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Mellor J, Jeyam A, Beulens JW, Bhandari S, Broadhead G, Chew E, Fickweiler W, van der Heijden A, Gordin D, Simó R, Snell-Bergeon J, Tynjälä A, Colhoun H. Role of Systemic Factors in Improving the Prognosis of Diabetic Retinal Disease and Predicting Response to Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2024; 4:100494. [PMID: 38694495 PMCID: PMC11061755 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2024.100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Topic To review clinical evidence on systemic factors that might be relevant to update diabetic retinal disease (DRD) staging systems, including prediction of DRD onset, progression, and response to treatment. Clinical relevance Systemic factors may improve new staging systems for DRD to better assess risk of disease worsening and predict response to therapy. Methods The Systemic Health Working Group of the Mary Tyler Moore Vision Initiative reviewed systemic factors individually and in multivariate models for prediction of DRD onset or progression (i.e., prognosis) or response to treatments (prediction). Results There was consistent evidence for associations of longer diabetes duration, higher glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and male sex with DRD onset and progression. There is strong trial evidence for the effect of reducing HbA1c and reducing DRD progression. There is strong evidence that higher blood pressure (BP) is a risk factor for DRD incidence and for progression. Pregnancy has been consistently reported to be associated with worsening of DRD but recent studies reflecting modern care standards are lacking. In studies examining multivariate prognostic models of DRD onset, HbA1c and diabetes duration were consistently retained as significant predictors of DRD onset. There was evidence of associations of BP and sex with DRD onset. In multivariate prognostic models examining DRD progression, retinal measures were consistently found to be a significant predictor of DRD with little evidence of any useful marginal increment in prognostic information with the inclusion of systemic risk factor data apart from retinal image data in multivariate models. For predicting the impact of treatment, although there are small studies that quantify prognostic information based on imaging data alone or systemic factors alone, there are currently no large studies that quantify marginal prognostic information within a multivariate model, including both imaging and systemic factors. Conclusion With standard imaging techniques and ways of processing images rapidly evolving, an international network of centers is needed to routinely capture systemic health factors simultaneously to retinal images so that gains in prediction increment may be precisely quantified to determine the usefulness of various health factors in the prognosis of DRD and prediction of response to treatment. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Mellor
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Anita Jeyam
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Crewe Road, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Joline W.J. Beulens
- Department of Epidemiology & Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sanjeeb Bhandari
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Geoffrey Broadhead
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Emily Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ward Fickweiler
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amber van der Heijden
- Department of General Practice, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Gordin
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rafael Simó
- Endocrinology & Nutrition, Institut de Recerca Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Janet Snell-Bergeon
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Colorado
| | - Anniina Tynjälä
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helen Colhoun
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Crewe Road, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Esze R, Balkay L, Barna S, Egeresi LS, Emri M, Páll D, Paragh G, Rajnai L, Somodi S, Képes Z, Garai I, Káplár M. Impact of Fat Distribution and Metabolic Diseases on Cerebral Microcirculation: A Multimodal Study on Type 2 Diabetic and Obese Patients. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2900. [PMID: 38792441 PMCID: PMC11122647 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Since metabolic diseases and atherosclerotic vascular events are firmly associated, herein we investigate changes in central microcirculation and atherosclerosis-related body fat distribution in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Methods: Resting brain perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging with Technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime ([99mTc]Tc-HMPAO SPECT) was performed, and the breath-holding index (BHI) and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) were measured to characterise central microcirculation. Besides CT-based abdominal fat tissue segmentation, C-peptide level, glycaemic and anthropometric parameters were registered to search for correlations with cerebral blood flow and vasoreactivity. Results: Although no significant difference was found between the resting cerebral perfusion of the two patient cohorts, a greater blood flow increase was experienced in the obese after the breath-holding test than in the diabetics (p < 0.05). A significant positive correlation was encountered between resting and provocation-triggered brain perfusion and C-peptide levels (p < 0.005). BMI and cIMT were negatively correlated (rho = -0.27 and -0.23 for maximum and mean cIMT, respectively), while BMI and BHI showed a positive association (rho = 0.31 and rho = 0.29 for maximum and mean BHI, respectively), which could be explained by BMI-dependent changes in fat tissue distribution. cIMT demonstrated a disproportional relationship with increasing age, and higher cIMT values were observed for the men. Conclusions: Overall, C-peptide levels and circulatory parameters seem to be strong applicants to predict brain microvascular alterations and related cognitive decline in such patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Esze
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (D.P.); (G.P.); (L.R.); (S.S.); (M.K.)
- Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Balkay
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.B.); (S.B.); (M.E.); (Z.K.); (I.G.)
| | - Sándor Barna
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.B.); (S.B.); (M.E.); (Z.K.); (I.G.)
| | - Lilla Szatmáriné Egeresi
- Division of Radiology and Imaging Science, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Miklós Emri
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.B.); (S.B.); (M.E.); (Z.K.); (I.G.)
| | - Dénes Páll
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (D.P.); (G.P.); (L.R.); (S.S.); (M.K.)
- Department of Medical Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Paragh
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (D.P.); (G.P.); (L.R.); (S.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Liliána Rajnai
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (D.P.); (G.P.); (L.R.); (S.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Sándor Somodi
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (D.P.); (G.P.); (L.R.); (S.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Zita Képes
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.B.); (S.B.); (M.E.); (Z.K.); (I.G.)
| | - Ildikó Garai
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.B.); (S.B.); (M.E.); (Z.K.); (I.G.)
- ScanoMed Ltd., Nuclear Medicine Centers, Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Káplár
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (D.P.); (G.P.); (L.R.); (S.S.); (M.K.)
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Shen Z, Chen M, Li Q, Ma J. Decreased glucagon in diabetic peripheral neuropathy patients with long duration type 2 diabetes. Postgrad Med J 2024:qgae056. [PMID: 38646729 DOI: 10.1093/postmj/qgae056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the association of fasting C-peptide and glucagon with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHODS A comprehensive evaluation was conducted on 797 patients with T2DM to assess the various risk factors affecting DPN. The subjects were categorized into short duration and long duration group according to the duration of diabetes with a threshold of 10 years. Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the association between DPN and islet function, as well as other parameters. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive capability of glucagon. RESULTS The fasting C-peptide levels were significantly lower in the DPN patients with short duration of diabetes, but lost significance in the long duration group. Conversely, a decreased level of glucagon was only observed in DPN patients with long duration of diabetes. For the group with long duration of diabetes, glucagon was the sole risk factor associated with DPN. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that glucagon in the long duration group exhibited a moderate area under the curve of 0.706. CONCLUSIONS The serum glucagon levels in T2DM patients with DPN exhibited bidirectional changes based on the duration of diabetes. Decreased glucagon was associated with DPN in T2DM patients with long duration of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Mengxing Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Jianhua Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
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Kim EB, Jeon HY, Ouh YT, Lee AJ, Moon CH, Na SH, Ha KS. Proinsulin C-peptide inhibits high glucose-induced migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116232. [PMID: 38310652 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Proinsulin C-peptide, a biologically active polypeptide released from pancreatic β-cells, is known to prevent hyperglycemia-induced microvascular leakage; however, the role of C-peptide in migration and invasion of cancer cells is unknown. Here, we investigated high glucose-induced migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells and the inhibitory effects of human C-peptide on metastatic cellular responses. In SKOV3 human ovarian cancer cells, high glucose conditions activated a vicious cycle of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and transglutaminase 2 (TGase2) activation through elevation of intracellular Ca2+ levels. TGase2 played a critical role in high glucose-induced ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion through β-catenin disassembly. Human C-peptide inhibited high glucose-induced disassembly of adherens junctions and ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion through inhibition of ROS generation and TGase2 activation. The preventive effect of C-peptide on high glucose-induced ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion was further demonstrated in ID8 murine ovarian cancer cells. Our findings suggest that high glucose conditions induce the migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells, and human C-peptide inhibits these metastatic responses by preventing ROS generation, TGase2 activation, and subsequent disassembly of adherens junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Bin Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, South Korea
| | - Hye-Yoon Jeon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, South Korea; Scripps Korea Antibody Institute, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Campus, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, South Korea
| | - Yung-Taek Ouh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, South Korea; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15355, Korea
| | - Ah-Jun Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, South Korea
| | - Chan-Hee Moon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, South Korea
| | - Sung Hun Na
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, South Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, South Korea.
