1
|
Onifade AA, Rychtář J, Taylor D. A dynamic game of lymphatic filariasis prevention by voluntary use of insecticide treated nets. J Theor Biol 2024; 585:111796. [PMID: 38522665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2024.111796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) has been targeted for elimination as a public health concern by 2030 with a goal to keep the prevalence of LF infections under the 1% threshold. While mass drug administration (MDA) is a primary strategy recommended by WHO, the use of insecticide treated nets (ITN) plays a crucial role as an alternative strategy when MDA cannot be used. In this paper, we use imitation dynamics to incorporate human behavior and voluntary use of ITN into the compartmental epidemiological model of LF transmission. We find the equilibrium states of the dynamics and the ITN usage as it depends on epidemiological parameters and the cost of ITNs. We investigate the conditions under which the voluntary use of ITNs can keep the LF prevalence under the 1% threshold. We found that when the cost of using the ITNs is about 105 smaller than the perceived cost of LF, then the voluntary use of ITNs will eliminate LF as a public health concern. Furthermore, when the ITNs are given away for free, our model predicts that over 80% of the population will use them which would eliminate LF completely in regions where Anopheles are the primary vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akindele Akano Onifade
- Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Mountain Top University, Ibafo, Nigeria.
| | - Jan Rychtář
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America.
| | - Dewey Taylor
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Immurana M, Kisseih KG, Abdullahi I, Azuug M, Manyeh AK, Mohammed A, Kizhakkekara TJM. The effects of selected neglected tropical diseases on economic performance at the macrolevel in Africa. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:462. [PMID: 38698313 PMCID: PMC11064357 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) such as leprosy, lymphatic filariasis (LF), schistosomiasis and onchocerciasis are endemic in several African countries. These diseases can lead to severe pain and permanent disability, which can negatively affect the economic productivity of the affected person(s), and hence resulting into low economic performance at the macrolevel. Nonetheless, empirical evidence of the effects of these NTDs on economic performance at the macrolevel is sparse. This study therefore investigates the effects of the above-mentioned NTDs on economic performance at the macrolevel in Africa. METHODS The study employs a panel design with data comprising 24 to 45 African countries depending on the NTD in question, over the period, 2002 to 2019. Gross domestic product (GDP) is used as the proxy for economic performance (Dependent variable) and the prevalence of the above-mentioned NTDs are used as the main independent variables. The random effects (RE), fixed effects (FE) and the instrumental variable fixed effects (IVFE) panel data regressions are used as estimation techniques. RESULTS We find that, an increase in the prevalence of the selected NTDs is associated with a fall in economic performance in the selected African countries, irrespective of the estimation technique used. Specifically, using the IVFE regression estimates, we find that a percentage increase in the prevalence of leprosy, LF, schistosomiasis and onchocerciasis is associated with a reduction in economic performance by 0.43%, 0.24%, 0.28% and 0.36% respectively, at either 1% or 5% level of significance. CONCLUSION The findings highlight the need to increase attention and bolster integrated efforts or measures towards tackling these diseases in order to curb their deleterious effects on economic performance. Such measures can include effective mass drug administration (MDA), enhancing access to basic drinking water and sanitation among others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Immurana
- Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.
| | - Kwame Godsway Kisseih
- Christian Health Association of Ghana Secretariat, Accra, Ghana
- Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Guntur, India
| | | | - Muniru Azuug
- Department of Economics Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana
| | - Alfred Kwesi Manyeh
- Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Ayisha Mohammed
- Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Toby Joseph Mathew Kizhakkekara
- PG Department of Economics, EKNM Government College Elerithattu, Elerithattu (PO), Kasaragod District, Kerala, 671314, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Antony Oliver MC, Graham M, Gass KM, Medley GF, Clark J, Davis EL, Reimer LJ, King JD, Pouwels KB, Hollingsworth TD. Reducing the Antigen Prevalence Target Threshold for Stopping and Restarting Mass Drug Administration for Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination: A Model-Based Cost-effectiveness Simulation in Tanzania, India and Haiti. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:S160-S168. [PMID: 38662697 PMCID: PMC11045020 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) aims to reduce and maintain infection levels through mass drug administration (MDA), but there is evidence of ongoing transmission after MDA in areas where Culex mosquitoes are the main transmission vector, suggesting that a more stringent criterion is required for MDA decision making in these settings. METHODS We use a transmission model to investigate how a lower prevalence threshold (<1% antigenemia [Ag] prevalence compared with <2% Ag prevalence) for MDA decision making would affect the probability of local elimination, health outcomes, the number of MDA rounds, including restarts, and program costs associated with MDA and surveys across different scenarios. To determine the cost-effectiveness of switching to a lower threshold, we simulated 65% and 80% MDA coverage of the total population for different willingness to pay per disability-adjusted life-year averted for India ($446.07), Tanzania ($389.83), and Haiti ($219.84). RESULTS Our results suggest that with a lower Ag threshold, there is a small proportion of simulations where extra rounds are required to reach the target, but this also reduces the need to restart MDA later in the program. For 80% coverage, the lower threshold is cost-effective across all baseline prevalences for India, Tanzania, and Haiti. For 65% MDA coverage, the lower threshold is not cost-effective due to additional MDA rounds, although it increases the probability of local elimination. Valuing the benefits of elimination to align with the GPELF goals, we find that a willingness to pay per capita government expenditure of approximately $1000-$4000 for 1% increase in the probability of local elimination would be required to make a lower threshold cost-effective. CONCLUSIONS Lower Ag thresholds for stopping MDAs generally mean a higher probability of local elimination, reducing long-term costs and health impacts. However, they may also lead to an increased number of MDA rounds required to reach the lower threshold and, therefore, increased short-term costs. Collectively, our analyses highlight that lower target Ag thresholds have the potential to assist programs in achieving lymphatic filariasis goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Chriselda Antony Oliver
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Graham
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine M Gass
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Centre, The Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Graham F Medley
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Disease and Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Clark
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Davis
- Mathematics Institute and the Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiological Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa J Reimer
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D King
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Koen B Pouwels
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - T Déirdre Hollingsworth
