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Shinsato RN, Correa CG, Herai RH. Genetic network analysis indicate that individuals affected by neurodevelopmental conditions have genetic variations associated with ophthalmologic alterations: A critical review of literature. Gene 2024; 908:148246. [PMID: 38325665 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Changes in the nervous system are related to a wide range of mental disorders, which include neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) that are characterized by early onset mental conditions, such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders and correlated conditions (ASD). Previous studies have shown distinct genetic components associated with diverse schizophrenia and ASD phenotypes, with mostly focused on rescuing neural phenotypes and brain activity, but alterations related to vision are overlooked. Thus, as the vision is composed by the eyes that itself represents a part of the brain, with the retina being formed by neurons and cells originating from the glia, genetic variations affecting the brain can also affect the vision. Here, we performed a critical systematic literature review to screen for all genetic variations in individuals presenting NDD with reported alterations in vision. Using these restricting criteria, we found 20 genes with distinct types of genetic variations, inherited or de novo, that includes SNP, SNV, deletion, insertion, duplication or indel. The variations occurring within protein coding regions have different impact on protein formation, such as missense, nonsense or frameshift. Moreover, a molecular analysis of the 20 genes found revealed that 17 shared a common protein-protein or genetic interaction network. Moreover, gene expression analysis in samples from the brain and other tissues indicates that 18 of the genes found are highly expressed in the brain and retina, indicating their potential role in adult vision phenotype. Finally, we only found 3 genes from our study described in standard public databanks of ophthalmogenetics, suggesting that the other 17 genes could be novel target for vision diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério N Shinsato
- Unisalesiano, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Neurogenetics (LaBiN/LEM), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil.
| | - Camila Graczyk Correa
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Neurogenetics (LaBiN/LEM), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Roberto H Herai
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Neurogenetics (LaBiN/LEM), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil; Research Division, Buko Kaesemodel Institute (IBK), Curitiba, Paraná 80240-000, Brazil; Research Division, 9p Brazil Association (A9pB), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97060-580, Brazil.
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Pan D, Zhang X, Jin K, Jin ZB. CRX haploinsufficiency compromises photoreceptor precursor translocation and differentiation in human retinal organoids. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:346. [PMID: 38049871 PMCID: PMC10696917 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CRX-associated autosomal dominant retinopathies suggest a possible pathogenic mechanism of gene haploinsufficiency. However, based on reported human patient cases and studies with mouse models, it is hard to confirm the specific weight of haploinsufficiency in pathogenesis due to the interspecies gaps between gene expression and function. METHODS We created monoallelic CRX by replacing one allele with tdTomato in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and subsequently dissect pathogenesis in hESCs-derived retinal organoids. We used transcriptome and immunofluorescence analyses to dissect phenotypic differences between CRX-monoallelic knockout and control wildtype organoids. For location analysis of CRX+ cells, a CRX-expression-tracing system was constructed in control hESCs. We implemented long-term live-cell imaging to describe the translocation of CRX+ cells between two groups in early organoid differentiation. The expression pattern of these dynamic differences was validated using RNA-seq and immunofluorescence assays. RESULTS We identified delayed differentiation of outer nuclear layer (ONL) stratification along with thinner ONL, serious loss of photoreceptor outer segments, as well as downregulated expression of gene for phototransduction and inner/outer segment formation. By live-cell imaging and immunostaining, we observed the overtension of actomyosin network and the arrested translocation of monoallelic CRX+ cells in the early stage of retinal differentiation. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that gene haploinsufficiency is the mechanism for the dominant pathogenicity of CRX and discovered that CRX regulated postmitotic photoreceptor precursor translocation in addition to its specification of photoreceptor cell fates during human retinal development. These findings revealed a new underlying mechanism of CRX dominant pathogenesis and provided a new clue for the treatment of CRX-associated human retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Pan
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Kangxin Jin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Fernández-Sánchez L, Albertos-Arranz H, Ortuño-Lizarán I, Lax P, Cuenca N. Neuroprotective Effects of Tauroursodeoxicholic Acid Involves Vascular and Glial Changes in Retinitis Pigmentosa Model. