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de Souza TV, Pastena Giorno L, Malmonge SM, Santos AR. Bioprinting: From Technique to Application in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Curr Mol Med 2023; 23:934-951. [PMID: 36017861 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666220822152448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Among the different approaches present in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, the one that has attracted the most interest in recent years is the possibility of printing functional biological tissues. Bioprinting is a technique that has been applied to create cellularized three-dimensional structures that mimic biological tissues and thus allow their replacement. Hydrogels are interesting materials for this type of technique. Hydrogels based on natural polymers are known due to their biocompatible properties, in addition to being attractive biomaterials for cell encapsulation. They provide a threedimensional aqueous environment with biologically relevant chemical and physical signals, mimicking the natural environment of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Bioinks are ink formulations that allow the printing of living cells. The controlled deposition of biomaterials by bioinks needs to maintain cell viability and offer specific biochemical and physical stimuli capable of guiding cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. In this work, we analyze the theoretical and practical issues of bioprinting, citing currently used methods, their advantages, and limitations. We present some important molecules that have been used to compose bioinks, as well as the cellular responses that have been observed in different tissues. Finally, we indicate future perspectives of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Vieira de Souza
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pastena Giorno
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sonia Maria Malmonge
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo R Santos
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
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2
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King NE, Brittain E. Emerging therapies: The potential roles SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP1 agonists, and ARNI therapy for ARNI pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ 2022; 12:e12028. [PMID: 35506082 PMCID: PMC9052991 DOI: 10.1002/pul2.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a highly morbid condition. PH due to left heart disease (PH-LHD) has no specific therapies and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has substantial residual risk despite several approved therapies. Multiple lines of experimental evidence link metabolic dysfunction to the pathogenesis and outcomes in PH-LHD and PAH, and novel metabolic agents hold promise to improve outcomes in these populations. The antidiabetic sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) agonists targeting metabolic dysfunction and improve outcomes in patients with LHD but have not been tested specifically in patients with PH. The angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) produce significant improvements in cardiac hemodynamics and may improve metabolic dysfunction that could benefit the pulmonary circulation and right ventricle function. On the basis of promising preclinical work with these medications and clinical rationale, we explore the potential of SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP1 agonists, and ARNIs as therapies for both PH-LHD and PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan Brittain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
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3
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Krylatov AV, Tsibulnikov SY, Mukhomedzyanov AV, Boshchenko AA, Goldberg VE, Jaggi AS, Erben RG, Maslov LN. The Role of Natriuretic Peptides in the Regulation of Cardiac Tolerance to Ischemia/Reperfusion and Postinfarction Heart Remodeling. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2020; 26:131-148. [PMID: 32840121 DOI: 10.1177/1074248420952243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the past 10 years, mortality from acute myocardial infarction has not decreased despite the widespread introduction of percutaneous coronary intervention. The reason for this situation is the absence in clinical practice of drugs capable of preventing reperfusion injury of the heart with high efficiency. In this regard, noteworthy natriuretic peptides (NPs) which have the infarct-limiting effect, prevent reperfusion cardiac injury, prevent adverse post-infarction remodeling of the heart. Atrial natriuretic peptide does not have the infarct-reducing effect in rats with alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus. NPs have the anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects. There is indirect evidence that NPs inhibit pyroptosis and autophagy. Published data indicate that NPs inhibit reactive oxygen species production in cardiomyocytes, aorta, heart, kidney and the endothelial cells. NPs can suppress aldosterone, angiotensin II, endothelin-1 synthesize and secretion. NPs inhibit the effects aldosterone, angiotensin II on the post-receptor level through intracellular signaling events. NPs activate guanylyl cyclase, protein kinase G and protein kinase A, and reduce phosphodiesterase 3 activity. NO-synthase and soluble guanylyl cyclase are involved in the cardioprotective effect of NPs. The cardioprotective effect of natriuretic peptides is mediated via activation of kinases (AMPK, PKC, PI3 K, ERK1/2, p70s6 k, Akt) and inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β. The cardioprotective effect of NPs is mediated via sarcolemmal KATP channel and mitochondrial KATP channel opening. The cardioprotective effect of brain natriuretic peptide is mediated via MPT pore closing. The anti-fibrotic effect of NPs may be mediated through inhibition TGF-β1 expression. Natriuretic peptides can inhibit NF-κB activity and activate GATA. Hemeoxygenase-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ may be involved in the infarct-reducing effect of NPs. NPs exhibit the infarct-limiting effect in patients with acute myocardial infarction. NPs prevent post-infarction remodeling of the heart. To finally resolve the question of the feasibility of using NPs in AMI, a multicenter, randomized, blind, placebo-controlled study is needed to assess the effect of NPs on the mortality of patients after AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Krylatov
- Cardiology Research Institute, 164253Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the RAS, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Y Tsibulnikov
- Cardiology Research Institute, 164253Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the RAS, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | - Alla A Boshchenko
- Cardiology Research Institute, 164253Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the RAS, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Victor E Goldberg
- Cancer Research Institute, 164253Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the RAS, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Amteshwar S Jaggi
- 429174Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Reinhold G Erben
- Department of Biomedical Research, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leonid N Maslov
- Cardiology Research Institute, 164253Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the RAS, Tomsk, Russia
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4
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Balk-Møller E, Windeløv JA, Svendsen B, Hunt J, Ghiasi SM, Sørensen CM, Holst JJ, Kissow H. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in a Female Mouse Model of Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J Endocr Soc 2019; 4:bvz034. [PMID: 32010874 PMCID: PMC6984785 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is protective in lung disease models but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Because the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) also has beneficial effects in lung disease, we hypothesized that GLP-1 effects may be mediated by ANP expression. To study this putative link, we used a mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and assessed lung function by unrestrained whole-body plethysmography. In 1 study, we investigated the role of endogenous GLP-1 by genetic GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) knockout (KO) and pharmaceutical blockade of the GLP-1R with the antagonist exendin-9 to -39 (EX-9). In another study the effects of exogenous GLP-1 were assessed. Lastly, we investigated the bronchodilatory properties of ANP and a GLP-1R agonist on isolated bronchial sections from healthy and COPD mice. Lung function did not differ between mice receiving phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and EX-9 or between GLP-1R KO mice and their wild-type littermates. The COPD mice receiving GLP-1R agonist improved pulmonary function (P < .01) with less inflammation, but no less emphysema compared to PBS-treated mice. Compared with the PBS-treated mice, treatment with GLP-1 agonist increased ANP (nppa) gene expression by 10-fold (P < .01) and decreased endothelin-1 (P < .01), a peptide associated with bronchoconstriction. ANP had moderate bronchodilatory effects in isolated bronchial sections and GLP-1R agonist also showed bronchodilatory properties but less than ANP. Responses to both peptides were significantly increased in COPD mice (P < .05, P < .01). Taken together, our study suggests a link between GLP-1 and ANP in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Balk-Møller
