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Oh DY, Biere B, Grenz M, Wolff T, Schweiger B, Dürrwald R, Reiche J. Virological Surveillance and Molecular Characterization of Human Parainfluenzavirus Infection in Children with Acute Respiratory Illness: Germany, 2015-2019. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1508. [PMID: 34361941 PMCID: PMC8307145 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are important causes of respiratory illness, especially in young children. However, surveillance for HPIV is rarely performed continuously, and national-level epidemiologic and genetic data are scarce. Within the German sentinel system, to monitor acute respiratory infections (ARI), 4463 respiratory specimens collected from outpatients < 5 years of age between October 2015 and September 2019 were retrospectively screened for HPIV 1-4 using real-time PCR. HPIV was identified in 459 (10%) samples. HPIV-3 was the most common HPIV-type, with 234 detections, followed by HPIV-1 (113), HPIV-4 (61), and HPIV-2 (49). HPIV-3 was more frequently associated with age < 2 years, and HPIV-4 was more frequently associated with pneumonia compared to other HPIV types. HPIV circulation displayed distinct seasonal patterns, which appeared to vary by type. Phylogenetic characterization clustered HPIV-1 in Clades 2 and 3. Reclassification was performed for HPIV-2, provisionally assigning two distinct HPIV-2 groups and six clades, with German HPIV-2s clustering in Clade 2.4. HPIV-3 clustered in C1, C3, C5, and, interestingly, in A. HPIV-4 clustered in Clades 2.1 and 2.2. The results of this study may serve to inform future approaches to diagnose and prevent HPIV infections, which contribute substantially to ARI in young children in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djin-Ye Oh
- Unit 17, Department of Infectious Diseases, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Influenza Centre, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Biere
- Unit 17, Department of Infectious Diseases, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Influenza Centre, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Grenz
- Consultant Laboratory for RSV, PIV and HMPV, Unit 17, Department of Infectious Diseases, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Unit 17, Department of Infectious Diseases, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Influenza Centre, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Schweiger
- Unit 17, Department of Infectious Diseases, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Influenza Centre, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Dürrwald
- Unit 17, Department of Infectious Diseases, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Influenza Centre, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Reiche
- Consultant Laboratory for RSV, PIV and HMPV, Unit 17, Department of Infectious Diseases, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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Farahmand M, Shatizadeh Malekshahi S, Jabbari MR, Shayestehpour M. The landscape of extrapulmonary manifestations of human parainfluenza viruses: A systematic narrative review. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 65:1-9. [PMID: 33270253 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection is associated with every kind of respiratory tract illnesses, including the common cold, laryngotracheobronchitis (i.e. croup), tracheobronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, in both children and adults. Although HPIVs are common respiratory pathogens, there are increasing reports about extrapulmonary manifestations of HPIVs infection. Each of the HPIVs could produce infection of other organs (central nervous system, heart, myocardium, etc.) in all age groups who are either immunocompetent or immunocompromised. This review aimed at summarizing the available data on clinical manifestations of HPIV infection outside the respiratory tract from 1961 to 2020. The findings support the possibility of extrapulmonary infections that were thought to be due to rare host genetic or immunologic defects in infected patients. These findings highlight the fact that extrapulmonary dissemination of HPIV can occur, but the association is not clearly demonstrated. Our data support the hypothesis that HPIV infection is one of the possible causes of these alterations and may even be the direct cause in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Farahmand
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Jabbari
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shayestehpour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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3
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Xiao NG, Duan ZJ, Xie ZP, Zhong LL, Zeng SZ, Huang H, Gao HC, Zhang B. Human parainfluenza virus types 1-4 in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory infections in China. J Med Virol 2016; 88:2085-2091. [PMID: 27197630 PMCID: PMC7166804 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are an important cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs). HPIV-4, a newly identified virus, has been associated with severe ALRTIs recently. A total of 771 nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were collected from hospitalized children between March 2010 and February 2011. HPIVs were detected by Nest-PCR, and other known respiratory viruses were detected by RT-PCR and PCR. All amplification products were sequenced. HPIVs were detected in 151 (19.58%) patients, of whom 28 (3.63%) were positive for HPIV-4, 12(1.55%) for HPIV-1, 4 (0.51%) for HPIV-2, and 107 (13.87%) for HPIV-3. Only three were found to be co-infected with different types of HPIVs. All HPIV-positive children were under 5 years of age, with the majority being less than 1 year. Only the detection rate of HPIV-3 had a significant statistical difference (χ2 = 29.648, P = 0.000) between ages. HPIV-3 and HPIV-4 were detected during the summer. Sixty (39.74%) were co-infected with other respiratory viruses, and human rhinovirus (HRV) was the most common co-infecting virus. The most frequent clinical diagnosis was bronchopneumonia, and all patients had cough; some patients who were infected with HPIV-3 and HPIV-4 had polypnea and cyanosis. No significant difference was found in clinical manifestations between those who were infected with HPIV-4 and HPIV-3. Two genotypes for HPIV-4 were prevalent, although HPIV-4a dominated. HPIV-4 is an important virus for children hospitalized with ALRTIs in China. HRV was the most common co-infecting virus. Two genotypes for HPIV-4 are prevalent, HPIV-4a dominated. J. Med. Virol. 88:2085-2091, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Guang Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Provincial, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Li Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Provincial, China
| | - Sai-Zhen Zeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Provincial, China
| | - Han Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Provincial, China
| | - Han-Chun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Provincial, China.