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:858073. [PMID: 35493706 PMCID: PMC9039202 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.858073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinitis pigmentosa is primarily characterized by a massive photoreceptor loss. But a global retinal remodeling occurs in later stages of the disease. At that phase, glial cells and retinal vasculature are also strongly affected. The main aim of the present work is to assess if the bile acid Tauroursodeoxicholic acid (TUDCA), which has a demonstrated neuroprotective effect in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, is able to prevent glial and vascular degeneration in the P23H rat retina. Methods Homozygous P23H (line 3) animals were injected weekly with a TUDCA (500 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle solution, from the postnatal day (P) 21 to P120. Sprague-Dawley rats (SD) were used as control. Retinal cross-sections and wholemounts were immunostained using different glial and vascular markers and visualized with confocal microscopy. Retinal blood vessels were stained with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase histochemistry and retinal vascular networks were drawn by hand using a camera lucida. Results At P120, the photoreceptor degeneration observed in P23H rats was accompanied by a reduction in the vascular network density and complexity at the deep capillary plexus. In addition, astrocytes showed gliotic features and the outer processes of Müller cells displayed an aberrant distribution in ring-shaped structures. When treated with TUDCA, P23H rats displayed better-preserved vessels and capillary loops in the deep capillary plexus which are associated with the partial preservation of photoreceptors. TUDCA treatment also increased the number of astrocytes and reduced the presence of Müller cell process clusters in the outer retina. Conclusion This work suggests that, besides its neuroprotective effect on photoreceptor cells, TUDCA treatment also protects from vascular and glial degeneration, a fact that encourages the use of TUDCA as a powerful therapy for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henar Albertos-Arranz
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Isabel Ortuño-Lizarán
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro Lax
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL-FISABIO Foundation), Alicante, Spain
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL-FISABIO Foundation), Alicante, Spain
- Institute Ramón Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- *Correspondence: Nicolás Cuenca,
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Ng TK, Cao Y, Yuan XL, Chen S, Xu Y, Chen SL, Zheng Y, Chen H. Whole exome sequencing analysis identifies novel Stargardt disease-related gene mutations in Chinese Stargardt disease and retinitis pigmentosa patients. Eye (Lond) 2022; 36:749-759. [PMID: 33846575 PMCID: PMC8956586 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To delineate the disease-causing mutations of the Stargardt disease-related genes in Chinese patients diagnosed with Stargardt disease or retinitis pigmentosa (RP) by whole exome sequencing analysis. METHODS A total of 123 sporadic RP or Stargardt disease patients and 2 Stargardt disease families were recruited. All sporadic patients and the probands of the families were subjected to whole exome sequencing analysis. The candidate mutations were verified by direct sequencing based on the cosegregation pattern and in 200 control subjects and by the bioinformatics analyses. RESULTS A total of three reported ABCA4 mutations were identified in the probands of the two Stargardt disease families. The probands and the affected family members with either homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations showed typical Stargardt disease features, which was absent in their unaffected family members. The cosegregation pattern confirmed the mode of recessive inheritance. Moreover, two sporadic Stargardt disease patients were identified to carry two novel ABCA4 and one PROM1 mutations. In addition, 13 novel variants were found in 119 sporadic RP patients in 7 Stargardt disease-related genes, and 8 novel missense variants were conserved across different species and predicted to be damaging to the protein. All 15 novel variants were absent in our 200 control subjects. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed 22.4% study subjects carrying Stargardt disease-related gene mutations with total 15 novel variants in seven Stargardt disease-related genes, assuring that targeted next-generation sequencing analysis is a high throughput strategy to facilitate the clinical diagnosis from suspicious patients and recommended as a routine examination for inherited retinal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Kin Ng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingjie Cao
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiang-Ling Yuan
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaowan Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanxuan Xu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-Lang Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuqian Zheng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Overexpression of CERKL Protects Retinal Pigment Epithelium Mitochondria from Oxidative Stress Effects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10122018. [PMID: 34943121 PMCID: PMC8698444 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10122018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise function of CERKL, a Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) causative gene, is not yet fully understood. There is evidence that CERKL is involved in the regulation of autophagy, stress granules, and mitochondrial metabolism, and it is considered a gene that is resilient against oxidative stress in the retina. Mutations in most RP genes affect photoreceptors, but retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may be also altered. Here, we aimed to analyze the effect of CERKL overexpression and depletion in vivo and in vitro, focusing on the state of the mitochondrial network under oxidative stress conditions. Our work indicates that the depletion of CERKL increases the vulnerability of RPE mitochondria, which show a shorter size and altered shape, particularly upon sodium arsenite treatment. CERKL-depleted cells have dysfunctional mitochondrial respiration particularly upon oxidative stress conditions. The overexpression of two human CERKL isoforms (558 aa and 419 aa), which display different protein domains, shows that a pool of CERKL localizes at mitochondria in RPE cells and that CERKL protects the mitochondrial network—both in size and shape—against oxidative stress. Our results support CERKL being a resilient gene that regulates the mitochondrial network in RPE as in retinal neurons and suggest that RPE cell alteration contributes to particular phenotypic traits in patients carrying CERKL mutations.
