1
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Paes AS, Koga RDCR, Sales PF, Santos Almeida HK, Teixeira TACC, Carvalho JCT. Phytocompounds from Amazonian Plant Species against Acute Kidney Injury: Potential Nephroprotective Effects. Molecules 2023; 28:6411. [PMID: 37687240 PMCID: PMC10490259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There are several Amazonian plant species with potential pharmacological validation for the treatment of acute kidney injury, a condition in which the kidneys are unable to adequately filter the blood, resulting in the accumulation of toxins and waste in the body. Scientific production on plant compounds capable of preventing or attenuating acute kidney injury-caused by several factors, including ischemia, toxins, and inflammation-has shown promising results in animal models of acute kidney injury and some preliminary studies in humans. Despite the popular use of Amazonian plant species for kidney disorders, further pharmacological studies are needed to identify active compounds and subsequently conduct more complex preclinical trials. This article is a brief review of phytocompounds with potential nephroprotective effects against acute kidney injury (AKI). The classes of Amazonian plant compounds with significant biological activity most evident in the consulted literature were alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and terpenoids. An expressive phytochemical and pharmacological relevance of the studied species was identified, although with insufficiently explored potential, mainly in the face of AKI, a clinical condition with high morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Souza Paes
- Pharmaceutical Innovation Program, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil; (A.S.P.); (R.d.C.R.K.); (P.F.S.); (T.A.C.C.T.)
- Research Laboratory of Drugs, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil;
| | - Rosemary de Carvalho Rocha Koga
- Pharmaceutical Innovation Program, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil; (A.S.P.); (R.d.C.R.K.); (P.F.S.); (T.A.C.C.T.)
- Research Laboratory of Drugs, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil;
| | - Priscila Faimann Sales
- Pharmaceutical Innovation Program, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil; (A.S.P.); (R.d.C.R.K.); (P.F.S.); (T.A.C.C.T.)
- Research Laboratory of Drugs, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil;
| | - Hellen Karine Santos Almeida
- Research Laboratory of Drugs, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil;
- University Hospital, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Josmar Chaves Pinto, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Thiago Afonso Carvalho Celestino Teixeira
- Pharmaceutical Innovation Program, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil; (A.S.P.); (R.d.C.R.K.); (P.F.S.); (T.A.C.C.T.)
- Research Laboratory of Drugs, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil;
- University Hospital, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Josmar Chaves Pinto, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Tavares Carvalho
- Pharmaceutical Innovation Program, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil; (A.S.P.); (R.d.C.R.K.); (P.F.S.); (T.A.C.C.T.)
- Research Laboratory of Drugs, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil;
- University Hospital, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Josmar Chaves Pinto, km 02, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
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2
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Copur S, Peltek IB, Mutlu A, Tanriover C, Kanbay M. A new immune disease: systemic hypertension. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:1403-1419. [PMID: 37664577 PMCID: PMC10469084 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic hypertension is the most common medical comorbidity affecting the adult population globally, with multiple associated outcomes including cerebrovascular diseases, cardiovascular diseases, vascular calcification, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome and mortality. Despite advancements in the therapeutic field approximately one in every five adult patients with hypertension is classified as having treatment-resistant hypertension, indicating the need for studies to provide better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and the need for more therapeutic targets. Recent pre-clinical studies have demonstrated the role of the innate and adaptive immune system including various cell types and cytokines in the pathophysiology of hypertension. Moreover, pre-clinical studies have indicated the potential beneficial effects of immunosuppressant medications in the control of hypertension. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether such pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic alternatives are applicable to human subjects, while this area of research is undoubtedly a rapidly growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidar Copur
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim B Peltek
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Mutlu
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem Tanriover
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Zambom FFF, Albino AH, Tessaro HM, Foresto-Neto O, Malheiros DMAC, Saraiva Camara NO, Zatz R. Chronic environmental hypoxia attenuates innate immunity activation and renal injury in two CKD models. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F283-F298. [PMID: 37439199 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00200.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue hypoxia has been pointed out as a major pathogenic factor in chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, epidemiological and experimental evidence inconsistent with this notion has been described. We have previously reported that chronic exposure to low ambient Po2 promoted no renal injury in normal rats and in rats with 5/6 renal ablation (Nx) unexpectedly attenuated renal injury. In the present study, we investigated whether chronic exposure to low ambient Po2 would also be renoprotective in two additional models of CKD: adenine (ADE) excess and chronic nitric oxide (NO) inhibition. In both models, normobaric ambient hypoxia attenuated the development of renal injury and inflammation. In addition, renal hypoxia limited the activation of NF-κB and NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome cascades as well as oxidative stress and intrarenal infiltration by angiotensin II-positive cells. Renal activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α, along with other adaptive mechanisms to hypoxia, may have contributed to these renoprotective effects. The present findings may contribute to unravel the pathogenesis of CKD and to the development of innovative strategies to arrest its progression.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hypoxia is regarded as a major pathogenic factor in chronic kidney disease (CKD). In disagreement with this view, we show here that sustained exposure to low ambient Po2 lessened kidney injury and inflammation in two CKD models: adenine (ADE) excess and chronic nitric oxide (NO) inhibition. Together with our previous findings in the remnant kidney, these observations indicate that local changes elicited by hypoxia may exert renoprotection in CKD, raising the prospect of novel therapeutic strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Helen Albino
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Mendonça Tessaro
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Orestes Foresto-Neto
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Zatz
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Scharmacher J, Wartenberg M, Sauer H. The pro-inflammatory signature of lipopolysaccharide in spontaneous contracting embryoid bodies differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2023. [PMID: 37315183 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiate towards all three germ layers, including cardiac cells and leukocytes, and may be therefore suitable to model inflammatory reactions in vitro. In the present study, embryoid bodies differentiated from mouse ES cells were treated with increasing doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic infection with gram-negative bacteria. LPS treatment dose-dependent increased contraction frequency of cardiac cell areas and calcium spikes and increased protein expression of α-actinin. LPS treatment increased the expression of the macrophage marker CD68 and CD69, which is upregulated after activation on T cells, B cells and NK cells. LPS dose-dependent increased protein expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Moreover, upregulation of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), IL-1ß and cleaved caspase 1 was observed, indicating activation of inflammasome. In parallel, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and expression of NOX1, NOX2, NOX4 and eNOS occurred. ROS generation, NOX2 expression and NO generation were downregulated by the TLR4 receptor antagonist TAK-242 which abolished the LPS-induced positive chronotropic effect of LPS. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that LPS induced a pro-inflammatory cellular immune response in tissues derived from ES cells, recommending the in vitro model of embryoid bodies for inflammation research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Wartenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sauer
- Department of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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5
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Navaneethabalakrishnan S, Smith HL, Arenaz CM, Goodlett BL, McDermott JG, Mitchell BM. Update on Immune Mechanisms in Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2022; 35:842-851. [PMID: 35704473 PMCID: PMC9527774 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of immune cells in the initiation and maintenance of hypertension is undeniable. Several studies have established the association between hypertension, inflammation, and immune cells from the innate and adaptive immune systems. Here, we provide an update to our 2017 American Journal of Hypertension review on the overview of the cellular immune responses involved in hypertension. Further, we discuss the activation of immune cells and their contribution to the pathogenesis of hypertension in different in vivo models. We also highlight existing gaps in the field of hypertension that need attention. The main goal of this review is to provide a knowledge base for translational research to develop therapeutic strategies that can improve cardiovascular health in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah L Smith
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Cristina M Arenaz
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Bethany L Goodlett
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Justin G McDermott
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Brett M Mitchell
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
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6
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Ackland GL, Abbott TEF. Hypotension as a marker or mediator of perioperative organ injury: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth 2022; 128:915-930. [PMID: 35151462 PMCID: PMC9204667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perioperative hypotension has been repeatedly associated with organ injury and worse outcome, yet many interventions to reduce morbidity by attempting to avoid or reverse hypotension have floundered. In part, this reflects uncertainty as to what threshold of hypotension is relevant in the perioperative setting. Shifting population-based definitions for hypertension, plus uncertainty regarding individualised norms before surgery, both present major challenges in constructing useful clinical guidelines that may help improve clinical outcomes. Aside from these major pragmatic challenges, a wealth of biological mechanisms that underpin the development of higher blood pressure, particularly with increasing age, suggest that hypotension (however defined) or lower blood pressure per se does not account solely for developing organ injury after major surgery. The mosaic theory of hypertension, first proposed more than 60 yr ago, incorporates multiple, complementary mechanistic pathways through which clinical (macrovascular) attempts to minimise perioperative organ injury may unintentionally subvert protective or adaptive pathways that are fundamental in shaping the integrative host response to injury and inflammation. Consideration of the mosaic framework is critical for a more complete understanding of the perioperative response to acute sterile and infectious inflammation. The largely arbitrary treatment of perioperative blood pressure remains rudimentary in the context of multiple complex adaptive hypertensive endotypes, defined by distinct functional or pathobiological mechanisms, including the regulation of reactive oxygen species, autonomic dysfunction, and inflammation. Developing coherent strategies for the management of perioperative hypotension requires smarter, mechanistically solid interventions delivered by RCTs where observer bias is minimised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth L Ackland
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Tom E F Abbott
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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7