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G D, S T, M L, Chranioti A, E P, U A, P K, A A. Viral Profile of COPD Exacerbations According to Patients. Open Respir Med J 2015; 9:1-8. [PMID: 25741393 PMCID: PMC4347051 DOI: 10.2174/1874306401509010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background : To compare the differences between elderly and non-elderly patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) due to viral infections. Methods : Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation were recruited and classified as elderly (>65 years) and non-elderly (≤ 65 years). Sputum and oropharyngeal samples were assessed, PCR for respiratory viruses and cultures for common pathogens were performed. Results : 247 patients (median age: 69.3±9.5 years) were recruited and categorized into group A: non-elderly patients [n=81 (32.8%), median age 58±5.99] and group B: elderly patients [n=166 (67.2%), median age 74.8±4.8] years. In 133 (53.8%) patients a viral infection was identified and in 34 (13.8%) a bacterial pathogen was isolated from cultures. In 18 (7.3%) patients a double infection (bacterial+viral) was identified. In group B, the presence of cardiac failure (46.6% vs 28.3%, p<0.001), renal failure (10.5% vs 4%, p=0.03), bacterial co-infection (13.8% vs 7.4%, p=0.04), influenza vaccination rates (45.5% vs 215, p<0.001), and longer hospital stay (8.4±4.4 vs 7.5±3.2 days, p=0.02) were higher than group A. The overall rate of viral infections did not differ according to age. A trend to higher rates of infection with parainfluenza 3 [19 (20%) patients in group B vs3 (7.5%) patients in group A, p=0.04] was observed in older patients. Conclusion : No differences on the rate and type of viral infections were noted for elderly vs non elderly patients. However, they tended to have more bacterial co-infections that led to AECOPD and longer hospitalization stays compared to non-elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimopoulos G
- Department of Critical Care, University Hospital, ATTIKON, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
| | - Tsiodras S
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, ATTIKON, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
| | - Lerikou M
- 8th Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Athens Chest Hospital, SOTIRIA, Greece
| | - Aik Chranioti
- 2nd Department of Cytology, University Hospital, ATTIKON, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Perros E
- Department of Pneumonology, General Hospital Nikaias, Piraeus, Athens, Greece
| | - Anagnostopoulou U
- 8th Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Athens Chest Hospital, SOTIRIA, Greece
| | - Karakitsos P
- 2nd Department of Cytology, University Hospital, ATTIKON, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Armaganidis A
- Department of Critical Care, University Hospital, ATTIKON, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
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Kapur N, Mackay IM, Sloots TP, Masters IB, Chang AB. Respiratory viruses in exacerbations of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in children. Arch Dis Child 2014; 99:749-53. [PMID: 24819370 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-305147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory viral infections precipitate exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease though similar data in non-cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchiectasis are missing. Our study aimed to determine the point prevalence of viruses associated with exacerbations and evaluate clinical and investigational differences between virus-positive and -negative exacerbations in children with bronchiectasis. METHODS A cohort of 69 children (median age 7 years) with non-CF bronchiectasis was prospectively followed for 900 child-months. PCR for 16 respiratory viruses was performed on nasopharyngeal aspirates collected during 77 paediatric pulmonologist-defined exacerbations. Clinical data, systemic (C reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, procalcitonin, amyloid-A, fibrinogen) and lung function parameters were also collected. FINDINGS Respiratory viruses were detected during 37 (48%) exacerbations: human rhinovirus (HRV) in 20; an enterovirus or bocavirus in four each; adenoviruses, metapneumovirus, influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus 3 or 4 in two each; coronavirus or parainfluenza virus 1 and 2 in one each. Viral codetections occurred in 6 (8%) exacerbations. HRV-As (n=9) were more likely to be present than HRV-Cs (n=2). Children with virus-positive exacerbations were more likely to require hospitalisation (59% vs 32.5% (p=0.02)) and have fever (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.2 to 11.1), hypoxia (OR 25.5, 95% CI 2.0 to 322.6), chest signs (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 10.2) and raised CRP (OR 4.7, 95% CI 1.7 to 13.1) when compared with virus-negative exacerbations. INTERPRETATION Respiratory viruses are commonly detected during pulmonary exacerbations of children with bronchiectasis. HRV-As were the most frequently detected viruses with viral codetection being rare. Time-sequenced cohort studies are needed to determine the role of viral-bacterial interactions in exacerbations of bronchiectasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Kapur
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian M Mackay
