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Trawinski H, Lübbert C. Gelenk- und Muskelschmerzen nach Südostasienreise. FLUGMEDIZIN · TROPENMEDIZIN · REISEMEDIZIN - FTR 2023. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1993-2559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Trawinski
- Bereich Infektiologie und Tropenmedizin, Medizinische Klinik II, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin (ZINF), Universitätsklinikum Leipzig
| | - Christoph Lübbert
- Bereich Infektiologie und Tropenmedizin, Medizinische Klinik II, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig
- Klinik für Infektiologie/Tropenmedizin, Klinikum St. Georg gGmbH, Leipzig
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2
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Grobusch MP, Hanscheid T. Dracunculiasis X in Vietnam: Emerging public health threat or exotic gem? Int J Infect Dis 2021; 105:416-417. [PMID: 33610782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Grobusch
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre de Recherches Médicales en Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon; Masanga Medical Research Unit (MMRU), Masanga, Sierra Leone.
| | - T Hanscheid
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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3
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Hamer DH, Rizwan A, Freedman DO, Kozarsky P, Libman M. GeoSentinel: past, present and future†. J Travel Med 2020; 27:taaa219. [PMID: 33247586 PMCID: PMC7799014 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE FOR REVIEW In response to increased concerns about emerging infectious diseases, GeoSentinel, the Global Surveillance Network of the International Society of Travel Medicine in partnership with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), was established in 1995 in order to serve as a global provider-based emerging infections sentinel network, conduct surveillance for travel-related infections and communicate and assist global public health responses. This review summarizes the history, past achievements and future directions of the GeoSentinel Network. KEY FINDINGS Funded by the US CDC in 1996, GeoSentinel has grown from a group of eight US-based travel and tropical medicine centers to a global network, which currently consists of 68 sites in 28 countries. GeoSentinel has provided important contributions that have enhanced the ability to use destination-specific differences to guide diagnosis and treatment of returning travelers, migrants and refugees. During the last two decades, GeoSentinel has identified a number of sentinel infectious disease events including previously unrecognized outbreaks and occurrence of diseases in locations thought not to harbor certain infectious agents. GeoSentinel has also provided useful insight into illnesses affecting different traveling populations such as migrants, business travelers and students, while characterizing in greater detail the epidemiology of infectious diseases such as typhoid fever, leishmaniasis and Zika virus disease. CONCLUSIONS Surveillance of travel- and migration-related infectious diseases has been the main focus of GeoSentinel for the last 25 years. However, GeoSentinel is now evolving into a network that will conduct both research and surveillance. The large number of participating sites and excellent geographic coverage for identification of both common and illnesses in individuals who have traversed international borders uniquely position GeoSentinel to make important contributions of travel-related infectious diseases in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davidson H Hamer
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Crosstown 308, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Crosstown 308, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Disease Laboratory, Boston University, Crosstown 308, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Aisha Rizwan
- GeoSentinel, International Society of Travel Medicine, 11720 Amber Park Drive, Suite 160, Alpharetta, GA 30009, USA
| | - David O Freedman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave S, BBRB 201, Birmingham, AL 35294 2170, USA
| | - Phyllis Kozarsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Emerita), Department of Medicine, Emory University, 2500 Peachtree Road NW, Suite 505, Atlanta, GA 30305, USA
| | - Michael Libman
- J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases, McGill University, Room E05.1830, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, Québec H4A 3J1, Canada
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4
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Abdel-Gaber R, Al Quraishy S, Dkhil MA, Alghamdi J, Al-Shaebi E. Molecular phylogeny of Sarcocystis fayeri (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) from the domestic horse Equus caballus based on 18S rRNA gene sequences and its prevalence. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 71:377-385. [PMID: 32472702 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sarcocystosis is a parasitic disease caused by an intracellular protozoan parasite Sarcocystis belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa. These parasites have a requisite two-host life cycle. Recently, there are many Sarcocystis species that identified morphologically. In the present study, diaphragmatic muscle samples from the domestic horse (Equus caballus) were examined for Sarcocystis infection. The natural infection with sarcocysts was recorded to be 62·5% for only microcysts in the infected muscles. Molecular analysis using the 18S rRNA gene was conducted to swiftly and accurately identify the recovered species. Studies on the expression of the 18S rRNA gene have confirmed that the present parasite isolates belong to the Sarcocystis genus. The sequence data showed significant identities (>80%) with archived gene sequences from species within the Sarcocystidae family, and a dendrogram showing the phylogenetic relationship was constructed. The most closely related species were the previously described Sarcocystis fayeri and Sarcocystis bertrami. The current data showed that the present species was identified as S. fayeri and deposited in GenBank (accession number MF614956.1). This study highlights the importance of the genetic data in the exact taxonomy within sarcocystid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abdel-Gaber
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S Al Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Dkhil
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - J Alghamdi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - E Al-Shaebi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Rubiola S, Civera T, Ferroglio E, Zanet S, Zaccaria T, Brossa S, Cipriani R, Chiesa F. Molecular differentiation of cattle Sarcocystis spp. by multiplex PCR targeting 18S and COI genes following identification of Sarcocystis hominis in human stool samples. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2020; 18:e00074. [PMID: 32154396 PMCID: PMC7058708 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcocystis spp. are protozoan parasites which can infect a wide range of vertebrates, including humans; the latter can act as definitive hosts for two cattle Sarcocystis spp.: Sarcocystis hominis and Sarcocystis heydorni. Reports of intestinal sarcocystosis are well documented in the literature, but PCR-based methods have been scarcely used to identify Sarcocystis species in human stools, and have been limited to the molecular analysis of 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene sequences. Since the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene is one of the most promising tools for distinguishing between closely related Sarcocystis spp., and taking into account the lack of publicly available S. hominis COI sequences, in the present study we obtained the first partial COI sequence of S. hominis from human stool samples of patient with gastrointestinal symptoms. We designed specific COI primers to develop a multiplex PCR method for the identification of Sarcocystis spp. in cattle. The submission of the COI sequence described herein and the unambiguous identification of S. hominis through the application of the new multiplex PCR is important for determining the prevalence of this zoonotic Sarcocystis spp. in meat and the risk for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Rubiola
- University of Turin, Department of Veterinary Science, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
- Corresponding author.