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Belanger KM, Mohamed R, Webb RC, Sullivan JC. Sex Differences in TLR4 Expression in SHR Do Not Contribute to Sex Differences in Blood Pressure or the Renal T cell Profile. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 322:R319-R325. [PMID: 35107023 PMCID: PMC8917934 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00237.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a primary risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Mechanisms controlling blood pressure (BP) in men and women are still being investigated, however, there is increasing evidence supporting a role for the innate immune system. Specifically, Toll-like receptors (TLR), and TLR4 in particular, have been implicated in the development of hypertension in male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Despite established sex differences in BP control and inflammatory markers in hypertensive males and females, little is known regarding the role of TLR4 in hypertension in females. Our hypotheses were that male SHR have greater TLR4 expression compared to females, and that sex differences in TLR4 contribute to sex differences in BP and the T cell profile. To test these hypotheses, initial studies measured renal TLR4 protein expression in 13-week old male and female SHR. Additional SHR were implanted with telemetry devices and randomized to treatment with either IgG or TLR4 neutralizing antibodies. Untreated control male SHR have greater TLR4 protein expression in the kidney compared to females. However, treatment with TLR4 neutralizing antibody for 2 weeks did not significantly alter BP in either male or female SHR. Interestingly, neutralization of TLR4 increased renal CD3+ T cells in female SHR, with no alteration in CD4+ T cells or CD8+ T cells in either sex. Taken together, our data indicates that although male SHR have greater renal TLR4 expression than females, TLR4 does not contribute to the higher BP and more pro-inflammatory renal T cell prolife in males vs. females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey M Belanger
- Department of Physiology Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Riyaz Mohamed
- Department of Physiology Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Jennifer C Sullivan
- Department of Physiology Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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8
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Jama HA, Muralitharan RR, Xu C, O'Donnell JA, Bertagnolli M, Broughton BRS, Head GA, Marques FZ. Rodent models of hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:918-937. [PMID: 34363610 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated blood pressure (BP), or hypertension, is the main risk factor for cardiovascular disease. As a multifactorial and systemic disease that involves multiple organs and systems, hypertension remains a challenging disease to study. Models of hypertension are invaluable to support the discovery of the specific genetic, cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying essential hypertension, as well as to test new possible treatments to lower BP. Rodent models have proven to be an invaluable tool for advancing the field. In this review, we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of rodent models of hypertension through a systems approach. We highlight the ways how target organs and systems including the kidneys, vasculature, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), immune system and the gut microbiota influence BP in each rodent model. We also discuss often overlooked hypertensive conditions such as pulmonary hypertension and hypertensive-pregnancy disorders, providing an important resource for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi A Jama
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Heart Failure Research Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rikeish R Muralitharan
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chudan Xu
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joanne A O'Donnell
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mariane Bertagnolli
- Laboratory of Maternal-child Health, Hospital Sacre-Coeur Research Center, CIUSSS Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Bradley R S Broughton
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Geoffrey A Head
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Francine Z Marques
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Heart Failure Research Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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9
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Lazaridis A, Gavriilaki E, Douma S, Gkaliagkousi E. Toll-Like Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Essential Hypertension. A Forthcoming Immune-Driven Theory in Full Effect. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3451. [PMID: 33810594 PMCID: PMC8037648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential hypertension (EH) is a highly heterogenous disease with a complex etiology. Recent evidence highlights the significant contribution of subclinical inflammation, triggered and sustained by excessive innate immune system activation in the pathogenesis of the disease. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been implied as novel effectors in this inflammatory environment since they can significantly stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), facilitating a low-intensity inflammatory background that is evident from the very early stages of hypertension. Furthermore, the net result of their activation is oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling, and finally, vascular target organ damage, which forms the pathogenetic basis of EH. Importantly, evidence of augmented TLR expression and activation in hypertension has been documented not only in immune but also in several non-immune cells located in the central nervous system, the kidneys, and the vasculature which form the pathogenetic core systems operating in hypertensive disease. In this review, we will try to highlight the contribution of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of hypertension by clarifying the deleterious role of TLR signaling in promoting inflammation and facilitating hypertensive vascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Lazaridis
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.L.); (S.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Eleni Gavriilaki
- Hematology Department, Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stella Douma
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.L.); (S.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Eugenia Gkaliagkousi
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.L.); (S.D.); (E.G.)
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10
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Jung R, Wild J, Ringen J, Karbach S, Wenzel P. Innate Immune Mechanisms of Arterial Hypertension and Autoimmune Disease. Am J Hypertens 2021; 34:143-153. [PMID: 32930786 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is indispensable in the development of vascular dysfunction and hypertension. The interplay between immune cells and the vasculature, kidneys, heart, and blood pressure regulating nuclei in the central nervous system results in a complex and closely interwoven relationship of the immune system with arterial hypertension. A better understanding of this interplay is necessary for optimized and individualized antihypertensive therapy. Our review article focuses on innate cells in hypertension and to what extent they impact on development and preservation of elevated blood pressure. Moreover, we address the association of hypertension with chronic autoimmune diseases. The latter are ideally suited to learn about immune-mediated mechanisms in cardiovascular disease leading to high blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Jung
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Wild
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Ringen
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Karbach
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine-Main, Germany
| | - Philip Wenzel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine-Main, Germany
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11
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Wild J, Wenzel P. Myeloid cells, tissue homeostasis, and anatomical barriers as innate immune effectors in arterial hypertension. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:315-326. [PMID: 33443617 PMCID: PMC7899956 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-02019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although essential hypertension affects a large proportion of the human population and is one of the key drivers of cardiovascular mortality worldwide, we still do not have a complete understanding of its pathophysiology. More than 50 years ago, the immune system has been identified as an important part of the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension. An exceeding variety of recent publications deals with the interplay between the numerous different components of the immune system and mechanisms of arterial hypertension and has substantially contributed to our understanding of the role of immunity and inflammation in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this review, we focus on myeloid cells and anatomical barriers as particular aspects of innate immunity in arterial hypertension. Since it represents a first line of defense protecting against pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis, innate immunity provides many mechanistic hinge points in the area of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Wild
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Center for Cardiology - Cardiology I and CTH Professorship "Vascular Inflammation", University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) - Partner site RheinMain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Wenzel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany. .,Center for Cardiology - Cardiology I and CTH Professorship "Vascular Inflammation", University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany. .,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) - Partner site RheinMain, Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Zhang RM, McNerney KP, Riek AE, Bernal‐Mizrachi C. Immunity and Hypertension. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13487. [PMID: 32359222 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is the primary cause of cardiovascular mortality. Despite multiple existing treatments, only half of those with the disease achieve adequate control. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms causing hypertension is essential for the development of novel therapies. Many studies demonstrate that immune cell infiltration of the vessel wall, kidney and central nervous system, as well as their counterparts of oxidative stress, the renal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and sympathetic tone play a critical role in the development of hypertension. Genetically modified mice lacking components of innate and/or adaptive immunity confirm the importance of chronic inflammation in hypertension and its complications. Depletion of immune cells improves endothelial function, decreases oxidative stress, reduces vascular tone and prevents renal interstitial infiltrates, sodium retention and kidney damage. Moreover, the ablation of microglia or central nervous system perivascular macrophages reduces RAS-induced inflammation and prevents sympathetic nervous system activation and hypertension. Therefore, understanding immune cell functioning and their interactions with tissues that regulate hypertensive responses may be the future of novel antihypertensive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong M. Zhang
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Kyle P. McNerney
- Department of Pediatrics Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Amy E. Riek
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Carlos Bernal‐Mizrachi
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
- Department of Medicine VA Medical Center St. Louis MO USA
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13
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Pechanova O, Vrankova S, Cebova M. Chronic L-Name-Treatment Produces Hypertension by Different Mechanisms in Peripheral Tissues and Brain: Role of Central eNOS. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2020; 27:46-54. [PMID: 35366256 PMCID: PMC8830472 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology27010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of our study was to analyze the time course of the effect of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms and nuclear factor–κB (NF-κB) protein expression, total NOS activity, and blood pressure (BP) in rats. Adult 12-week-old male Wistar rats were subjected to treatment with L-NAME (40 mg/kg/day) for four and seven weeks. BP was increased after 4- and 7-week L-NAME treatments. NOS activity decreased after 4-week-L-NAME treatment; however, the 7-week treatment increased NOS activity in the aorta, heart, and kidney, while it markedly decreased NOS activity in the brainstem, cerebellum, and brain cortex. The 4-week-L-NAME treatment increased eNOS expression in the aorta, heart, and kidney and this increase was amplified after 7 weeks of treatment. In the brain regions, eNOS expression remained unchanged after 4-week L-NAME treatment and prolonged treatment led to a significant decrease of eNOS expression in these tissues. NF-κB expression increased in both peripheral and brain tissues after 4 weeks of treatment and prolongation of treatment decreased the expression in the aorta, heart, and kidney. In conclusion, decreased expression of eNOS in the brain regions after 7-week L-NAME treatment may be responsible for a remarkable decrease of NOS activity in these regions. Since the BP increase persisted after 7 weeks of L-NAME treatment, we hypothesize that central regulation of BP may contribute significantly to L-NAME-induced hypertension.