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanne Agerlin Windeløv
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit Svendsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jenna Hunt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Seyed Mojtaba Ghiasi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section for Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Mehlin Sørensen
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannelouise Kissow
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Chen J, Wang S, Pang S, Cui Y, Yan B, Hawley RG. Functional genetic variants of the GATA4 gene promoter in acute myocardial infarction. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:2861-2868. [PMID: 30720078 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD), including acute myocardial infarction (AMI), is a common complex disease; however, the genetic causes remain largely unknown. Recent epidemiological investigations indicated that the incidence of CAD in patients with congenital heart diseases is markedly higher than that observed in healthy controls. It was therefore hypothesized that the dysregulated expression of cardiac developmental genes may be involved in CAD development. GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4) serves essential roles in heart development and coronary vessel formation. In the present study, the GATA4 gene promoter was analyzed in patients with AMI (n=395) and in ethnically‑matched healthy controls (n=397). A total of 14 DNA variants were identified, including two single‑nucleotide polymorphisms. Three novel heterozygous DNA variants (g.31806C>T, g.31900G>C and g.32241C>T) were reported in three patients with AMI. These DNA variants significantly increased the activity of the GATA4 gene promoter. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that the DNA variant g.32241C>T influenced the binding ability of transcription factors. Taken together, the DNA variants may alter GATA4 gene promoter activity and affect GATA4 levels, thus contributing to AMI development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Medicine, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Medicine, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shuchao Pang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Yinghua Cui
- Division of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Robert G Hawley
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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6
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Kuo SC, Li Y, Cheng YZ, Lee WJ, Cheng JT, Cheng KC. Molecular mechanisms regarding potassium bromate‑induced cardiac hypertrophy without apoptosis in H9c2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4700-4708. [PMID: 30221729 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is commonly involved in cardiac injury. Oxidative stress can induce cardiac hypertrophy with apoptosis. Potassium bromate (KBrO3) has been widely used as a food additive due to its oxidizing properties. In the present study, the rat‑derived heart cell line H9c2 was used to investigate the effect of KBrO3 on cell size. KBrO3 increased cell size at concentrations <250 µM, in a dose‑dependent manner. Additionally, KBrO3 also promoted the gene expression of two biomarkers of cardiac hypertrophy, brain/B‑type natriuretic peptides (BNP) and β‑Myosin Heavy Chain (β‑MHC). However, apoptosis remained unobserved in these cells. Moreover, mediation of free radicals was investigated using a fluorescence assay, and it was observed that superoxide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels increased with KBrO3. Effects of KBrO3 were significantly reduced by tiron at concentrations sufficient to produce antioxidant‑like action. Additionally, signals involved in cardiac hypertrophy such as calcineurin and nuclear factor of activated T‑cells (NFAT) were also determined using western blot analysis. KBrO3 increased the protein levels of both these molecules which were decreased by tiron in a dose‑dependent manner. Additionally, cyclosporine A attenuated the cardiac hypertrophy induced by KBrO3 in H9c2 cells at concentrations effective to inhibit calcineurin, in addition to reducing mRNA levels of BNP or β‑MHC. Finally, apoptosis was also identified in H9c2 cells incubated with KBrO3 at concentrations >300 µM. Collectively, these results provided a novel perspective that KBrO3 induces cardiac hypertrophy without apoptosis at a low dose through the generation of ROS, activating the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway in H9c2 cells. Therefore, at a dose <250 µM, KBrO3 can be applied as an inducer of cardiac hypertrophy without apoptosis in H9c2 cells. KBrO3 can also be developed as a tool to induce cardiac hypertrophy in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chun Kuo
- Department of Optometry, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 7170, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Yingxiao Li
- Department of Medical Research, Chi‑Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71003, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Yung-Ze Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi‑Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71003, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Jing Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi‑Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71003, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Juei-Tang Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Chi‑Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71003, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Kai-Chun Cheng
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890, Japan
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7
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Therapeutic effect of a novel Wnt pathway inhibitor on cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2919-2932. [PMID: 29162747 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
After myocardial infarction (MI), the heart is difficult to repair because of great loss of cardiomyoctyes and lack of cardiac regeneration. Novel drug candidates that aim at reducing pathological remodeling and stimulating cardiac regeneration are highly desirable. In the present study, we identified if and how a novel porcupine inhibitor CGX1321 influenced MI and cardiac regeneration. Permanent ligation of left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery was performed in mice to induce MI injury. Cardiac function was measured by echocardiography, infarct size was examined by TTC staining. Fibrosis was evaluated with Masson's trichrome staining and vimentin staining. As a result, CGX1321 administration blocked the secretion of Wnt proteins, and inhibited both canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways. CGX1321 improved cardiac function, reduced myocardial infarct size, and fibrosis of post-MI hearts. CGX1321 significantly increased newly formed cardiomyocytes in infarct border zone of post-MI hearts, evidenced by the increased EdU+ cardiomyocytes. Meanwhile, CGX1321 increased Ki67+ and phosphohistone H3 (PH3+) cardiomyocytes in culture, indicating enhanced cardiomyocyte proliferation. The mRNA microarray showed that CGX1321 up-regulated cell cycle regulating genes such as Ccnb1 and Ccne1 CGX1321 did not alter YAP protein phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, porcupine inhibitor CGX1321 reduces MI injury by limiting fibrosis and promoting regeneration. It promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation by stimulating cell cycle regulating genes with a Hippo/YAP-independent pathway.