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Li J, Dong Z, Wang X, Wang X, Wang L, Pang S. Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy in Chinese Patients with Different Diabetes Duration: Association of C-Peptide and BUN/Cr Ratio with Type 2 Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:4027-4037. [PMID: 37700740 PMCID: PMC10493150 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s420983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Controlling the risk factors was the most effective strategy to prevent diabetic retinopathy (DR). This study aimed to recognize the risk factors of DR, and explores whether the effect of those factors is modified by diabetes mellitus (DM) duration. Methods A total of 1058 DM patients with information about DR assessment were included. DR was measured by a complete ophthalmic examination and was classified as having one or more distinct microaneurysms in the eyes. Data from the lab and clinical factors were gathered. Multivariate logistic analysis was used to examine the risk factors, and the best-fitting model was selected by a backward stepwise based on A1C. Results In the current study, 274 (25.9%) patients developed DR. In the entire subjects, baseline age, the level of C-peptide, and urinary creatinine were all presented as protective effects of DR, whose odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were 0.79 (0.62, 0.99), 0.75 (0.61, 0.91), and 0.70 (0.52, 0.93), respectively. Conversely, systolic pressure (SBP), urinary albumin, and BUN/Cr ratio were the important risk factors for DR with ORs (95% CIs) 1.21 (1.01, 1.46), 1.55 (1.30, 1.84), and 1.33 (1.11, 1.59), respectively. In stratification analysis, females with higher SBP would be more likely to develop DR in the short-duration group, while C-peptide and urinary creatinine showed protective effects in the long-duration group. BUN/Cr ratio all presented as a risk factor, with ORs 1.38 (p = 0.041) and 1.33 (p = 0.014) in short- and long-duration groups, respectively. Conclusion Although renal functions presented a significant association with DR in all DM patients, the risk factors of DR varied widely in different disease-duration subjects. Target strategies to prevent DR should be put forward individually, considering the patient's DM duration. Improving the BUN/Cr ratio may be beneficial to delaying DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianting Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250013, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuguang Pang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250013, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical College, Weifang Medical College, Weifang, People’s Republic of China
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Wahab MA, Alhabibi AM, Sakr AK, Zakaria MY, Saleh OI, Ahmad IH, Abdelrahman EK, Taha RSE, Ahmed FKAA, Ismail B, Azel LH, Hassan AS, El Sayed HME, Kasim SA, Elsharkawy SA. The Correlation Between C-Peptide and Severity of Peripheral Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:2617-2625. [PMID: 37663202 PMCID: PMC10474844 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s426956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background One of the major issues affecting global health is Diabetes mellitus (DM), not only in terms of the disease itself but also its complications. Macrovascular complications are both common and serious, affecting many patients. This study aimed to assess fasting C-peptide levels and correlate them with the severity of the peripheral arterial disease complicating type 2 DM (T2DM). Patients and Methods This study included 200 participants who were categorized into two groups: Group I (n=100, patients with T2DM complicated by femoropopliteal arterial atherosclerosis) and Group II (n=100, healthy age- and sex-matched individuals serving as controls). Fasting C-peptide levels were estimated using an immunochemiluminometric assay. Results Fasting C-peptide levels were significantly higher in Group I than in the control group. Fasting C-peptide levels were positively correlated with the severity of atherosclerosis. In addition, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that fasting C-peptide levels served as a specific and sensitive marker for detecting the severity of this disease. Conclusion Fasting C-peptide levels can be used as a sensitive and specific indicator of the severity of femoropopliteal arteriosclerosis that complicates T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa A Wahab
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alshaymaa M Alhabibi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Khairy Sakr
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Yahia Zakaria
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine for Boys, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ola I Saleh
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Inass Hassan Ahmad
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Kamel Abdelrahman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | | | | | - Bothayna Ismail
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa Hosney Azel
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa S Hassan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Sammar Ahmed Kasim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Safaa Abdelfattah Elsharkawy
- Department of Community Medicine and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Jahromi MK, Ahmadirad H, Jamshidi S, Farhadnejad H, Mokhtari E, Shahrokhtabar T, Tavakkoli S, Teymoori F, Mirmiran P. The association of serum C-peptide with the risk of cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:168. [PMID: 37568168 PMCID: PMC10416519 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-peptide is considered a peptide with active function in the body, which can affect people's health. However, the results of previous studies on the possible association of C-peptide with the risk of cardiometabolic disorders have not been fully understood. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association between serum C-peptide level and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. METHODS The various important databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, were searched comprehensively to November 2022 to identify the relevant studies. The HR(95% CI) or OR(95% CI) for observational studies were extracted and converted into log HR or log OR and their standard deviation(SD) was computed. A random-effects model with an inverse variance weighting method was conducted, to calculate the pooled effect size. RESULTS Sixteen observational studies, including one case-control study, eight cohort studies, and seven cross-sectional studies were included in the current meta-analysis. The sample size ranged from 90 to 7030, with an age range from 12 to 85 years. During the follow-up time (ranging from 5 to 17 years), 4852 CVD events occurred. Based on cohort and case-control studies, the pooled results showed no significant association between serum C-peptide with CVD events risk (RR = 1.02;95%CI:0.91-1.15, I2 = 34.7%; P-heterogeneity = 0.140). For cross-sectional studies, the pooled results indicated a positive association between serum C-peptide and the odds of CVD outcomes (OR = 1.35;95%CI:1.04-1.76, I2 = 83.6%; P-heterogeneity < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The pooled results of the current study suggested that C-peptide level was not related to the risk of CVD events in cohort studies, however, the meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies showed a significant association between C-peptide and an increased risk of CVD events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Kazemi Jahromi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
| | - Hamid Ahmadirad
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Jamshidi
- Imam Ali Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Kazerun, Iran
| | - Hossein Farhadnejad
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Mokhtari
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tahere Shahrokhtabar
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Tavakkoli
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Teymoori
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Jeon HY, Moon CH, Kim EB, Sayyed ND, Lee AJ, Ha KS. Simultaneous attenuation of hyperglycemic memory-induced retinal, pulmonary, and glomerular dysfunctions by proinsulin C-peptide in diabetes. BMC Med 2023; 21:49. [PMID: 36782199 PMCID: PMC9926630 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02760-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperglycemic memory (HGM) is a pivotal phenomenon in the development of diabetic complications. Although coincident diabetic complications are reported, research on their development and treatment is limited. Thus, we investigated whether C-peptide can simultaneously inhibit HGM-induced retinal, pulmonary, and glomerular dysfunctions in diabetic mice supplemented with insulin. METHODS Insulin-treated diabetic mice were supplemented with human C-peptide by subcutaneous implantation of K9-C-peptide depots for 4 weeks, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, transglutaminase (TGase) activity, and vascular leakage were examined in the retina, lung, and kidney. RESULTS We found hyperglycemia-induced persistent ROS generation and TGase activation after blood glucose normalization in the retina, lung, and kidney of insulin-supplemented diabetic mice. These pathological events were inhibited by systemic supplementation of human C-peptide via subcutaneous implantation of a thermosensitive biopolymer-conjugated C-peptide depot. ROS generation and TGase activation were in a vicious cycle after glucose normalization, and C-peptide suppressed the vicious cycle and subsequent endothelial permeability in human retinal endothelial cells. Moreover, C-peptide supplementation ameliorated HGM-induced retinal vascular leakage and neurodegeneration, pulmonary vascular leakage and fibrosis, and glomerular adherens junction disruption and vascular leakage. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings demonstrate that C-peptide supplementation simultaneously attenuates vascular and neuronal dysfunctions in the retina, lung, and glomerulus of insulin-supplemented diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Yoon Jeon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341, Kangwon-Do, Korea
| | - Chan-Hee Moon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341, Kangwon-Do, Korea
| | - Eun-Bin Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341, Kangwon-Do, Korea
| | - Nilofar Danishmalik Sayyed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341, Kangwon-Do, Korea
| | - Ah-Jun Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341, Kangwon-Do, Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341, Kangwon-Do, Korea.
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Lee AJ, Moon CH, Lee YJ, Jeon HY, Park WS, Ha KS. Systemic C-peptide supplementation ameliorates retinal neurodegeneration by inhibiting VEGF-induced pathological events in diabetes. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22763. [PMID: 36625326 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201390rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is caused by retinal vascular dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Intraocular delivery of C-peptide has been shown to be beneficial against hyperglycemia-induced microvascular leakage in the retina of diabetes; however, the effect of C-peptide on diabetes-induced retinal neurodegeneration remains unknown. Moreover, extraocular C-peptide replacement therapy against DR to avoid various adverse effects caused by intravitreal injections has not been studied. Here, we demonstrate that systemic C-peptide supplementation using osmotic pumps or biopolymer-conjugated C-peptide hydrogels ameliorates neurodegeneration by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor-induced pathological events, but not hyperglycemia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression, in the retinas of diabetic mice. C-peptide inhibited hyperglycemia-induced activation of macroglial and microglial cells, downregulation of glutamate aspartate transporter 1 expression, neuronal apoptosis, and histopathological changes by a mechanism involving reactive oxygen species generation in the retinas of diabetic mice, but transglutaminase 2, which is involved in retinal vascular leakage, is not associated with these pathological events. Overall, our findings suggest that systemic C-peptide supplementation alleviates hyperglycemia-induced retinal neurodegeneration by inhibiting a pathological mechanism, involving reactive oxygen species, but not transglutaminase 2, in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Jun Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Chan-Hee Moon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Yoon Jeon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
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10
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Wensvoort G. Human C-peptide is a ligand of the elastin-receptor-complex and therewith central to human vascular remodelling and disease in metabolic syndrome. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Yan ST, Sun J, Gu ZY, Miao XY, Ma LC, Sun BR, Fu XM, Liu HZ, Yang G, Fang FS, Li H. The bidirectional association of C-peptide with cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults and patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:201. [PMID: 36192784 PMCID: PMC9531486 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01636-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent literature reported the biological role of C-peptide, but this role is still controversial and unclear. The primary aim of this study was to investigate associations between C-peptide and cardiovascular biomarkers as well as events. Methods A total of 55636 participants who had a health examination from 2017 to 2021 were included. Of them, 6727 participants visited the hospital at least twice. Cardiovascular biomarkers like high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) were measured and their relationships with fasting C-peptide were evaluated for all participants. Cardiovascular events were obtained during the last visit and their associations with C-peptide were evaluated for those participants who visited the hospital at least twice. Results Among the included participants, 11.1% had a previous type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In the participants without previous T2DM, the relationships between fasting C-peptide and hs-CRP and hs-cTnT were negative if the value of fasting C-peptide was < 1.4 ng/mL and positive if the value was ≥ 1.4 ng/mL. These relationships remained significant after adjusting for hemoglobin A1c, insulin resistance index, and its interaction with C-peptide, even if the participants were stratified by glucose metabolism status or levels of insulin resistance index. Hazard ratios of cardiovascular events were first decreased and then increased with the increasing of baseline C-peptide levels, though these associations became unsignificant using the multivariate Cox regression model. Unlike the participants without previous T2DM, the associations of C-peptide with cardiovascular biomarkers and events were not significant in the patients with previous T2DM. Conclusions The associations of C-peptide with cardiovascular biomarkers and events were different between the participants without previous T2DM and those with previous T2DM. The effect of C-peptide on cardiovascular risk may be bidirectional, play a benefit role at a low level, and play a harmful role at a high level in the nondiabetic adults and the patients with newly diagnosed T2DM. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12933-022-01636-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Tong Yan
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Health Management Institute, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zhao-Yan Gu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yu Miao
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Chao Ma
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ban-Ruo Sun
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Min Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Zhou Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Geriatric Nephrology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Fang
- Department of Health Care, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Hong Li
- Health Management Institute, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
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12
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Polymer-Based Delivery of Peptide Drugs to Treat Diabetes: Normalizing Hyperglycemia and Preventing Diabetic Complications. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Acetyl-CoA-carboxylase 1 (ACC1) plays a critical role in glucagon secretion. Commun Biol 2022; 5:238. [PMID: 35304577 PMCID: PMC8933412 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03170-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha-cells is a key feature of type-1 and type-2 diabetes (T1D and T2D), yet our mechanistic understanding of alpha-cell function is underdeveloped relative to insulin-secreting beta-cells. Here we show that the enzyme acetyl-CoA-carboxylase 1 (ACC1), which couples glucose metabolism to lipogenesis, plays a key role in the regulation of glucagon secretion. Pharmacological inhibition of ACC1 in mouse islets or αTC9 cells impaired glucagon secretion at low glucose (1 mmol/l). Likewise, deletion of ACC1 in alpha-cells in mice reduced glucagon secretion at low glucose in isolated islets, and in response to fasting or insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in vivo. Electrophysiological recordings identified impaired KATP channel activity and P/Q- and L-type calcium currents in alpha-cells lacking ACC1, explaining the loss of glucose-sensing. ACC-dependent alterations in S-acylation of the KATP channel subunit, Kir6.2, were identified by acyl-biotin exchange assays. Histological analysis identified that loss of ACC1 caused a reduction in alpha-cell area of the pancreas, glucagon content and individual alpha-cell size, further impairing secretory capacity. Loss of ACC1 also reduced the release of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in primary gastrointestinal crypts. Together, these data reveal a role for the ACC1-coupled pathway in proglucagon-expressing nutrient-responsive endocrine cell function and systemic glucose homeostasis.