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Robles-Vera I, Toral M, Duarte J. Microbiota and Hypertension: Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System and the Immune System. Am J Hypertens 2020; 33:890-901. [PMID: 32614942 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are numerous studies indicating a direct association between hypertension and gut microbiota in both animal models and humans. In this review, we focused on the imbalance in the gut microbiota composition relative to healthy state or homeostasis, termed dysbiosis, associated with hypertension and discuss the current knowledge regarding how microbiota regulates blood pressure (BP), involving the sympathetic nervous system and the immune system. The profile of ecological parameters and bacterial genera composition of gut dysbiosis in hypertension varies according to the experimental model of hypertension. Recent evidence supports that gut microbiota can protect or promote the development of hypertension by interacting with gut secondary lymph organs and altering T helper 17/regulatory T cells polarization, with subsequent changes in T cells infiltration in vascular tissues. Here, we also describe the bidirectional communication between the microbiome and the host via the sympathetic nervous system and its role in BP regulation. Dysbiosis in hypertension is mainly associated with reduced proportions of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, mainly acetate- and butyrate-producing bacteria, and an increased enrichment of the genes for lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and export, lending to moderate endotoxemia. The role of these metabolic and structural products in both immune and sympathetic system regulation and vascular inflammation was also analyzed. Overall, gut microbiota is now recognized as a well-established target to dietary interventions with prebiotics or probiotics to reduce BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Robles-Vera
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Toral
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodeling and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER-Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CiberCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER-Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CiberCV), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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15
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Del Pinto R, Ferri C. The role of Immunity in Fabry Disease and Hypertension: A Review of a Novel Common Pathway. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2020; 27:539-546. [PMID: 33047250 PMCID: PMC7661400 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-020-00414-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is a progressive, X-linked inherited lysosomal storage disorder where accumulation of glycosphingolipids increases the risk for early cardiovascular complications, including heart failure, stroke, and end stage renal disease. Besides disease-specific therapy, blood pressure (BP) control is of central importance in Fabry disease to reduce disease progression and improve prognosis. Both Fabry disease and hypertension are characterized by the activation of the innate component of the immune system, with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) as a common trigger to the inflammatory cascade. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) participates in the establishment of low-grade chronic inflammation and redox unbalance that contribute to organ damage in the long term. Besides exploiting the anti-inflammatory effects of RAS blockade and enzyme replacement therapy, targeted therapies acting on the immune system represent an appealing field of research in these conditions. The aim of this narrative review is to examine the issue of hypertension in the setting of Fabry disease, focusing on the possible determinants of their reciprocal relationship, as well as on the related clinical and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Del Pinto
- Division of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, San Salvatore Hospital, University of L'Aquila, San Salvatore Hospital, Building Delta 6, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Claudio Ferri
- Division of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, San Salvatore Hospital, University of L'Aquila, San Salvatore Hospital, Building Delta 6, L'Aquila, Italy
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Matsumoto T, Takayanagi K, Kojima M, Taguchi K, Kobayashi T. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Inhibitor TAK-242 Augments Acetylcholine-Induced Relaxation in Superior Mesenteric Arteries of the Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:1283-1287. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Matsumoto
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | - Keisuke Takayanagi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | - Mihoka Kojima
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | - Kumiko Taguchi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | - Tsuneo Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
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17
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Drummond GR, Vinh A, Guzik TJ, Sobey CG. Immune mechanisms of hypertension. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 19:517-532. [PMID: 30992524 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension affects 30% of adults and is the leading risk factor for heart attack and stroke. Traditionally, hypertension has been regarded as a disorder of two systems that are involved in the regulation of salt-water balance and cardiovascular function: the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). However, current treatments that aim to limit the influence of the RAAS or SNS on blood pressure fail in ~40% of cases, which suggests that other mechanisms must be involved. This Review summarizes the clinical and experimental evidence supporting a contribution of immune mechanisms to the development of hypertension. In this context, we highlight the immune cell subsets that are postulated to either promote or protect against hypertension through modulation of cardiac output and/or peripheral vascular resistance. We conclude with an appraisal of knowledge gaps still to be addressed before immunomodulatory therapies might be applied to at least a subset of patients with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Drummond
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Antony Vinh
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland.,BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Robles‐Vera I, Toral M, la Visitación N, Sánchez M, Gómez‐Guzmán M, Romero M, Yang T, Izquierdo‐Garcia JL, Jiménez R, Ruiz‐Cabello J, Guerra‐Hernández E, Raizada MK, Pérez‐Vizcaíno F, Duarte J. Probiotics Prevent Dysbiosis and the Rise in Blood Pressure in Genetic Hypertension: Role of Short‐Chain Fatty Acids. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1900616. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Robles‐Vera
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM)University of Granada 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Marta Toral
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodeling and Inflammation GroupCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) 28029 Madrid Spain
- CIBERCV Spain
| | - Néstor la Visitación
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM)University of Granada 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM)University of Granada 18071 Granada Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada 18016 Granada Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez‐Guzmán
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM)University of Granada 18071 Granada Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada 18016 Granada Spain
| | - Miguel Romero
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM)University of Granada 18071 Granada Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada 18016 Granada Spain
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Functional GenomicsUniversity of Florida Gainesville 32610 FL USA
- Microbiome Consortium and Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences Toledo Ohio 43606
| | | | - Rosario Jiménez
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM)University of Granada 18071 Granada Spain
- CIBERCV Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada 18016 Granada Spain
| | | | | | - Mohan K. Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional GenomicsUniversity of Florida Gainesville 32610 FL USA
| | - Francisco Pérez‐Vizcaíno
- Departamento de Farmacología y ToxicologíaFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad Complutense de MadridCiber Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes)Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM) 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Juan Duarte
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM)University of Granada 18071 Granada Spain
- CIBERCV Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada 18016 Granada Spain
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19
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Justina VD, Giachini FR, Priviero F, Webb RC. Double-stranded RNA and Toll-like receptor activation: a novel mechanism for blood pressure regulation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:303-313. [PMID: 31998948 PMCID: PMC7703673 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), such as TLR4 and 9, recognize pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and are associated with increased blood pressure (BP). TLR3, residing in the endosomal compartment, is activated by viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) leading to activation of TIR receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF) dependent pathway. Besides foreign pathogens, the immune system responds to endogenous markers of cellular damage such as mitochondrial dsRNA (mtdsRNA). New evidence has shown a link between dsRNA and increased BP. Moreover, TLR3 activation during pregnancy was demonstrated to develop preeclampsia-like symptoms in both rats and mice. Hence, we hypothesize that the dsRNA derived from viral nucleic acids or cellular damage (mtdsRNA) will increase the inflammatory state through activation of TLR3, contributing to vascular dysfunction and increased BP. Therefore, inhibition of TLR3 could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of hypertension with potential improvement in vascular reactivity and consequently, a decrease in BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Dela Justina
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, U.S.A
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda R. Giachini
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
- RIVATREM - Red Iberoamericana de Alteraciones Vasculares en Transtornos del Embarazo
| | - Fernanda Priviero
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - R. Clinton Webb
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, U.S.A
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20
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Protective Effects of Probiotic Consumption in Cardiovascular Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112676. [PMID: 31694260 PMCID: PMC6893408 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of renal and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is higher than in general populations. Recently, a causal role of gut microbiota on the development of immune responses in SLE has been described. Probiotic consumption changes the composition of gut microbiota, preventing SLE progression. The aim of this review is to explore the role of the gut microbiota in the development of renal and cardiovascular disease in SLE and how probiotics could be a therapeutic option. Despite strong evidence on the beneficial effects of probiotics in the development of autoimmunity and nephritis in SLE, only a few studies described the protective effects of Lactobacillus in important risk factors for CVD, such as endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in mice. The preventive effects of probiotics in renal and CVD in humans have not been established yet.