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Adak S, Magdalene D, Deshmukh S, Das D, Jaganathan BG. A Review on Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treatment of Retinal Diseases. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1154-1173. [PMID: 33410097 PMCID: PMC7787584 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have been studied extensively for the treatment of several retinal diseases. The therapeutic potential of MSCs lies in its ability to differentiate into multiple lineages and secretome enriched with immunomodulatory, anti-angiogenic and neurotrophic factors. Several studies have reported the role of MSCs in repair and regeneration of the damaged retina where the secreted factors from MSCs prevent retinal degeneration, improve retinal morphology and function. MSCs also donate mitochondria to rescue the function of retinal cells and exosomes secreted by MSCs were found to have anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects. Based on several promising results obtained from the preclinical studies, several clinical trials were initiated to explore the potential advantages of MSCs for the treatment of retinal diseases. This review summarizes the various properties of MSCs that help to repair and restore the damaged retinal cells and its potential for the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjucta Adak
- Stem Cells and Cancer Biology Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Damaris Magdalene
- Department of Strabismus, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Saurabh Deshmukh
- Department of Strabismus, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Dipankar Das
- Department of Pathology, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Bithiah Grace Jaganathan
- Stem Cells and Cancer Biology Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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Sharma A, Jaganathan BG. Stem Cell Therapy for Retinal Degeneration: The Evidence to Date. Biologics 2021; 15:299-306. [PMID: 34349498 PMCID: PMC8327474 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s290331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a rise in the number of people who have vision loss due to retinal diseases, and conventional therapies for treating retinal degeneration fail to repair and regenerate the damaged retina. Several studies in animal models and human trials have explored the use of stem cells to repair the retinal tissue to improve visual acuity. In addition to the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR), stem cell therapies were used to treat genetic diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and Stargardt’s disease, characterized by gradual loss of photoreceptor cells in the retina. Transplantation of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells derived from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have shown promising results in improving retinal function in various preclinical models of retinal degeneration and clinical studies without any severe side effects. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were utilized to treat optic neuropathy, RP, DR, and glaucoma with positive clinical outcomes. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical evidence of stem cell therapy and current limitations in utilizing stem cells for retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Stem Cells and Cancer Biology Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Bithiah Grace Jaganathan
- Stem Cells and Cancer Biology Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
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Xu K, Chen DF, Chang H, Shen RJ, Gao H, Wang XF, Feng ZK, Zhang X, Xie Y, Li Y, Jin ZB. Genotype Profile of Global EYS-Associated Inherited Retinal Dystrophy and Clinical Findings in a Large Chinese Cohort. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:634220. [PMID: 34178978 PMCID: PMC8226124 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.634220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to probe the global profile of the EYS-associated genotype-phenotype trait in the worldwide reported IRD cases and to build a model for predicting disease progression as a reference for clinical consultation. Methods This retrospective study of 420 well-documented IRD cases with mutations in the EYS gene included 39 patients from a genotype-phenotype study of inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD) conducted at the Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology and 381 cases retrieved from global reports. All patients underwent ophthalmic evaluation. Mutations were revealed using next-generation sequencing, followed by Sanger DNA sequencing and real-time quantitative PCR analysis. Multiple regression models and statistical analysis were used to assess the genotype and phenotype characteristics and traits in this large cohort. Results A total of 420 well-defined patients with 841 identified mutations in the EYS gene were successfully obtained. The most common pathogenic variant was a frameshift c.4957dupA (p.S1653Kfs∗2) in exon 26, with an allele frequency of 12.7% (107/841), followed by c.8805C > A (p.Y2935X) in exon 43, with an allele frequency of 5.9% (50/841). Two new hot spots were identified in the Chinese cohort, c.1750G > T (p.E584X) and c.7492G > C (p.A2498P). Several EYS mutation types were identified, with CNV being relatively common. The mean age of onset was 20.54 ± 11.33 (4-46) years. Clinical examinations revealed a typical progression of RPE atrophy from the peripheral area to the macula. Conclusion This large global cohort of 420 IRD cases, with 262 distinct variants, identified genotype-phenotype correlations and mutation spectra with hotspots in the EYS gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - De-Fu Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haoyu Chang
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ren-Juan Shen
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Gao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhuo-Kun Feng
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Mizobuchi K, Hayashi T, Oishi N, Kubota D, Kameya S, Higasa K, Futami T, Kondo H, Hosono K, Kurata K, Hotta Y, Yoshitake K, Iwata T, Matsuura T, Nakano T. Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in RP1-Associated Retinal Dystrophies: A Multi-Center Cohort Study in JAPAN. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112265. [PMID: 34073704 PMCID: PMC8197273 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Little is known about genotype–phenotype correlations of RP1-associated retinal dystrophies in the Japanese population. We aimed to investigate the genetic spectrum of RP1 variants and provide a detailed description of the clinical findings in Japanese patients. Methods: In total, 607 patients with inherited retinal diseases were examined using whole-exome/whole-genome sequencing (WES/WGS). PCR-based screening for an Alu element insertion (c.4052_4053ins328/p.Tyr1352AlafsTer9) was performed in 18 patients with autosomal-recessive (AR)-retinitis pigmentosa (RP) or AR-cone dystrophy (COD)/cone-rod dystrophy (CORD), including seven patients with heterozygous RP1 variants identified by WES/WGS analysis, and 11 early onset AR-RP patients, in whom no pathogenic variant was identified. We clinically examined 25 patients (23 families) with pathogenic RP1 variants, including five patients (five families) with autosomal-dominant (AD)-RP, 13 patients (11 families) with AR-RP, and seven patients (seven families) with AR-COD/CORD. Results: We identified 18 pathogenic RP1 variants, including seven novel variants. Interestingly, the Alu element insertion was the most frequent variant (32.0%, 16/50 alleles). The clinical findings revealed that the age at onset and disease progression occurred significantly earlier and faster in AR-RP patients compared to AD-RP or AR-COD/CORD patients. Conclusions: Our results suggest a genotype–phenotype correlation between variant types/locations and phenotypes (AD-RP, AR-RP, and AR-COD/CORD), and the Alu element insertion was the most major variant in Japanese patients with RP1-associated retinal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Mizobuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-19-18, Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan; (T.H.); (T.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3433-1111