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chimfwembe K, Shirley H, Baker N, Wamai R. Zambia: A Narrative Review of Success and Challenges in Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:21. [PMID: 38251218 PMCID: PMC10820422 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The establishment of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) to stop the transmission of infection has significantly reduced the incidence of lymphatic filariasis, a debilitating mosquito-borne neglected tropical disease. The primary strategies that have been employed include mass drug administration (MDA) of anthelminthics and morbidity management and disability prevention (MMDP). While some countries have been able to reach elimination status in Africa, there is still active transmission of LF in Zambia. The nematode responsible for the disease is Wuchereria bancrofti, which is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. To alleviate the suffering of those infected by the disease, the Zambian Ministry of Health launched a program to eliminate LF as a public health problem in 2003. This project reviewed the efforts to achieve the elimination of LF in Zambia, past and present government policies, and the anticipated challenges. MDAs have been conducted since 2014 and coverage has been between 87% and 92%. Zambia has now moved towards pre-transmission assessment surveys (PRETAS) and transmission assessment surveys (TAS). MMDP is a major priority and planned to be conducted between 2022 and 2026. COVID-19 presented a new challenge in the control of LF, while climate change, immigration, co-infections, and funding limitations will complicate further progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kingford Chimfwembe
- Department of Research and Postgraduate Studies, Chreso University, Lusaka 37178, Zambia;
- Ministry of Health, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Hugh Shirley
- Program in Medical Education, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- African Center for Community Investment in Health, Nginyang P.O. Box 48-30404, Kenya;
| | - Natalie Baker
- Program in Medical Education, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard Wamai
- African Center for Community Investment in Health, Nginyang P.O. Box 48-30404, Kenya;
- Integrate Initiative for Global Health, Department of Cultures, Societies and Global Studies, College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Global and Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Federal Ministry of Health, Lagos 101212, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mirhosseini SM, Soltanipur M, Yarmohammadi H, Rezaei M, Sheikhi Z. Lymphedema after saphenous harvesting for coronary artery bypass surgery: case report and literature review. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2024; 24:41. [PMID: 38212705 PMCID: PMC10785345 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-024-03712-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Different causes have been described for secondary lymphedema as reported in this article. A 75-year-old man was diagnosed with lymphedema about one decade after saphenous harvesting for coronary artery bypass surgery. It took two years for him to find out his diagnosis and receive the proper treatment. After standard complete decongestive therapy, his volume and pain decreased and his quality of life was improved, especially its physical aspect. It is important to recognize the possibility of lymphedema development after saphenous harvesting among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery to prevent significant disturbance of quality of life with timely management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masood Soltanipur
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Medical Students Research Committee, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
- Quality of Life Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Yarmohammadi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Medical Students Research Committee, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
- Quality of Life Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Rezaei
- Medical Students Research Committee, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Sheikhi
- Quality of Life Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
- Integrative Oncology Research Group, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, No.146, South Gandi Ave, Vanak Sq, Tehran, 1517964311, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Montes K, Angoa G, Bjerum CM, Guira A, Kouadio OK, Ouattara AF, Weil GJ, Fischer PU, Meite A, Koudou BG, Budge PJ. Implementation and Outcomes of a Pilot Collaborative Surgical Hydrocele Training in Côte d'Ivoire. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:194-198. [PMID: 37956446 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a neglected tropical disease that can cause hydrocele and its associated stigma, loss of economic productivity, and depression. Hydrocele surgery is an essential part of LF morbidity management but can be difficult for national programs to implement. To improve access to hydrocele surgeries in Côte d'Ivoire, we provided a WHO-certified surgical training for six surgical teams from five health districts in Côte d'Ivoire. We then evaluated the surgical outcomes and assessed the impact of hydrocele surgery on quality of life of hydrocelectomy patients. Preoperative and operative records were reviewed to describe baseline hydrocele characteristics and operative details. Postoperative interviews were conducted 4 to 6 months after surgical correction using a standardized questionnaire. Seventeen men underwent surgery during the training and were available for an interview at the 6-month visit. At the time of 6-month follow-up, 11/17 (64.7%) reported improvement in activities of daily living and reduction in difficulties with work, 8/17 (47.1%) reported an improved economic situation, 15/17 (88.2%) reported improved social interactions, and 15/16 (93.8%) reported improved sex life after surgical correction. Three patients (17.6%) had minor postoperative complications, but none required hospitalization. All 17 patients who were available for an interview were satisfied with their surgery. Surgical hydrocelectomy training in Côte d'Ivoire was well received and provided life-altering health improvements for participating patients across multiple domains of life. Support to scale up surgical capacity for this neglected problem is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Montes
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Georgina Angoa
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Catherine M Bjerum
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Adama Guira
- Department of Surgery, Hopital Saint Camille, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Olivier K Kouadio
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Allassane F Ouattara
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Gary J Weil
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Peter U Fischer
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Aboulaye Meite
- National Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Program, Ministry of Public Health and Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Benjamin G Koudou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Philip J Budge