| | - T. Civera
- University of Turin, Department of Veterinary Science, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - E. Ferroglio
- University of Turin, Department of Veterinary Science, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - S. Zanet
- University of Turin, Department of Veterinary Science, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - T. Zaccaria
- S.C. Microbiologia e Virologia U - AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Molinette, Italy
| | - S. Brossa
- S.C. Microbiologia e Virologia U - AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Molinette, Italy
| | - R. Cipriani
- S.C. Microbiologia e Virologia U - AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Molinette, Italy
| | - F. Chiesa
- University of Turin, Department of Veterinary Science, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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Nadzirah TITI, Yik FM, Ling LY. Seroprevalence of Sarcocystis falcatula in Two Islands of Malaysia using Recombinant Surface Antigen 4. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:1-5. [PMID: 32145721 PMCID: PMC7066447 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sarcocystosis was diagnosed worldwide by serodiagnostic tests utilising the whole parasite, for which the protozoa were maintained in vitro are more costly. In this study, antigenicity of Sarcocystis falcatula recombinant protein (rSfSAG4) was investigated towards the local communities of Pangkor and Tioman Islands and its seroprevalence was surveyed in these islands. A total of 348 human sera were tested using rSfSAG4 by Western blot and ELISA. High prevalence of sarcocystosis was observed in Tioman Island (80.6%) than in Pangkor Island (50.0%) by Western blot. In ELISA, the seroprevalence observed in Tioman Island was 45.9%, whereas in Pangkor Island 63.0%. In other parasitic infections, the prevalence was 34.0% by Western blot and 46.0% by ELISA. In healthy control group, 7% by Western blot and 8% by ELISA showed positivity to rSfSAG4. It is suggested SfSAG4 is a candidate antigen to measure seroprevalence of sarcocystosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengku-Idris Tengku Idzzan Nadzirah
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
- Department of Diagnostic and Allied Health Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management & Science University, Selangor,
Malaysia
| | - Fong Mun Yik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
| | - Lau Yee Ling
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
- Corresponding author ()
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7
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Reiling SJ, Measures L, Feng S, Boone R, Merks H, Dixon BR. Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis sp. and Neospora caninum-like parasites in seals from northern and eastern Canada: potential risk to consumers. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2019; 17:e00067. [PMID: 32095635 PMCID: PMC7033983 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic parasites of seals that are harvested for food may pose a health risk when seal meat or organ tissues of infected animals are eaten raw or undercooked. In this study, 124 tissue samples from 81 seals, comprising four species, were collected from northern and eastern Canada. Tissues from 23 ringed seals (Pusa hispida), 8 hooded seals (Cystophora cristata), 21 harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus), and 29 grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) were tested for parasites of the Sarcocystidae family including Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis spp., and Neospora spp. using nested PCR followed by Sanger sequencing. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was present in 26% of ringed seals, 63% of hooded seals, 57% of harp seals, and 31% of grey seals. Sarcocystis sp. DNA was found in 9% of ringed seals, 13% of hooded seals, 14% of harp seals, and 4% of grey seals, while N. caninum-like DNA was present in 26% of ringed seals. While it is unclear how pinnipeds may become infected with these protozoans, horizontal transmission is most likely. However, one harp seal pup (4 days old) was PCR-positive for T. gondii, suggesting vertical transmission may also occur. Phylogenetic analysis of the 18S gene region indicates that Sarcocystis sp. in these seals belongs to a unique genotype. Furthermore, this study represents a new host report for T. gondii in harp seals, a new host and geographic report for N. caninum-like parasites in ringed seals, and four new hosts and geographic reports for Sarcocystis sp. These results demonstrate that parasites of the Sarcocystidae family are prevalent in northern and eastern Canadian seals. While the zoonotic potential of Sarcocystis sp. and the N. caninum-like parasite are unclear, consumption of raw or undercooked seal meat or organ tissues pose a risk of T. gondii infection to consumers. Tissues from ringed, hooded, harp and grey seals in Canada were PCR-positive for Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis and Neospora. Raw or undercooked seal meat may pose a risk for zoonotic transmission of T. gondii to consumers. The risk for zoonotic transmission of Sarcocystis sp. and the Neospora caninum-like parasite is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Reiling
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Lena Measures
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Mont-Joli, QC, G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - Sandy Feng
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Ryan Boone
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Harriet Merks
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Brent R. Dixon
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
- Corresponding author. Address: 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, A.L. 2204E, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Robertson LJ, Clark CG, Debenham JJ, Dubey J, Kváč M, Li J, Ponce-Gordo F, Ryan U, Schares G, Su C, Tsaousis AD. Are molecular tools clarifying or confusing our understanding of the public health threat from zoonotic enteric protozoa in wildlife? Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2019; 9:323-341. [PMID: 31338293 PMCID: PMC6626983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases are frequently zoonotic, often originating in wildlife, but enteric protozoa are considered relatively minor contributors. Opinions regarding whether pathogenic enteric protozoa may be transmitted between wildlife and humans have been shaped by our investigation tools, and have led to oscillations regarding whether particular species are zoonotic or have host-adapted life cycles. When the only approach for identifying enteric protozoa was morphology, it was assumed that many enteric protozoa colonized multiple hosts and were probably zoonotic. When molecular tools revealed genetic differences in morphologically identical species colonizing humans and other animals, host specificity seemed more likely. Parasites from animals found to be genetically identical - at the few genes investigated - to morphologically indistinguishable parasites from human hosts, were described as having zoonotic potential. More discriminatory molecular tools have now sub-divided some protozoa again. Meanwhile, some infection events indicate that, circumstances permitting, some "host-specific" protozoa, can actually infect various hosts. These repeated changes in our understanding are linked intrinsically to the investigative tools available. Here we review how molecular tools have assisted, or sometimes confused, our understanding of the public health threat from nine enteric protozoa and example wildlife hosts (Balantoides coli - wild boar; Blastocystis sp. - wild rodents; Cryptosporidium spp. - wild fish; Encephalitozoon spp. - wild birds; Entamoeba spp. - non-human primates; Enterocytozoon bieneusi - wild cervids; Giardia duodenalis - red foxes; Sarcocystis nesbitti - snakes; Toxoplasma gondii - bobcats). Molecular tools have provided evidence that some enteric protozoa in wildlife may infect humans, but due to limited discriminatory power, often only the zoonotic potential of the parasite is indicated. Molecular analyses, which should be as discriminatory as possible, are one, but not the only, component of the toolbox for investigating potential public health impacts from pathogenic enteric protozoa in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J. Robertson
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 369 Sentrum, 0102, Oslo, Norway
| | - C. Graham Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - John J. Debenham
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 369 Sentrum, 0102, Oslo, Norway
| | - J.P. Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
| | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Francisco Ponce-Gordo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Una Ryan
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Gereon Schares
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Chunlei Su
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1937, USA
| | - Anastasios D. Tsaousis
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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Lee FCH. Finding Sarcocystis spp. on the Tioman Island: 28S rRNA gene next-generation sequencing reveals nine new Sarcocystis species. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2019; 17:416-427. [PMID: 31095517 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2019.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Tioman Island of Malaysia experienced acute muscular sarcocystosis outbreaks from 2011 to 2014. So far, a previous study based on the 18S rRNA gene sequencing has reported S. singaporensis, S. nesbitti and Sarcocystis sp. YLL-2013 in water samples acquired from the island, thus confirming the waterborne nature of this emerging parasitic disease. This study aimed to improve the detection methods for Sarcocystis, in order to have a clearer picture of the true diversity of Sarcocystis species in Tioman. A new primer set (28S R7F-28S R8 Deg R) was designed to amplify the 28S rRNA gene of Sarcocystis. Subsequently, Sarcocystidae was detected in 65.6% (21/32) of water samples and 28% (7/25) of soil samples acquired between 2014 and 2015 from Tioman. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) on 18 of the positive samples was then performed using amplicons generated from the same primer set. This yielded 53 potentially unique Sarcocystidae sequences (290 bp), of which nine of the most abundant, prevalent and unique sequences were named herein. In contrast, NGS of the 18S rRNA gene V9 hypervariable region of 10 selected samples detected only two Sarcocystis species (160 bp). S. mantioni was the most ubiquitous sequence found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence C H Lee
- Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research (IMR), Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia E-mail:
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11
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Kwok CY, Ting Y. Atypical Presentation of Human Acute Muscular Sarcocystosis: Sarcocystis Nesbitti Confirmed on Molecular Testing. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2019; 20:499-502. [PMID: 30971680 PMCID: PMC6474214 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.913327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Male, 51 Final Diagnosis: Acute muscular sarcocystosis Symptoms: Fever • myalgia Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Infcetious Diseases
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Y Kwok
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yonghan Ting
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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MOHD FADIL NF, TENGKU-IDRIS TIN, SHAHARI S, FONG MY, LAU YL. Molecular Evidence of Sarcocystis Species Infecting Reptiles in Peninsular Malaysia. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 14:623-630. [PMID: 32099565 PMCID: PMC7028226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Sarcocystis consists of intracellular coccidian protozoan parasites with the ability to invade muscle tissue and mature into sarcocysts, causing the zoonotic disease sarcocystosis. These parasites have an obligatory two-host life cycle, which correlates with prey-predator relationship. The distribution and prevalence of Sarcocystis in reptiles remains unclear, despite several previous reports. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic assemblage of the species of Sarcocystis infecting Malaysian snakes and lizards by screening stool samples. METHODS Overall, 54 fecal samples of various snake species and four fecal samples of several lizard species in Malaysia were taken within the course of August 2015 to January 2016 from Seremban, Melaka, Tioman Island, Pahang, Klang and Langkawi Wildlife Park located in Malaysia. The samples were examined for Sarcocystis through PCR amplification of the 18S rDNA sequence at the Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya. RESULTS Fourteen snake fecal samples were positive via PCR; however, only eight samples (14%) were found positive for Sarcocystis species, whereas four were positive for other genera and the identity of another three samples was unable to be determined. Further phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rDNA sequences revealed that the snakes were infected with either S. singaporensis, S. lacertae, or undefined Sarcocystis species closely related to either S. singaporensis or S. zuoi. Sarcocystis nesbitti infection was not identified in any of the infected snakes. CONCLUSION This is the first report of identification of S. lacertae in the black-headed cat snake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tengku Idzzan Nadzirah TENGKU-IDRIS
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Diagnostic and Allied Health Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management & Science University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shahhaziq SHAHARI
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mun Yik FONG
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling LAU
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,Correspondence
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13