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21
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Mian MOR, He Y, Bertagnolli M, Mai-Vo TA, Fernandes RO, Boudreau F, Cloutier A, Luu TM, Nuyt AM. TLR (Toll-Like Receptor) 4 Antagonism Prevents Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Dysfunction Caused by Neonatal Hyperoxia Exposure in Rats. Hypertension 2019; 74:843-853. [PMID: 31476902 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth is associated with proinflammatory conditions and alterations in adult cardiac shape and function. Neonatal exposure to high oxygen, a rat model of prematurity-related conditions, leads to cardiac remodeling, fibrosis, and dysfunction. TLR (Toll-like receptor) 4 signaling is a critical link between oxidative stress, inflammation, and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The current study sought to investigate the role of TLR4 signaling in neonatal oxygen-induced cardiomyopathy. Male Sprague-Dawley pups were kept in 80% oxygen or room air from day 3 to 10 of life and treated with TLR4 antagonist lipopolysaccharide from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides(LPS-RS) or saline. Echocardiography was performed at 4, 7, and 12 weeks. At 12 weeks, intraarterial blood pressure was measured before euthanization for histological and biochemical analyses. At day 10, cardiac TLR4, Il (interleukin) 18, and Il1β expression were increased in oxygen-exposed compared with room air controls. At 4 weeks, compared with room air-saline, saline-, but not LPS-RS treated-, oxygen-exposed animals, exhibited increased left ventricle mass index, reduced ejection fraction, and cardiac output index. Findings were similar at 7 and 12 weeks. LPS-RS did not influence echocardiography in 12 weeks room air animals. Systolic blood pressure was higher in saline- but not LPS-RS treated-oxygen-exposed animals compared with room air-saline and -LPS-RS controls. LPS-RS prevented cardiac fibrosis and cardiomyocytes hypertrophy, the increased TLR4, Myd88, and Il18 gene expression, TRIF expression, and CD68+ macrophages infiltration associated with neonatal oxygen exposure, without impact in room air rats. This study indicates that neonatal exposure to high oxygen programs TLR4 activation, which contributes to cardiac remodeling and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Oneeb Rehman Mian
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ying He
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mariane Bertagnolli
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thuy-An Mai-Vo
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rafael Oliveira Fernandes
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Fauve Boudreau
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anik Cloutier
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thuy Mai Luu
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne Monique Nuyt
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
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22
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Zambom FFF, Oliveira KC, Foresto-Neto O, Faustino VD, Ávila VF, Albino AH, Arias SCA, Volpini RA, Malheiros DMAC, Saraiva Camara NO, Zatz R, Fujihara CK. Pathogenic role of innate immunity in a model of chronic NO inhibition associated with salt overload. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1058-F1067. [PMID: 31411073 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00251.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide inhibition with Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), along with salt overload, leads to hypertension, albuminuria, glomerulosclerosis, glomerular ischemia, and interstitial fibrosis, characterizing a chronic kidney disease (CKD) model. Previous findings of this laboratory and elsewhere have suggested that activation of at least two pathways of innate immunity, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome/IL-1β, occurs in several experimental models of CKD and that progression of renal injury can be slowed with inhibition of these pathways. In the present study, we investigated whether activation of innate immunity, through either the TLR4/NF-κB or NLRP3/IL-1β pathway, is involved in the pathogenesis of renal injury in chronic nitric oxide inhibition with the salt-overload model. Adult male Munich-Wistar rats that received l-NAME in drinking water with salt overload (HS + N group) were treated with allopurinol (ALLO) as an NLRP3 inhibitor (HS + N + ALLO group) or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) as an NF-κB inhibitor (HS + N + PDTC group). After 4 wk, HS + N rats developed hypertension, albuminuria, and renal injury along with renal inflammation, oxidative stress, and activation of both the NLRP3/IL-1β and TLR4/NF-κB pathways. ALLO lowered renal uric acid and inhibited the NLRP3 pathway. These effects were associated with amelioration of hypertension, albuminuria, and interstitial inflammation/fibrosis but not glomerular injury. PDTC inhibited the renal NF-κB system and lowered the number of interstitial cells staining positively for NLRP3. PDTC also reduced renal xanthine oxidase activity and uric acid. Overall, PDTC promoted a more efficient anti-inflammatory and nephroprotective effect than ALLO. The NLRP3/IL-1β and TLR4/NF-κB pathways act in parallel to promote renal injury/inflammation and must be simultaneously inhibited for best nephroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Carneiro Oliveira
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Orestes Foresto-Neto
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viviane Dias Faustino
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Ferreira Ávila
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Helen Albino
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Costa Alarcon Arias
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rildo Aparecido Volpini
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Zatz
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarice Kazue Fujihara
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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High Mobility Group Box 1 Mediates TMAO-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143570. [PMID: 31336567 PMCID: PMC6678463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbe-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The molecular mechanisms of how TMAO induces atherosclerosis and CVDs’ progression are still unclear. In this regard, high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), an inflammatory mediator, has been reported to disrupt cell–cell junctions, resulting in vascular endothelial hyper permeability leading to endothelial dysfunction. The present study tested whether TMAO associated endothelial dysfunction results via HMGB1 activation. Biochemical and RT-PCR analysis showed that TMAO increased the HMGB1 expression in a dose-dependent manner in endothelial cells. However, prior treatment with glycyrrhizin, an HMGB1 binder, abolished the TMAO-induced HMGB1 production in endothelial cells. Furthermore, Western blot and immunofluorescent analysis showed significant decrease in the expression of cell–cell junction proteins ZO-2, Occludin, and VE-cadherin in TMAO treated endothelial cells compared with control cells. However, prior treatment with glycyrrhizin attenuated the TMAO-induced cell–cell junction proteins’ disruption. TMAO increased toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in endothelial cells. Inhibition of TLR4 expression by TLR4 siRNA protected the endothelial cells from TMAO associated tight junction protein disruption via HMGB1. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that HMGB1 is one of the important mediators of TMAO-induced endothelial dysfunction.