| | - Takaaki Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-19-18, Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan; (T.H.); (T.N.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Katsushika Medical Center, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 6-41-2 Aoto, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8506, Japan
| | - Noriko Oishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, 1715 Kamagari, Inzai, Chiba 270-1694, Japan; (N.O.); (D.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Daiki Kubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, 1715 Kamagari, Inzai, Chiba 270-1694, Japan; (N.O.); (D.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Shuhei Kameya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, 1715 Kamagari, Inzai, Chiba 270-1694, Japan; (N.O.); (D.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Koichiro Higasa
- Department of Genome Analysis, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan;
| | - Takuma Futami
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku Kitakyushu-shi, Fu-kuoka 807-8555, Japan; (T.F.); (H.K.)
| | - Hiroyuki Kondo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku Kitakyushu-shi, Fu-kuoka 807-8555, Japan; (T.F.); (H.K.)
| | - Katsuhiro Hosono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Shizuoka, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; (K.H.); (K.K.); (Y.H.)
| | - Kentaro Kurata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Shizuoka, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; (K.H.); (K.K.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yoshihiro Hotta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Shizuoka, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; (K.H.); (K.K.); (Y.H.)
| | - Kazutoshi Yoshitake
- National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan; (K.Y.); (T.I.)
| | - Takeshi Iwata
- National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan; (K.Y.); (T.I.)
| | - Tomokazu Matsuura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-19-18, Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan;
| | - Tadashi Nakano
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-19-18, Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan; (T.H.); (T.N.)
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Cowan CS, Renner M, De Gennaro M, Gross-Scherf B, Goldblum D, Hou Y, Munz M, Rodrigues TM, Krol J, Szikra T, Cuttat R, Waldt A, Papasaikas P, Diggelmann R, Patino-Alvarez CP, Galliker P, Spirig SE, Pavlinic D, Gerber-Hollbach N, Schuierer S, Srdanovic A, Balogh M, Panero R, Kusnyerik A, Szabo A, Stadler MB, Orgül S, Picelli S, Hasler PW, Hierlemann A, Scholl HPN, Roma G, Nigsch F, Roska B. Cell Types of the Human Retina and Its Organoids at Single-Cell Resolution. Cell 2021; 182:1623-1640.e34. [PMID: 32946783 PMCID: PMC7505495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human organoids recapitulating the cell-type diversity and function of their target organ are valuable for basic and translational research. We developed light-sensitive human retinal organoids with multiple nuclear and synaptic layers and functional synapses. We sequenced the RNA of 285,441 single cells from these organoids at seven developmental time points and from the periphery, fovea, pigment epithelium and choroid of light-responsive adult human retinas, and performed histochemistry. Cell types in organoids matured in vitro to a stable "developed" state at a rate similar to human retina development in vivo. Transcriptomes of organoid cell types converged toward the transcriptomes of adult peripheral retinal cell types. Expression of disease-associated genes was cell-type-specific in adult retina, and cell-type specificity was retained in organoids. We implicate unexpected cell types in diseases such as macular degeneration. This resource identifies cellular targets for studying disease mechanisms in organoids and for targeted repair in human retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S Cowan
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Renner
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martina De Gennaro
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Gross-Scherf
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Goldblum
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yanyan Hou
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Munz
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tiago M Rodrigues
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jacek Krol
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tamas Szikra
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Cuttat
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annick Waldt
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Panagiotis Papasaikas
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Diggelmann
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering of ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia P Patino-Alvarez
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Galliker
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan E Spirig
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dinko Pavlinic
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Sven Schuierer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aldin Srdanovic
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marton Balogh
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Panero
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Akos Kusnyerik
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Arnold Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael B Stadler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Selim Orgül
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Picelli
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal W Hasler
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering of ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik P N Scholl
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Guglielmo Roma
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Florian Nigsch
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Botond Roska
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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11
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Liu F, Lee J, Chen J. Molecular structures of the eukaryotic retinal importer ABCA4. eLife 2021; 10:63524. [PMID: 33605212 PMCID: PMC7932691 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family contains thousands of members with diverse functions. Movement of the substrate, powered by ATP hydrolysis, can be outward (export) or inward (import). ABCA4 is a eukaryotic importer transporting retinal to the cytosol to enter the visual cycle. It also removes toxic retinoids from the disc lumen. Mutations in ABCA4 cause impaired vision or blindness. Despite decades of clinical, biochemical, and animal model studies, the molecular mechanism of ABCA4 is unknown. Here, we report the structures of human ABCA4 in two conformations. In the absence of ATP, ABCA4 adopts an outward-facing conformation, poised to recruit substrate. The presence of ATP induces large conformational changes that could lead to substrate release. These structures provide a molecular basis to understand many disease-causing mutations and a rational guide for new experiments to uncover how ABCA4 recruits, flips, and releases retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Liu
- Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States.,Tri-Institutional Training Program in Chemical Biology, New York, United States
| | - James Lee
- Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Jue Chen
- Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, United States
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12
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Zhu T, Chen DF, Wang L, Wu S, Wei X, Li H, Jin ZB, Sui R. USH2A variants in Chinese patients with Usher syndrome type II and
non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 105:694-703. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-315786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aims
To reveal the Usher syndrome type IIA (USH2A)
gene variant profile in a large cohort of Chinese patients with non-syndromic
retinitis pigmentosa (RP) or Usher syndrome type II (USH2) and to explore the
genotype–phenotype correlation.