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chilakam N, Lakshminarayanan V, Keremutt S, Rajendran A, Thunga G, Poojari PG, Rashid M, Mukherjee N, Bhattacharya P, John D. Economic Burden of Mosquito-Borne Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Protocol for a Systematic Review. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e50985. [PMID: 38079215 PMCID: PMC10750235 DOI: 10.2196/50985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, among all the vector-borne diseases, mosquito-borne diseases are responsible for a substantial number of cases and deaths and amount to an economic cost of US $12 billion per year. However, there is a dearth of systematic research conducted on the economic burden of mosquito-borne diseases. To address the lack of comprehensive information on this topic, a systematic review will be conducted to synthesize evidence for informing targeted policies and strategies addressing this growing burden and for better financial protection of households. OBJECTIVE The systematic review aims to review the economic burden of mosquito-borne diseases in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The review estimates the total cost, which is the compilation of both the direct costs and indirect costs. Additionally, it reports cost estimates per disease, country, and patient. The review outcome will also discuss the impact of the economic burden in terms of out-of-pocket expenditure, catastrophic health expenditure, impoverishment, and gross domestic product impact due to mosquito-borne diseases in LMICs. METHODS Systematic searches will be conducted in PubMed (MEDLINE), Ovid Embase, Scopus, the cumulative index of nursing and allied health literacy, and Cochrane CENTRAL. Additionally, websites of the World Bank, World Health Organization, and Asian Development Bank as well as grey literature (eg, Malaria No More and the Ministry of Health websites) will be searched to gather comprehensive information on the topic and identify studies published in the English language. The titles and abstracts will be independently screened by 2 reviewers, followed by a full-text review against the inclusion criteria. Disagreements will be resolved through discussion with a third author. The methodological reporting quality of the studies will be evaluated using the Larg and Moss checklist, Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials, and the Consensus on Health Economic Criteria. Data will be extracted using a standardized data extraction form. RESULTS The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023427111) prior to the initiation of the search strategy. The review is currently ongoing and will synthesize information from the identified studies through a process involving structured screening, data extraction, and critical appraisal in the form of tables and a narrative summary of studies reporting the economic burden incurred due to mosquito-borne diseases in LMICs. CONCLUSIONS This review seeks to report the economic burden of mosquito-borne diseases. It will act as evidence for policymakers to prioritize their decisions regarding containing the prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases and the means to lowering the incidence of diseases spread by mosquitoes. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42023427111; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=427111. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/50985.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagavalli Chilakam
- Department of Commerce, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | | | - Sushanth Keremutt
- Department of Commerce, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Ambigai Rajendran
- Department of Commerce, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Girish Thunga
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Pooja Gopal Poojari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Muhammed Rashid
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Nirmalya Mukherjee
- Centre for Public Health Research, Manbhum Ananda Ashram Nityananda Trust, Kolkata, India
| | - Paramita Bhattacharya
- Centre for Public Health Research, Manbhum Ananda Ashram Nityananda Trust, Kolkata, India
| | - Denny John
- Centre for Public Health Research, Manbhum Ananda Ashram Nityananda Trust, Kolkata, India
- Faculty of Life and Allied Health Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, India
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Izquierdo-Condoy JS, Naranjo-Lara P, Vásconez-Gonzalez J, Fernandez-Naranjo R, Placencia-André R, Davila MG, Carrington SJ, Ortiz-Prado E. A nationwide epidemiological and geodemographic analysis of lymphatic filariasis in Ecuador: a neglected and often forgotten disease in Ecuador. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1270015. [PMID: 38035299 PMCID: PMC10682787 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1270015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a neglected parasitic disease transmitted by mosquitoes and affecting the lymphatic system. The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiological and sociodemographic characteristics of patients with LF during the last 11 years of available data in Ecuador. Methods A 11-year nationwide analysis of hospital admission and in-hospital mortality based on the National Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC) data was conducted in Ecuador from 2011 to 2021. The International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10) code for filariasis (ICD: B74) was used to retrieve information on severe LF as a proxy for incidence among 221 Ecuadorian cities. Results A total of 26 hospital admissions and 3 deaths due to LF were registered. The highest mortality rate was found in populations over 80 years. Men accounted for 62.5% (n = 17) of total number of cases with an average incidence rate of 1.7 cases per/1,000,000, while females accounted for 34.6% (n = 9), representing 1 case per/1,000,000 woman. Cities located at lower altitude (459/1,000,000) reported higher incidence rates than those located at higher altitudes (7.4/1,000,000). Conclusion This is the first study on LF in Ecuador. Although, Ecuador is not considered endemic for LF, we found evidence of the presence of this disease in recent years. The implementation and improvement of an adequate integrated epidemiological surveillance system will allow early identification of cases and therefore their respective treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge Vásconez-Gonzalez
- One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Tecnologías PUCE TEC, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | - María G. Davila
- One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Esteban Ortiz-Prado
- One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kinyatta N, Wachira D, Githae R, Lusweti J, Ingonga J, Ichugu C, Maina C, Haji R, Kimani F, Musili R, Muli J, Kamau L. Detection of Wuchereria bancrofti in human blood samples and mosquitoes in Matayos, Busia County-Kenya. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19420. [PMID: 37940673 PMCID: PMC10632445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46329-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is a mosquito borne disease which leads to abnormal painful enlarged body parts, severe disability and social stigma. We screened Wuchereria bancrofti in Matayos constituency in Busia County. Blood samples were collected from 23 villages selected purposively based on clinical case reports. Finger prick and/or venous blood sampling and mosquito collections was carried out. Antigenaemia and filarial DNA prevalence were determined. Infection rates on mosquito pools were estimated and SPSS version 26 was used for descriptive statistics analysis. A total of 262 participants were recruited, 73.3% (n = 192) of the participants had no symptoms, 14.1% (n = 5.3) had swollen legs, 5.3% (n = 14) had painful legs and 3.8% (n = 10) with scrotal swellings. Average antigenemia prevalence was 35.9% (n = 94) and DNA prevalence was at 8.0% (n = 21). A total of 1305 mosquitoes were collected and pooled into 2-20 mosquitoes of the same species and from the same village. Two pools out of 78 were positive for filarial DNA with a minimum infection rate of 0.15%. From this study, antigenaemia and infected mosquitoes are an indication of active transmission. The clinical signs are evidence that filarial infections have been in circulation for over 10 years. The global climate change phenomenon currently happening has been shown to adversely affect the transmission of vector borne diseases and is likely to increase lymphatic filariasis transmission in the area. This study therefore recommends further screening before Mass Drug Administration, morbidity management and enhanced mosquito control Programmes are recommended in the study area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Kinyatta
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Dorcas Wachira
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Githae
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Japheth Lusweti