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14
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Ling M, Zhou J, Pang XQ, Liang J, Qin YF, Huang S, Liang GY, Li YF, Zeng ZS. White Matter Microstructural Abnormalities of the Visual Pathway in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Generalized Q-sampling Imaging Study. Acad Radiol 2022; 29 Suppl 3:S166-S174. [PMID: 34930656 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2021.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Neurodegeneration is an early event in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). We assessed the white matter microstructural integrity of the visual pathway in diabetes patients vs. healthy subjects, and investigated the advantages of generalized Q-sampling imaging (GQI) in the assessment of the visual pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS T1-weighted, T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, and simultaneous multislice- diffusion sequences were acquired from 21 DR patients, 29 diabetes patients without DR (NDR group), and 28 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Diffusion source images were reconstructed to GQI. Region of interest (ROI)-based analysis was utilized to evaluate microstructural alterations in the visual pathway. Multivariate linear regression analysis (forward stepwise method) was performed to investigate associations between clinical data and mean GQI parameters. RESULTS ROI-based analyses indicated that the GQI parameters generalized fractional anisotropy, quantitative anisotropy (QA), and normalized QA (NQA) were significantly lower in the NDR group than in the healthy controls, and even lower in the DR group than in the NDR group. Disease duration was significantly and negatively correlated with mean generalized fractional anisotropy and mean NQA. CONCLUSION GQI could sensitively and non-invasively evaluate the visual pathway in diabetes patients. The nerve fibers of the visual pathway were damaged before the onset of retinopathy, and this damage was aggravated after retinopathy onset, as a consequence of long exposure to hyperglycemia.
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Zhou Z, Zhu X, Huang H, Xu Z, Jiang J, Chen B, Zhu H. Recent Progress of Research Regarding the Applications of Stem Cells for Treating Diabetes Mellitus. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:102-110. [PMID: 35072537 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, the number of diabetes patients has exceeded 537 million worldwide and this number continues to increase. Stem cell therapy represents a new direction for the treatment of diabetes; the use of stem cells overcomes some shortcomings associated with traditional therapies. Functional β-cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. As therapeutic targets, functional β-cells are restored by a variety of stem cells, including pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal cells, and urine-derived stem cells. Although all types of stem cells have their own characteristics, they mainly promote the repair and regeneration of β-cells through directional differentiation, immunomodulation, and paracrine signaling after homing to the injured site. However, stem cell therapy still faces many obstacles, such as low long-term cell survival rate after transplantation, low maintenance time of blood glucose homeostasis, immune rejection, and tumorigenesis. Recently, genetically edited pluripotent stem cells and the co-transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells and islet cells have made significant progress in improving the efficacy of stem cell transplantation processes, also providing powerful tools for the study of the mechanisms underlying diabetes and disease modeling. In this review, we first focused on: (1) stem cells as a pool for the differentiation of insulin-producing cells; (2) stem cells as a source for regenerative repair of damaged islets and as a potential co-transplanted population with islets; (3) the potential of combining gene editing with stem cell therapy; and (4) selection of the stem cell transplantation approach. Based on these topics, we discuss the challenges within the field of adapting stem cell-supported and stem cell-derived transplantations, and the promising routes for overcoming these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 89657, Endocrinology, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China, 325000;
| | - Xiandong Zhu
- Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, 89657, Wenzhou, China, 325000;
| | - Hongjian Huang
- Wenzhou Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, 89657, Wenzhou, China, 325000;
| | - Zeru Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 89657, Wenzhou, China, 325000;
| | - Jiahong Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 89657, endocrinology, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China, 325000;
| | - Bicheng Chen
- Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, 89657, Wenzhou, China, 325000;
| | - Hong Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 89657, Endocrinology, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China, 325000;
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Abdul Khaliq S, Umair Z, Baek MO, Chon SJ, Yoon MS. C-Peptide Promotes Cell Migration by Controlling Matrix Metallopeptidase-9 Activity Through Direct Regulation of β-Catenin in Human Endometrial Stromal Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:800181. [PMID: 35127683 PMCID: PMC8814361 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.800181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The motility of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) contributes to the restoration of the endometrial functional layer and subsequently supports the trophoblast invasion during early pregnancy. Following ESCs differentiation through decidualization in response to progesterone during the menstrual cycle and embryo implantation, decidualized ESCs (D-ESCs) have greater motility and invasive activity. The human proinsulin-connecting peptide (C-peptide) is produced in equimolar amounts during the proteolysis of insulin in pancreatic β-cells. However, the function of C-peptide in the cellular motility of the human endometrium remains unexamined. In the present study, C-peptide was identified as a determinant of undecidualized human endometrial stromal cells (UnD-ESCs) migration. C-peptide promoted the migration and invasion of UnD-ESCs and trophoblast-derived Jeg3 cells, but not that of ESCs post decidualization, a functional and biochemical differentiation of UnD-ESCs. Both Akt and protein phosphatase 1 regulated β-catenin phosphorylation in UnD-ESCs, not D-ESCs, thereby promoting β-catenin nuclear translocation in C-peptide-treated UnD-ESCs. C-peptide was also observed to increase matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP9) activity by increasing MMP9 expression and decreasing the expression of metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP1) and TIMP3. Their expression was modulated by the direct binding of β-catenin in the regulatory region of the promoter of MMP9, TIMP1, and TIMP3. Inhibition of either β-catenin or MMP9 dampened C-peptide-enhanced migration in UnD-ESCs. Together, these findings suggest that C-peptide levels are critical for the regulation of UnD-ESC migration, providing evidence for the association between C-peptide levels and the failure rate of trophoblast invasion by inducing abnormal migration in UnD-ESCs in hyperinsulinemia or PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Abdul Khaliq
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Zobia Umair
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Mi-Ock Baek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seung Joo Chon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Mee-Sup Yoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Mee-Sup Yoon,
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Suh J, Lee HI, Lee M, Song K, Choi HS, Kwon A, Kim HS, Chae HW. Insulin Requirement and Complications Associated With Serum C-Peptide Decline in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus During 15 Years After Diagnosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:869204. [PMID: 35518934 PMCID: PMC9061978 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.869204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE C-peptide is conventionally used in assessing pancreatic function in patients with diabetes mellitus. The clinical significance of this molecule during the course of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has been recently revisited. This study aimed to investigate the natural course of C-peptide in T1DM patients over the period of 15 years and analyze the association between the residual C-peptide and diabetes complications. METHODS This retrospective study included a total of 234 children and adolescents with T1DM. Patient data including sex, age at diagnosis, anthropometric measures, daily insulin dose, serum HbA1c, post-prandial serum C-peptide levels, lipid profiles, and diabetic complications at the time of diagnosis and 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 years after diagnosis were retrospectively collected. RESULTS Among the 234 patients, 101 were men and 133 were women, and the mean patient age at initial diagnosis was 8.3 years. Serum C-peptide decreased constantly since the initial diagnosis, and showed a significant decline at 3 years after diagnosis. At 15 years after diagnosis, only 26.2% of patients had detectable serum C-peptide levels. The subgroup with older patients and patients with higher BMI standard deviation score showed higher mean serum C-peptide, but the group-by-time results were not significant, respectively. Patients with higher serum C-peptide required lower doses of insulin and had fewer events of diabetic ketoacidosis. CONCLUSION Serum C-peptide decreased consistently since diagnosis of T1DM, showing a significant decline after 3 years. Patients with residual C-peptide required a lower dose of insulin and had a lower risk for diabetic ketoacidosis.