Methods
Targeted exome capture plus next-generation sequencing confirmed that 284
patients from 260 unrelated Chinese families carried
USH2A disease-associated variants. Both personal
medical history and family histories were reviewed. Ocular examinations were
performed and audiograms were recorded if hearing loss was suspected. The
genotype–phenotype correlation was evaluated by statistical analyses.
Results
A total of 230 variants in the USH2A gene were
identified, of which 90 (39.13%) were novel. The most common variants in the RP
and USH2 probands were p.Cys934Trp and p.Tyr2854_2894del, respectively, and
26.42% and 63.64% of the alleles in the RP and USH2 groups were truncating,
respectively. Patients harbouring biallelic truncating variants had a younger
age at the initial clinical visit and symptom onset than patients with missense
variants; furthermore, the patients with USH2 had a younger age at the initial
clinical visit and nyctalopia onset compared with the patients with RP
(p<0.001). For the patients with USH2, the age of nyctalopia onset was
positively correlated with that of hearing loss (p<0.05, r=0.219). In
addition, three pseudo-dominant pedigrees were identified carrying biallelic
USH2A variants.
Conclusions
This study enrolled the largest cohort of Chinese patients with
USH2A and identified the most prevalent
USH2A variants in USH2 and RP. We found that the
patients with USH2 had more truncating variants and experienced an earlier
decline in visual function. The findings enhance the current knowledge of
USH2A heterogeneity and provide valuable
information for future therapies.
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13
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Zhang CJ, Xiang L, Chen XJ, Wang XY, Wu KC, Zhang BW, Chen DF, Jin GH, Zhang H, Chen YC, Liu WQ, Li ML, Ma Y, Jin ZB. Ablation of Mature miR-183 Leads to Retinal Dysfunction in Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:12. [PMID: 32176259 PMCID: PMC7401733 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.3.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The microRNA cluster miR-183C, which includes miR-183 and two other genes, is critical for multiple sensory systems. In mouse retina, removal of this cluster results in photoreceptor defects in polarization, phototransduction, and outer segment elongation. However, the individual roles of the three components of this cluster are not clearly known. We studied the separate role of mouse miR-183 in in vivo. Methods miR-183 knockout mice were generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing system. Electroretinography were carried out to investigate the changes of retinal structures and function. miR-183 was overexpressed by subretinal adeno-associated virus (AAV) injection in vivo. Rnf217, a target of miR-183 was overexpressed by cell transfection of the photoreceptor-derived cell line 661W in vitro. RNA sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were performed to compare the gene expression changes in AAV-injected mice and transfected cells. Results The miR-183 knockout mice showed progressively attenuated electroretinogram responses. Over- or under-expression of Rnf217, a direct target of miR-183, misregulated expression of cilia-related BBSome genes. Rnf217 overexpression also led to compromised electroretinography responses in WT mice, indicating that it may contribute to functional abnormalities in miR-183 knockout mice. Conclusions miR-183 is essential for mouse retinal function mediated directly and indirectly through Rnf217 and cilia-related genes. Our findings provide valuable insights into the explanation and analysis of the regulatory role of the individual miR-183 in miR-183C.