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Johnstone Ingonga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christine Ichugu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Caroline Maina
- Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rukiya Haji
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Francis Kimani
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rael Musili
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jacinta Muli
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Luna Kamau
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Edmiston M, Atinbire S, Mensah EO, Mensah E, Alomatu B, Asemanyi Mensah K, Palmer S. Evaluating the availability and quality of services for lymphatic filariasis morbidity in Ghana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010805. [PMID: 37307289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY In districts where lymphatic filariasis (LF) is endemic, the goal is to provide 100% geographical coverage of the essential package of care. Additionally, countries seeking elimination status must document the availability of services for lymphoedema and hydrocele in all endemic areas. To do this, the WHO recommends conducting assessments of the readiness and quality of services provided to identify service delivery and quality gaps. This study used the recommended WHO Direct Inspection Protocol (DIP), which consists of 14 core indicators related to LF case management, medicine and commodities, staff knowledge and patient tracking. The survey was administered in 156 health facilities across Ghana designated and trained to provide LF morbidity management services. Patient and health provider interviews were also conducted to assess challenges and feedback. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The highest performing indicators across the 156 surveyed facilities were related to staff knowledge; 96.6% of health workers correctly identified two or more signs and symptoms. The lowest scoring indicators concerned medication availability, with the two lowest scoring indicators in the survey being availability of antifungals (26.28%) and antiseptics (31.41%). Hospitals performed best with an overall score of 79.9%, followed by health centers (73%), clinics (67.1%) and CHPS compounds (66.8%). The most commonly reported challenge from health worker interviews was lack of medications and supplies, followed by a lack of training or poor motivation. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE The findings from this study can help the Ghana NTD Program identify areas of improvement as they seek to achieve LF elimination targets and continue to improve access to care for those with LF-related morbidity as part of overall health systems strengthening. Key recommendations include prioritizing refresher and MMDP training for health workers, ensuring reliable patient tracking systems, and integrating lymphatic filariasis morbidity management into the routine healthcare system to ensure medicine and commodity availably.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Edmiston
- American Leprosy Missions, Greenville, South Carolina United States of America
| | - Solomon Atinbire
- American Leprosy Missions, Greenville, South Carolina United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
microRNAs: Critical Players during Helminth Infections. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010061. [PMID: 36677353 PMCID: PMC9861972 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally through their interaction with the 3' untranslated regions (3' UTR) of target mRNAs, affecting their stability and/or translation. Therefore, miRNAs regulate biological processes such as signal transduction, cell death, autophagy, metabolism, development, cellular proliferation, and differentiation. Dysregulated expression of microRNAs is associated with infectious diseases, where miRNAs modulate important aspects of the parasite-host interaction. Helminths are parasitic worms that cause various neglected tropical diseases affecting millions worldwide. These parasites have sophisticated mechanisms that give them a surprising immunomodulatory capacity favoring parasite persistence and establishment of infection. In this review, we analyze miRNAs in infections caused by helminths, emphasizing their role in immune regulation and its implication in diagnosis, prognosis, and the development of therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
12
|
Warusavithana S, Atta H, Osman M, Hutin Y. Review of the neglected tropical diseases programme implementation during 2012–2019 in the WHO-Eastern Mediterranean Region. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010665. [PMID: 36173943 PMCID: PMC9521802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The 2012–2020 WHO NTD roadmap set targets for control, elimination, and eradication of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). It recommends 5 strategies, out of which preventive chemotherapy (PC) and intensified disease management were key to achieve targets. WHO estimated that globally, between 2012 and 2019, the number of persons affected by NTDs decreased from nearly 2.1 to 1.7 billion people. We analysed the situation of NTDs in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) in 2020 to assess the progress with the 2012–2020 roadmap and to identify gaps. Methods We reviewed data repositories of national data sources for 2012 to 2019 including the Global Indicator Data Platform for Sustainable Development Goals, the Global Health Observatory data repository, the WHO PC databank, and the EMR data repository. We allocated countries a Red-Amber-Green (RAG) rating based on standardized criteria, on progress and current situation of each of 11 priority NTDs. Results All 22 countries in EMR were affected by 1 or more autochthonous or imported NTDs. In 2019, WHO estimated that in EMR, 78 million people required interventions for NTDs, a 38% decline compared with 2012. Twelve of 22 countries needed priority public health action (i.e., red) for 1 or more NTD. Of these, Sudan needed priority public health action for 6 NTDs and Yemen for 5. Eleven countries also needed priority public health action for cutaneous leishmaniasis, and 5 countries for rabies and trachoma. Visceral leishmaniasis is on the increase in Afghanistan, Libya, Syria, and Yemen. Conclusion Since the first roadmap of NTDs in 2012, the EMR has made a substantial progress. Nevertheless, many challenges remain in the prevention and control of NTDs. EMR needs a regional approach to control NTDs in countries most affected and a coordinated strategy to stop the continuing increase of cutaneous leishmaniasis and a possible resurgence of visceral leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Warusavithana
- Department of Universal Health Coverage/Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, WHO EMRO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hoda Atta
- Department of Universal Health Coverage/Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, WHO EMRO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona Osman
- Department of Universal Health Coverage/Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, WHO EMRO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Yvan Hutin
- Department of Universal Health Coverage/Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, WHO EMRO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rychtář J, Taylor D. A game-theoretic model of lymphatic filariasis prevention. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010765. [PMID: 36137005 PMCID: PMC9498957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a mosquito-borne parasitic neglected tropical disease. In 2000, WHO launched the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) as a public health problem. In 2020, new goals for 2030 were set which includes a reduction to 0 of the total population requiring Mass Drug Administrations (MDA), a primary tool of GPELF. We develop a mathematical model to study what can happen at the end of MDA. We use a game-theoretic approach to assess the voluntary use of insect repellents in the prevention of the spread of LF through vector bites. Our results show that when individuals use what they perceive as optimal levels of protection, the LF incidence rates will become high. This is in striking difference to other vector-borne NTDs such as Chagas or zika. We conclude that the voluntary use of the protection alone will not be enough to keep LF eliminated as a public health problem and a more coordinated effort will be needed at the end of MDA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rychtář