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, SASVRC, QCMRI, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Theo P Sloots
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, SASVRC, QCMRI, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian B Masters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anne B Chang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Queensland, Australia Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
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6
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Frost HM, Robinson CC, Dominguez SR. Epidemiology and clinical presentation of parainfluenza type 4 in children: a 3-year comparative study to parainfluenza types 1-3. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:695-702. [PMID: 24133181 PMCID: PMC3923541 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are among the most common causes of respiratory tract infections in children. Little is known about the epidemiology and clinical presentation of HPIV type 4. Methods. A retrospective chart review and comparison of patients positive for HPIV types 1–4 by multiplex polymerase chain reaction between 2009 and 2012 at Children's Hospital Colorado was performed. Patients who had only direct fluorescent antibody testing performed or concurrent viral infections were excluded. Results. Of 11 533 samples, 752 (6.5%) were positive for HPIV. After exclusion criteria, 316 samples were included in the study. HPIV-4 had year-round prevalence with biennial peaks in odd-numbered years. HPIV-4 and HPIV-3 had similar clinical presentations. 50.8% and 51.5% of patients with HPIV-3–4 had hypoxia compared to 20.3% and 33.3% of patients with HPIV-1–2 (P < .01). HPIV-1 (23.6%) and HPIV-2 (24.2%) were more associated with stridor than HPIV-3 (6.6%) and HPIV-4 (0%) (P < .01). No patients with HPIV-4 had croup. Patients with HPIV-4 had similar lengths of stay and mortality as those with HPIV-1–3. Conclusions. This is the first large-scale analysis of HPIV-4 clinical and epidemiologic features. HPIV-4 was most similar to HPIV-3 in clinical presentation. HPIV-4 had year-round prevalence with peaks in the autumn of odd-numbered years. HPIV-4 is a common respiratory pathogen capable of causing significant morbidity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Frost
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado
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7
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Alquezar-Planas DE, Mourier T, Bruhn CAW, Hansen AJ, Vitcetz SN, Mørk S, Gorodkin J, Nielsen HA, Guo Y, Sethuraman A, Paxinos EE, Shan T, Delwart EL, Nielsen LP. Discovery of a divergent HPIV4 from respiratory secretions using second and third generation metagenomic sequencing. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2468. [PMID: 24002378 PMCID: PMC3760282 DOI: 10.1038/srep02468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular detection of viruses has been aided by high-throughput sequencing, permitting the genomic characterization of emerging strains. In this study, we comprehensively screened 500 respiratory secretions from children with upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections for viral pathogens. The viruses detected are described, including a divergent human parainfluenza virus type 4 from GS FLX pyrosequencing of 92 specimens. Complete full-genome characterization of the virus followed, using Single Molecule, Real-Time (SMRT) sequencing. Subsequent "primer walking" combined with Sanger sequencing validated the RS platform's utility in viral sequencing from complex clinical samples. Comparative genomics reveals the divergent strain clusters with the only completely sequenced HPIV4a subtype. However, it also exhibits various structural features present in one of the HPIV4b reference strains, opening questions regarding their lifecycle and evolutionary relationships among these viruses. Clinical data from patients infected with the strain, as well as viral prevalence estimates using real-time PCR, is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Alquezar-Planas
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias Mourier
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian A. W. Bruhn
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders J. Hansen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Nathalie Vitcetz
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Mørk
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan Gorodkin
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Yan Guo
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | | | | | - Tongling Shan
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute (SHVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Eric L. Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Lars P. Nielsen
- Department of Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
- Aalborg University, Department of Health Sciences, Aalborg, Denmark
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Abstract
Studies of parainfluenza virus type 4 (PIV-4) have been limited by difficulty in culturing. We prospectively studied a cohort of 225 young children attending daycare followed for 165 child-years, using polymerase chain reaction to detect 12 viruses, including PIV-4. PIV-4 was second only to PIV-3, occurring in 9 of 87 (10%) PIV+ illnesses. PIV-4 illnesses were not more severe and not associated with a specific clinical syndrome.