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8
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Lee H, Park J, Kim EE, Yoo YS, Song EJ. Proteasome inhibitors attenuated cholesterol-induced cardiac hypertrophy in H9c2 cells. BMB Rep 2017; 49:270-5. [PMID: 26592933 PMCID: PMC5070706 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.5.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) plays roles in protein degradation, cell
cycle control, and growth and inflammatory cell signaling. Dysfunction of UPS in
cardiac diseases has been seen in many studies. Cholesterol acts as an inducer
of cardiac hypertrophy. In this study, the effect of proteasome inhibitors on
the cholesterol-induced hypertrophic growth in H9c2 cells is examined in order
to observe whether UPS is involved in cardiac hypertrophy. The treatment of
proteasome inhibitors MG132 and Bortezomib markedly reduced cellular surface
area and mRNA expression of β-MHC in cholesterol-induced cardiac
hypertrophy. In addition, activated AKT and ERK were significantly attenuated by
MG132 and Bortezomib in cholesterol-induced cardiac hypertrophy. We demonstrated
that cholesterol-induced cardiac hypertrophy was suppressed by proteasome
inhibitors. Thus, regulatory mechanism of cholesterol-induced cardiac
hypertrophy by proteasome inhibitors may provide a new therapeutic strategy to
prevent the progression of heart failure. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(5): 270-275]
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Park
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Eunice EunKyeong Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Young Sook Yoo
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Eun Joo Song
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
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9
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Inhibition of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 reduces cardiac fibroblast proliferation by suppressing GATA Binding Protein 4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 475:329-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Li D, Paterson DJ. Cyclic nucleotide regulation of cardiac sympatho-vagal responsiveness. J Physiol 2016; 594:3993-4008. [PMID: 26915722 DOI: 10.1113/jp271827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) are now recognized as important intracellular signalling molecules that modulate cardiac sympatho-vagal balance in the progression of heart disease. Recent studies have identified that a significant component of autonomic dysfunction associated with several cardiovascular pathologies resides at the end organ, and is coupled to impairment of cyclic nucleotide targeted pathways linked to abnormal intracellular calcium handling and cardiac neurotransmission. Emerging evidence also suggests that cyclic nucleotide coupled phosphodiesterases (PDEs) play a key role limiting the hydrolysis of cAMP and cGMP in disease, and as a consequence this influences the action of the nucleotide on its downstream biological target. In this review, we illustrate the action of nitric oxide-CAPON signalling and brain natriuretic peptide on cGMP and cAMP regulation of cardiac sympatho-vagal transmission in hypertension and ischaemic heart disease. Moreover, we address how PDE2A is now emerging as a major target that affects the efficacy of soluble/particulate guanylate cyclase coupling to cGMP in cardiac dysautonomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - David J Paterson
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
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11
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Kerkelä R, Ulvila J, Magga J. Natriuretic Peptides in the Regulation of Cardiovascular Physiology and Metabolic Events. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:e002423. [PMID: 26508744 PMCID: PMC4845118 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.002423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Risto Kerkelä
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Finland (R.K., J.U., J.M.) Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland (R.K.)
| | - Johanna Ulvila
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Finland (R.K., J.U., J.M.)
| | - Johanna Magga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Finland (R.K., J.U., J.M.)
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MOUBARAK M, MAGAUD C, SALIBA Y, CHATELIER A, BOIS P, FAIVRE JF, FARÈS N. Effects of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide on Rat Ventricular Fibroblasts During Differentiation Into Myofibroblasts. Physiol Res 2015; 64:495-503. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide antifibrotic properties are mainly described in cardiac myocytes or in induced cardiac myofibroblasts (Angiotensin II or TGF-β induced differentiation). In the present work, we investigate the effects of ANP/NPRA/cGMP system in modulating rat cardiac fibroblasts function. Cardiac fibroblasts were isolated from adult Wistar male rats and cultured in the presence of serum in order to induce fibroblasts differentiation. Cultures were then treated with ANP (1 µM), 8-Br-cGMP (100 µM) or IBMX (100 µM), a non-specific phosphodiesterases inhibitor. ANP significantly decreased proliferation rate and collagen secretion. Its effect was mimicked by the cGMP analog, while combining ANP with 8-Br-cGMP did not lead to additional effects. Moreover intracellular cGMP levels were elevated when cells were incubated with ANP confirming that ANP intracellular pathway is mediated by cGMP. Additionally, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence were used to confirm the presence of guanylyl cyclase specific natriuretic peptide receptors A and B. Finally we scanned specific cGMP dependent PDEs via RT-qPCR, and noticed that inhibiting all PDEs led to an important decrease in proliferation rate. Effect of ANP became more prominent after 10 culture days, confirming the importance of ANP in fibroblasts to myofibroblasts differentiation. Uncovering cellular aspects of ANP/NPRA/cGMP signaling system provided more elements to help understand cardiac fibrotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - N. FARÈS
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Physiologie et Physiopathologie, Pôle Technologie Santé, Faculté de Médecine, Université Saint Joseph, Beyrouth, Liban
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13
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TIEG1 Inhibits Angiotensin II–induced Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy by Inhibiting Transcription Factor GATA4. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 66:196-203. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Hotchkiss A, Feridooni T, Baguma-Nibasheka M, McNeil K, Chinni S, Pasumarthi KBS. Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits cell cycle activity of embryonic cardiac progenitor cells via its NPRA receptor signaling axis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 308:C557-69. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00323.