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24
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Bomfim GF, Cau SBA, Bruno AS, Fedoce AG, Carneiro FS. Hypertension: a new treatment for an old disease? Targeting the immune system. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2028-2048. [PMID: 29969833 PMCID: PMC6534786 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial hypertension represents a serious public health problem, being a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The availability of many antihypertensive therapeutic strategies still fails to adequately treat around 20% of hypertensive patients, who are considered resistant to conventional treatment. In the pathogenesis of hypertension, immune system mechanisms are activated and both the innate and adaptive immune responses play a crucial role. However, what, when and how the immune system is triggered during hypertension development is still largely undefined. In this context, this review highlights scientific advances in the manipulation of the immune system in order to attenuate hypertension and end-organ damage. Here, we discuss the potential use of immunosuppressants and immunomodulators as pharmacological tools to control the activation of the immune system, by non-specific and specific mechanisms, to treat hypertension and improve end-organ damage. Nevertheless, more clinical trials should be performed with these drugs to establish their therapeutic efficacy, safety and risk-benefit ratio in hypertensive conditions. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefany Bruno Assis Cau
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological ScienceFederal University of Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMGBrazil
| | - Alexandre Santos Bruno
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological ScienceFederal University of Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMGBrazil
| | - Aline Garcia Fedoce
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Fernando S Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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25
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Nunes KP, de Oliveira AA, Lima VV, Webb RC. Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Blood Pressure: Lessons From Animal Studies. Front Physiol 2019; 10:655. [PMID: 31191352 PMCID: PMC6549540 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenia Pedrosa Nunes
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, United States
| | - Amanda Almeida de Oliveira
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, United States
| | - Victor Vitorino Lima
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
| | - R. Clinton Webb
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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Pathogenic role of angiotensin II and the NF-κB system in a model of malignant hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:779-789. [PMID: 30809002 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that rats treated with an NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), during lactation developed hypertension in adult life, without apparent functional or structural damage to kidneys, providing a new model of essential hypertension. Here, we investigated whether uninephrectomy associated with salt overload would unveil a latent renal dysfunction in this model, aggravating arterial hypertension and promoting renal injury. Male Munich-Wistar rat pups received PDTC from maternal milk (PDTCLact) from 0 to 20 days after birth. Another group received no treatment during lactation. All offspring underwent uninephrectomy (UNx) at 10 weeks of age and then were subdivided into NS, receiving a normal salt (0.5% Na+) diet, PDTCLact + NS, HS, receiving a high-salt diet (2% Na+ chow + 0.5% saline to drink), and PDTCLact+HS. Twelve weeks later, HS rats were moderately hypertensive with mild albuminuria and renal injury. In contrast, severe hypertension, glomerulosclerosis, and cortical collagen deposition were prominent in PDTCLact + HS animals, along with "onion-skin" arteriolar lesions, evidence of oxidative stress and intense renal infiltration by macrophages, and lymphocytes and angiotensin II-positive cells, contrasting with low circulating renin. The NF-κB pathway was also activated. In a separate set of PDTCLact+HS rats, Losartan treatment prevented NF-κB activation and strongly attenuated glomerular injury, cortical fibrosis, and renal inflammation. NF-κB activity during late nephrogenesis is essential for the kidneys to properly maintain sodium homeostasis in adult life. Paradoxically, this same system contributed to renal injury resembling that caused by malignant hypertension when renal dysfunction caused by its inhibition during lactation was unmasked by uninephrectomy associated with HS.
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Nunes KP, de Oliveira AA, Szasz T, Biancardi VC, Webb RC. Blockade of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Attenuates Erectile Dysfunction in Diabetic Rats. J Sex Med 2018; 15:1235-1245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Robles-Vera I, Toral M, Romero M, Jiménez R, Sánchez M, Pérez-Vizcaíno F, Duarte J. Antihypertensive Effects of Probiotics. Curr Hypertens Rep 2018; 19:26. [PMID: 28315049 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-017-0723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review focuses in the hypertension-associated changes in the microbiota and the current insights regarding the impact of probiotics on blood pressure in animal models and in human hypertensive patients. RECENT FINDINGS Gut dysbiosis in hypertension is characterized by (i) the gut microbioma that is less diverse and less rich with an increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and (ii) a decrease in acetate- and butyrate-producing bacteria and an increase in lactate-producing bacterial populations. The meta-analysis of the human studies supports that supplementation with probiotics reduces blood pressure. The mechanism of this antihypertensive effect of probiotics and its protective effect on endothelial function has not been fully elucidated. Further investigations are needed to clarify if the effects of probiotic bacteria result from the changes in the gut microbiota and its metabolic by-products; the restoration of the gut barrier function; and the effects on endotoxemia, inflammation, and renal sympathetic nerve activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Robles-Vera
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, CIBER-Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CiberCV), 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Toral
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, CIBER-Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CiberCV), 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, CIBER-Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CiberCV), 18071, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario Jiménez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, CIBER-Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CiberCV), 18071, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, CIBER-Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CiberCV), 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Pérez-Vizcaíno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, CIBER-Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CiberCV), 18071, Granada, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.
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Van Beusecum JP, Zhang S, Cook AK, Inscho EW. Acute toll-like receptor 4 activation impairs rat renal microvascular autoregulatory behaviour. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 221:204-220. [PMID: 28544543 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Little is known about how toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) influences the renal microvasculature. We hypothesized that acute TLR4 stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) impairs afferent arteriole autoregulatory behaviour, partially through reactive oxygen species (ROS). METHODS We assessed afferent arteriole autoregulatory behaviour after LPS treatment (1 mg kg-1 ; i.p.) using the in vitro blood-perfused juxtamedullary nephron preparation. Autoregulatory behaviour was assessed by measuring diameter responses to stepwise changes in renal perfusion pressure. TLR4 expression was assessed by immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis in the renal cortex and vasculature. RESULTS Baseline arteriole diameter at 100 mmHg averaged 15.2 ± 1.2 μm and 12.2 ± 1.0 μm for control and LPS groups (P < 0.05) respectively. When perfusion pressure was increased in 15 mmHg increments from 65 to 170 mmHg, arteriole diameter in control kidneys decreased significantly to 69 ± 6% of baseline diameter. In the LPS-treated group, arteriole diameter remained essentially unchanged (103 ± 9% of baseline), indicating impaired autoregulatory behaviour. Pre-treatment with anti-TLR4 antibody or the TLR4 antagonist, LPS-RS, preserved autoregulatory behaviour during LPS treatment. P2 receptor reactivity was normal in control and LPS-treated rats. Pre-treatment with Losartan (angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker; (AT1 ) 2 mg kg-1 ; i.p.) increased baseline afferent arteriole diameter but did not preserve autoregulatory behaviour in LPS-treated rats. Acute exposure to Tempol (10-3 mol L-1 ), a superoxide dismutase mimetic, restored pressure-mediated vasoconstriction in kidneys from LPS-treated rats. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that TLR4 activation impairs afferent arteriole autoregulatory behaviour, partially through ROS, but independently of P2 and AT1 receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Van Beusecum
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
- Department of Physiology; Augusta University; Augusta GA USA
| | - S. Zhang
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
- Department of Physiology; Augusta University; Augusta GA USA
| | - A. K. Cook
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
- Department of Physiology; Augusta University; Augusta GA USA
| | - E. W. Inscho
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
- Department of Physiology; Augusta University; Augusta GA USA
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Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Pons H, Johnson RJ. Role of the Immune System in Hypertension. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1127-1164. [PMID: 28566539 PMCID: PMC6151499 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High blood pressure is present in more than one billion adults worldwide and is the most important modifiable risk factor of death resulting from cardiovascular disease. While many factors contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension, a role of the immune system has been firmly established by a large number of investigations from many laboratories around the world. Immunosuppressive drugs and inhibition of individual cytokines prevent or ameliorate experimental hypertension, and studies in genetically-modified mouse strains have demonstrated that lymphocytes are necessary participants in the development of hypertension and in hypertensive organ injury. Furthermore, immune reactivity may be the driving force of hypertension in autoimmune diseases. Infiltration of immune cells, oxidative stress, and stimulation of the intrarenal angiotensin system are induced by activation of the innate and adaptive immunity. High blood pressure results from the combined effects of inflammation-induced impairment in the pressure natriuresis relationship, dysfunctional vascular relaxation, and overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. Imbalances between proinflammatory effector responses and anti-inflammatory responses of regulatory T cells to a large extent determine the severity of inflammation. Experimental and human studies have uncovered autoantigens (isoketal-modified proteins and heat shock protein 70) of potential clinical relevance. Further investigations on the immune reactivity in hypertension may result in the identification of new strategies for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe
- Renal Service, Hospital Universitario, Universidad del Zulia, and Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC)-Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela; and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Anschutz Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Hector Pons