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Jayaweera JAAS, Abeydeera WPH, Ranasinghe GR. Intravenously administered cloxacillin-induced neutropenia with eosinophilia in a patient with infective endocarditis: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2018; 12:384. [PMID: 30593283 PMCID: PMC6310943 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-018-1933-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacteremia following Staphylococcus aureus is a serious clinical condition which is often associated with distant metastatic infections. One of the most dreaded complications of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia is infective endocarditis. Cloxacillin is a common antibiotic prescribed for suspected staphylococcal infections and confirmed methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus infections. Prolonged use of cloxacillin may lead to neutropenia. Case presentation A 38-year-old Sinhalese man presented to Teaching Hospital Kurunegala, Sri Lanka, complaining of a 3-week history of fever; he was found to have a pansystolic murmur over the apex of his heart. He had leukocytosis with predominant neutrocytosis. His C-reactive protein was 231 mg/l and erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 100 mm/first hour. Transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography revealed prolapsed mitral valve with 7 × 13 mm vegetation over the posterior mitral valve. On the following day, three blood cultures became positive and were subsequently identified as Staphylococcus aureus. Intravenously administered cloxacillin 3 g 6 hourly was started. Following day 24 of intravenously administered cloxacillin, our patient developed high spike fever. His total white blood cells were: 990/mm3 with 34% neutrophils and 22% eosinophils. His hemoglobin concentration was 9.5 g/dL and platelet count remained normal (202 × 106/mm3). His C-reactive protein was 78 mg/l, erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 95 mm/first hour, and he was otherwise comfortable, showing no signs of sepsis beside the high grade fever. His serum was negative for filarial and Toxoplasma antibodies while stool was negative for oocytes and amoebic cysts. Further, his serum was negative for dengue virus, Epstein–Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis B antibodies. He was clinically well on day 6 after stopping cloxacillin with 44% neutrophils and 18% eosinophils. His C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate became normal, and there was no further plan for cardiothoracic intervention or administration of antimicrobials. He was discharged from hospital and remained well 6 months later. Conclusion This case report signifies the potential fatal adverse effect of cloxacillin in methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus infections. Leukopenia is associated with prolonged use of high doses of cloxacillin. In addition to transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography and inflammatory markers, sequential white blood cells and differential counts would help clinicians to assess the prognosis of patients with infective endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A A S Jayaweera
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka. .,Teaching Hospital Kurunegala, Kurunegala, Sri Lanka.
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Tengku-Idris TIN, Fong MY, Lau YL. Seroprevalence of sarcocystosis in the local communities of Pangkor and Tioman Islands using recombinant surface antigens 3 (rSAG3) of Sarcocystis falcatula. Trop Med Int Health 2018; 23:1374-1383. [PMID: 30286271 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the seroprevalence of Sarcocystosis in the local communities of Pangkor and Tioman islands, Malaysia, by using antigenic recombinant surface antigens 2 and 3 from Sarcocystis falcatula (rSfSAG2 and rSfSAG3) as the target proteins via Western blot and ELISA assays. METHODS SfSAG2 and SfSAG3 genes were isolated from S. falcatula and expressed in Escherichia coli expression system. A total of 348 serum samples [volunteers from both islands (n = 100), non-Sarcocystis parasitic infections patients (n = 50) and healthy donors (n = 100)] were collected and tested with purified SfSAGs in Western blot and ELISA assays to measure the seroprevalence of human sarcocystosis. RESULTS None of the sera in this study reacted with rSfSAG2 by Western blot and ELISA. For rSfSAG3, relatively high prevalence of sarcocystosis was observed in Tioman Island (75.5%) than in Pangkor Island (34%) by Western blot. In ELISA, the different prevalence rate was observed between Tioman Island (43.8%) and Pangkor Island (37%). The prevalence rate in other parasitic infections (amoebiasis, cysticercosis, filariasis, malaria, toxocariasis and toxoplasmosis) was 30% by Western blot and 26% by ELISA. Only 8% (by Western blot) and 10% (by ELISA) of healthy donors showed reactivity towards rSfSAG3. CONCLUSION This is the first study reporting a seroprevalence of sarcocystosis in Pangkor and Tioman Islands, Malaysia. The combination of Western blot and ELISA is suitable to be used for serodiagnosis of sarcocystosis. With further evaluations, SfSAG3 can potentially be used to confirm infection, asymptomatic screening, surveillance and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mun Yik Fong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Findlater A, Bogoch II. Human Mobility and the Global Spread of Infectious Diseases: A Focus on Air Travel. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:772-783. [PMID: 30049602 PMCID: PMC7106444 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Greater human mobility, largely driven by air travel, is leading to an increase in the frequency and reach of infectious disease epidemics. Air travel can rapidly connect any two points on the planet, and this has the potential to cause swift and broad dissemination of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases that may pose a threat to global health security. Investments to strengthen surveillance, build robust early-warning systems, improve predictive models, and coordinate public health responses may help to prevent, detect, and respond to new infectious disease epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Findlater
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Isaac I Bogoch
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
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Anderson D, Nathoo N, Lu JQ, Kowalewska-Grochowska KT, Power C. Sarcocystis myopathy in a patient with HIV-AIDS. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:376-378. [PMID: 29508303 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Sarcocystosis is a zoonotic infection that causes intestinal and muscular illnesses in humans. Sarcocystosis was until recently considered rare in humans. To complete their life cycle, Sarcocystis species require both a definitive and an intermediate host. Humans are the definitive host when infected by one of two species: Sarcocystis hominis (from eating undercooked beef) or Sarcocystis suihominis (from eating uncooked pork). Infection with either of these species results in intestinal sarcocystosis, causing a self-limited disease characterized by nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Humans act as the intermediate host when infected by Sarcocystis nesbitti, resulting in the markedly different clinical picture of muscular sarcocystosis. Most documented cases of muscular sarcocystosis were assumed to be acquired in Malaysia, in addition to other regions of Southeast Asia and India. Published cases of muscular sarcocystosis from the Middle East, Central and South America, and Africa are all rare. Although the clinical presentation of muscular sarcocystosis remains to be fully characterized, fever, myalgia, and headache are among the most common symptoms. Here, we report a patient from sub-Saharan Africa with chronic Sarcocystis myopathy and well-controlled HIV-AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Anderson
