reported and had a mean annual incidence that was 2.4 times the annual state incidence. Focusing mosquito control and public education efforts in these areas would lower WNV disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Danforth
- California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Marc Fischer
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert E. Snyder
- California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Nicole P. Lindsey
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Stacey W. Martin
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Vicki L. Kramer
- California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California, USA
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