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14
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Hao XD, Liu Y, Li BW, Wu W, Zhao XW. Exome sequencing analysis identifies novel homozygous mutation in ABCA4 in a Chinese family with Stargardt disease. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:671-676. [PMID: 32399422 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.04.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify the disease-associated mutations in a Chinese Stargardt disease (STGD) family, extend the existing spectrum of disease-causing mutations and further define the genotype-phenotype correlations. METHODS A Chinese STGD family and 200 normal controls were collected. Whole exome sequencing (WES) and bioinformatics analysis were performed to find the pathogenic gene mutation. Physico-chemical parameters of mutant and wildtype proteins were computed by ProtParam tool. Domains analysis was performed by SMART online software. HOPE online software was used to analyze the structural effects of mutation. Immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used for expression analysis. RESULTS Using WES, a novel homozygous mutation (NM_000350: c.G3190C, p.G1064R) in ABCA4 gene was identified. This mutation showed co-segregation with phenotype in this family. It was not found in the 200 unrelated health controls and absent from any databases. It was considered "Deleterious" as predicted by five function prediction softwares, and was highly conserved during evolution. ABCA4 was expressed highly in the human eye and mouse retina. The p.G1064R was located in AAA domain, may force the local backbone into an incorrect conformation, disturb the local structure, and reduce the activity of ATPase resulting in the disease pathology. CONCLUSION We define a novel pathogenic mutation (c.G3190C of ABCA4) of STGD. This extends the existing spectrum of disease-causing mutations and further defines the genotype-phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dan Hao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bao-Wei Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
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15
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Zhang Y, Xue Z, Guo F, Yu F, Xu L, Chen H. Nc2Eye: A Curated ncRNAomics Knowledgebase for Bridging Basic and Clinical Research in Eye Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:75. [PMID: 32117995 PMCID: PMC7033623 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Eye diseases (EDs) represent a group of disorders affecting the visual system, most of which can lead to visual impairment and blindness. Accumulating evidence reveals that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are closely associated with a wide variety of EDs. However, abundant associations between ncRNAs and EDs are scattered across the published literature, obstructing a global view of ncRNA-ED associations. A public resource of high-quality manually curated ncRNAomics knowledge associated with EDs remains unavailable. To address this gap, we thus developed Nc2Eye (http://nc2eye.bio-data.cn/), which is the first knowledgebase dedicated to providing a comprehensive ncRNAomics resource for bridging basic and clinical research in EDs. Through a comprehensive review of more than 2400 published papers, Nc2Eye catalogs 7088 manually curated ncRNA-ED associations involving 4363 ncRNAs across eight species. We also provide detailed descriptions and annotation information for each ncRNA-disease association such as ncRNA categories, experimental methods, expression pattern and related clinical drugs. To further expand the pathogenic ncRNAs, we also collected more than 90 high-throughput EDs-related transcriptome datasets. Furthermore, a user-friendly interface was constructed for convenient and flexible data browsing, querying, and retrieving. We believe that Nc2Eye is a timely and valuable knowledgebase for significantly improving and useful for discovery of new diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhengbo Xue
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fangjie Guo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fulong Yu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liangde Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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16
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Zhuang YY, Xiang L, Wen XR, Shen RJ, Zhao N, Zheng SS, Han RY, Qu J, Lu F, Jin ZB. Slc7a14 Is Indispensable in Zebrafish Retinas. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:333. [PMID: 31921845 PMCID: PMC6920099 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous study has identified SLC7A14 as a new causative gene of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). However, the role of SLC7A14 has not been fully characterized. The goal of this study was to investigate the biological features of slc7a14 in zebrafish. To determine the expression of slc7a14 in developing zebrafish, we performed in situ hybridization (ISH) and quantitative real-time PCR. Morpholino knockdown and overexpression experiments were performed to study the role of slc7a14 in zebrafish retinas. Immunostaining was carried out to observe structural changes. Visual motor responses (VMR) and optokinetic responses (OKR) were analyzed to assess visual behaviors. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (dUTP) nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining was performed to survey apoptotic retinal cells. We found that slc7a14 was highly expressed in neuronal tissues, including the brain, spinal cord and retina, and that the expression levels increased during early embryogenesis. Consistently, ISH showed a similar expression pattern. Knockdown of slc7a14 led to dose-dependent microphthalmia that was reversed by overexpression. The immunostaining results revealed that the rod-specific protein zpr-3 and the retinal pigment epithelium-specific protein zpr-2 (decreased to 44.48%) were significantly suppressed in the slc7a14-silenced morphants. Notably, visual behaviors (the VMR and the OKR) were severely impaired in the slc7a14-deficient morphant, especially the VMR OFF response. In addition, apoptotic cells were observed in the retina at 3 days post fertilization (dpf) and 5 dpf by TUNEL assay. Our results demonstrated that slc7a14 is essential for visually mediated behaviors in zebrafish. Temporary silencing of slc7a14 in larvae led to severe visual impairments, consistent with the manifestations observed in RP patients. Our findings provide further insights into the genetic mechanisms of RP predisposition caused by SLC7A14 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Yuan Zhuang
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lue Xiang
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xin-Ran Wen
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ren-Juan Shen
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Si-Si Zheng
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ru-Yi Han
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jia Qu
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fan Lu
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou, China
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17