- Renal Service, Hospital Universitario, Universidad del Zulia, and Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC)-Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela; and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Anschutz Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Renal Service, Hospital Universitario, Universidad del Zulia, and Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC)-Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela; and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Anschutz Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Balistreri CR, Ruvolo G, Lio D, Madonna R. Toll-like receptor-4 signaling pathway in aorta aging and diseases: "its double nature". J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 110:38-53. [PMID: 28668304 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of innate immunity have revealed a complex role of innate immune signaling pathways in both tissue homeostasis and disease. Among them, the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) pathways has been linked to various pathophysiological conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This has been interrogated by developing multiple laboratory tools that have shown in animal models and clinical conditions, the involvement of the TLR-4 signaling pathway in the pathophysiology of different CVDs, such as atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, ischemia-reperfusion injury and aorta aneurysm. Among these, aorta aneurysm, a very complex pathological condition with uncertain etiology and fatal complications (i.e. dissection and rupture), has been associated with the occurrence of high risk cardiovascular conditions, including thrombosis and embolism. In this review, we discuss the possible role of TLR-4 signaling pathway in the development of aorta aneurysm, considering the emerging evidence from ongoing investigations. Our message is that emphasizing the role of TLR-4 signaling pathway in aorta aneurysm may serve as a starting point for future studies, leading to a better understanding of the pathophysiological basis and perhaps the effective treatment of this difficult human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Rita Balistreri
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, 90134 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Ruvolo
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Lio
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Heart Failure Research, Texas Heart Institute, St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine - CESI-Met and Institute of Cardiology, Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences "G. D'Annunzio" University, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Familtseva A, Jeremic N, Kunkel GH, Tyagi SC. Toll-like receptor 4 mediates vascular remodeling in hyperhomocysteinemia. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 433:177-194. [PMID: 28386844 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is known to promote downstream pro-inflammatory cytokine elevation, the precise mechanism is still unknown. One of the possible receptors that could have significant attention in the field of hypertension is toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4). TLR-4 is a cellular membrane protein that is ubiquitously expressed in all cell types of the vasculature. Its mutation can attenuate the effects of HHcy-mediated vascular inflammation and mitochondria- dependent cell death that suppresses hypertension. In this review, we observed that HHcy induces vascular remodeling through immunological adaptation, promoting inflammatory cytokine up-regulation (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and initiation of mitochondrial dysfunction leading to cell death and chronic vascular inflammation. The literature suggests that HHcy promotes TLR-4-driven chronic vascular inflammation and mitochondria-mediated cell death inducing peripheral vascular remodeling. In the previous studies, we have characterized the role of TLR-4 mutation in attenuating vascular remodeling in hyperhomocysteinemia. This review includes, but is not limited to, the physiological synergistic aspects of the downstream elevation of cytokines found within the vascular inflammatory cascade. These events subsequently induce mitochondrial dysfunction defined by excessive mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial apoptosis contributing to vascular remodeling followed by hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Familtseva
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Louisville, A-1215, 500, South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Nevena Jeremic
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Louisville, A-1215, 500, South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - George H Kunkel
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Louisville, A-1215, 500, South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Louisville, A-1215, 500, South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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Simundic T, Jelakovic B, Dzumhur A, Turk T, Sahinovic I, Dobrosevic B, Takac B, Barbic J. Interleukin 17A and Toll-like Receptor 4 in Patients with Arterial Hypertension. Kidney Blood Press Res 2017; 42:99-108. [DOI: 10.1159/000471900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Biancardi VC, Bomfim GF, Reis WL, Al-Gassimi S, Nunes KP. The interplay between Angiotensin II, TLR4 and hypertension. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:88-96. [PMID: 28330785 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a multifactorial disease. Although a number of different underlying mechanisms have been learned from the various experimental models of the disease, hypertension still poses challenges for treatment. Angiotensin II plays an unquestionable role in blood pressure regulation acting through central and peripheral mechanisms. During hypertension, dysregulation of the Renin-Angiotensin System is associated with increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species causing kidney damage, endothelial dysfunction, and increase in sympathetic activity, among other damages, eventually leading to decline in organ function. Recent studies have shown that these effects involve both the innate and the adaptive immune response. The contribution of adaptive immune responses involving different lymphocyte populations in various models of hypertension has been extensively studied. However, the involvement of the innate immunity mediating inflammation in hypertension is still not well understood. The innate and adaptive immune systems intimately interact with one another and are essential to an effectively functioning of the immune response; hence, the importance of a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms mediating innate immune system during hypertension. In this review, we aim to discuss mechanisms linking Angiotensin II and the innate immune system, in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The newest research investigating Angiotensin II triggering toll like receptor 4 activation in the kidney, vasculature and central nervous system contributing to hypertension will be discussed. Understanding the role of the innate immune system in the development of hypertension may bring to light new insights necessary to improve hypertension management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicia Campana Biancardi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL, United States
| | | | - Wagner Luis Reis
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sarah Al-Gassimi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, FL, United States
| | - Kenia Pedrosa Nunes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, FL, United States.
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Bomfim GF, Rodrigues FL, Carneiro FS. Are the innate and adaptive immune systems setting hypertension on fire? Pharmacol Res 2017; 117:377-393. [PMID: 28093357 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most common chronic cardiovascular disease and is associated with several pathological states, being an important cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Low-grade inflammation plays a key role in hypertension and the innate and adaptive immune systems seem to contribute to hypertension development and maintenance. Hypertension is associated with vascular inflammation, increased vascular cytokines levels and infiltration of immune cells in the vasculature, kidneys and heart. However, the mechanisms that trigger inflammation and immune system activation in hypertension are completely unknown. Cells from the innate immune system express pattern recognition receptors (PRR), which detect conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that induce innate effector mechanisms to produce endogenous signals, such as inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, to alert the host about danger. Additionally, antigen-presenting cells (APC) act as sentinels that are activated by PAMPs and DAMPs to sense the presence of the antigen/neoantigen, which ensues the adaptive immune system activation. In this context, different lymphocyte types are activated and contribute to inflammation and end-organ damage in hypertension. This review will focus on experimental and clinical evidence demonstrating the contribution of the innate and adaptive immune systems to the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele F Bomfim
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Luciano Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando S Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Vanhoutte PM, Shimokawa H, Feletou M, Tang EHC. Endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease - a 30th anniversary update. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:22-96. [PMID: 26706498 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium can evoke relaxations of the underlying vascular smooth muscle, by releasing vasodilator substances. The best-characterized endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is nitric oxide (NO) which activates soluble guanylyl cyclase in the vascular smooth muscle cells, with the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) initiating relaxation. The endothelial cells also evoke hyperpolarization of the cell membrane of vascular smooth muscle (endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations, EDH-mediated responses). As regards the latter, hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) now appears to play a dominant role. Endothelium-dependent relaxations involve both pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi (e.g. responses to α2 -adrenergic agonists, serotonin, and thrombin) and pertussis toxin-insensitive Gq (e.g. adenosine diphosphate and bradykinin) coupling proteins. New stimulators (e.g. insulin, adiponectin) of the release of EDRFs have emerged. In recent years, evidence has also accumulated, confirming that the release of NO by the endothelial cell can chronically be upregulated (e.g. by oestrogens, exercise and dietary factors) and downregulated (e.g. oxidative stress, smoking, pollution and oxidized low-density lipoproteins) and that it is reduced with ageing and in the course of vascular disease (e.g. diabetes and hypertension). Arteries covered with regenerated endothelium (e.g. following angioplasty) selectively lose the pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway for NO release which favours vasospasm, thrombosis, penetration of macrophages, cellular growth and the inflammatory reaction leading to atherosclerosis. In addition to the release of NO (and EDH, in particular those due to H2 O2 ), endothelial cells also can evoke contraction of the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells by releasing endothelium-derived contracting factors. Recent evidence confirms that most endothelium-dependent acute increases in contractile force are due to the formation of vasoconstrictor prostanoids (endoperoxides and prostacyclin) which activate TP receptors of the vascular smooth muscle cells and that prostacyclin plays a key role in such responses. Endothelium-dependent contractions are exacerbated when the production of nitric oxide is impaired (e.g. by oxidative stress, ageing, spontaneous hypertension and diabetes). They contribute to the blunting of endothelium-dependent vasodilatations in aged subjects and essential hypertensive and diabetic patients. In addition, recent data confirm that the release of endothelin-1 can contribute to endothelial dysfunction and that the peptide appears to be an important contributor to vascular dysfunction. Finally, it has become clear that nitric oxide itself, under certain conditions (e.g. hypoxia), can cause biased activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase leading to the production of cyclic inosine monophosphate (cIMP) rather than cGMP and hence causes contraction rather than relaxation of the underlying vascular smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Vanhoutte
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
| | - H. Shimokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - M. Feletou
- Department of Cardiovascular Research; Institut de Recherches Servier; Suresnes France