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The biological effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) are mediated by natriuretic peptide receptors (NPRs), which can either activate guanylyl cyclase (NPRA and NPRB) or inhibit adenylyl cyclase (NPRC) to modulate intracellular cGMP or cAMP, respectively. During cardiac development, ANP serves as an early maker of differentiating atrial and ventricular chamber myocardium. As development proceeds, expression of ANP persists in the atria but declines in the ventricles. Currently, it is not known whether ANP is secreted or the ANP-NPR signaling system plays any active role in the developing ventricles. Thus the primary aims of this study were to 1) examine biological activity of ANP signaling systems in embryonic ventricular myocardium, and 2) determine whether ANP signaling modulates proliferation/differentiation of undifferentiated cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) and/or cardiomyocytes. Here, we provide evidence that ANP synthesized in embryonic day (E)11.5 ventricular myocytes is actively secreted and processed to its biologically active form. Notably, NPRA and NPRC were detected in E11.5 ventricles and exogenous ANP stimulated production of cGMP in ventricular cell cultures. Furthermore, we showed that exogenous ANP significantly decreased cell number and DNA synthesis of CPCs but not cardiomyocytes and this effect could be reversed by pretreatment with the NPRA receptor-specific inhibitor A71915. ANP treatment also led to a robust increase in nuclear p27 levels in CPCs compared with cardiomyocytes. Collectively, these data provide evidence that in the developing mammalian ventricles ANP plays a local paracrine role in regulating the balance between CPC proliferation and differentiation via NPRA/cGMP-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hotchkiss
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Tiam Feridooni
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Kathleen McNeil
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sarita Chinni
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Weng X, Yu L, Liang P, Chen D, Cheng X, Yang Y, Li L, Zhang T, Zhou B, Wu X, Xu H, Fang M, Gao Y, Chen Q, Xu Y. Endothelial MRTF-A mediates angiotensin II induced cardiac hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 80:23-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Weng X, Yu L, Liang P, Li L, Dai X, Zhou B, Wu X, Xu H, Fang M, Chen Q, Xu Y. A crosstalk between chromatin remodeling and histone H3K4 methyltransferase complexes in endothelial cells regulates angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 82:48-58. [PMID: 25712920 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) induces cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in part by stimulating endothelin (ET-1) transcription. The involvement of the epigenetic machinery in this process is largely undefined. In the present study, we examined the epigenetic maneuvering underlying cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis following ET-1 transactivation by Ang II. In response to Ang II stimulation, core components of the mammalian chromatin remodeling complex (Brahma-related gene 1, or Brg1, and Brahma or Brm) and histone H3K4 methylation complex (Ash2, absent, small, or homeotic discs 2, or Ash2 and WD domain repeat 5, or Wdr5) were recruited to the ET-1 promoter region in endothelial cells. Over-expression of Brg1/Brm or Ash2/Wdr5 enhanced while depletion of Brg1/Brm or Ash2/Wdr5 attenuated Ang II-induced ET-1 transactivation. Endothelial-specific knockdown of Brg1/Brm or Ash2/Wdr5 ameliorated cardiac hypertrophy both in vitro and in vivo. More important, Brg1/Brm interacted with Ash2/Wdr5 on the ET-1 promoter to catalyze H3K4 methylation. The crosstalk between Brg11/Brm and Ash2/Wdr5 was mediated by myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A). In conclusion, our data have unveiled an epigenetic complex that links ET-1 transactivation in endothelial cells to Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Weng
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bisheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingming Fang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Nursing, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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De Vito P. Atrial natriuretic peptide: an old hormone or a new cytokine? Peptides 2014; 58:108-16. [PMID: 24973596 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) a cardiovascular hormone mainly secreted by heart atria in response to stretching forces induces potent diuretic, natriuretic and vasorelaxant effects and plays a major role in the homeostasis of blood pressure as well as of water and salt balance. The hormone can also act as autocrine/paracrine factor and modulate several immune functions as well as cytoprotective effects. ANP contributes to innate immunity being able to: (i) stimulate the host defense against extracellular microbes by phagocytosis and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) release; (ii) inhibit the synthesis and release of proinflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-1, MCP-1, nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2); (iii) inhibit the expression of adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1 and E-selectin. ANP can also affect the adaptive immunity being able to: (i) reduce the number of CD4(+) CD8(+) lymphocytes as well as to increase the CD4(-) CD8(-) cells; (ii) stimulate the differentiation of naïve CD4(+) cells toward the Th2 and/or Th17 phenotype. The hormone shows protective effects during: (i) ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial injury; (ii) atherosclerosis and hypertension by the induction of antiproliferative effects; (iii) oxidative stress counteracting the dangerous effects of ROS; (iv) growth of tumors cells by the induction of apoptosis or necrosis. Since not much is known about of the role of ANP locally produced and released by non-cardiac cells, this review outlines the contribution of ANP in different aspect of innate as well as adaptive immunity also with respect to the excessive cell growth in physiological and/or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo De Vito
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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18
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Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis are two closely related adaptive response mechanisms of the myocardium to mechanical, metabolic, and genetic stress that finally contribute to the development of heart failure (HF). This relation is based on a dynamic interplay between many cell types including cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts during disease progression. Both cell types secrete a variety of growth factors, cytokines, and hormones that influence hypertrophic cardiomyocyte growth and fibrotic fibroblast activation in a paracrine and autocrine manner. It has become evident that, aside proteinous signals, microRNAs (miRNAs) and possible other RNA species such as long non-coding RNAs are potential players in such a cell-to-cell communication. By directly acting as paracrine signals or by modulating downstream intercellular signalling mediators, miRNAs can act as moderators of the intercellular crosstalk. These small regulators can potentially be secreted in a 'mircrine' fashion, so that miRNAs can be assumed as the message itself. This review will summarize the recent findings about the paracrine crosstalk between cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes and addresses how miRNAs may be involved in this interplay. It also highlights therapeutic strategies targeting factors of pathological communication for the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janika Viereck
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies , IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover D-30625, Germany