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Ipp E. Diabetic Retinopathy and Insulin Insufficiency: Beta Cell Replacement as a Strategy to Prevent Blindness. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:734360. [PMID: 34912295 PMCID: PMC8667804 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.734360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a potentially devastating complication of diabetes because it puts patients at risk of blindness. Diabetes is a common cause of blindness in the U.S. and worldwide and is dramatically increasing in global prevalence. Thus new approaches are needed to prevent this dreaded complication. There is extensive data that indicates beta cell secretory failure is a risk factor for DR, independent of its influence on glycemic control. This perspective article will provide evidence for insufficient endogenous insulin secretion as an important factor in the development of DR. The areas of evidence discussed are: (a) Presence of insulin receptors in the retina, (b) Clinical studies that show an association of beta cell insufficiency with DR, (c) Treatment with insulin in type 2 diabetes, a marker for endogenous insulin deficiency, is an independent risk factor for DR, (d) Recent clinical studies that link DR with an insulin deficient form of type 2 diabetes, and (e) Beta cell replacement studies that demonstrate endogenous insulin prevents progression of DR. The cumulative data drive our conclusion that beta cell replacement will have an important role in preventing DR and/or mitigating its severity in both type 1 diabetes and insulinopenic type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Ipp
- Department of Medicine, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
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Pokhrel S, Giri N, Pokhrel R, Pardhe BD, Lamichhane A, Chaudhary A, Bhatt MP. Vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes population. Open Life Sci 2021; 16:464-474. [PMID: 34017921 PMCID: PMC8114957 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2021-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to assess vitamin D deficiency-induced dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in poor glycemic control among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. This study was carried out among 455 T2DM patients involving poor glycemic control (n = 247) and good glycemic control (n = 208). Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA1c were measured to assess glycemic control. Cardiac risk ratio, atherogenic index plasma, and atherogenic coefficient were calculated to assess and compare the CVD risk in different groups. Patients with poor control had a significantly higher level of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and non-high-density lipoprotein lipase cholesterol (non-HDL-C), atherogenic variables, and lower level of high-density lipoprotein lipase cholesterol (HDL-C) as compared to patients with good glycemic control. We also observed significant negative correlation of vitamin D with lipid markers and atherogenic variables in poor glycemic control diabetic population. The serum vitamin D levels were inversely associated with HbA1c, FPG, TG, TC, and non-HDL-C. Furthermore, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and elevated non-HDL-C were the independent risks in hypovitaminosis D population. Vitamin D deficiency in poor glycemic control is likely to develop dyslipidemia as compared to vitamin D insufficient and sufficient groups. Thus, vitamin D supplementation and an increase in exposure to sunlight may reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Pokhrel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, P. O. Box No. 15201, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Genetics, National academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Nisha Giri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, P. O. Box No. 15201, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rakesh Pokhrel
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bashu Dev Pardhe
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan-Si, Chumgnam, South Korea
| | - Anit Lamichhane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, P. O. Box No. 15201, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Abhisek Chaudhary
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Modern Diagnostic Laboratory and Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mahendra Prasad Bhatt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, P. O. Box No. 15201, Kathmandu, Nepal
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20
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Huang S, Chen G, Sun J, Chen Y, Wang N, Dong Y, Shen E, Hu Z, Gong W, Jin L, Cong W. Histone deacetylase 3 inhibition alleviates type 2 diabetes mellitus-induced endothelial dysfunction via Nrf2. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:35. [PMID: 33736642 PMCID: PMC7977318 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00681-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism underlying endothelial dysfunction leading to cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains unclear. Here, we show that inhibition of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) reduced inflammation and oxidative stress by regulating nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which mediates the expression of anti-inflammatory- and pro-survival-related genes in the vascular endothelium, thereby improving endothelial function. METHODS Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2 KO) C57BL/6 background mice, diabetic db/db mice, and control db/m mice were used to investigate the relationship between HDAC3 and Nrf2 in the endothelium in vivo. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured under high glucose-palmitic acid (HG-PA) conditions were used to explore the role of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) -Nrf2-NAPDH oxidase 4 (Nox4) redox signaling in the vascular endothelium in vitro. Activity assays, immunofluorescence, western blotting, qRT-PCR, and immunoprecipitation assays were used to examine the effect of HDAC3 inhibition on inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and endothelial impairment, as well as the activity of Nrf2-related molecules. RESULTS HDAC3 activity, but not its expression, was increased in db/db mice. This resulted in de-endothelialization and increased oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory marker expression in cells treated with the HDAC3 inhibitor RGFP966, which activated Nrf2 signaling. HDAC3 silencing decreased ROS production, inflammation, and damage-associated tube formation in HG-PA-treated HUVECs. The underlying mechanism involved the Keap1-Nrf2-Nox4 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest the potential of HDAC3 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction in T2DM. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Gen Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunjie Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yetong Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Enzhao Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Litai Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weitao Cong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 People’s Republic of China
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21
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C-Peptide as a Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030270. [PMID: 33800470 PMCID: PMC8000702 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disease affecting one-third of the United States population. It is characterized by hyperglycemia, where the hormone insulin is either not produced sufficiently or where there is a resistance to insulin. Patients with Type 1 DM (T1DM), in which the insulin-producing beta cells are destroyed by autoimmune mechanisms, have a significantly increased risk of developing life-threatening cardiovascular complications, even when exogenous insulin is administered. In fact, due to various factors such as limited blood glucose measurements and timing of insulin administration, only 37% of T1DM adults achieve normoglycemia. Furthermore, T1DM patients do not produce C-peptide, a cleavage product from insulin processing. C-peptide has potential therapeutic effects in vitro and in vivo on many complications of T1DM, such as peripheral neuropathy, atherosclerosis, and inflammation. Thus, delivery of C-peptide in conjunction with insulin through a pump, pancreatic islet transplantation, or genetically engineered Sertoli cells (an immune privileged cell type) may ameliorate many of the cardiovascular and vascular complications afflicting T1DM patients.
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Continuous stimulation of dual-function peptide PGLP-1-VP inhibits the morbidity and mortality of NOD mice through anti-inflammation and immunoregulation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3593. [PMID: 33574570 PMCID: PMC7878925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple animal and human studies have shown that administration of GLP-1RA can enhance β-cell recovery, reduce insulin dosage, reduce HbA1c content in the blood, reduce the risk of hypoglycemia and reduce inflammation. In the NOD mouse model, peptide VP treatment can prevent and treat type 1 diabetes through immunomodulation. Therefore, we designed a new dual-functional PGLP-1-VP, which is expected to combine the anti-inflammatory effect of PGLP-1 and the immunomodulatory effect of VP peptide. In streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic mice model, we demonstrated that PGLP-1-VP can act as a GLP-1R agonist to improve hyperglycemia and increase insulin sensitivity. In the NOD mouse model, PGLP-1-VP treatment reduced morbidity, mortality, and pancreatic inflammation, and showed superior effect to PGLP-1 or VP treatment alone, confirming that PGLP-1-VP may act as a dual-function peptide. PGLP-1-VP provided immunomodulatory effect through increasing Th2 cell percentage and balancing the ratio of Th2/Th1 in spleen and PLN, similar to P277 and VP. Additionally, PGLP-1-VP and PGLP-1 act the anti-inflammation by increasing Treg cells and TGF-β1 content like DPP-IV inhibitor. Taken together, our data shows that the dual-functional PGLP-1-VP reduces morbidity and mortality in the NOD model, suggesting a potential role in preventing and treating type 1 diabetes.
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Preserved C-peptide secretion in patients with type 1 diabetes and incipient chronic complications is associated with lower serum resistin and higher uric acid levels. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 19:1185-1189. [PMID: 33553022 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims Previous studies suggested that long-term perseverance of beta-cell function in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is associated with lower incidence of microvascular complications. The objective of this study was to evaluate preserved C-peptide secretion in patients with T1DM without overt chronic complications and to explore associations with resistin and uric acid as biomarkers of microvascular complication pathogenesis. Materials and methods We assessed residual beta-cell function in 164 T1DM patients (male/female = 91/73; age/diabetes duration range = 18-70/1-30 years) using an ultrasensitive C-peptide ELISA assay with detection limit of 2.5 pmol/L and total coefficient of variation (CV) 5,8% (Mercodia, Sweden). Serum level of uric acid was measured by enzymatic method (AU680, Beckman Coulter, USA) while resistin concentration was determined by the ELISA assay (Biovendor, Czech Republic). Results C-peptide secretors had shorter diabetes duration (5.1 vs. 16 years; p < 0,001), lower resistin (4.53 vs. 4.93 mg/mL p = 0.045), and higher uric acid (259 vs 238 μmol/L, p = 0.048) level than T1DM patients with no detectable C-peptide levels, while no differences in routine anthropometric and laboratory variables, including HbA1c, were observed. Although the proportion of C-peptide secretors significantly decreased across categories of diabetes duration (70%, 38%, 17% and 15% for <5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-30 years of duration, respectively; p < 0,001), detectable C-peptide was found in 5/23 T1DM patients who were diagnosed with T1DM more than 20 years ago. Conclusion The results of our study revealed that patients with detectable C-peptide had lower resistin and higher uric acid level compared to patients with undetectable C-peptide.