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), HMRC 611, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Nabeela Nathoo
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), HMRC 611, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Jian-Qiang Lu
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | | | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), HMRC 611, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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Wassermann M, Raisch L, Lyons JA, Natusch DJD, Richter S, Wirth M, Preeprem P, Khoprasert Y, Ginting S, Mackenstedt U, Jäkel T. Examination of Sarcocystis spp. of giant snakes from Australia and Southeast Asia confirms presence of a known pathogen - Sarcocystis nesbitti. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187984. [PMID: 29131856 PMCID: PMC5683627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined Sarcocystis spp. in giant snakes from the Indo-Australian Archipelago and Australia using a combination of morphological (size of sporocyst) and molecular analyses. We amplified by PCR nuclear 18S rDNA from single sporocysts in order to detect mixed infections and unequivocally assign the retrieved sequences to the corresponding parasite stage. Sarcocystis infection was generally high across the study area, with 78 (68%) of 115 examined pythons being infected by one or more Sarcocystis spp. Among 18 randomly chosen, sporocyst-positive samples (11 from Southeast Asia, 7 from Northern Australia) the only Sarcocystis species detected in Southeast Asian snakes was S. singaporensis (in reticulated pythons), which was absent from all Australian samples. We distinguished three different Sarcocystis spp. in the Australian sample set; two were excreted by scrub pythons and one by the spotted python. The sequence of the latter is an undescribed species phylogenetically related to S. lacertae. Of the two Sarcocystis species found in scrub pythons, one showed an 18S rRNA gene sequence similar to S. zamani, which is described from Australia for the first time. The second sequence was identical/similar to that of S. nesbitti, a known human pathogen that was held responsible for outbreaks of disease among tourists in Malaysia. The potential presence of S. nesbitti in Australia challenges the current hypothesis of a snake-primate life cycle, and would have implications for human health in the region. Further molecular and biological characterizations are required to confirm species identity and determine whether or not the Australian isolate has the same zoonotic potential as its Malaysian counterpart. Finally, the absence of S. nesbitti in samples from reticulated pythons (which were reported to be definitive hosts), coupled with our phylogenetic analyses, suggest that alternative snake hosts may be responsible for transmitting this parasite in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Wassermann
- Department of Zoology, Division of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lisa Raisch
- Department of Zoology, Division of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Sarah Richter
- Department of Zoology, Division of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mareike Wirth
- Department of Zoology, Division of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Piyarat Preeprem
- Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yuvaluk Khoprasert
- Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Ute Mackenstedt
- Department of Zoology, Division of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Jäkel
- Department of Zoology, Division of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Khieu V, Marti H, Chhay S, Char MC, Muth S, Odermatt P. First report of human intestinal sarcocystosis in Cambodia. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:560-562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Torresi J, Steffen R. Redefining priorities towards graded travel-related infectious disease research. J Travel Med 2017; 24:4359791. [PMID: 29088486 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/tax064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge of the health problems and infections encountered by international travellers has evolved considerably in the past decades. The growth of global networks such as the GeoSentinel Surveillance network, TropNet Europe, EuroTravNet and networks based in North America have provided valuable information on the frequency of a wide array of travel-related diseases and accidents, including details on the destination of travel and trends over time. The information gained from these network studies has provided important data for the practice of travel medicine and in some instances for the development of practice guidelines. However, network data due to a lack of denominators usually cannot serve as a basis for a GRADE approach to guideline development. Although epidemiological network studies will continue to serve an important role in travel medicine we encourage an additional strong focus towards translational scientific research questions and towards the broader use of novel techniques to obtain more accurate epidemiological analyses to address the many unanswered questions in our field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Torresi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Robert Steffen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Division of Communicable Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Travellers' Health, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
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Molecular Identification of Sarcocystis spp. in Sheep and Cattle by PCR-RFLP from Southwest of Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Mohammad N, Besari AM, Nair PK, Wan Ghazali WS. Muscular sarcocystosis: an index case in a native Malaysian. BMJ Case Rep 2017; 2017:bcr-2017-220490. [PMID: 28747414 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-220490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously healthy 20-year-old man presented with prolonged intermittent low grade fever and cough for 6months. He had bilateral calf pain and lower limb weakness 2days prior to admission. Physical examination revealed multiple enlarged lymph nodes with hepatomegaly. There was bilateral calf tenderness with evidence of proximal myopathy. Full blood picture showed lymphocytosis with reactive lymphocytes and eosinophilia. Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase were markedly elevated. Over 2 weeks of admission, patient was treated symptomatically until the muscle biopsy of right calf revealed eosinophilic myositis with muscular sarcocystosis. He was treated with albendazole and high-dose corticosteroids. Symptoms subsided on reviewed at 2weeks and the dose of corticosteroid was tapered down slowly over a month. Due to poor compliance, he was readmitted 1month later because of relapsed. High-dose corticosteroid was restarted and duration for albendazole was prolonged for 1month. His symptom finally resolved over 2weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurashikin Mohammad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Alwi Muhd Besari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Pradeep Kumar Nair