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Ren L, Gonzalez R, Xie Z, Xiong Z, Liu C, Xiang Z, Xiao Y, Li Y, Zhou H, Li J, Yang Q, Zhang J, Chen L, Wang W, Vernet G, Paranhos-Baccalà G, Shen K, Wang J. Human parainfluenza virus type 4 infection in Chinese children with lower respiratory tract infections: a comparison study. J Clin Virol 2011; 51:209-12. [PMID: 21636318 PMCID: PMC7185386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). Although HPIV-4 has been associated with mild ARTIs for years, recent investigations have also associated HPIV-4 infection with severe respiratory syndromes and with outbreaks of ARTIs in children. OBJECTIVES To characterize the role of HPIV-4 and its clinical features in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) in Beijing, China. STUDY DESIGN Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from 2009 hospitalized children with ALRTIs between March 2007 and April 2010. RT-PCR and PCR analyses were used to identify HPIV types and other known respiratory viruses. RESULTS HPIVs were detected in 246 (12.2%) patients, of whom 25 (10.2%) were positive for HPIV-4, 11 (4.5%) for HPIV-2, 51 (20.7%) for HPIV-1, 151 (61.4%) for HPIV-3, and 8 (3.3%) were co-detected with different types of HPIVs. Like HPIV-3, HPIV-4 was detected in spring, summer, and late fall over the study period. Seasonal incidence varied for HPIV-1 and -2. The median patient age was 20 months for HPIV-4 infections and 7-11 months for HPIV-1, -2, and -3 infections, but the clinical manifestations did not differ significantly between HPIV-1, -2, -3, and -4 infections. Moreover, co-detection of HPIV-4 (44%) with other respiratory viruses was lower than that of HPIV-1 (62.7%), HPIV-2 (63.6%), and HPIV-3 (72.7%). CONCLUSIONS HPIV-4 plays an important role in Chinese paediatric ALRTIs. The epidemiological and clinical characteristics reported here improve our understanding of the pathogenesis associated with HPIV-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering and Dr. Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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10
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Hasman H, Pachucki CT, Unal A, Nguyen D, Devlin T, Peeples ME, Kwilas SA. Aetiology of influenza-like illness in adults includes parainfluenzavirus type 4. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:408-413. [PMID: 19273634 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.006098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality in adults each winter. At the same time, other respiratory viruses circulate and cause respiratory illness with influenza-like symptoms. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) and human metapneumovirus have all been associated with morbidity and mortality in adults, including nosocomial infections. This study evaluated 154 respiratory specimens collected from adults with influenza-like/acute respiratory illness (ILI) seen at the Edward Hines Jr VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA, during two successive winters, 1998-1999 and 1999-2000. The samples were tested for ten viruses in two nested multiplex RT-PCRs. One to three respiratory viruses were detected in 68 % of the samples. As expected, influenza A virus (FLU-A) infections were most common (50 % of the samples), followed by HRSV-A (16 %). Surprisingly, HPIV-4 infections (5.8 %) were the third most prevalent. Mixed infections were also relatively common (11 %). When present, HPIV infections were approximately three times more likely to be included in a mixed infection than FLU-A or HRSV. Mixed infections and HPIV-4 are likely to be missed using rapid diagnostic tests. This study confirms that ILI in adults and the elderly can be caused by HRSV and HPIVs, including HPIV-4, which co-circulate with FLU-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Hasman
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, College of Medicine, Rush University, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Constance T Pachucki
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edward Hines Jr VA Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA
| | - Arife Unal
- Section of Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Diep Nguyen
- Department of Medical Technology, College of Health Sciences, Rush University, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Troy Devlin
- Department of Medical Technology, College of Health Sciences, Rush University, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mark E Peeples
- Division of Immunology, Graduate College, Rush University, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Section of Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, College of Medicine, Rush University, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Steven A Kwilas
- Division of Immunology, Graduate College, Rush University, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Section of Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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11
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Clinical and molecular epidemiology of human parainfluenza virus 4 infections in hong kong: subtype 4B as common as subtype 4A. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:1549-52. [PMID: 19261793 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00047-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this 1-year study, 35 (1.2%) of 2,912 nasopharyngeal aspirates were positive for human parainfluenza virus 4 (HPIV4) by reverse transcription-PCR. Patients with HPIV4 infection were mainly young children and immunocompromised adults. In contrast to the reported predominance of HPIV4A infection, molecular subtyping revealed that 15 (44%) cases were caused by HPIV4B.