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Acquah C, Dzuvor CKO, Tosh S, Agyei D. Anti-diabetic effects of bioactive peptides: recent advances and clinical implications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:2158-2171. [PMID: 33317324 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1851168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes, is a major global health issue, the prevalence of which seems to be on the rise worldwide. Interventions such as healthy diet, physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, and medication (for those with a diagnosis of diabetes) are among the most effective strategies to prevent and control diabetes. Three-quarters of patients diagnosed with diabetes are in countries with poor financial infrastructure, nutritional awareness and health care systems. Concomitantly, the cost involved in managing diabetes through the intake of antidiabetic drugs makes it prohibitive for majority of patients. Food protein-derived bioactive peptides have the potential of being formulated as nutraceuticals and drugs in combating the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of metabolic disorders with little or "no known" complications in humans. Coupled with lifestyle modifications, the potential of bioactive peptides to maintain normoglycemic range is actualized by influencing the activities of incretins, DPP-IV, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase enzymes. This article discusses the biofunctionality and clinical implications of anti-diabetic bioactive peptides in controlling the global burden of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Acquah
- School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christian K O Dzuvor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan Tosh
- School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dominic Agyei
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Application of elastin-like biopolymer-conjugated C-peptide hydrogel for systemic long-term delivery against diabetic aortic dysfunction. Acta Biomater 2020; 118:32-43. [PMID: 33035695 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Due to their short half-lives, repeated administration of anti-hyperglycemic drugs can cause pain, discomfort, tissue damage, and infection in diabetic patients. Therefore, there is a need to develop long-term drug delivery systems to treat diabetes and its complications. C-peptide can prevent diabetic complications, including diabetic vasculopathy, but its clinical application is limited by its short half-life. Here, we developed K9-C-peptide (human C-peptide conjugated to an elastin-like biopolymer) and investigated its long-term influence on hyperglycemia-induced vascular dysfunction using an aortic endothelium model in diabetic mice. Using pharmacokinetics and in vivo imaging, we found that subcutaneously injected K9-C-peptide formed a hydrogel depot that slowly released human C-peptide into the blood circulation for 19 days. Administration of K9-C-peptide, human C-peptide, or K8 polypeptide had no effect on body weight or blood glucose levels. The slow release of C-peptide from K9-C-peptide hydrogels provided prolonged prevention of oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and endothelial apoptosis in a hyperglycemia-induced vascular dysfunction model using the diabetic mouse aorta. Subcutaneous administration of unbound human C-peptide and K8 polypeptide were used as negative controls and had no effects. These results suggest that K9-C-peptide is suitable for the long-term delivery of human C-peptide for treating vascular dysfunction in diabetic patients.
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Khaliq SA, Baek MO, Cho HJ, Chon SJ, Yoon MS. C-Peptide Inhibits Decidualization in Human Endometrial Stromal Cells via GSK3β-PP1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:609551. [PMID: 33330513 PMCID: PMC7734312 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.609551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Decidualization refers to the functional differentiation of endometrial stromal cells and plays a significant role in embryo implantation and pregnancy. C-peptide is excreted in equimolar concentrations as that of insulin during the metabolism of proinsulin in pancreatic beta-cells. High levels of C-peptide are correlated with hyperinsulinemia and polycystic ovarian syndrome, which show a defect in decidualization. However, the role of C-peptide in decidualization has not yet been studied. Here, we identified C-peptide as an endogenous antideciduogenic factor. This inhibitory function was confirmed by the reduced expression of decidual markers, including prolactin, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1, and Forkhead box protein O1 as well as by the fibroblastic morphological change in the presence of C-peptide. C-peptide also enhanced cellular senescence and decreased the proportion of apoptotic cells during decidualization. In addition, C-peptide potentiated the inhibitory effects of both insulin and palmitic acid in an AKT- and autophagy-independent manner, respectively. Furthermore, C-peptide augmented protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) activity, leading to a reduction in the inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3β, which resulted in enhanced cellular senescence and decreased apoptosis during decidualization. Taken together, our findings suggest that C-peptide is an antideciduogenic factor acting via the regulation between PP1 and GSK3β in patients with hyperinsulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Abdul Khaliq
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Mi-Ock Baek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Jeong Cho
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seung Joo Chon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Mee-Sup Yoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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Stevenson MJ, Janisse SE, Tao L, Neil RL, Pham QD, Britt RD, Heffern MC. Elucidation of a Copper Binding Site in Proinsulin C-peptide and Its Implications for Metal-Modulated Activity. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:9339-9349. [PMID: 32510934 PMCID: PMC8023225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The connecting peptide (C-peptide) is a hormone with promising health benefits in ameliorating diabetes-related complications, yet mechanisms remain elusive. Emerging studies point to a possible dependence of peptide activity on bioavailable metals, particularly Cu(II) and Zn(II). However, little is known about the chemical nature of the interactions, hindering advances in its therapeutic applications. This work uncovers the Cu(II)-binding site in C-peptide that may be key to understanding its metal-dependent function. A combination of spectroscopic studies reveal that Cu(II) and Zn(II) bind to C-peptide at specific residues in the N-terminal region of the peptide and that Cu(II) is able to displace Zn(II) for C-peptide binding. The data point to a Cu(II)-binding site consisting of 1N3O square-planar coordination that is entropically driven. Furthermore, the entire random coil peptide sequence is needed for specific metal binding as mutations and truncations reshuffle the coordinating residues. These results expand our understanding of how metals influence hormone activity and facilitate the discovery and validation of both new and established paradigms in peptide biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Samuel E Janisse
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Lizhi Tao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ryan L Neil
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Quang D Pham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - R David Britt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Marie C Heffern
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Abdel-Hamid HA, Abdel-Hakeem EA, Zenhom NM, Toni NDM. C-peptide corrects hepatocellular dysfunction in a rat model of type 1 diabetes. J Physiol Biochem 2020; 76:417-425. [PMID: 32529526 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-020-00748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
C-peptide is gaining much interest recently due to its well-documented beneficial effects on multiple organ dysfunction induced by diabetes. Our study was designed to investigate the effect of C-peptide on hepatocellular dysfunction in diabetic rats. Wistar male rats were separated into four groups: control, diabetic, diabetic + insulin, and diabetic + C-peptide. Serum levels of glucose, insulin, and liver biomarkers were assessed. Liver sections were collected for histopathological examination and immuno-histochemical assessment of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Oxidative stress markers and gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) were also measured in liver tissues. C-peptide administration prevented hepatic dysfunction induced by diabetes to a similar extent as that of insulin which was confirmed microscopically. We concluded that C-peptide could be used as an alternative therapy to insulin to correct hepatocellular dysfunction associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Abdel-Hamid
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
| | | | - Nagwa M Zenhom
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Nisreen D M Toni
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Seo JA, Jeon HY, Kim M, Lee YJ, Han ET, Park WS, Hong SH, Kim YM, Ha KS. Anti-metastatic effect of midazolam on melanoma B16F10 cells in the lungs of diabetic mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114052. [PMID: 32446885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Midazolam is an anesthetic agent commonly used for anesthesia and sedation in surgery. However, there is no information on the role of midazolam in hyperglycemia-induced cancer metastasis to date. In this study, we investigated the effects of midazolam on inhibiting metastases in the lungs of diabetic mice and on human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVECs). Subcutaneous injection of midazolam inhibited hyperglycemia-induced cancer metastasis in the lungs of diabetic mice. Midazolam also prevented the generation of ROS, activation of TGase, and subsequent vascular leakage in the lungs of diabetic mice. Furthermore, in vitro studies with HPMVECs confirmed that midazolam inhibited VEGF-induced intracellular events including ROS generation, TGase activation, and disruption of vascular endothelial-cadherins, thus preventing the permeability of endothelial cells. Notably, midazolam had no direct effect on the migration or proliferation of melanoma cells, instead acting upon endothelial cells. The midazolam-mediated inhibition of VEGF-induced intracellular events was reversed by treatment with the GABAA receptor antagonist flumazenil. These findings suggest that midazolam prevents hyperglycemia-induced cancer metastasis by inhibiting VEGF-induced intracellular events and subsequent vascular leakage via the GABAA receptors in the lungs of diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ah Seo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yoon Jeon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea; Scripps Korea Antibody Institute, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Fawwad A, Waris N, Askari S, Ogle G, Ahmedani MY, Basit A. Relationship of C-peptide levels to duration of Type 1 diabetes - A study from Sindh, Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci 2020; 36:765-769. [PMID: 32494271 PMCID: PMC7260921 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.36.4.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship of C-peptide levels with duration of type 1 diabetes mellitus. METHODS This prospective study was conducted at Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology (BIDE), Baqai Medical University (BMU), Karachi-Pakistan from December 2013 to December 2015. A total of 184 subjects were recruited during the study period, 100 in Group-A and 84 in Group-B. Subjects clinically diagnosed with type 1 diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) were categorized into two groups based on duration of diabetes: Group-A (with ≤1-year duration of diabetes) and Group-B (with >1-year duration of diabetes). Ninety-nine of the 100 enrolled subjects in Group-A were diagnosed as having T1DM, with one subject who presented at 11.9 years of age and diagnosed with T2DM excluded from this study. Blood samples were drawn for biochemical parameters. Data for baseline characteristics and clinical parameters (HbA1c and C-peptide) were obtained from hospital management system of BIDE. RESULTS Fifty-seven (57.6%) subjects in Group-A, and 39 (46.4%) in Group-B were males. Mean±SD duration of diabetes (years) was 0.64±0.6 (range 0-1) in Group-A, and 7.65±5.5 (range 1-23) in Group-B. Family history of T1DM and T2DM was 1(1%) and 27(27.3%) in Group-A, and 8(9.52%) and 21(25%) in Group-B, respectively. Twenty-one (21.2%) subjects presented in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in Group-A and 18(21.4%), in Group-B. Mean±SD for HbA1c was non-significantly higher in Group-A 11.12±2.31 compared to Group-B 10.42±1.45. Mean±SD for C-peptide was 1.91±1.53 ng/mL (0.60±0.481 nmol/L) in Group-A, and 1.82±1.01 (0.57±0.32 nmol/L) in Group-B (p=0.984). CONCLUSION The study found that subjects with longer duration of T1DM had non-significantly decreased C-peptide levels compared to a group in which C-peptide was measured at or soon after diagnosis. Furthermore, C-peptide levels in many subjects with longer duration were higher than expected in classic T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Fawwad
- Asher Fawwad, PhD. Professor & Head of the Biochemistry Department (BMU), Honorary Research Director (BIDE), Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology (BIDE), Karachi, Pakistan. Baqai Medical University (BMU), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Waris
- Nazish Waris, M.Phil. Clinical Biochemistry and Psychopharmacology Research Unit Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi-Pakistan Research Associate, Research Department (BIDE-BMU), Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology (BIDE), Karachi, Pakistan. Baqai Medical University (BMU), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saima Askari
- Saima Askari, Fellow Endocrine, (BIDE-BMU), Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology (BIDE), Karachi, Pakistan. Baqai Medical University (BMU), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Graham Ogle
- Graham David Ogle, General Manager, Life for a Child Program, Diabetes NSW, Glebe, NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Muhammad Yakoob Ahmedani
- Muhammad Yakoob Ahmedani, FCPS, Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine (BIDE-BMU), Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology (BIDE), Karachi, Pakistan. Baqai Medical University (BMU), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Basit
- Abdul Basit, FRCP, Professor of Medicine (BMU), Director (BIDE), Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology (BIDE), Karachi, Pakistan. Baqai Medical University (BMU), Karachi, Pakistan
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Activity-expression profiling of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in tissues of normal and diabetic mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:750-755. [PMID: 32035617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) plays a principal role in the regulation of oxidative stress by modulating the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate pool and is expected to be associated with metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM). However, it is unclear whether hyperglycemia increases G6PD activity levels in DM because suitable assays for quantifying the activity in a high-throughput manner are lacking. Using liquid droplet arrays tailored to analyze tissue lysates, we performed G6PD activity profiling in eight tissues of normal and diabetic mice: brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, spleen, and thyroid. Diabetic mice exhibited significantly higher G6PD activities in the kidney, liver, spleen, and thyroid than normal mice; no significant difference was found in the brain, heart, lung, or muscle. We also performed G6PD expression profiling in the eight tissues using Western blot analysis. Diabetic mice showed significantly elevated G6PD expression levels in the kidney, lung, spleen, and thyroid compared with normal mice; no significant difference was found in the brain, heart, liver, or muscle. An analysis of G6PD activity-expression profiles demonstrated tissue-specific changes in response to hyperglycemia. Thus, our approach would be helpful for understanding the role of G6PD in tissue-based pathogenesis of diabetic complications.