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Wu KC, Chen XJ, Jin GH, Wang XY, Yang DD, Li YP, Xiang L, Zhang BW, Zhou GH, Zhang CJ, Jin ZB. Deletion of miR-182 Leads to Retinal Dysfunction in Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:1265-1274. [PMID: 30924851 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose MicroRNA-182 (miR-182) is abundantly expressed in mammalian retinas; however, the association between miR-182 and retinal function remains unclear. In this study, we explored whether miR-182 contributes to functional decline in retinas using a miR-182 depleted mouse. Methods Electroretinogram (ERG) amplitudes at different ages were measured in miR-182 knockout (KO) mice. The thickness and lamination of retinas were assessed using a color fundus camera and high-resolution optical coherence tomography. Expression levels of key photoreceptor-specific genes and the miR-183/96/182 cluster (miR-183C) were quantified using quantitative real-time PCR. RNA sequencing and light-induced damage were carried out to observe the changes in the retinal transcriptome and sensitivity to light damage in the miR-182 KO mice. Results The ERG recording reveals that the ERG response amplitude decreased both at early and later ages when compared with control littermates. The expression of some key photoreceptor-specific genes was down-regulated with deletion of miR-182 in retina. RNA sequencing indicated that some biological processes of visual system were affected, and the numbers of potential target genes of miR-182 were presented in the mouse retina using bioinformatics analysis. The miR-182 KO mice were characterized by progressively losing the outer segment after being treated with light-damage exposure. The thickness and lamination of retina as well as compensatory expression of miR-183C showed no apparent changes in retina of miR-182 KO mice under normal laboratory lighting condition. Conclusions Our findings provided new insights into the relationship between the miR-182 and retinal development and revealed that miR-182 may play a critical role in maintaining retinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Chao Wu
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Chen
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guang-Hui Jin
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Wang
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dan-Dan Yang
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ping Li
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lue Xiang
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bo-Wen Zhang
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gao-Hui Zhou
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chang-Jun Zhang
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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18
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Huang XF, Xiang L, Fang XL, Liu WQ, Zhuang YY, Chen ZJ, Shen RJ, Cheng W, Han RY, Zheng SS, Chen XJ, Liu X, Jin ZB. Functional characterization of CEP250 variant identified in nonsyndromic retinitis pigmentosa. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:1039-1045. [PMID: 30998843 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common manifestation of inherited retinal diseases with high degree of genetic, allelic, and phenotypic heterogeneity. CEP250 encodes the C-Nap1 protein and has been associated with various retinal phenotypes. Here, we report the identification of a mutation (c.562C>T, p.R188*) in the CEP250 in a consanguineous family with nonsyndromic RP. To gain insights into the molecular pathomechanism underlying CEP250 defects and the functional relevance of CEP250 variants in humans, we conducted a functional characterization of CEP250 variant using a novel Cep250 knockin mouse line. Remarkably, the disruption of Cep250 resulted in severe impairment of retinal function and significant retinal morphological alterations. The homozygous knockin mice showed significantly reduced retinal thickness and ERG responses. This study not only broadens the spectrum of phenotypes associated with CEP250 mutations, but also, for the first time, elucidates the function of CEP250 in photoreceptors using a newly established animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Feng Huang
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National International Joint Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lue Xiang
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National International Joint Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Long Fang
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National International Joint Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei-Qin Liu
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National International Joint Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - You-Yuan Zhuang
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National International Joint Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Ji Chen
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National International Joint Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ren-Juan Shen
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National International Joint Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wan Cheng
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National International Joint Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ru-Yi Han
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National International Joint Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Si-Si Zheng
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National International Joint Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Chen
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National International Joint Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National International Joint Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Medical Retina, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, National International Joint Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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19
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Soluble CX3CL1 gene therapy improves cone survival and function in mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10140-10149. [PMID: 31036641 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901787116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a disease that initially presents as night blindness due to genetic deficits in the rod photoreceptors of the retina. Rods then die, causing dysfunction and death of cone photoreceptors, the cell type that mediates high acuity and color vision, ultimately leading to blindness. We investigated immune responses in mouse models of RP and found evidence of microglia activation throughout the period of cone degeneration. Using adeno-associated vectors (AAVs), delivery of genes encoding microglial regulatory signals led to the identification of AAV serotype 8 (AAV8) soluble CX3CL1 (sCX3CL1) as a promising therapy for degenerating cones. Subretinal injection of AAV8-sCX3CL1 significantly prolonged cone survival in three strains of RP mice. Rescue of cones was accompanied by improvements in visual function. AAV8-sCX3CL1 did not affect rod survival, microglia localization, or inflammatory cytokine levels in the retina. Furthermore, although RNA sequencing of microglia demonstrated marked transcriptional changes with AAV8-sCX3CL1, pharmacological depletion of up to ∼99% of microglia failed to abrogate the effect of AAV8-sCX3CL1 on cone survival. These findings indicate that AAV8-sCX3CL1 can rescue cones in multiple mouse models of RP via a pathway that does not require normal numbers of microglia. Gene therapy with sCX3CL1 is a promising mutation-independent approach to preserve vision in RP and potentially other forms of retinal degeneration.