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Nontraditional infectious diseases surveillance systems. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119085751.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Amairia S, Amdouni Y, Rjeibi MR, Rouatbi M, Awadi S, Gharbi M. First molecular detection and characterization of Sarcocystis species in slaughtered cattle in North-West Tunisia. Meat Sci 2016; 122:55-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Finsterer J, Löscher WN, Wanschitz J, Quasthoff S, Grisold W. Secondary myopathy due to systemic diseases. Acta Neurol Scand 2016; 134:388-402. [PMID: 26915593 PMCID: PMC7159623 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Some systemic diseases also affect the skeletal muscle to various degrees and with different manifestations. This review aimed at summarizing and discussing recent advances concerning the management of muscle disease in systemic diseases. Method Literature review by search of MEDLINE, and Current Contents with appropriate search terms. Results Secondary muscle disease occurs in infectious disease, endocrine disorders, metabolic disorders, immunological disease, vascular diseases, hematological disorders, and malignancies. Muscle manifestations in these categories include pathogen‐caused myositis, muscle infarction, rhabdomyolysis, myasthenia, immune‐mediated myositis, necrotising myopathy, or vasculitis‐associated myopathy. Muscle affection may concern only a single muscle, a group of muscles, or the entire musculature. Severity of muscle affection may be transient or permanent, may be a minor part of or may dominate the clinical picture, or may be mild or severe, requiring invasive measures including artificial ventilation if the respiratory muscles are additionally involved. Diagnostic work‐up is similar to that of primary myopathies by application of non‐invasive and invasive techniques. Treatment of muscle involvement in systemic diseases is based on elimination of the underlying cause and supportive measures. The prognosis is usually fair if the causative disorder is effectively treatable but can be fatal in single cases if the entire musculature including the respiratory muscles is involved, in case of infection, or in case of severe rhabdomyolysis. Conclusion Secondary muscle manifestations of systemic diseases must be addressed and appropriately managed. Prognosis of secondary muscle disease in systemic diseases is usually fair if the underlying condition is accessible to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W. N. Löscher
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - J. Wanschitz
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - S. Quasthoff
- Department of Neurology; Graz Medical University; Graz Austria
| | - W. Grisold
- Department of Neurology; Kaiser-Franz-Josef Spital; Vienna Austria
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Shahari S, Tengku-Idris TIN, Fong MY, Lau YL. Molecular evidence of Sarcocystis nesbitti in water samples of Tioman Island, Malaysia. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:598. [PMID: 27881179 PMCID: PMC5120450 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcocystis are intracellular protozoan parasites that are characterised by their ability to invade muscle tissue and form intramuscular sarcocysts. A muscular sarcocystosis outbreak was reported by travellers returning from Tioman Island in 2011 and 2012 where Sarcocystis nesbitti was identified as the main cause. The source of the S. nesbitti that was involved has remained elusive, although water is hypothesised to be the main cause of transmission. A surveillance study was therefore undertaken in the northern regions of Tioman Island to identify the source of S. nesbitti by screening rivers, water tanks, wells and seawater. Methods Water samples were collected from rivers, water tanks, wells and seawater on Tioman Island over the course of April to October 2015. Water samples were indirectly screened for Sarcocystis species by obtaining sediment from respective water sources. PCR amplification of the 18S rRNA gene region was conducted to identify positive samples. Microscopy was used in an attempt to reappraise PCR results, but no sporocysts were detected in any of the samples. Results A total of 157 water samples were obtained and 19 were positive for various Sarcocystis species. Through BLASTn and phylogenetic analysis, these species were found to be S. singaporensis, S. nesbitti, Sarcocystis sp. YLL-2013 and one unidentified Sarcocystis species. Conclusions This is the first positive finding of S. nesbitti in water samples on Tioman Island, which was found in a water tank and in river water samples. This finding supports the hypothesis that water was a potential medium for the transmission of S. nesbitti during the outbreak. This will potentially identify areas in which preventive measures can be taken to prevent future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahhaziq Shahari
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Mun Yik Fong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Role of Macrophages in the Repair Process during the Tissue Migrating and Resident Helminth Infections. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8634603. [PMID: 27648452 PMCID: PMC5014929 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8634603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Th1/Th2/Th17 balance is a fundamental feature in the regulation of the inflammatory microenvironment during helminth infections, and an imbalance in this paradigm greatly contributes to inflammatory disorders. In some cases of helminthiasis, an initial Th1 response could occur during the early phases of infection (acute), followed by a Th2 response that prevails in chronic infections. During the late phase of infection, alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) are important to counteract the inflammation caused by the Th1/Th17 response and larval migration, limiting damage and repairing the tissue affected. Macrophages are the archetype of phagocytic cells, with the primary role of pathogen destruction and antigen presentation. Nevertheless, other subtypes of macrophages have been described with important roles in tissue repair and immune regulation. These types of macrophages challenge the classical view of macrophages activated by an inflammatory response. The role of these subtypes of macrophages during helminthiasis is a controversial topic in immunoparasitology. Here, we analyze some of the studies regarding the role of AAMs in tissue repair during the tissue migration of helminths.