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Souto SB, Campos JR, Fangueiro JF, Silva AM, Cicero N, Lucarini M, Durazzo A, Santini A, Souto EB. Multiple Cell Signalling Pathways of Human Proinsulin C-Peptide in Vasculopathy Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E645. [PMID: 31963760 PMCID: PMC7013900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A major hallmark of diabetes is a constant high blood glucose level (hyperglycaemia), resulting in endothelial dysfunction. Transient or prolonged hyperglycemia can cause diabetic vasculopathy, a secondary systemic damage. C-Peptide is a product of cleavage of proinsulin by a serine protease that occurs within the pancreatic β-cells, being secreted in similar amounts as insulin. The biological activity of human C-peptide is instrumental in the prevention of diabetic neuropathy, nephropathy and other vascular complications. The main feature of type 1 diabetes mellitus is the lack of insulin and of C-peptide, but the progressive β-cell loss is also observed in later stage of type 2 diabetes mellitus. C-peptide has multifaceted effects in animals and diabetic patients due to the activation of multiple cell signalling pathways, highlighting p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase ½, Akt, as well as endothelial nitric oxide production. Recent works highlight the role of C-peptide in the prevention and amelioration of diabetes and also in organ-specific complications. Benefits of C-peptide in microangiopathy and vasculopathy have been shown through conservation of vascular function, and also in the prevention of endothelial cell death, microvascular permeability, neointima formation, and in vascular inflammation. Improvement of microvascular blood flow by replacing a physiological amount of C-peptide, in several tissues of diabetic animals and humans, mainly in nerve tissue, myocardium, skeletal muscle, and kidney has been described. A review of the multiple cell signalling pathways of human proinsulin C-peptide in vasculopathy protection is proposed, where the approaches to move beyond the state of the art in the development of innovative and effective therapeutic options of diabetic neuropathy and nephropathy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma B. Souto
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Joana R. Campos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.R.C.); (J.F.F.)
| | - Joana F. Fangueiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.R.C.); (J.F.F.)
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche, odontoiatriche e delle immagini morfologiche e funzionali, Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Massimo Lucarini
- CREA—Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (M.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Alessandra Durazzo
- CREA—Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (M.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.R.C.); (J.F.F.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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The effect of C-peptide on diabetic nephropathy: A review of molecular mechanisms. Life Sci 2019; 237:116950. [PMID: 31605709 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
C-peptide is a small peptide connecting two chains of proinsulin molecule and is dissociated before the release of insulin. It is secreted in an equimolar amount to insulin from the pancreatic beta-cells into the circulation. Recent evidence demonstrates that it has other physiologic activities beyond its structural function. C-peptide modulates intracellular signaling pathways in various pathophysiologic states and, could potentially be a new therapeutic target for different disorders including diabetic complications. There is growing evidence that c-peptide has modulatory effects on the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Although we have little direct evidence, pharmacological properties of c-peptide suggest that it can provide potent renoprotective effects especially, in a c-peptide deficient milieu as in type 1 diabetes mellitus. In this review, we describe possible molecular mechanisms by which c-peptide may improve renal efficiency in a diabetic milieu.
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Cho B, Lee EJ, Ahn SM, Kim G, Lee SH, Ji DY, Kang JT. Production of genetically modified pigs expressing human insulin and C-peptide as a source of islets for xenotransplantation. Transgenic Res 2019; 28:549-559. [PMID: 31473874 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Islet xenotransplantation is a promising treatment for type I diabetes. Numerous studies of islet xenotransplantation have used pig-to-nonhuman primate transplantation models. Some studies reported long-term survival and successful function of porcine islets in diabetic monkeys. Genetic engineering techniques may improve the survival and function of porcine islets. A recent study reported the generation of transgenic pigs expressing human insulin rather than porcine insulin by changing one amino acid at the end of the β-chain in insulin. However, C-peptide from pigs still existed. In this study, we generated transgenic pigs expressing human proinsulin to express human insulin and C-peptide using fibroblasts from proinsulin knockout pigs as donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer. Eleven live piglets were delivered from three surrogates and characterized to confirm the genotype and phenotype of the generated piglets. Genotype analysis of the generated piglets showed that five of the eleven piglets contained the human proinsulin gene. Insulin expression was confirmed in the serum and pancreas in two of the five piglets. C-peptide derived from human proinsulin was also confirmed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Non-fasting blood glucose level was measured to verify the function of the insulin derived from the human proinsulin. Two piglets expressing insulin showed normal glucose levels similar to that in the wild-type control. In conclusion, human insulin- and C-peptide-expressing pigs without porcine insulin and C-peptide were successfully established. These pigs can be used as a source of islets for islet xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumrae Cho
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Mgenplus Co., Ltd., Mgenplus Bldg., 83, Hyoryeong-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06688, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Lee
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Mgenplus Co., Ltd., Mgenplus Bldg., 83, Hyoryeong-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06688, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Mi Ahn
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Mgenplus Co., Ltd., Mgenplus Bldg., 83, Hyoryeong-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06688, Republic of Korea
| | - Ghangyong Kim
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Mgenplus Co., Ltd., Mgenplus Bldg., 83, Hyoryeong-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06688, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Mgenplus Co., Ltd., Mgenplus Bldg., 83, Hyoryeong-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06688, Republic of Korea
| | - Dal-Young Ji
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Mgenplus Co., Ltd., Mgenplus Bldg., 83, Hyoryeong-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06688, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Taek Kang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Mgenplus Co., Ltd., Mgenplus Bldg., 83, Hyoryeong-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06688, Republic of Korea.
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Lee JY, Lee YJ, Jeon HY, Han ET, Park WS, Hong SH, Kim YM, Ha KS. The vicious cycle between transglutaminase 2 and reactive oxygen species in hyperglycemic memory-induced endothelial dysfunction. FASEB J 2019; 33:12655-12667. [PMID: 31462079 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901358rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Clinical trials suggested that the vascular system can remember episodes of poor glycemic control through a phenomenon known as hyperglycemic memory (HGM). HGM is associated with long-term diabetic vascular complications in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, although the molecular mechanism of that association is not clearly understood. We hypothesized that transglutaminase 2 (TGase2) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in HGM-induced vascular dysfunction. We found that hyperglycemia induced persistent oxidative stress, expression of inflammatory adhesion molecules, and apoptosis in the aortic endothelium of HGM mice whose blood glucose levels had been normalized by insulin supplementation. TGase2 activation and ROS generation were in a vicious cycle in the aortic endothelium of HGM mice and also in human aortic endothelial cells after glucose normalization, which played a key role in the sustained expression of inflammatory adhesion molecules and apoptosis. Our findings suggest that the TGase2-ROS vicious cycle plays an important role in HGM-induced endothelial dysfunction.-Lee, J.-Y., Lee, Y.-J., Jeon, H.-Y., Han, E.-T., Park, W. S., Hong, S.-H., Kim, Y.-M., Ha, K.-S. The vicious cycle between transglutaminase 2 and reactive oxygen species in hyperglycemic memory-induced endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Yeon Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Yoon Jeon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Jeon HY, Seo JA, Jung SH, Lee YJ, Han ET, Park WS, Hong SH, Kim YM, Ha KS. Insulin prevents pulmonary vascular leakage by inhibiting transglutaminase 2 in diabetic mice. Life Sci 2019; 233:116711. [PMID: 31374233 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Insulin is a central peptide hormone required for carbohydrate metabolism; however, its role in diabetes-associated pulmonary disease is unknown. Here, we investigated the preventative effect of insulin against hyperglycemia-induced pulmonary vascular leakage and its molecular mechanism of action in the lungs of diabetic mice. MAIN METHODS Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) activated transglutaminase 2 (TGase2) by sequentially elevating intracellular Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in primary human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVECs). KEY FINDINGS Insulin inhibited VEGF-induced TGase2 activation, but did not affect intracellular Ca2+ elevation and ROS generation. Insulin prevented VEGF-induced vascular leakage by inhibiting TGase2-mediated c-Src phosphorylation, disassembly of VE-cadherin and β-catenin, and stress fiber formation. Insulin replacement therapy prevented hyperglycemia-induced TGase2 activation, but not ROS generation, in the lungs of diabetic mice. Insulin also prevented vascular leakage and cancer metastasis in the diabetic lung. Notably, vascular leakage was not detectable in the lungs of TGase2-null (Tgm2-/-) diabetic mice. SIGNIFICANCE These findings demonstrate that insulin prevents hyperglycemia-induced pulmonary vascular leakage in diabetic mice by inhibiting VEGF-induced TGase2 activation rather than ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Yoon Jeon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ah Seo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hui Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Jung SH, Lee JY, Lee SH, Kwon MH, Han ET, Park WS, Hong SH, Kim YM, Ha KS. Preventive Effects of Thermosensitive Biopolymer-Conjugated C-Peptide against High Glucose-Induced Endothelial Cell Dysfunction. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1900129. [PMID: 31310433 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
C-peptide has emerged as a potential drug for treating diabetic complications. However, clinical application of C-peptide is limited by its short half-life during circulation and costly synthesis methods. To overcome these limitations, a biocompatible and thermosensitive biopolymer-C-peptide conjugate composed of human C-peptide genetically conjugated at the C-terminus of nine repeats of lysine-containing elastin-like polypeptide (K9-C-peptide) is generated. K9-C-peptide exhibits reversible thermal phase behavior with a transition temperature dependent on polypeptide concentration. Degradation of K9-C-peptide hydrogel depends on the concentration of four cleavage enzymes as well as the reaction time and frequency of treatments with elastase-2. The preventive effect of K9-C-peptide against high glucose-induced human aortic endothelial cell dysfunction is further investigated. K9-C-peptide inhibits high glucose-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species generation, transglutaminase 2 activation, and apoptosis, similar to the inhibitory effects of human C-peptide. Thus, K9-C-peptide is a potential drug depot for the sustained delivery of C-peptide to treat diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hui Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, Korea
| | - Jee-Yeon Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, Korea
| | - Seong-Hyeon Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, Korea
| | - Mi-Hye Kwon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, Korea
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Navigating Two Roads to Glucose Normalization in Diabetes: Automated Insulin Delivery Devices and Cell Therapy. Cell Metab 2019; 29:545-563. [PMID: 30840911 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Incredible strides have been made since the discovery of insulin almost 100 years ago. Insulin formulations have improved dramatically, glucose levels can be measured continuously, and recently first-generation biomechanical "artificial pancreas" systems have been approved by regulators around the globe. However, still only a small fraction of patients with diabetes achieve glycemic goals. Replacement of insulin-producing cells via transplantation shows significant promise, but is limited in application due to supply constraints (cadaver-based) and the need for chronic immunosuppression. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made to address these barriers to widespread implementation of a cell therapy. Can glucose levels in people with diabetes be normalized with artificial pancreas systems or via cell replacement approaches? Here we review the road ahead, including the challenges and opportunities of both approaches.