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dewey Taylor
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tora A, Kinfe M, Ali O, Mengiste A, Ahimed A, Fekadu A, Davey G, Semrau M. A qualitative process evaluation of a community conversation intervention to reduce stigma related to lower limb lymphoedema in Northern Ethiopia. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:1043. [PMID: 35974337 PMCID: PMC9380383 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower limb lymphoedema (swelling of the lower leg) due to Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) such as podoconiosis, lymphatic filariasis and leprosy is common in Ethiopia, imposing huge burdens on affected individuals and communities. Stigma significantly increases the disease burden and acts as a major barrier to accessing lymphoedema care services. A multi-component stigma reduction intervention was implemented in Northern Ethiopia. Community Conversation (CC) was one of the components implemented, and aimed to reduce stigma and enhance access to and uptake of integrated lymphoedema care services with the active engagement of community members. METHODS A cross-sectional qualitative process evaluation was conducted to document lessons focusing on CC's relevance, outcomes and implementation challenges. Data were collected from a total of 55 purposively selected participants (26 from the CC intervention site and 29 from the control site) through key informant interviews, in-depth individual interviews and focus group discussions. RESULTS Community Conversations increased acceptability of health messages about lymphoedema and created peer learning opportunities for unaffected community members. Improvement in the awareness of CC participants about the causes, prevention and treatment of lymphoedema contributed significantly to the reduction of stigmatizing attitudes and discriminatory behaviors, thereby improving access to and utilization of lymphoedema care services provided through primary health care facilities. However, a range of challenges affecting implementation of CC and outcome quality were identified, including perceived complexity of the facilitation guide among facilitators, expectation of incentives among CC participants, inadequate implementation of facilitation principles and procedures, inadequacy of supportive supervision, and low engagement of untrained health workers in CC. CONCLUSIONS With these challenges addressed, the implementation of CC integrated with other lymphoedema care services shows potential to reduce stigma and promote access to lymphoedema care services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abebayehu Tora
- Department of Sociology, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT- Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Mersha Kinfe
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT- Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Oumer Ali
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT- Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School (BSMS), Brighton, UK
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Asrat Mengiste
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT- Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abdulkadir Ahimed
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT- Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebaw Fekadu
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT- Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School (BSMS), Brighton, UK
| | - Gail Davey
- Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School (BSMS), Brighton, UK
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Maya Semrau
- Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School (BSMS), Brighton, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sinha A, Mohapatra S, Mohanty S, Pati S, Sahoo PK. Mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis elimination amidst COVID-19 pandemic in Odisha, India: A step towards achieving SDG-3. Trop Doct 2022; 52:556-559. [PMID: 35770893 PMCID: PMC9247629 DOI: 10.1177/00494755221098532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable Development Goal-3 (SDG) aims to eliminate lymphatic filariasis by
2030 through >65% coverage and compliance of mass drug administration (MDA),
the preventive chemotherapy strategy of delivering anthelminthic drugs. However,
the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted such programmes, yet MDA was
administered during February 2021 in Odisha, India. We aimed to assess the
coverage and compliance of the present round of MDA amidst the pandemic and
explore factors for non-compliance in Cuttack district of Odisha, a filariasis
endemic area. Community-based participants enrolled through multistage
stratified sampling were administered a semi-structured questionnaire following
COVID-19 protocols. The coverage of MDA was 93.2% whereas consumption was 73.7%.
Participants reported that healthcare workers were motivated and satisfactorily
explained the benefits of MDA but still fear of side-effects was the major cause
of non-compliance. Nonetheless, this recent round of MDA was effective, despite
challenges posed by the ongoing pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Sinha
- 29727ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Sumegha Mohapatra
- 29727ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Shubhashisha Mohanty
- Joint Director of Health Services, National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Odisha, Odisha, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- 29727ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Prakash Kumar Sahoo
- 29727ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Aspartyl Protease Inhibitors as Anti-Filarial Drugs. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060707. [PMID: 35745561 PMCID: PMC9227574 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current treatments for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis do not effectively kill the adult parasitic nematodes, allowing these chronic and debilitating diseases to persist in millions of people. Thus, the discovery of new drugs with macrofilaricidal potential to treat these filarial diseases is critical. To facilitate this need, we first investigated the effects of three aspartyl protease inhibitors (APIs) that are FDA-approved as HIV antiretroviral drugs on the adult filarial nematode, Brugia malayi and the endosymbiotic bacteria, Wolbachia. From the three hits, nelfinavir had the best potency with an IC50 value of 7.78 µM, followed by ritonavir and lopinavir with IC50 values of 14.3 µM and 16.9 µM, respectively. The three APIs have a direct effect on killing adult B. malayi after 6 days of exposure in vitro and did not affect the Wolbachia titers. Sequence conservation and stage-specific gene expression analysis identified Bm8660 as the most likely primary aspartic protease target for these drug(s). Immunolocalization using antibodies raised against the Bm8660 ortholog of Onchocerca volvulus showed it is strongly expressed in female B. malayi, especially in metabolically active tissues such as lateral and dorsal/ventral chords, hypodermis, and uterus tissue. Global transcriptional response analysis using adult female B. pahangi treated with APIs identified four additional aspartic proteases differentially regulated by the three effective drugs, as well as significant enrichment of various pathways including ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, protein kinases, and MAPK/AMPK/FoxO signaling. In vitro testing against the adult gastro-intestinal nematode Trichuris muris suggested broad-spectrum potential for these APIs. This study suggests that APIs may serve as new leads to be further explored for drug discovery to treat parasitic nematode infections.