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Abstract
In determining the etiology of eosinophilia, it is necessary to consider the type of patient, including previous travel and exposure history, comorbidities, and symptoms. In this review, we discuss the approach to the patient with eosinophilia from an infectious diseases perspective based on symptom complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise M O'Connell
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Center Drive, Building 4, Room B105, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Center Drive, Building 4, Room B105, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
There are over 150 known Sarcocystis species, and at least one is capable of infecting and causing disease in man. Extraintestinal (muscular) sarcocystosis and intestinal sarcocystosis are the two known manifestations of disease in humans. In this series of six cases and review, we focus on the invasive extraintestinal (“muscular”) form of sarcocystosis in humans. This disease, which until recently was rarely described, has become relevant particularly as an imported condition in travelers due to a recent series of outbreaks reported from Malaysia. Human intestinal sarcocystosis is ubiquitous across the globe. However, absolute numbers of probable and particularly confirmed cases are few, with only several hundred described to date. Characteristically, patients exhibit signs and symptoms either 1–2 weeks after exposure, or after 4–8 weeks. Whether people remain asymptomatic or develop disease apparently depends on the infecting species, host factors, and the inoculum size. The definitive host(s) remain uncertain, and identification of the animal reservoir(s) requires further research. A better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease, as well as its immunological determinants, is hampered by the lack of reliable serological diagnostic methods. Additionally, DNA seems to be contained very effectively within the encysted parasite, thereby rendering PCR detection unreliable. Physicians should suspect the condition in patients with suggestive symptoms and a possible history of exposure. Surveillance networks for imported infectious diseases are formidable tools to help detect and localize outbreaks.
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Abstract
Peripheral and tissue eosinophilia can be a prominent feature of several unique rheumatologic and vascular diseases. These diseases span a wide range of clinical features, histologic findings, therapeutic approaches, and outcomes. Despite the rare nature of these entities--which makes large-scale studies challenging--knowledge has continued to grow regarding their epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. This review compares and contrasts 5 rheumatologic and vascular conditions in which eosinophilia can be seen: eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss), immunoglobulin G4-related disease, diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia, eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, and eosinophilic myositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Tamaki
- Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, A50, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Soumya Chatterjee
- Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, A50, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Carol A Langford
- Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Center for Vasculitis Care and Research, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, A50, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Abe N, Matsubara K, Tamukai K, Miwa Y, Takami K. Molecular evidence of Sarcocystis species in captive snakes in Japan. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3175-9. [PMID: 26044884 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sarcocystis nesbitti, using snakes as the definitive host, is a causative agent of acute human muscular sarcocystosis in Malaysia. Therefore, it is important to explore the distribution and prevalence of S. nesbitti in snakes. Nevertheless, epizootiological information of S. nesbitti in snakes remains insufficient because few surveys have assessed Sarcocystis infection in snakes in endemic countries. In Japan, snakes are popular exotic pet animals that are imported from overseas, but the degree of Sarcocystis infection in them remains unclear. The possibility exists that muscular sarcocystosis by S. nesbitti occurs in contact with captive snakes in non-endemic countries. For a total of 125 snake faecal samples from 67 snake species collected at animal hospitals, pet shops and a zoo, this study investigated the presence of Sarcocystis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the 18S ribosomal RNA gene (18S rDNA). Four (3.2%) faecal samples were positive by PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rDNA sequences obtained from four amplification products revealed one isolate from a beauty snake (Elaphe taeniura), Sarcocystis zuoi, which uses rat snakes as the definitive host. The isolate from a Macklot's python (Liasis mackloti) was closely related with unidentified Sarcocystis sp. from reticulated pythons in Malaysia. The remaining two isolates from tree boas (Corallus spp.) were closely related with Sarcocystis lacertae, Sarcocystis gallotiae and unidentified Sarcocystis sp. from smooth snakes, Tenerife lizards and European shrews, respectively. This report is the first of a study examining the distribution of Sarcocystis species in captive snakes in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niichiro Abe
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, 543-0026, Japan,
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Human Invasive Muscular Sarcocystosis Induces Th2 Cytokine Polarization and Biphasic Cytokine Changes, Based on an Investigation among Travelers Returning from Tioman Island, Malaysia. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:674-7. [PMID: 25903356 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00042-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sarcocystis nesbitti is a parasite responsible for a biphasic eosinophilic febrile myositis syndrome in two recent outbreaks in Malaysia. We demonstrate Th2 cytokine polarization in infected travelers, an overall cytokine production decrease in the early phase of the disease suggestive of initial immunosuppression, and elevated levels of proinflammatory and chemotactic cytokines in the later myositic phase.