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Jeon HY, Lee YJ, Kim YS, Kim SY, Han ET, Park WS, Hong SH, Kim YM, Ha KS. Proinsulin C‐peptide prevents hyperglycemia‐induced vascular leakage and metastasis of melanoma cells in the lungs of diabetic mice. FASEB J 2019; 33:750-762. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800723r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Yoon Jeon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
| | - You-Sun Kim
- Department of BiochemistryAjou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
| | - Soo-Youl Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology BranchNational Cancer Center Goyang Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical MedicineKangwon National University School of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of PhysiologyKangwon National University School of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal MedicineKangwon National University School of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
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Alves MT, Ortiz MMO, Dos Reis GVOP, Dusse LMS, Carvalho MDG, Fernandes AP, Gomes KB. The dual effect of C-peptide on cellular activation and atherosclerosis: Protective or not? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3071. [PMID: 30160822 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
C-peptide is a cleavage product of proinsulin that acts on different type of cells, such as blood and endothelial cells. C-peptide biological effects may be different in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Besides, there are further evidence for a functional interaction between C-peptide and insulin. In this way, C-peptide has ambiguous effects, acting as an antithrombotic or thrombotic molecule, depending on the physiological environment and disease conditions. Moreover, C-peptide regulates interaction of leucocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets with the endothelium. The beneficial effects include stimulation of nitric oxide production with its subsequent release by platelets and endothelium, the interaction with erythrocytes leading to the generation of adenosine triphosphate, and inhibition of atherogenic cytokine release. The undesirable action of C-peptide includes the chemotaxis of monocytes, lymphocytes, and smooth muscle cells. Also, C-peptide was related with increased lipid deposits and elevated smooth muscle cells proliferation in the vessel wall, contributing to atherosclerosis. Purpose of this review is to explore these dual roles of C-peptide on the blood, contributing at one side to haemostasis and the other to atherosclerotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Teodoro Alves
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mylena Maira Oliveira Ortiz
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Luci Maria Sant'Ana Dusse
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Carvalho
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Karina Braga Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Ragy MM, Ahmed SM. Protective effects of either C-peptide or l-arginine on pancreatic β-cell function, proliferation, and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:11500-11510. [PMID: 30515793 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes and cardiometabolic risk factors including hypertension and dyslipidemia are the major threats to human health in the 21st century. Apoptosis in pancreatic tissue is one of the major causes of diabetes type 1 progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of C-peptide or l-arginine on some cardiometabolic risk factors, pancreatic morphology, function and apoptosis, and the mechanisms of their actions. Forty adult male albino rats were divided into four equal groups: 1-control nondiabetic, 2-diabetic (no treatment), 3-diabetic + C-peptide, and 4-diabetic + l-arginine. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of high dose streptozotocin. At the end of the experiment, sera glucose, insulin levels, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and pancreatic MDA, TAC, and B-cell lymphoma 2 were measured. The morphology and proliferating activity of the pancreas were examined by hematoxylin and eosin histological stain, proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and insulin antibodies. Our results showed that induction of diabetes caused hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress. However, administration of C-peptide or l-arginine significantly improved the pancreatic histopathology with a significant increase in the area % of insulin immunoreactivity, the number of PCNA immunopositive cells, the number of islets, and the diameter of islets compared with the diabetic group. C-peptide treatment of the diabetic rats completely corrected these errors, while l-arginine partially antagonized the above diabetic complications. So the administration of C-peptide as an adjuvant therapy in type 1 diabetes can significantly decrease apoptosis of pancreas and subsequent progression of diabetes complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merhan Mamdouh Ragy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Elbassuoni EA, Aziz NM, El-Tahawy NF. Protective effect of C-peptide on experimentally induced diabetic nephropathy and the possible link between C-peptide and nitric oxide. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:617-624. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy one of the major microvascular diabetic complications. Besides hyperglycemia, other factors contribute to the development of diabetic complications as the proinsulin connecting peptide, C-peptide. We described the role of C-peptide replacement therapy on experimentally induced diabetic nephropathy, and its potential mechanisms of action by studying the role of nitric oxide (NO) as a mediator of C-peptide effects by in vivo modulating its production by NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Renal injury markers measured were serum urea, creatinine, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and angiotensin II, and malondialdehyde, total antioxidant, Bcl-2, and NO in renal tissue. In conclusion, diabetic induction resulted in islet degenerations and decreased insulin secretion with its metabolic consequences and subsequent renal complications. C-Peptide deficiencies in diabetes might have contributed to the metabolic and renal error, since C-peptide treatment to the diabetic rats completely corrected these errors. The beneficial effects of C-peptide are partially antagonized by L-NAME coadministration, indicating that NO partially mediates C-peptide effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A. Elbassuoni
- Physiology Department, Minia University Faculty of Medicine, Minia 61111, Egypt
| | - Neven M. Aziz
- Physiology Department, Minia University Faculty of Medicine, Minia 61111, Egypt
| | - Nashwa F. El-Tahawy
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Minia University Faculty of Medicine, Minia 61111, Egypt
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Lee YJ, Kim M, Lee JY, Jung SH, Jeon HY, Lee SA, Kang S, Han ET, Park WS, Hong SH, Kim YM, Ha KS. The benzodiazepine anesthetic midazolam prevents hyperglycemia-induced microvascular leakage in the retinas of diabetic mice. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201800014RR. [PMID: 29782207 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800014rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the beneficial effects of midazolam against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced vascular leakage and its molecular mechanism of action in human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) and the retinas of diabetic mice. Midazolam inhibited VEGF-induced elevation of intracellular Ca2+, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and transglutaminase activation in HRECs; these effects were reversed by the GABA, type A (GABAA) receptor antagonist flumazenil but not by the translocator protein antagonist PK11195. Midazolam also prevented VEGF-induced disassembly of adherens junctions and in vitro permeability. Intravitreal injection of midazolam prevented hyperglycemia-induced ROS generation, transglutaminase activation, and subsequent vascular leakage in the retinas of diabetic mice, and those effects were reversed by flumazenil. The roles of flumazenil were further supported by identifying GABAA receptors in mouse retinas. Thus, midazolam prevents hyperglycemia-induced vascular leakage by inhibiting VEGF-induced intracellular events in the retinas of diabetic mice.-Lee, Y.-J., Kim, M., Lee, J.-Y., Jung, S.-H., Jeon, H.-Y., Lee, S.-A., Kang, S., Han, E.-T., Park, W. S., Hong, S.-H., Kim, Y.-M., Ha, K.-S. The benzodiazepine anesthetic midazolam prevents hyperglycemia-induced microvascular leakage in the retinas of diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jee-Yeon Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Se-Hui Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hye-Yoon Jeon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seung Ah Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seongsik Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea; and
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
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Lee YJ, Jung SH, Hwang J, Jeon S, Han ET, Park WS, Hong SH, Kim YM, Ha KS. Cysteamine prevents vascular leakage through inhibiting transglutaminase in diabetic retina. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:39-48. [PMID: 28751454 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cysteamine (an aminothiol), which is derived from coenzyme A degradation and metabolized into taurine, has beneficial effects against cystinosis and neurodegenerative diseases; however, its role in diabetic complications is unknown. Thus, we sought to determine the preventive effect of cysteamine against hyperglycemia-induced vascular leakage in the retinas of diabetic mice. Cysteamine and ethanolamine, the sulfhydryl group-free cysteamine analogue, inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced stress fiber formation and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin disruption in endothelial cells, which play a critical role in modulating endothelial permeability. Intravitreal injection of the amine compounds prevented hyperglycemia-induced vascular leakage in the retinas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. We then investigated the potential roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and transglutaminase (TGase) in the cysteamine prevention of VEGF-induced vascular leakage. Cysteamine, but not ethanolamine, inhibited VEGF-induced ROS generation in endothelial cells and diabetic retinas. In contrast, VEGF-induced TGase activation was prevented by both cysteamine and ethanolamine. Our findings suggest that cysteamine protects against vascular leakage through inhibiting VEGF-induced TGase activation rather than ROS generation in diabetic retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Se-Hui Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - JongYun Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Sohee Jeon
- Department of OphthalmologySeoul St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical MedicineKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of PhysiologyKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal MedicineKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