Collapse
|
17
|
Turner HC, Ottesen EA, Bradley MH. A refined and updated health impact assessment of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (2000-2020). Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:181. [PMID: 35643508 PMCID: PMC9148484 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05268-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a neglected tropical disease (NTD). In 2000 the World Health Organization (WHO) established the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). A key component of this programme is mass drug administration (MDA). Between 2000 and 2020, the GPELF has delivered over 8.6 billion treatments to at-risk populations. The last impact assessment of the programme evaluated the treatments provided between 2000–2014. The goal of this analysis is to provide an updated health impact assessment of the programme, based on the numbers treated between 2000–2020. Methods We updated and refined a previously established model that estimates the number of clinical manifestations and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted by the treatments provided by the GPELF. The model comprises three different population cohorts that can benefit from MDA provided (those protected from acquiring infection, those with subclinical morbidity prevented from progressing and those with clinical disease alleviated). The treatment numbers were updated for all participating countries using data from the WHO. In addition, data relating to the estimated number of individuals initially at risk of LF infection were updated where possible. Finally, the DALY calculations were refined to use updated disability weights. Results Using the updated model and corresponding treatment data, we projected that the total benefit cohort of the GPELF (2000–2020) would consist of approximately 58.5 million individuals and the programme would avert 44.3 million chronic LF cases. Over the lifetime of the benefit cohorts, this corresponded to 244 million DALYs being averted. Conclusion This study indicates that substantial health benefits have resulted from the first 20 years of the GPELF. It is important to note that the GPELF would have both additional benefits not quantified by the DALY burden metric as well as benefits on other co-endemic diseases (such as soil-transmitted helminths, onchocerciasis and scabies)—making the total health benefit underestimated. As with the past impact assessments, these results further justify the value and importance of continued investment in the GPELF. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo C Turner
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Douglass J, Martindale S, Mableson H, Jhara ST, Karim MJ, Rahman MM, Kawsar AA, Khair A, Mahmood ASMS, Rahman AKMF, Chowdhury SM, Hailekiros F, Tamiru M, Seife F, Bishaw T, Nigussie M, Meribo K, Agidew G, Betts H, Taylor MJ, Kelly-Hope LA. Insights on Lymphedema Self-Care Knowledge and Practice in Filariasis and Podoconiosis-Endemic Communities in Bangladesh and Ethiopia. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2021.767045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphedema is a life-long sequelae to several neglected tropical diseases (NTD). In Bangladesh the main cause is lymphatic filariasis (LF) and Ethiopia is endemic for both LF and podoconiosis. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends daily self-care including meticulous washing and drying of affected skin and attention to entry lesions, limb exercises and elevation. Adherence to this regime reduces secondary infections which cause disabling episodes of acute dermato-lymphangitis (ADL). Self-care practices must be integrated into family life, supported by community and monitored by health staff; however, little is known about the influence of personal and socio-demographic factors on adherence. People affected by lymphedema (n=272), adult caregivers (n=272), and health workers (n=68) in Bangladesh and Ethiopia were trained in lymphedema management according to WHO recommendations. Surveys on the causes and management of lymphedema were collected at baseline and 24-weeks, and patients completed a daily journal of self-care activities and symptoms. At baseline knowledge on causes and management of lymphedema was greater among health workers (>70%) than patients and caregivers (<20%) in both countries, and there were significant between-country differences in patient reported use of limb washing (Bangladesh = 7.7%. Ethiopia = 51.1%, p = 0.001). At 24-weeks knowledge on lymphedema causes and management had increased significantly among patients and caregivers, there was <70% adherence to limb washing and exercises, but lesser use of limb elevation in both countries. A range of patient characteristics were associated with significant variation in self-care, except for limb washing. Performance of fewer leg exercises was significantly associated with increased age or severe lymphedema in Bangladesh, and with being female or in paid work in Ethiopia. Patient journals recorded ADL symptoms and working days lost due to lymphedema more frequently than were reported by recall during the 24-week survey. Core elements of lymphedema self-care education, training and monitoring are the same for multiple etiologies. This creates opportunities for cross-cutting implementation of integrated service delivery across several skin NTDs. Sustainability will depend on community level ownership and research on factors affecting adherence to lymphedema self-care are urgently needed.
Collapse
|
19
|
Niles RA, Thickstun CR, Cox H, Dilliott D, Burgert-Brucker CR, Harding-Esch EM, Clementson N, Sampson A, Alexandre JS, Morice Trejos AC, Scholte RGC, Krentel A. Assessing factors influencing communities' acceptability of mass drug administration for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis in Guyana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009596. [PMID: 34543269 PMCID: PMC8452018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guyana is one of four countries in the Latin American Region where lymphatic filariasis (LF) remains endemic. In preparation for the introduction of a new triple drug therapy regimen (ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole (IDA)) in 2019, an acceptability study was embedded within sentinel site mapping in four regions to assess mass drug administration (MDA) coverage and compliance, acceptability, and perceptions about treatment and disease. The results from this survey would inform the rollout of IDA in Guyana in 2019. METHODS Data collection for the study occurred in August 2019, using a validated questionnaire administered by trained enumerators. Across all regions, a total of 1,248 participants were sampled by the Filarial Mapping team. Four-hundred and fifty-one participants aged over 18 years were randomly selected for participation in an expanded acceptability questionnaire. All data were captured in Secure Data Kit (SDK). RESULTS Acceptability was measured using a mean acceptability score. Unadjusted mean scores ranged from 24.6 to 29.3, with 22.5 as the threshold of acceptability. Regional variation occurred across many indicators of interest: self-rated understanding about LF, mechanisms of LF transmission, LF drug safety and history of treatment during MDA. Region IV (Georgetown) recorded higher knowledge about LF, but lower compliance and acceptability. Number of pills was not perceived as a concern. CONCLUSION Acceptability of MDA was good across all four regions under study. Results from this study set a baseline level for key indicators and acceptability, from which the acceptability of IDA can be measured. Regional variations across indicators suggest that localized approaches should be considered for social mobilization and MDA delivery to capture these contextual differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza A. Niles
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Charles R. Thickstun
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Horace Cox
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana
| | | | | | - Emma M. Harding-Esch
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikita Clementson
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Annastacia Sampson
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Jean Seme Alexandre
- Neglected, Tropical, and Vector Borne Diseases, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Ana C. Morice Trejos
- Neglected, Tropical, and Vector Borne Diseases, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Ronaldo G. Carvalho Scholte
- Neglected, Tropical, and Vector Borne Diseases, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Alison Krentel