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12
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McFarlane HJ, MacDonald J, Collins TC, Molyneaux PJ, Carman WF. Severe pneumonia after cardiac surgery as a result of infection with parainfluenza virus type 4. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2008; 23:84-6. [PMID: 18834791 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harry J McFarlane
- Department of Anaesthesia, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Wat D, Gelder C, Hibbitts S, Cafferty F, Bowler I, Pierrepoint M, Evans R, Doull I. The role of respiratory viruses in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2008; 7:320-328. [PMID: 18255355 PMCID: PMC7105190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 12/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Previous studies have suggested a role played by respiratory viruses in the exacerbation of cystic fibrosis (CF). However, the impact of respiratory viruses could have been underestimated because of the low detection rate by conventional laboratory methods. Methods Children with CF had nasal swabs and sputum samples obtained on a routine basis and when they developed respiratory exacerbations. Nucleic Acid Sequence Based Amplification (NASBA) was used to detect respiratory viruses from nasal swabs. The definition of a respiratory exacerbation was when the symptom score totalled to 4 or more, or if the peak expiratory flow fell by more than 50 l/min from the child's usual best value, or if the parent subjectively felt that the child was developing a cold. Results 71 patients had 165 reported episodes of respiratory exacerbations. 138 exacerbation samples were obtained of which 63 (46%) were positive for respiratory viruses. In contrast, 23 of 136 asymptomatic nasal swabs (16.9%) were positive for respiratory viruses. There was significantly more viruses being detected during respiratory exacerbations, in particular influenza A, influenza B and rhinovirus (p < 0.05). Upper respiratory symptoms significantly correlated with positive respiratory viral detection (p < 0.05). This study also showed that viral respiratory exacerbations in CF could be independent from bacterial infections. Conclusions Respiratory viruses are associated with exacerbations in CF and upper respiratory symptoms are strong predictors for their presence. ‘Real-time’ NASBA has a rapid turn-around time and has the potential to aid clinical decision making, such as the use of anti-virals and administration of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Wat
- Department of Cystic Fibrosis, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK.
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14
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Vachon ML, Dionne N, Leblanc É, Moisan D, Bergeron MG, Boivin G. Human parainfluenza type 4 infections, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 12:1755-8. [PMID: 17283630 PMCID: PMC3372332 DOI: 10.3201/eid1211.060196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the fall/winter season of 2004–05, we found 9 respiratory specimens positive for human parainfluenza virus type 4 (HPIV-4) in our laboratory (43% of all HPIVs) from patients with mild to moderate respiratory illnesses. Sequencing studies identified 8 different HPIV-4A strains and 1 HPIV-4B strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Louise Vachon
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Natasha Dionne
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Éric Leblanc
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Danielle Moisan
- Centre Hospitalier Régional du Grand-Portage, Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel G. Bergeron
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Chiu CY, Rouskin S, Koshy A, Urisman A, Fischer K, Yagi S, Schnurr D, Eckburg PB, Tompkins LS, Blackburn BG, Merker JD, Patterson BK, Ganem D, DeRisi JL. Microarray detection of human parainfluenzavirus 4 infection associated with respiratory failure in an immunocompetent adult. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43:e71-6. [PMID: 16983602 PMCID: PMC7108001 DOI: 10.1086/507896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A pan-viral DNA microarray, the Virochip (University of California, San Francisco), was used to detect human parainfluenzavirus 4 (HPIV-4) infection in an immunocompetent adult presenting with a life-threatening acute respiratory illness. The virus was identified in an endotracheal aspirate specimen, and the microarray results were confirmed by specific polymerase chain reaction and serological analysis for HPIV-4. Conventional clinical laboratory testing using an extensive panel of microbiological tests failed to yield a diagnosis. This case suggests that the potential severity of disease caused by HPIV-4 in adults may be greater than previously appreciated and illustrates the clinical utility of a microarray for broad-based viral pathogen screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Y. Chiu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, and University of California, San Francisco
| | - Silvi Rouskin
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco
| | - Anita Koshy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto
| | | | - Kael Fischer
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco
| | - Shigeo Yagi
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Health Services, Richmond, California
| | - David Schnurr