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Abstract
Recurrent outbreaks of muscular sarcocystosis among tourists visiting islands in Malaysia have focused international attention on sarcocystosis, a disease once considered rare in humans. Sarcocystis species require two hosts, definitive and intermediate, to complete their life cycle. Humans can serve as definitive hosts, with intestinal sarcocystosis for two species acquired from eating undercooked meat: Sarcocystis hominis, from beef, and Sarcocystis suihominis, from pork. Symptoms such as nausea, stomachache, and diarrhea vary widely depending on the number of cysts ingested but appear more severe with pork than with beef. Humans serve as intermediate hosts for Sarcocystis nesbitti, a species with a reptilian definitive host, and possibly other unidentified species, acquired by ingesting sporocysts from feces-contaminated food or water and the environment; infections have an early phase of development in vascular endothelium, with illness that is difficult to diagnose; clinical signs include fever, headache, and myalgia. Subsequent development of intramuscular cysts is characterized by myositis. Presumptive diagnosis based on travel history to tropical regions, elevated serum enzyme levels, and eosinophilia is confirmed by finding sarcocysts in muscle biopsy specimens. There is no vaccine or confirmed effective antiparasitic drug for muscular sarcocystosis, but anti-inflammatory drugs may reduce symptoms. Prevention strategies are also discussed.
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Esposito DH, Rosenthal BM, Slesak G, Tappe D, Fayer R, Bottieau E, Brown C, Grobusch MP, Malvy D, von Sonnenburg F, Sotir MJ, Steiner F, Zanger P, Kozarsky PE. Reply to Italiano et al. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60:1135-6. [PMID: 25537874 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Esposito
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Benjamin M Rosenthal
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | | | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Fayer
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Emmanuel Bottieau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Clive Brown
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denis Malvy
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Clinical International Health, University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Mark J Sotir
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Florian Steiner
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Philipp Zanger
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Phyllis E Kozarsky
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Italiano CM, Wong KT, AbuBakar S, Lau YL, Ramli N, Syed Omar SF, Tan CT. Avoid haste in defining human muscular sarcocystosis. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60:1134. [PMID: 25537869 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Norlisah Ramli
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Toxocariasis diagnosed in international travelers at the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, from 2000 to 2013. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003559. [PMID: 25746418 PMCID: PMC4351981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although infection with Toxocara canis or T. catis (commonly referred as toxocariasis) appears to be highly prevalent in (sub)tropical countries, information on its frequency and presentation in returning travelers and migrants is scarce. In this study, we reviewed all cases of asymptomatic and symptomatic toxocariasis diagnosed during post-travel consultations at the reference travel clinic of the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. Toxocariasis was considered as highly probable if serum Toxocara-antibodies were detected in combination with symptoms of visceral larva migrans if present, elevated eosinophil count in blood or other relevant fluid and reasonable exclusion of alternative diagnosis, or definitive in case of documented seroconversion. From 2000 to 2013, 190 travelers showed Toxocara-antibodies, of a total of 3436 for whom the test was requested (5.5%). Toxocariasis was diagnosed in 28 cases (23 symptomatic and 5 asymptomatic) including 21 highly probable and 7 definitive. All but one patients were adults. Africa and Asia were the place of acquisition for 10 and 9 cases, respectively. Twelve patients (43%) were short-term travelers (< 1 month). Symptoms, when present, developed during travel or within 8 weeks maximum after return, and included abdominal complaints (11/23 symptomatic patients, 48%), respiratory symptoms and skin abnormalities (10 each, 43%) and fever (9, 39%), often in combination. Two patients were diagnosed with transverse myelitis. At presentation, the median blood eosinophil count was 1720/μL [range: 510-14160] in the 21 symptomatic cases without neurological complication and 2080/μL [range: 1100-2970] in the 5 asymptomatic individuals. All patients recovered either spontaneously or with an anti-helminthic treatment (mostly a 5-day course of albendazole), except both neurological cases who kept sequelae despite repeated treatments and prolonged corticotherapy. Toxocariasis has to be considered in travelers returning from a (sub)tropical stay with varying clinical manifestations or eosinophilia. Prognosis appears favorable with adequate treatment except in case of neurological involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eskild Petersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus 8200, Denmark.
| | - Lin Hwei Chen
- Mount Auburn Hospital, Travel Medicine Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Slesak G, Schäfer J, Langeheinecke A, Tappe D. Prolonged clinical course of muscular sarcocystosis and effectiveness of cotrimoxazole among travelers to Tioman Island, Malaysia, 2011-2014. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 60:329. [PMID: 25301217 PMCID: PMC4275061 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Günther Slesak
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tropenklinik Paul-Lechler-Krankenhaus, Tübingen
| | - Johannes Schäfer
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tropenklinik Paul-Lechler-Krankenhaus, Tübingen
| | | | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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