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Deribe K, Negussu N, Newport MJ, Davey G, Turner HC. The health and economic burden of podoconiosis in Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 114:284-292. [PMID: 32055853 PMCID: PMC7139123 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Podoconiosis is one of the leading causes of lymphoedema-related morbidity in low-income settings, but little is known about the scale of its health and economic impact. This information is required to inform control programme planning and policy. In this study, we estimated the health and economic burden of podoconiosis in Ethiopia. Methods We developed a model to estimate the health burden attributed to podoconiosis in terms of the number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and the economic burden. We estimated the economic burden by quantifying the treatment and morbidity-management costs incurred by the healthcare system in managing clinical cases, patients' out-of-pocket costs and their productivity costs. Results In 2017, there were 1.5 million cases of podoconiosis in Ethiopia, which corresponds to 172 073 DALYs or 182 per 100 000 people. The total economic burden of podoconiosis in Ethiopia is estimated to be US$213.2 million annually and 91.1% of this resulted from productivity costs. The average economic burden per podoconiosis case was US$136.9. Conclusions The national cost of podoconiosis is formidable. If control measures are scaled up and the morbidity burden reduced, this will lead to Ethiopia saving millions of dollars. Our estimates provide important benchmark economic costs to programme planners, policymakers and donors for resource allocation and priority setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kebede Deribe
- Global Health and Infection Department, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK.,School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nebiyu Negussu
- Federal Ministry of Health, P.O.Box 1234, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Melanie J Newport
- Global Health and Infection Department, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK
| | - Gail Davey
- Global Health and Infection Department, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK.,School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hugo C Turner
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7LG, Oxford, UK.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Africa Asia Programme, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tesfaye A, Semrau M, Ali O, Kinfe M, Tamiru M, Fekadu A, Davey G. Development of an integrated, holistic care package for people with lymphoedema for use at the level of the Primary Health Care Unit in Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009332. [PMID: 33878110 PMCID: PMC8086999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are a group of several communicable and non-communicable diseases prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas. The co-endemicity of these diseases, the similarity of their clinical signs, and the need to maximize limited financial and human resources suggest the importance of adoptingan integratedapproach to their prevention and treatment. AIMS This study describes the development of a comprehensive package of physical, mental health and psychosocial care for people with lower-limb lymphoedema caused bypodoconiosis, lymphatic filariasis (LF)or leprosy as part of the EnDPoINT program in Ethiopia. METHOD The care package was developed using a mixed-methods approach, consisting of a literature review, situational analysis, Theory of Change (ToC) workshops, qualitative research, and additional workshops to fine-tune the draft care package. The care package was developed between March 2018 and January 2020 in Addis Ababa and the implementation research site, Awi zone in the North-West of Ethiopia. RESULTS The holistic care package includes components implemented at three levels of the health care system:health organization, facility, and community. Sections of the care package are directed at strengthening capacity building, program management, community engagement, awareness-raising, stigma-reduction, morbidity management, disability prevention, follow-up visits, referral linkage, community-based rehabilitation, and monitoring and evaluation. CONCLUSIONS The study developed a holistic integrated care package for lower limb disorder and co-morbid mental health problems caused by podoconiosis, LF or leprosy. The approach has the potential to significantly reduce lower limb disorder-associated morbidity, disability, and psychosocial problems. It also standardizes a scalable approach appropriate for the Ethiopian setting and, most likely, other countries where these NTDs are present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Tesfaye
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Maya Semrau
- Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Oumer Ali
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Mersha Kinfe
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Abebaw Fekadu
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gail Davey
- Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Permana AD, Wahyudin E, Amir MN, Raihan M, Anjani QK, Utomo E, Layadi P, Donnelly RF. New and sensitive HPLC-UV method for concomitant quantification of a combination of antifilariasis drugs in rat plasma and organs after simultaneous oral administration. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:933-945. [PMID: 33527105 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02258f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A combination treatment comprising ivermectin (IVM), albendazole (ABZ) and doxycycline (DOX) is often prescribed for lymphatic filariasis patients. Nevertheless, there has not been an analytical method established and documented to determine these compounds simultaneously. Herein, we report a new high-performance liquid chromatographic method coupled with a UV detector (HPLC-UV) to quantify these drugs in plasma and organs. This developed analytical method was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines. The validated method was successfully employed to analyze IVM, ABZ along with its metabolites (albendazole sulfoxide (ABZ-OX) and albendazole sulfone (ABZ-ON)), and DOX in the plasma and organs of Wistar rats after simultaneous oral administration. An Xselect CSH™ C18 HPLC column was utilized as a stationary phase, with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% v/v trifluoracetic acid in water and acetonitrile with a run time of 20 min. The calibration curves in biological samples were found to be linear across the concentration range of 0.01-5 μg mL-1 for IVM, ABZ and ABZ metabolites, and 0.025-10 μg mL-1 for DOX with an R value ≥0.998 in each case. The validated method was found to be selective, precise and accurate. Finally, the method developed in this study was deployed to assess the pharmacokinetic profiles and biodistribution of the combination of drugs after oral administration to Wistar rats. The validated HPLC-UV method in this study provides an extensive range of prospective applications for pharmacokinetic-based studies, therapeutic drug monitoring and toxicology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andi Dian Permana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Das L, Mathiarasan L, Krishnakumari A. Assessment of the impact of morbidity management and disability prevention for lymphatic filariasis on the disease burden in villupuram district of Tamil Nadu, India. Indian J Community Med 2021; 46:657-661. [PMID: 35068729 PMCID: PMC8729271 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_12_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (GPELF) was started in 2003 with two strategies: the mass drug administration (MDA) to interrupt disease transmission and the morbidity management and disability prevention (MMDP) to provide the basic hygienic care to filariasis lymphedema patients. Among the two strategies, the MDA is well advanced and got the desired results, but the MMDP is lagging due to poor execution. Objectives: To assess the awareness of MMDP and ongoing morbidity management practices by lymphedema patients and to estimate the impacts of the MMDP on the prevalence and severity of lymphedema. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted among 100 lymphedema patients in 7 filariasis endemic villages of Villupuram district, Tamil Nadu, India through interviews using a structured, pretested questionnaire. The grading and adenolymphangitis (ADL) attack determination were done by a clinician. The impact was assessed in terms of changes in the lymphedema grades, frequency of ADL attacks, and changes in the burden. Results: Of the 100 patients, 70% were aware of the program and among them, only 48% were practising MMDP regularly (i.e. two times per day). The majority of them (80%) were taking treatment during ADL attacks. The overall lymphedema grades reversal and progression were observed in 13% and 52% of cases, respectively. Conclusion: This study has revealed that the second arm of the GPELF, “MMDP” has not yielded the desired results as evidenced by the incidence of frequent ADL attacks and advancement of lymphedema grades.