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Health Services, Richmond, California
| | - Paul B. Eckburg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto
| | - Lucy S. Tompkins
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto
| | - Brian G. Blackburn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto
| | - Jason D. Merker
- Department of Pathology and Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto
| | - Bruce K. Patterson
- Department of Pathology and Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto
| | - Don Ganem
- Departments of Microbiology, San Francisco
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, and University of California, San Francisco
- Departments of Medicine and University of California, San Francisco
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco
- Departments of Medicine and University of California, San Francisco
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco
- Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Joseph L. DeRisi, Dept. of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco at Mission Bay, Office BH403C, QB3 Bldg., 1700 4th St., San Francisco, CA 94158 ()
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16
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Billaud G, Morfin F, Vabret A, Boucher A, Gillet Y, Crassard N, Galambrun C, Ferraris O, Legrand L, Aymard M, Lina B, Freymuth F, Thouvenot D. Human parainfluenza virus type 4 infections: a report of 20 cases from 1998 to 2002. J Clin Virol 2005; 34:48-51. [PMID: 16087124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2004] [Revised: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIV) type 4 are responsible for respiratory infections. Unlike HPIV types 1-3, they are associated with mild infections and appear to be infrequent. Thus, they often go undetected. STUDY DESIGN From 1998 to 2002, in 20 respiratory samples of hospitalised patient, we isolated viruses presenting a large syncytial cytopathic effect when inoculated on LLC-MK2 cells. Most of the patients (16/20) were young infants and all of them presented with respiratory infections. RESULTS We detected 18 cases during autumn and winter, 1 case during spring and 1 during summer. We could not identify these viruses using the panel of routine assays. Samples were then analysed by specific HPIV 4 RT-PCR and IF assays. All the samples were scored positive with both methods. CONCLUSION We conclude that HPIV 4 infections are probably underestimated. Their role in viral respiratory infections should be carefully investigated using techniques adapted to their detection and culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Billaud
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Domaine Rockefeller, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, Lyon, France.
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17
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Lau SKP, To WK, Tse PWT, Chan AKH, Woo PCY, Tsoi HW, Leung AFY, Li KSM, Chan PKS, Lim WWL, Yung RWH, Chan KH, Yuen KY. Human parainfluenza virus 4 outbreak and the role of diagnostic tests. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:4515-21. [PMID: 16145100 PMCID: PMC1234116 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.9.4515-4521.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the difficulties in isolating the virus and the lack of routine surveillance, the clinical significance of human parainfluenza virus 4 (HPIV-4) is less well defined than that of the other human parainfluenza viruses. We describe the first outbreak of HPIV-4 infection in a developmental disabilities unit, involving 38 institutionalized children and three staff members, during a 3-week period in autumn 2004. Most subjects had upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), while lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) occurred in three children (7%), one complicated by respiratory failure requiring ventilation support. All patients recovered. Nasopharyngeal aspirates tested for HPIV-4 were positive by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) in all 41 cases (100%), by direct immunofluorescence in 29 of 39 tested cases (74%), and by cell cultures in 6 of 37 cases (16%), and serum was positive for antibodies against HPIV-4 in all 35 cases (100%) with serum samples available. In addition, RT-PCR detected HPIV-4 in four children (three LRTI and one URTI) out of 115 patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infection. Molecular analysis of the 1,198-bp phosphoprotein sequences showed that HPIV-4 isolates among the cases were genetically similar, whereas the community controls were more genetically distant, supporting nosocomial transmission of a single HPIV-4 genotype during the outbreak. Moreover, the HPIV-4 causing the outbreak is more closely related to HPIV-4A than HPIV-4B. HPIV-4 may be an important cause of more severe respiratory illness in children. The present RT-PCR assay is a sensitive, specific, and rapid method for the diagnosing HPIV-4 infection. To better define the epidemiology and clinical spectrum of disease of HPIV-4 infections, HPIV-4 should be included in the routine panels of respiratory virus detection on respiratory specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna K P Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital
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18