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C-peptide attenuates acute lung inflammation in a murine model of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation by reducing gut injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2017; 83:256-262. [PMID: 28452895 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aims to evaluate whether C-peptide can reduce gut injury during hemorrhagic shock (HS) and resuscitation (R) therefore attenuate shock-induced inflammation and subsequent acute lung injury. METHODS Twelve-week-old male mice (C57/BL6) were hemorrhaged (mean arterial blood pressure maintained at 35 mm Hg for 60 minutes) and then resuscitated with Ringer's lactate, followed by red blood cell transfusion with (HS/R) or without C-peptide (HS/R + C-peptide). Mouse gut permeability, bacterial translocation into the circulatory system and intestinal pathology, circulating HMGB1, and acute lung injury were assessed at different times after R. The mice in the control group underwent sham procedures without HS. RESULTS Compared to the sham group, the mice in the HS/R group showed increased gut permeability (6.07 ± 3.41 μg of FD4/mL) and bacterial translocation into the circulatory system (10.05 ± 4.92, lipopolysaccharide [LPS] of pg/mL), and increased gut damage; conversely, mice in the HS/R + C-peptide group showed significantly reduced gut permeability (1.59 ± 1.39 μg of FD4/mL; p < 0.05) and bacterial translocation (4.53 ± 1.08 pg of LPS/mL; p < 0.05) with reduced intestine damage. In addition, mice in the HS/R group had increased circulating HMGB1 (21.64 ± 14.17 ng/mL), lung myeloperoxidase) activity (34.4 ± 8.91 mU/g of tissue), and pulmonary protein leakage (2.33 ± 1.16 μg Evans blue/g tissue per minute). Mice in the HS/R + C-peptide group showed decreased HMGB1 (7.27 ± 1.93 ng/mL; p < 0.05), lung myeloperoxidase (23.73 ± 8.39 mU/g of tissue; p < 0.05), and pulmonary protein leakage (1.17 ± 0.42 Evans Blue/g tissue per minute; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that C-peptide exerts beneficial effects to attenuate gut injury and dysfunction, therefore diminishing lung inflammation and subsequent injury in mice with HS and R.
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Reddy S, Amutha A, Rajalakshmi R, Bhaskaran R, Monickaraj F, Rangasamy S, Anjana RM, Abhijit S, Gokulakrishnan K, Das A, Mohan V, Balasubramanyam M. Association of increased levels of MCP-1 and cathepsin-D in young onset type 2 diabetes patients (T2DM-Y) with severity of diabetic retinopathy. J Diabetes Complications 2017; 31:804-809. [PMID: 28336215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Young onset type 2 diabetes patients (T2DM-Y) have been shown to possess an increased risk of developing microvascular complications particularly diabetic retinopathy. However, the molecular mechanisms are not clearly understood. In this study, we investigated the serum levels of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and cathepsin-D in patients with T2DM-Y without and with diabetic retinopathy. METHODS In this case-control study, participants comprised individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT=40), patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM=35), non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR=35) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR=35). Clinical characterization of the study subjects was done by standard procedures and MCP-1 and cathepsin-D were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Compared to control individuals, patients with T2DM-Y, NPDR and PDR exhibited significantly (p<0.001) higher levels of MCP-1. Cathepsin-D levels were also significantly (p<0.001) higher in patients with T2DM-Y without and with diabetic retinopathy. Correlation analysis revealed a positive association (p<0.001) between MCP-1 and cathepsin-D levels. There was also a significant negative correlation of MCP1/cathepsin-D with C-peptide levels. The association of increased levels of MCP-1/cathepsin-D in patients with DR persisted even after adjusting for all the confounding factors. CONCLUSION As both MCP-1 and cathepsin-D are molecular signatures of cellular senescence, we suggest that these biomarkers might be useful to predict the development of retinopathy in T2DM-Y patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Reddy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Dr. Rema Mohan High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Lab, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Gopalapuram, Chennai 600086, India
| | - Anandakumar Amutha
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Dr. Rema Mohan High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Lab, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Gopalapuram, Chennai 600086, India
| | - Ramachandran Rajalakshmi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Dr. Rema Mohan High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Lab, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Gopalapuram, Chennai 600086, India
| | - Regin Bhaskaran
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Dr. Rema Mohan High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Lab, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Gopalapuram, Chennai 600086, India
| | - Finny Monickaraj
- Department of Surgery and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Sampathkumar Rangasamy
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Dr. Rema Mohan High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Lab, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Gopalapuram, Chennai 600086, India
| | - Shiny Abhijit
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Dr. Rema Mohan High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Lab, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Gopalapuram, Chennai 600086, India
| | - Kuppan Gokulakrishnan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Dr. Rema Mohan High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Lab, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Gopalapuram, Chennai 600086, India
| | - Arup Das
- Department of Surgery and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Dr. Rema Mohan High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Lab, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Gopalapuram, Chennai 600086, India
| | - Muthuswamy Balasubramanyam
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Dr. Rema Mohan High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Lab, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Gopalapuram, Chennai 600086, India..
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Rosenfield DA, Nichi M, Pizzutto CS. C-Peptides for diagnostics and therapy: a veterinary medicine point of view. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Empirical studies proved that C-peptides are performing numerous intrinsic biological roles, and serve as a marker for pancreatic performance analysis. Since the last decade, C-peptide assays for differential diagnosis in veterinary diabetic patients are becoming more available, but still only for a very limited number of species. Studies on C-peptide as a diagnostic tool, therapy for associated complications, or as replacement therapies for C-peptide deficiency still showed not to be a common practice in veterinary medicine. This review was conducted to determine the potential importance of C-peptide in Veterinary Medicine, relevant in the diagnosis of diabetes and for other metabolic processes, as well as its proposed therapeutic benefits. Numerous articles were identified that reported positive results in their experimental studies, whether C-peptide as a biomarker for pancreatic performance in dogs, cats, and horses, as a non-invasive method to monitor nutritional status in primates, or to investigate its potential therapeutic benefits for diabetes-related illnesses.
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Bhatt MP, Lee YJ, Jung SH, Kim YH, Hwang JY, Han ET, Park WS, Hong SH, Kim YM, Ha KS. C-peptide protects against hyperglycemic memory and vascular endothelial cell apoptosis. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:97-108. [PMID: 27554111 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
C-peptide exerts protective effects against diabetic complications; however, its role in inhibiting hyperglycemic memory (HGM) has not been elucidated. We investigated the beneficial effect of C-peptide on HGM-induced vascular damage in vitro and in vivo using human umbilical vein endothelial cells and diabetic mice. HGM induced apoptosis by persistent generation of intracellular ROS and sustained formation of ONOO(-) and nitrotyrosine. These HGM-induced intracellular events were normalized by treatment with C-peptide, but not insulin, in endothelial cells. C-peptide also inhibited persistent upregulation of p53 and activation of mitochondrial adaptor p66(shc) after glucose normalization. Further, C-peptide replacement therapy prevented persistent generation of ROS and ONOO(-) in the aorta of diabetic mice whose glucose levels were normalized by the administration of insulin. C-peptide, but not insulin, also prevented HGM-induced endothelial apoptosis in the murine diabetic aorta. This study highlights a promising role for C-peptide in preventing HGM-induced intracellular events and diabetic vascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Prasad Bhatt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Se-Hui Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology and Department of ChemistrySungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jong Yun Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical MedicineKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of PhysiologyKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal MedicineKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
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Lee YJ, Jung SH, Kim SH, Kim MS, Lee S, Hwang J, Kim SY, Kim YM, Ha KS. Essential Role of Transglutaminase 2 in Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Induced Vascular Leakage in the Retina of Diabetic Mice. Diabetes 2016; 65:2414-28. [PMID: 27207524 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is predominantly caused by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced vascular leakage; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here we designed an in vivo transglutaminase (TGase) activity assay in mouse retina and demonstrated that hyperglycemia induced vascular leakage by activating TGase2 in diabetic retina. VEGF elevated TGase2 activity through sequential elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations in endothelial cells. The TGase inhibitors cystamine and monodansylcadaverin or TGase2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) prevented VEGF-induced stress fiber formation and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin disruption, which play a critical role in modulating endothelial permeability. Intravitreal injection of two TGase inhibitors or TGase2 siRNA successfully inhibited hyperglycemia-induced TGase activation and microvascular leakage in the retinas of diabetic mice. C-peptide or ROS scavengers also inhibited TGase activation in diabetic mouse retinas. The role of TGase2 in VEGF-induced vascular leakage was further supported using diabetic TGase2(-/-) mice. Thus, our findings suggest that ROS-mediated activation of TGase2 plays a key role in VEGF-induced vascular leakage by stimulating stress fiber formation and VE-cadherin disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Se-Hui Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Su-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea Department of Anesthesiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Sungeun Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - JongYun Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Soo-Youl Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
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Mikuska L, Vrabcova M, Tillinger A, Balaz M, Ukropec J, Mravec B. Chronic liquid nutrition intake induces obesity and considerable but reversible metabolic alterations in Wistar rats. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 72:225-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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