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Lee H, Yoo YS, Lee D, Song EJ. Cholesterol induces cardiac hypertrophy by activating the AKT pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:307-13. [PMID: 23907017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy leads to decompensated heart function, predisposition to heart failure, and sudden death due to physiological and pathological stimuli. Although high cholesterol is considered a principal risk factor for atherosclerosis and heart disease, it has not been shown whether cholesterol itself is sufficient to cause cardiac hypertrophy. In this study, we investigated whether cholesterol induces cardiac hypertrophy, and identified cellular mechanisms underlying hypertrophic responses using H9c2 cells as a model system. Here we show that cholesterol loading significantly increased the cellular surface area and upregulated hypertrophy marker gene, β-myosin-heavy chain (β-MHC). Cholesterol loading alone activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways. Conversely, cholesterol induced hypertrophic characteristic features such as increase in cellular surface area, and the expression of β-MHC mRNA is markedly inhibited by LY294002, a PI3K kinase inhibitor. These results suggest that cholesterol may play a key role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy through the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Department of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences Ewha Womans University, Daehyun-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
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20
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Voelkel NF, Natarajan R, Drake JI, Bogaard HJ. Right ventricle in pulmonary hypertension. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:525-40. [PMID: 23737184 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c090008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During heart development chamber specification is controlled and directed by a number of genes and a fetal heart gene expression pattern is revisited during heart failure. In the setting of chronic pulmonary hypertension the right ventricle undergoes hypertrophy, which is likely initially adaptive, but often followed by decompensation, dilatation and failure. Here we discuss differences between the right ventricle and the left ventricle of the heart and begin to describe the cellular and molecular changes which characterize right heart failure. A prevention and treatment of right ventricle failure becomes a treatment goal for patients with severe pulmonary hypertension it follows that we need to understand the pathobiology of right heart hypertrophy and the transition to right heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert F Voelkel
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Victoria Johnson Center for Pulmonary Obstructive Disease Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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21
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Xie Y, Li M, Wang X, Zhang X, Peng T, Yang Y, Zou Y, Ge J, Chen H, Chen R. In vivo delivery of adenoviral vector containing interleukin-17 receptor a reduces cardiac remodeling and improves myocardial function in viral myocarditis leading to dilated cardiomyopathy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72158. [PMID: 23977238 PMCID: PMC3748008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of myocarditis. Interleukin (IL)-17A produced by Th17 cells is dispensable for viral myocarditis but essential for the progression to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). This study investigated whether the adenoviral transfer of the IL-17 receptor A reduces myocardial remodeling and dysfunction in viral myocarditis leading to DCM. In a mouse model of Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced chronic myocarditis, the delivery of the adenovirus-containing IL-17 receptor A (Ad-IL17RA:Fc) reduced IL-17A production and decreased the number of Th17 cells in the spleen and heart, leading to the down-regulation of systemic TNF-α and IL-6 production. Cardiac function improved significantly in the Ad-IL17R:Fc- compared with the Ad-null-treated mice 3 months after the first CVB3 infection. Ad-IL17R:Fc reduced the left ventricle dilation and decreased the mortality in viral myocarditis, leading to DCM (56% in the Ad-IL17R:Fc versus 76% in the Ad-null group). The protective effects of Ad-IL17R-Fc on remodeling correlated with the attenuation of myocardial collagen deposition and the reduction of fibroblasts in CVB3-infected hearts, which was accompanied by the down-regulation of A distintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 motifs (ADAMTS-1), Matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2), and collagen subtypes I and III in the heart. Moreover, in cultured cardiac fibroblasts, IL-17A induced the expression of ADAMTS-1, MMP-2, and collagen subtypes I and III and increased the proliferation of fibroblasts. We determined that the delivery of IL-17-RA:Fc reduces cardiac remodeling, improves function, and decreases mortality in viral myocarditis leading to DCM, possibly by suppressing fibrosis. Therefore, the adenoviral transfer of the IL-17 receptor A may represent an alternative therapy for chronic viral myocarditis and its progression to DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuquan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianqing Peng
- Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yingzhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haozhu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruizhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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22
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Fujiu K, Nagai R. Contributions of cardiomyocyte–cardiac fibroblast–immune cell interactions in heart failure development. Basic Res Cardiol 2013; 108:357. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-013-0357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Yang Y, Chen D, Yuan Z, Fang F, Cheng X, Xia J, Fang M, Xu Y, Gao Y. Megakaryocytic leukemia 1 (MKL1) ties the epigenetic machinery to hypoxia-induced transactivation of endothelin-1. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:6005-17. [PMID: 23625963 PMCID: PMC3695508 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased synthesis of endothelin-1 (ET-1) by human vascular endothelial cells (HVECs) in response to hypoxia underscores persistent vasoconstriction observed in patients with pulmonary hypertension. The molecular mechanism whereby hypoxia stimulates ET-1 gene transcription is not well understood. Here we report that megakaryocytic leukemia 1 (MKL1) potentiated hypoxia-induced ET-1 transactivation in HVECs. Disruption of MKL1 activity by either a dominant negative mutant or small interfering RNA mediated knockdown dampened ET-1 synthesis. MKL1 was recruited to the proximal ET-1 promoter region (−81/+150) in HVECs challenged with hypoxic stress by the sequence-specific transcription factor serum response factor (SRF). Depletion of SRF blocked MKL1 recruitment and blunted ET-1 transactivation by hypoxia. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of the ET-1 promoter revealed that MKL1 loss-of-function erased histone modifications consistent with transcriptional activation. In addition, MKL1 was indispensable for the occupancy of Brg1 and Brm, key components of the chromatin remodeling complex, on the ET-1 promoter. Brg1 and Brm modulated ET-1 transactivation by impacting histone modifications. In conclusion, our data have delineated a MKL1-centered complex that links epigenetic maneuverings to ET-1 transactivation in HVECs under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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Parthasarathy A, Gopi V, Umadevi S, Simna A, Sheik MJY, Divya H, Vellaichamy E. Suppression of atrial natriuretic peptide/natriuretic peptide receptor-A-mediated signaling upregulates angiotensin-II-induced collagen synthesis in adult cardiac fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 378:217-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1612-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Fujita S, Shimojo N, Terasaki F, Otsuka K, Hosotani N, Kohda Y, Tanaka T, Nishioka T, Yoshida T, Hiroe M, Kitaura Y, Ishizaka N, Imanaka-Yoshida K. Atrial natriuretic peptide exerts protective action against angiotensin II-induced cardiac remodeling by attenuating inflammation via endothelin-1/endothelin receptor A cascade. Heart Vessels 2013; 28:646-57. [PMID: 23277455 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-012-0311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) attenuates angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced myocardial remodeling and to clarify the possible molecular mechanisms involved. Thirty-five 8-week-old male Wistar-Kyoto rats were divided into control, Ang II, Ang II + ANP, and ANP groups. The Ang II and Ang II + ANP rats received 1 μg/kg/min Ang II for 14 days. The Ang II + ANP and ANP rats also received 0.1 μg/kg/min ANP intravenously. The Ang II and Ang II + ANP rats showed comparable blood pressure. Left ventricular fractional shortening and ejection fraction were lower in the Ang II rats than in controls; these indices were higher (P < 0.001) in the Ang II + ANP rats than in the Ang II rats. In the Ang II rats, the peak velocity of mitral early inflow and its ratio to atrial contraction-related peak flow velocity were lower, and the deceleration time of mitral early inflow was significantly prolonged; these changes were decreased by ANP. Percent fibrosis was higher (P < 0.001) and average myocyte diameters greater (P < 0.01) in the Ang II rats than in controls. ANP decreased both myocardial fibrosis (P < 0.01) and myocyte hypertrophy (P < 0.01). Macrophage infiltration, expression of mRNA levels of collagen types I and III, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and a profibrotic/proinflammatory molecule, tenascin-C (TN-C) were increased in the Ang II rats; ANP significantly decreased these changes. In vitro, Ang II increased expression of TN-C and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in cardiac fibroblasts, which were reduced by ANP. ET-1 upregulated TN-C expression via endothelin type A receptor. These results suggest that ANP may protect the heart from Ang II-induced remodeling by attenuating inflammation, at least partly through endothelin 1/endothelin receptor A cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Fujita
- Department of Cardiology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
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26
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Takeda N, Manabe I. Cellular Interplay between Cardiomyocytes and Nonmyocytes in Cardiac Remodeling. Int J Inflam 2011; 2011:535241. [PMID: 21941677 PMCID: PMC3175723 DOI: 10.4061/2011/535241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy
entails complex structural remodeling involving
rearrangement of muscle fibers, interstitial
fibrosis, accumulation of extracellular matrix,
and angiogenesis. Many of the processes
underlying cardiac remodeling have features in
common with chronic inflammatory processes.
During these processes, nonmyocytes, such as
endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells,
residing in or infiltrating into the myocardial
interstitium play active roles. This paper
mainly addresses the functional roles of
nonmyocytes during cardiac remodeling. In
particular, we focus on the communication
between cardiomyocytes and nonmyocytes through
direct cell-cell interactions and
autocrine/paracrine-mediated
pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Takeda
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Calvieri C, Rubattu S, Volpe M. Molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac antihypertrophic and antifibrotic effects of natriuretic peptides. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 90:5-13. [PMID: 21826523 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0801-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides (NPs) exert well-characterized protective effects on the cardiovascular system, such as vasorelaxation, natri- and diuresis, increase of endothelial permeability, and inhibition of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. It has been reported that they also possess antihypertrophic and antifibrotic properties and contribute actively to cardiac remodeling. As a consequence, they are involved in several aspects of cardiovascular diseases. Antihypertrophic and antifibrotic actions of NPs appear to be mediated by specific signaling pathways within a more complex cellular network. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of NPs on cardiac remodeling represents an important research objective in order to gain more insights on the complex network leading to cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular dysfunction, and transition to heart failure, and in the attempt to develop novel therapeutic agents. The aim of the present article is to review well-characterized molecular mechanisms underlying the antihypertrophic and antifibrotic effects of NPs in the heart that appear to be mainly mediated by guanylyl cyclase type A receptor. In particular, we discuss the calcineurin/NFAT, the sodium exchanger NHE-1, and the TGFβ1/Smad signaling pathways. The role of guanylyl cyclase type B receptor, along with the emerging functional significance of natriuretic peptide receptor type C as mediators of CNP antihypertrophic and antifibrotic actions in the heart are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Calvieri
- Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome, Ospedale S. Andrea, Rome, Italy
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Serine 105 phosphorylation of transcription factor GATA4 is necessary for stress-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:12331-6. [PMID: 21746915 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1104499108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive growth process that occurs in response to stress stimulation or injury wherein multiple signal transduction pathways are induced, culminating in transcription factor activation and the reprogramming of gene expression. GATA4 is a critical transcription factor in the heart that is known to induce/regulate the hypertrophic program, in part, by receiving signals from MAPKs. Here we generated knock-in mice in which a known MAPK phosphorylation site at serine 105 (S105) in Gata4 that augments activity was mutated to alanine. Homozygous Gata4-S105A mutant mice were viable as adults, although they showed a compromised stress response of the myocardium. For example, cardiac hypertrophy in response to phenylephrine agonist infusion for 2 wk was largely blunted in Gata4-S105A mice, as was the hypertrophic response to pressure overload at 1 and 2 wk of applied stimulation. Gata4-S105A mice were also more susceptible to heart failure and cardiac dilation after 2 wk of pressure overload. With respect to the upstream pathway, hearts from Gata4-S105A mice did not efficiently hypertrophy following direct ERK1/2 activation using an activated MEK1 transgene in vivo. Mechanistically, GATA4 mutant protein from these hearts failed to show enhanced DNA binding in response to hypertrophic stimulation. Moreover, hearts from Gata4-S105A mice had significant changes in the expression of hypertrophy-inducible, fetal, and remodeling-related genes.