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Templeton KE, Bredius RGM, Claas ECJ, Kroes ACM, Walther FJ. Parainfluenza virus 4 detection in infants. Eur J Pediatr 2005; 164:528-9. [PMID: 15906090 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-005-1693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Templeton
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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19
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Hibbitts S, Rahman A, John R, Westmoreland D, Fox JD. Development and evaluation of NucliSens basic kit NASBA for diagnosis of parainfluenza virus infection with 'end-point' and 'real-time' detection. J Virol Methods 2003; 108:145-55. [PMID: 12609681 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(02)00268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
New methods for the detection of human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) were developed. These were based on nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) and utilised the NucliSens Basic Kit. Primers and probes were selected from the haemagglutinin neuraminidase (HN) gene of HPIV1, HPIV2 and HPIV3, and from the phosphoprotein (P) of HPIV4a and -4b. Synthetic RNA, titrated control virus stocks and respiratory specimens (n=44) were utilised to evaluate performance of the assays. Detection of NASBA products was by probe hybridisation and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) ('end-point' detection) or using molecular beacons ('real-time' detection). The assays using ECL detection proved to be both sensitive and specific. Typically, less than or equal to 100 RNA copies or one TCID(50) input was detectable with no cross-reaction between the specific HPIV assays and other respiratory viruses. Results for clinical samples were concordant with those obtained by 'conventional' procedures by classical viral diagnostic methods. 'Real-time' detection utilised probes specific for either HPIV1 or HPIV3 with similar performance characteristics to the assays with 'end-point' detection. The feasibility of multiplexing targets together was confirmed using a combined HPIV1 and HPIV3 assay with good results for ECL and molecular beacon detection on control material and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Hibbitts
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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20
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Miall F, Rye A, Fraser M, Hunter A, Snowden JA. Human parainfluenza type 4 infection: a case report highlighting pathogenicity and difficulties in rapid diagnosis in the post-transplant setting. Bone Marrow Transplant 2002; 29:541-2. [PMID: 11960279 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1703402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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García García M, Aguilar Ruiz J, Echeverría Mayo J, Calvo Rey C, Pinto Fuentes I, Ordobás Gabin M, Roman Riechmann E, Pérez Breña P. Infecciones por el virus parainfluenza tipo 4. An Pediatr (Barc) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1695-4033(02)78684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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22
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Slavin KA, Passaro DJ, Hacker JK, Hendry RM, Kohl S. Parainfluenza virus type 4: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19:893-6. [PMID: 11001119 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-200009000-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K A Slavin
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hackensack University Medical Center, NJ, USA
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23
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Aguilar JC, Pérez-Breña MP, García ML, Cruz N, Erdman DD, Echevarría JE. Detection and identification of human parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3, and 4 in clinical samples of pediatric patients by multiplex reverse transcription-PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:1191-5. [PMID: 10699020 PMCID: PMC86373 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.3.1191-1195.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a multiplex reverse transcription-PCR (m-RT-PCR) assay that is able to detect and differentiate all known human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs). Serial dilution experiments with reference strains that compared cell culture isolation and m-RT-PCR showed sensitivities ranging from 0.0004 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID(50)) for HPIV type 4B (HPIV-4B) to 32 TCID(50)s for HPIV-3. As few as 10 plasmids containing HPIV PCR products could be detected in all cases. When 201 nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens from pediatric patients hospitalized for lower respiratory illness were tested, m-RT-PCR assay detected 64 HPIVs (24 HPIV-3, 23 HPIV-1, 10 HPIV-4, and 7 HPIV-2), while only 42 of them (21 HPIV-1, 14 HPIV-3, 6 HPIV-2, and 1 HPIV-4 isolates) grew in cell culture. Our m-RT-PCR assay was more sensitive than either cell culture isolation or indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies for the detection of HPIV infections. Also, HPIV-4 was more frequently detected than HPIV-2 in this study, suggesting that it may have been underestimated as a lower respiratory tract pathogen because of the insensitivity of cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Aguilar