| | - E. H. C. Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
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Kamisah Y, Ang SM, Othman F, Nurul-Iman BS, Qodriyah HMS. Renoprotective effect of virgin coconut oil in heated palm oil diet-induced hypertensive rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:1033-1038. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Virgin coconut oil, rich in antioxidants, was shown to attenuate hypertension. This study aimed to investigate the effects of virgin coconut oil on blood pressure and related parameters in kidneys in rats fed with 5-times-heated palm oil (5HPO). Thirty-two male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups. Two groups were fed 5HPO (15%) diet and the second group was also given virgin coconut oil (1.42 mL/kg, oral) daily for 16 weeks. The other 2 groups were given basal diet without (control) and with virgin coconut oil. Systolic blood pressure was measured pre- and post-treatment. After 16 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and kidneys were harvested. Dietary 5HPO increased blood pressure, renal thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), and nitric oxide contents, but decreased heme oxygenase activity. Virgin coconut oil prevented increase in 5HPO-induced blood pressure and renal nitric oxide content as well as the decrease in renal heme oxygenase activity. The virgin coconut oil also reduced the elevation of renal TBARS induced by the heated oil. However, neither dietary 5HPO nor virgin coconut oil affected renal histomorphometry. In conclusion, virgin coconut oil has a potential to reduce the development of hypertension and renal injury induced by dietary heated oil, possibly via its antioxidant protective effects on the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusof Kamisah
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shu-Min Ang
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Faizah Othman
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Jiang W, Bian Y, Wang Z, Chang TMS. Hepatoprotective effects of Poly-[hemoglobin-superoxide dismutase-catalase-carbonic anhydrase] on alcohol-damaged primary rat hepatocyte culture in vitro. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:46-50. [PMID: 27263665 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1191229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We have prepared a novel nanobiotherapeutic, Poly-[hemoglobin-superoxide dismutase-catalase-carbonic anhydrase], which not only transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide but also a therapeutic antioxidant. Our previous study in a severe sustained 90 min hemorrhagic shock rat model shows that it has a hepatoprotective effect. We investigate its hepatoprotective effect further in this present report using an alcohol-damaged primary hepatocyte culture model. Results show that it significantly reduced ethanol-induced AST release, lipid peroxidation, and ROS production in rat primary hepatocytes culture. It also significantly enhanced the viability of ethanol-treated hepatocytes. Thus, the result shows that Poly-[hemoglobin-superoxide dismutase-catalase-carbonic anhydrase] also has some hepatoprotective effects against alcohol-induced injury in in vitro rat primary hepatocytes cell culture. This collaborate our previous observation of its hepatoprotective effect in a severe sustained 90-min hemorrhagic shock rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Jiang
- a Departments of Physiology, Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine , Artificial Cells and Organs Research Centre, McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Yuzhu Bian
- a Departments of Physiology, Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine , Artificial Cells and Organs Research Centre, McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Zhenghui Wang
- a Departments of Physiology, Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine , Artificial Cells and Organs Research Centre, McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Thomas Ming Swi Chang
- a Departments of Physiology, Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine , Artificial Cells and Organs Research Centre, McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
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Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) in concert with the heart and vasculature is essential to maintaining cardiovascular (CV) homeostasis. In recent years, our understanding of CNS control of blood pressure regulation (and dysregulation leading to hypertension) has evolved substantially to include (i) the actions of signaling molecules that are not classically viewed as CV signaling molecules, some of which exert effects at CNS targets in a non-traditional manner, and (ii) CNS locations not traditionally viewed as central autonomic cardiovascular centers. This review summarizes recent work implicating immune signals and reproductive hormones, as well as gasotransmitters and reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of hypertension at traditional CV control centers. Additionally, recent work implicating non-conventional CNS structures in CV regulation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline M Smith
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Alastair V Ferguson
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada
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Wang Y, Song E, Bai B, Vanhoutte PM. Toll-like receptors mediating vascular malfunction: Lessons from receptor subtypes. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 158:91-100. [PMID: 26702901 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are a subfamily of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) implicated in a variety of vascular abnormalities. However, the pathophysiological role and the interplay between different TLR-mediated innate and adaptive immune responses during the development of vascular diseases remain largely unspecified. TLR are widely distributed in both immune and nonimmune cells in the blood vessel wall. The expressions and locations of TLR are dynamically regulated in response to distinct molecular patterns derived from pathogens or damaged host cells. As a result, the outcome of TLR signaling is agonist- and cell type-dependent. A better understanding of discrete TLR signaling pathways in the vasculature will provide unprecedented opportunities for the discovery of novel therapies in many inflammatory vascular diseases. The present brief review discusses the role of individual TLR in controlling cellular functions of the vascular system, by focusing on the inflammatory responses within the blood vessel wall which contribute to the development of hypertension and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Erfei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bo Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul M Vanhoutte
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Chmielewski S, Piaszyk-Borychowska A, Wesoly J, Bluyssen HAR. STAT1 and IRF8 in Vascular Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 35:434-454. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1087519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Chmielewski
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Piaszyk-Borychowska
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Wesoly
- Laboratory of High Throughput Technologies, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Hans A. R. Bluyssen
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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42
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Zewinger S, Schumann T, Fliser D, Speer T. Innate immunity in CKD-associated vascular diseases. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 31:1813-1821. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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43
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Schneider S, Hoppmann P, Koch W, Kemmner S, Schmaderer C, Renders L, Kastrati A, Laugwitz KL, Heemann U, Baumann M. Obesity-associated hypertension is ameliorated in patients with TLR4 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4986790. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2015; 12:57. [PMID: 26435700 PMCID: PMC4591702 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-015-0100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Obesity is strongly associated with hypertension. Despite numerous mechanistic links the association is not fully understood. Western diet increases uptake of Toll-Like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligands such as free fatty acids or endotoxin. We recently demonstrated that TLR4 ligands are involved in the development of hypertension. We hypothesized that TLR4 ligands are involved in obesity-associated hypertension and investigated the TLR4 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs 498790). This SNP is frequent, associated with cardiovascular disease and characterized by blunted response upon exposure to TLR4 ligands. Methods We investigated 3657 patients undergoing coronary angiography. Blood pressure was determined in standardized manner prior angiography. The diagnosis of hypertension was based on record data. Patients were characterized for TLR4 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4986790. Patients were stratified according to quartiles of Body mass index (BMI) and according to the polymorphism. The association between the TLR4 polymorphism and blood pressure in obese patients (BMI > 30 kg/m2) was investigated by multivariate regression analysis. Results Out of 3657 patients 3017 patients fulfilled inclusion criteria. In the whole cohort a significant increase of SBP, pulse pressure and diagnosis of hypertension was observed across BMI quartiles. By contrast, no significant increase of SBP, pulse pressure or diagnosis of hypertension was observed in the 319 cases with TLR4 SNP rs4986790 across BMI quartiles. These obese cases had significantly lower SBP, lower pulse pressure (7.0 and 7.6 mmHg) and less diagnosis of hypertension as controls. In obesity the TLR4 SNP rs4986790 was an independent predictor of SBP. Conclusion Systolic blood pressure increase with obesity was blunted in cases with TLR4 SNP rs4986790.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schneider
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Hoppmann
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Werner Koch
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Kemmner
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger St. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmaderer
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger St. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Lutz Renders
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger St. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Adnan Kastrati
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Ludwig Laugwitz
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Heemann
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger St. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Baumann
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger St. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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44
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Gómez-Guzmán M, Toral M, Romero M, Jiménez R, Galindo P, Sánchez M, Zarzuelo MJ, Olivares M, Gálvez J, Duarte J. Antihypertensive effects of probioticsLactobacillusstrains in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:2326-36. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gómez-Guzmán
- Departamento de Farmacología; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Marta Toral
- Departamento de Farmacología; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Miguel Romero
- Departamento de Farmacología; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Granada; Granada Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs. GRANADA); Granada Spain
| | - Rosario Jiménez
- Departamento de Farmacología; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Granada; Granada Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs. GRANADA); Granada Spain
| | - Pilar Galindo
- Departamento de Farmacología; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez
- Departamento de Farmacología; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Granada; Granada Spain
| | - María José Zarzuelo
- Departamento de Farmacología; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Mónica Olivares
- Laboratorio de Descubrimiento y Preclínica; Departamento de Investigación BIOSEARCH S.A; Granada Spain
| | - Julio Gálvez
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs. GRANADA); Granada Spain
- CIBER-ehd; Departamento de Farmacología; CIBM; Universidad de Granada; Armilla (Granada) Spain
| | - Juan Duarte