Collapse
|
24
|
Turner HC. Health economic analyses of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. Int Health 2020; 13:S71-S74. [PMID: 33349885 PMCID: PMC7753169 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihaa095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) was established by the WHO in 2000. It aims to eliminate lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem. This paper summarises the key estimates of the cost-effectiveness and economic benefits related to the mass drug administration (MDA) provided by the GPELF. Several studies have investigated the cost-effectiveness of this MDA, estimating the cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted. These cost-effectiveness estimates have consistently classed the intervention as cost-effective and as favourable compared with other public health interventions conducted in low- and middle-income countries. Studies have also found that the MDA used for lymphatic filariasis control generates significant economic benefits. Although these studies are positive, there are still important gaps that warrant further health economic research (particularly, the evaluation of alternative interventions, further evaluation of morbidity management strategies and evaluation of interventions for settings coendemic with Loa loa). To conclude, health economic studies for a programme as large as the GPELF are subject to uncertainty. That said, the GPELF has consistently been estimated to be cost-effective and to generate notable economic benefits by a number of independent studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo C Turner
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Betts H, Martindale S, Chiphwanya J, Mkwanda SZ, Matipula DE, Ndhlovu P, Mackenzie C, Taylor MJ, Kelly-Hope LA. Significant improvement in quality of life following surgery for hydrocoele caused by lymphatic filariasis in Malawi: A prospective cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008314. [PMID: 32384094 PMCID: PMC7239494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a mosquito-borne parasitic infection that causes significant disabling and disfiguring clinical manifestations. Hydrocoele (scrotal swelling) is the most common clinical condition, which affects an estimated 25 million men globally. The recommended strategy is surgical intervention, yet little is known about the impact of hydrocoele on men’s lives, and how it may change if they have access to surgery. Methodology/Principal findings We prospectively recruited and followed-up men who underwent surgery for hydrocoele at six hospitals in an LF endemic area of Malawi in December 2015. Men were interviewed at hospitals pre-surgery and followed-up at 3-months and 6-months post-surgery. Data on demographic characteristics, clinical condition, barriers to surgery, post-surgery symptoms/complications and quality of life indicators were collected and analysed pre- and post-surgery, by age group and stage of disease (mild/moderate vs. severe), using chi-square tests and student’s t test (paired). 201 men were interviewed pre-surgery, 152 at 3-months and 137 at 6-months post-surgery. Most men had unilateral hydrocoeles (65.2%), mild/moderate stages (57.7%) with an average duration of 11.4 years. The most reported cause of hydrocoele was it being sexually transmitted (22.4%), and the main barrier to surgery was the cost (36.3%). Pre-surgery, a significant difference in the scrotum side affected was found by age group (X2 = 5.978, p = 0.05), and men with severe stage hydrocoele reported more problems with their quality of life than those with mild/moderate stage (t = 2.793; p = 0.0006). Post-surgery, around half of the men reported some pain/discomfort (55.9%), swelling (8.6%), bleeding (3.3%) and infection (5.9%), most of which had resolved at 3-months when the most significant improvements in their quality of life were found (t = 21.3902; p = 0.000). Post-surgery at 6 months all men reported no physical, social, psychological problems and took no time off work. Conclusion/Significance Surgery had a significant positive impact on many aspects of a patient’s life, and the expansion of this treatment to all those affected in LF endemic areas would greatly improve the quality of men’s and their families’ lives, and greatly contribute to the global goal of providing universal health care. Lymphatic filariasis is a mosquito-borne infection that causes significant disabling and disfiguring clinical conditions. Hydrocoele (scrotal swelling) is the most common condition affecting an estimated 25 million men worldwide. Surgery is the main intervention, however, there is limited information on its impact. This study assessed men before and after surgery in an endemic region of Malawi, to identify potential barriers and determine how surgery may change the quality of their life. Before surgery, 201 men reported to have moderate to severe problems with many aspects of their life including pain, mobility, usual activities, self-care, social issues, psychological health and ability to work. The main barrier to hydrocoele surgery was the cost, including associated transport and accommodation costs. After surgery, follow-up surveys at 3-months and 6- months found that men reported minimal or no physical, social, psychological problems and took no time off work. Surgery had a significant positive and lasting impact on men’s lives. National programmes need to advocate for resources to increase funding to support men and the uptake and demand for quality surgical services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Betts
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Martindale
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Charles Mackenzie
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Taylor
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A. Kelly-Hope
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kalyanasundaram R, Khatri V, Chauhan N. Advances in Vaccine Development for Human Lymphatic Filariasis. Trends Parasitol 2019; 36:195-205. [PMID: 31864894 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, over 880 million people are currently at risk of acquiring lymphatic filariasis (LF) in over 52 countries worldwide. Current approaches to control LF by 2020 are short of the anticipated goal. Several studies suggest the existence of protective immunity against LF in humans. Thus, it is possible to develop a prophylactic vaccine against LF in humans. Several potential vaccine candidates were identified and tested for their potential against LF. To date, preclinical studies suggest that it is possible to develop a prophylactic vaccine against LF. Much work needs to be done, but it is clear that a prophylactic vaccine, combined with targeted chemotherapy, is critically required for eliminating LF worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramaswamy Kalyanasundaram
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, IL 61107, USA.
| | - Vishal Khatri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
| | - Nikhil Chauhan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
| |
Collapse
|