- Servicio de Virología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Majadahonda Pozuelo s/n, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Landry ML, Ferguson D. SimulFluor respiratory screen for rapid detection of multiple respiratory viruses in clinical specimens by immunofluorescence staining. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:708-11. [PMID: 10655371 PMCID: PMC86182 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.2.708-711.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new rapid direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) respiratory screen reagent for detection of seven common respiratory viruses (respiratory syncytial virus [RSV], influenza A and B viruses, parainfluenza virus types 1 to 3, and adenovirus) was compared with standard single or dual DFA reagents and culture. In total, 1,531 respiratory samples were adequate for testing with both SimulFluor Respiratory Screen (RS) reagent (Chemicon International, Temecula, Calif.) and single or dual DFA reagents. The RS DFA reagent detected 367 (98.4%) and single or dual DFA reagents detected 368 (98.7%) of 373 DFA-positive samples. In addition, the RS DFA reagent was equivalent to or better than culture for detection of all viruses except adenovirus. Only 15 of 799 (1.9%) RS-negative samples inoculated into cell cultures yielded respiratory virus isolates (one RSV, five influenza A virus, two influenza B virus, one parainfluenza virus, and six adenovirus). Sixty-six other virus isolates (13 rhinovirus, 24 cytomegalovirus, 28 herpes simplex virus type 1, and 1 enterovirus) were also recovered in culture. With cytospin preparation of slides, only 7.5% of samples submitted were deemed inadequate for DFA. The availability of a rapid DFA screening reagent for detection of multiple common respiratory viruses within 1 to 2 h of sample collection should be of great benefit in terms of patient management and infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Landry
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Yale New Haven Hospital, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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Laurichesse H, Dedman D, Watson JM, Zambon MC. Epidemiological features of parainfluenza virus infections: laboratory surveillance in England and Wales, 1975-1997. Eur J Epidemiol 1999; 15:475-84. [PMID: 10442474 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007511018330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hospital laboratory reports of parainfluenza virus (PIV) infections from England and Wales between 1975 and 1997 were analysed with regard to PIV type and seasonality, and in addition, those between 1985 1997 with regard to age, sex and clinical features. Laboratory-based surveillance data highlight striking differences in the seasonality of different PIV types. PIV-3 reports demonstrated a clear annual epidemic cycle, with a peak usually occurring in late spring or summer, whereas peaks of PIV-1 and PIV-2 occurred at one or two year intervals, in the late autumn or early winter. PIV-4 also occurred most frequently in the late autumn or early winter, but a clear epidemic cycle could not be identified. Laboratory surveillance data also provide insight into the age and disease distribution of PIV infection in children and indicate severity of PIV infection in immunosuppressed adults. Of 8221 PIV reports received between 1985-1997, PIV-3 accounted for 70.8%, PIV-1 for 17.2%, PIV-2 for 7.5%, and PIV-4 for 1.1%; 64.1% of reports came from infants under one year, 24.4% from children aged 1-4 years and 7.2% from individuals aged 5 years or older, with an excess of males in all age groups. Bronchiolitis, croup and pneumonia occurred in association with all PIV types. In children under 1 year, PIV-2 infections were more likely to be associated with bronchiolitis than infections with other PIV types. In children under 15 years, croup was more frequently associated with PIV-1 and PIV-2 than with PIV-3 or PIV-4. In 392 (7.2%) of the reported PIV infections between 1989 and 1997 an underlying condition was implicated, which included immunosuppression or chronic cardiac or pulmonary disease. Considerable morbidity is associated with PIV infections in infants and young children and would make the widescale use of a vaccine a valuable public health intervention. Surveillance information is essential to guide the development and use of preventive measures as well as to monitor their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Laurichesse
- Epidemiology Division, Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, Public Health Laboratory Service, Colindale, London, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and epidemiology of parainfluenza virus type 4 infections in pediatric patients. METHODS Hospital records of 13 patients from whom parainfluenza virus type 4 was isolated were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Parainfluenza virus type 4 infection was associated with upper respiratory tract disease, severe lower respiratory tract disease requiring hospitalization in 10 of 13 patients and aseptic meningitis. Nine of the 10 hospitalized patients were < 24 months old (mean age, 8.3 months) and required hospitalization for 4 to 25 days (mean, 5.5 days). CONCLUSIONS Serious illnesses associated with parainfluenza virus type 4 infections are more common than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Lindquist
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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