- Departamento de Farmacología; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Granada; Granada Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs. GRANADA); Granada Spain
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45
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Wenzel U, Turner JE, Krebs C, Kurts C, Harrison DG, Ehmke H. Immune Mechanisms in Arterial Hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:677-86. [PMID: 26319245 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015050562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, arterial hypertension and subsequent end-organ damage have been attributed to hemodynamic factors, but increasing evidence indicates that inflammation also contributes to the deleterious consequences of this disease. The immune system has evolved to prevent invasion of foreign organisms and to promote tissue healing after injury. However, this beneficial activity comes at a cost of collateral damage when the immune system overreacts to internal injury, such as prehypertension. Renal inflammation results in injury and impaired urinary sodium excretion, and vascular inflammation leads to endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular resistance, and arterial remodeling and stiffening. Notably, modulation of the immune response can reduce the severity of BP elevation and hypertensive end-organ damage in several animal models. Indeed, recent studies have improved our understanding of how the immune response affects the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension, but the remarkable advances in basic immunology made during the last few years still await translation to the field of hypertension. This review briefly summarizes recent advances in immunity and hypertension as well as hypertensive end-organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christian Kurts
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany; and
| | - David G Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Heimo Ehmke
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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46
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Stallmann-Jorgensen I, Ogbi S, Szasz T, Webb RC. A Toll-Like Receptor 1/2 Agonist Augments Contractility in Rat Corpus Cavernosum. J Sex Med 2015; 12:1722-31. [PMID: 26234560 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activation of the innate immune Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) initiates inflammation and has been implicated in vascular dysfunction. Increased contraction and decreased relaxation responses in the penile vasculature lead to erectile dysfunction, a condition associated with inflammation. However, whether TLR2 activation plays a role in penile vascular function has not been established. AIM We hypothesized that activation of the TLR 1/2 heterodimer (TLR1/2) augments contractile and impairs relaxation responses of corpus cavernosum and that these perturbations of vascular function are mediated by low nitric oxide (NO) availability and enhanced activity of the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway. METHODS Contraction and relaxation responses were measured in rat cavernosal strips using a myograph after incubation with a TLR1/2-activating ligand Pam3 CSK4 (Pam3), the TLR1/2 inhibitor CuCPT 22 (CuCPT), and inhibitors of NO synthase (LNAME) and Rho-kinase (Y27632). TLR2 protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cumulative concentration response curves, sensitivity (pEC50), and maximal response (Emax ) of cavernosal strips to vasodilatory and vasocontractile agonists were compared between treatments. RESULTS Pam3-treated cavernosal strips exhibited greater pEC50 and higher Emax to phenylephrine (PE) than control tissues. Inhibition of NO synthase increased Emax to PE in Pam3-treated cavernosal strips. Pam3 treatment reduced relaxation to Y27632 compared with control tissues. Inhibition of TLR1/2 activation with CuCPT returned the augmented contraction to PE and the decreased relaxation to Y27632 of Pam3-treated cavernosal strips to control values. CONCLUSIONS The TLR1/2 heterodimer mediates augmented contraction and reduced relaxation in rat cavernosal strips. Thus, TLR1/2 activation antagonizes vascular responses crucial for normal erectile function and implicates immune activation in vasculogenic erectile dysfunction. Immune signaling via TLR2 may offer novel targets for treating inflammation-mediated vascular dysfunction in the penis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Safia Ogbi
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Theodora Szasz
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
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47
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Inhibition of TLR4 attenuates vascular dysfunction and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:1341-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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48
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Cascio WE, Gilmour MI, Peden DB. Ambient Air Pollution and Increases in Blood Pressure: Role for Biological Constituents of Particulate Matter. Hypertension 2015; 66:469-71. [PMID: 26123685 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne E Cascio
- From the Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC (W.E.C., M.I.G.); and Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, and Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (D.B.P.).
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- From the Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC (W.E.C., M.I.G.); and Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, and Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (D.B.P.)
| | - David B Peden
- From the Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC (W.E.C., M.I.G.); and Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, and Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (D.B.P.)
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Schneider S, Koch W, Hoppmann P, Ubrich R, Kemmner S, Steinlechner E, Heemann U, Laugwitz KL, Kastrati A, Baumann M. Association of Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphism with age-dependent systolic blood pressure increase in patients with coronary artery disease. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2015; 12:4. [PMID: 26015800 PMCID: PMC4443624 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-015-0031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Systolic blood pressure (SBP) increases steadily with age and bears an independent continuous relationship with the incidence of cardiovascular events. Low-grade inflammation is a suspected pathomechanism causing vascular aging and promote coronary artery disease (CAD). Recent animal studies give evidence that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) modulate inflammation and contribute to age-dependent SBP increase. However, there are no data about TLR4 and age-dependent blood pressure increase in human. Methods and results We therefor investigate a human cohort of 2679 patients with CAD aged between 50–80 years. Genotypes were determined for the TLR4 single nucleotide polymorphism rs4986790 (TLR4 896A/G). Patients were stratified according to tertiles of age and the upper tertile was compared to lower tertiles. In this cohort we show that older patients with the TLR4 896 G allele had significantly lower SBP (TLR4 G allele carriers: 148.2 ± 30.4 mmHg versus A/A allele carrier: 154.9 ± 27.2 mmHg; P < 0.05) and lower pulse pressure (TLR4 G allele carriers: 69.1 ± 29.7 mmHg versus A/A allele carrier: 75.5 ± 26.4 mmHg; P < 0.05) as compared to TLR4 896A/A allele carrier. Conclusion We demonstrate an association between the TLR4 SNP rs4986790 genotype and age-dependant blood pressure increase in patients with coronary artery disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12979-015-0031-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schneider
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str.22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Werner Koch
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Hoppmann
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str.22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Romy Ubrich
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str.22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Kemmner
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str.22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Steinlechner
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str.22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Heemann
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str.22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Ludwig Laugwitz
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str.22, 81675 Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Oudenarder Straße 16, 13347 Munich, Germany
| | - Adnan Kastrati
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636 Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Oudenarder Straße 16, 13347 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Baumann
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str.22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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50
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Hernanz R, Martínez-Revelles S, Palacios R, Martín A, Cachofeiro V, Aguado A, García-Redondo L, Barrús MT, de Batista PR, Briones AM, Salaices M, Alonso MJ. Toll-like receptor 4 contributes to vascular remodelling and endothelial dysfunction in angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3159-76. [PMID: 25712370 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signalling contributes to inflammatory cardiovascular diseases, but its role in hypertension and the associated vascular damage is not known. We investigated whether TLR4 activation contributed to angiotensin II (AngII)-induced hypertension and the associated vascular structural, mechanical and functional alterations. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH AngII was infused (1.44 mg · kg(-1) · day(-1), s.c.) for 2 weeks in C57BL6 mice, treated with a neutralizing anti-TLR4 antibody or IgG (1 μg · day(-1); systolic BP (SBP) and aortic cytokine levels were measured. Structural, mechanical and contractile properties of aortic and mesenteric arterial segments were measured with myography and histology. RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to analyse these tissues and cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from hypertensive rats (SHR). KEY RESULTS Aortic TLR4 mRNA levels were raised by AngII infusion. Anti-TLR4 antibody treatment of AngII-treated mice normalised: (i) increased SBP and TNF-α, IL-6 and CCL2 levels; (ii) vascular structural and mechanical changes; (iii) altered aortic phenylephrine- and ACh-induced responses; (iv) increased NOX-1 mRNA levels, superoxide anion production and NAD(P)H oxidase activity and effects of catalase, apocynin, ML-171 and Mito-TEMPO on vascular responses; and (v) reduced NO release and effects of L-NAME on phenylephrine-induced contraction. In VSMC, the MyD88 inhibitor ST-2825 reduced AngII-induced NAD(P)H oxidase activity. The TLR4 inhibitor CLI-095 reduced AngII-induced increased phospho-JNK1/2 and p65 NF-κB subunit nuclear protein expression. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS TLR4 up-regulation by AngII contributed to the inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodelling and stiffness associated with hypertension by mechanisms involving oxidative stress. MyD88-dependent activation and JNK/NF-κB signalling pathways participated in these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hernanz
- Dept. of Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Martínez-Revelles
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain.,Dept. of Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Palacios
- Dept. of Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Martín
- Dept. of Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
| | - V Cachofeiro
- Dept. of Fisiología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Aguado
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain.,Dept. of Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L García-Redondo
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain.,Dept. of Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M T Barrús
- Dept. of Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - P R de Batista
- Dept. of Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - A M Briones
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain.,Dept. of Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Salaices
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain.,Dept. of Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Alonso
- Dept. of Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
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