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29
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Kato H, Mizuno T, Mizuno M, Sawai A, Suzuki Y, Kinashi H, Nagura F, Maruyama S, Noda Y, Yamada K, Matsuo S, Ito Y. Atrial natriuretic peptide ameliorates peritoneal fibrosis in rat peritonitis model. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 27:526-36. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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30
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Discovery and replication of novel blood pressure genetic loci in the Women's Genome Health Study. J Hypertens 2011; 29:62-9. [PMID: 21045733 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3283406927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genome-wide association meta-analyses have recently identified multiple loci associated with blood pressure. We sought to validate previously identified blood pressure loci by replication in a single large homogeneous population-based cohort and to identify new genome-wide significant loci using both conventional and expression-guided approaches. METHODS We examined the associations of 18 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with genome-wide significance (P < 5.0 × 10⁻⁸, 'primary'), and 13 suggestive SNPs (5.0 × 10⁻⁸ < P < 5.6 × 10⁻⁵, 'secondary'), all from previously established genome-wide association studies, with self-reported blood pressure in 23 019 women from the Women's Genome Health Study. We then targeted for replication 12 gene expression-associated SNPs (eSNPs) that were also previously associated with blood pressure phenotypes. RESULTS Using these replication strategies, we found confirmatory evidence for 13/18 primary SNPs, 3/13 secondary SNPs, and 4/12 eSNPs in the Women's Genome Health Study. Meta-analysis combining the Women's Genome Health Study results with prior study results revealed one previously unrecognized blood pressure locus with genome-wide significance: a BLK-GATA4-adjacent region (P = 3.2 × 10⁻⁸). CONCLUSION In this analysis, conventional and eSNP-guided strategies were complementary and illustrate two ways for extending initial genome-wide association results for discovery of new genes involved in human disease. Using this strategy, we report a newly identified blood pressure locus, BLK-GATA4, that may further understanding of the complex genetic pathways regulating blood pressure.
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31
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Kohan DE, Rossi NF, Inscho EW, Pollock DM. Regulation of blood pressure and salt homeostasis by endothelin. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:1-77. [PMID: 21248162 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00060.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin (ET) peptides and their receptors are intimately involved in the physiological control of systemic blood pressure and body Na homeostasis, exerting these effects through alterations in a host of circulating and local factors. Hormonal systems affected by ET include natriuretic peptides, aldosterone, catecholamines, and angiotensin. ET also directly regulates cardiac output, central and peripheral nervous system activity, renal Na and water excretion, systemic vascular resistance, and venous capacitance. ET regulation of these systems is often complex, sometimes involving opposing actions depending on which receptor isoform is activated, which cells are affected, and what other prevailing factors exist. A detailed understanding of this system is important; disordered regulation of the ET system is strongly associated with hypertension and dysregulated extracellular fluid volume homeostasis. In addition, ET receptor antagonists are being increasingly used for the treatment of a variety of diseases; while demonstrating benefit, these agents also have adverse effects on fluid retention that may substantially limit their clinical utility. This review provides a detailed analysis of how the ET system is involved in the control of blood pressure and Na homeostasis, focusing primarily on physiological regulation with some discussion of the role of the ET system in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Kohan
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
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Hong HM, Song EJ, Oh E, Kabir MH, Lee C, Yoo YS. Endothelin-1- and isoproterenol-induced differential protein expression and signaling pathway in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Proteomics 2010; 11:283-97. [PMID: 21204255 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the two chemical compounds endothelin-1 (ET-1) and isoproterenol (ISO) can individually induce cardiac hypertrophy through G protein-coupled receptors in cardiomyocytes. However, the cardiac hypertrophy signaling pathway activated by ET-1 and ISO is not well defined. Therefore, we investigated the protein expression profile and signaling transduction in HL-l cardiomyocyte cells treated with ET-1 and ISO. Following separation of the cell lysates by using 2-DE and silver staining, we identified 16 protein spots that were differentially expressed as compared to the controls. Of these 16 spots, three changed only after treatment with ET-1, whereas four changed only after treatment with ISO, suggesting that these two stimuli could induce different signaling pathways. In order to reveal the differences between ET-1- and ISO-induced signaling, we studied the different events that occur at each step of the signaling pathways, when selected biocomponents were blocked by inhibitors. Our results indicated that ET-1 and ISO used different pathways for phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β). ET-1 mainly used the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT pathways to activate GSK3β, whereas under ISO stimulation, only the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT pathway was required to trigger the GSK3β pathway. Furthermore, the strength of the GSK3β signal in ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy was stronger than that in ET-1-induced cardiac hypertrophy. We found that these two agonists brought about different changes in the protein expression of HL-1 cardiomyocytes through distinct signaling pathways even though the destination of the two signaling pathways was the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Min Hong
- Integrated Omics Center, Life/Health Division Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul, Korea
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Kerkelä R, Ilves M, Pikkarainen S, Tokola H, Ronkainen VP, Majalahti T, Leppäluoto J, Vuolteenaho O, Ruskoaho H. Key roles of endothelin-1 and p38 MAPK in the regulation of atrial stretch response. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 300:R140-9. [PMID: 21084678 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00853.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms regulating stretch response in the left ventricle are investigated in detail but not well understood in atrial myocardium. Hypertrophic growth of atrial myocardium contributes to the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation. In this study, we sought to elucidate mechanisms of stretch-induced activation of key signaling pathways and hypertrophy-associated genes in rat atria. Stretching of isolated atria induced a rapid increase in phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK and induced a p38 MAPK-dependent increase in DNA binding activity of transcription factors Elk-1 and GATA-4. Inhibition of the ERK pathway had no effect on the cardiac transcription factors studied. Stretch-induced increase in atrial contractile function was substantially enhanced by inhibition of p38 MAPK. p38 MAPK also regulated stretch-induced increase in c-fos, β-myosin heavy chain, B-type natriuretic peptide mRNA levels, and atrial natriuretic peptide secretion in isolated atria. Various autocrine/paracrine factors are known to mediate the stretch response in the left ventricle. Stretching of isolated atria resulted in a robust increase in endothelin-1 (ET-1) mRNA levels, while apelin and adrenomedullin signaling cascades were downregulated. Administration of mixed ET(A/B) receptor antagonist bosentan attenuated the stretch-induced activation of GATA-4 in isolated atria, whereas ANG II receptor type-1 antagonist CV-11974 had no effect. Moreover, analysis of RNA from intact atrial and ventricular myocardium revealed significantly higher mRNA levels of ET(A) receptor and ET converting enzyme-1 in atrial compared with ventricular myocardium. In conclusion, our findings identify the local ET-1 system and p38 MAPK as key regulators of load-induced hypertrophic response in isolated rat atria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risto Kerkelä
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Finland.
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Abstract
Over two decades of research have demonstrated that the peptide hormone endothelin-1 (ET-1) plays multiple, complex roles in cardiovascular, neural, pulmonary, reproductive, and renal physiology. Differential and tissue-specific production of ET-1 must be tightly regulated in order to preserve these biologically diverse actions. The primary mechanism thought to control ET-1 bioavailability is the rate of transcription from the ET-1 gene (edn1). Studies conducted on a variety of cell types have identified key transcription factors that govern edn1 expression. With few exceptions, the cis-acting elements bound by these factors have been mapped in the edn1 regulatory region. Recent evidence has revealed new roles for some factors originally believed to regulate edn1 in a tissue or hormone-specific manner. In addition, other mechanisms involved in epigenetic regulation and mRNA stability have emerged as important processes for regulated edn1 expression. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the specific factors and signaling systems that govern edn1 activity at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Stow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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O'Tierney PF, Chattergoon NN, Louey S, Giraud GD, Thornburg KL. Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits angiotensin II-stimulated proliferation in fetal cardiomyocytes. J Physiol 2010; 588:2879-89. [PMID: 20519318 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.191098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in regulating fetal cardiac growth is poorly understood. Angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulates proliferation in fetal sheep cardiomyocytes when growth is dependent on the activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathways. We hypothesized that ANP would suppress near-term fetal cardiomyocyte proliferation in vitro and inhibit both the MAPK and PI3K pathways. Forty-eight hour 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) uptake (used as an index of proliferation) was measured in cardiomyocytes isolated from fetal sheep (135 day gestational age) in response to 100 nm Ang II with or without ANP (0.003-100 nm) or 1 microm 8-bromo-cGMP. The effects of these compounds on the MAPK and PI3K pathways were assessed by measuring extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and AKT phosphorylation following 10 min of treatment with Ang II, ANP or 8-bromo-cGMP. In right ventricular myocytes (RV), the lowest dose of ANP (0.003 nm) inhibited Ang II-stimulated BrdU uptake by 68%. Similarly, 8-bromo-cGMP suppressed Ang II-stimulated proliferation by 62%. The same effects were observed in left ventricular (LV) cardiomyocytes but the RV was more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of ANP than the LV (P < 0.0001). Intracellular cGMP was increased by 4-fold in the presence of 100 nm ANP. Ang II-stimulated ERK and Akt phosphorylation was inhibited by 100 nm ANP. The activity of ANP may in part be cGMP dependent, as 8-bromo-cGMP had similar effects on the cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F O'Tierney
- Heart Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Ang KL, Shenje LT, Reuter S, Soonpaa MH, Rubart M, Field LJ, Galiñanes M. Limitations of conventional approaches to identify myocyte nuclei in histologic sections of the heart. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 298:C1603-9. [PMID: 20457832 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00435.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Accurate nuclear identification is crucial for distinguishing the role of cardiac myocytes in intrinsic and experimentally induced regenerative growth of the myocardium. Conventional histologic analysis of myocyte nuclei relies on the optical sectioning capabilities of confocal microscopy in conjunction with immunofluorescent labeling of cytoplasmic proteins such as troponin T, and dyes that bind to double-strand DNA to identify nuclei. Using heart sections from transgenic mice in which the cardiomyocyte-restricted alpha-cardiac myosin heavy chain promoter targeted the expression of nuclear localized beta-galactosidase reporter in >99% of myocytes, we systematically compared the fidelity of conventional myocyte nuclear identification using confocal microscopy, with and without the aid of a membrane marker. The values obtained with these assays were then compared with those obtained with anti-beta-galactosidase immune reactivity in the same samples. In addition, we also studied the accuracy of anti-GATA4 immunoreactivity for myocyte nuclear identification. Our results demonstrate that, although these strategies are capable of identifying myocyte nuclei, the level of interobserver agreement and margin of error can compromise accurate identification of rare events, such as cardiomyocyte apoptosis and proliferation. Thus these data indicate that morphometric approaches based on segmentation are justified only if the margin of error for measuring the event in question has been predetermined and deemed to be small and uniform. We also illustrate the value of a transgene-based approach to overcome these intrinsic limitations of identifying myocyte nuclei. This latter approach should prove quite useful when measuring rare events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng-Leong Ang
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, UK
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Jankowski M. GATA4, a new regulator of cardiac fibroblasts, is sensitive to natriuretic peptides. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 84:176-7. [PMID: 19713284 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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