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20
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Dalvi S, Galloway CA, Singh R. Pluripotent Stem Cells to Model Degenerative Retinal Diseases: The RPE Perspective. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1186:1-31. [PMID: 31654384 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28471-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell technology, including human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), has provided a suitable platform to investigate molecular and pathological alterations in an individual cell type using patient's own cells. Importantly, hiPSCs/hESCs are amenable to genome editing providing unique access to isogenic controls. Specifically, the ability to introduce disease-causing mutations in control (unaffected) and conversely correct disease-causing mutations in patient-derived hiPSCs has provided a powerful approach to clearly link the disease phenotype with a specific gene mutation. In fact, utilizing hiPSC/hESC and CRISPR technology has provided significant insight into the pathomechanism of several diseases. With regard to the eye, the use of hiPSCs/hESCs to study human retinal diseases is especially relevant to retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-based disorders. This is because several studies have now consistently shown that hiPSC-RPE in culture displays key physical, gene expression and functional attributes of human RPE in vivo. In this book chapter, we will discuss the current utility, limitations, and plausible future approaches of pluripotent stem cell technology for the study of retinal degenerative diseases. Of note, although we will broadly summarize the significant advances made in modeling and studying several retinal diseases utilizing hiPSCs/hESCs, our specific focus will be on the utility of patient-derived hiPSCs for (1) establishment of human cell models and (2) molecular and pharmacological studies on patient-derived cell models of retinal degenerative diseases where RPE cellular defects play a major pathogenic role in disease development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Dalvi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Chad A Galloway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ruchira Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. .,UR Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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21
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Smith SB, Wang J, Cui X, Mysona BA, Zhao J, Bollinger KE. Sigma 1 receptor: A novel therapeutic target in retinal disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 67:130-149. [PMID: 30075336 PMCID: PMC6557374 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases are major causes of untreatable blindness worldwide and efficacious treatments for these diseases are sorely needed. A novel target for treatment of retinal disease is the transmembrane protein Sigma 1 Receptor (Sig1R). This enigmatic protein is an evolutionary isolate with no known homology to any other protein. Sig1R was originally thought to be an opioid receptor. That notion has been dispelled and more recent pharmacological and molecular studies suggest that it is a pluripotent modulator with a number of biological functions, many of which are relevant to retinal disease. This review provides an overview of the discovery of Sig1R and early pharmacologic studies that led to the cloning of the Sig1R gene and eventual elucidation of its crystal structure. Studies of Sig1R in the eye were not reported until the late 1990s, but since that time there has been increasing interest in the potential role of Sig1R as a target for retinal disease. Studies have focused on elucidating the mechanism(s) of Sig1R function in retina including calcium regulation, modulation of oxidative stress, ion channel regulation and molecular chaperone activity. Mechanistic studies have been performed in isolated retinal cells, such as Müller glial cells, microglial cells, optic nerve head astrocytes and retinal ganglion cells as well as in the intact retina. Several compelling studies have provided evidence of powerful in vivo neuroprotective effects against ganglion cell loss as well as photoreceptor cell loss. Also described are studies that have examined retinal structure/function in various models of retinal disease in which Sig1R is absent and reveal that these phenotypes are accelerated compared to retinas of animals that express Sig1R. The collective evidence from analysis of studies over the past 20 years is that Sig1R plays a key role in modulating retinal cellular stress and that it holds great promise as a target in retinal neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia B Smith
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University 30912, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xuezhi Cui
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Barbara A Mysona
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University 30912, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kathryn E Bollinger
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University 30912, Augusta, GA, USA
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22
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Lázaro-Guevara J, Flores-Robles B, Garrido K, Pinillos-Aransay V, Elena-Ibáñez A, Merino-Meléndez L, López-Martínez J, Victoriano-Lacalle R. Gene's hubs in retinal diseases: A retinal disease network. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00867. [PMID: 30417144 PMCID: PMC6218668 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal diseases associated with the dysfunction or death of photoreceptors are a major cause of blindness around the world, improvements in genetics tools, like next generation sequencing (NGS) allows the discovery of genes and genetic changes that lead to many of those retinal diseases. Though, there very few databases that explores a wide spectrum of retinal diseases, phenotypes, genes, and proteins, thus creating the need for a more comprehensive database, that groups all these parameters. METHODS Multiple open access databases were compiled into a new comprehensive database. A biological network was then crated, and organized using Cytoscape. The network was scrutinized for presence of hubs, measuring the concentration of grouped nodes. Finally, a trace back analysis was performed in areas were the power law reports a high r-squared value near one, that indicates high nodes density. RESULTS This work leads to creation of a retinal database that includes 324 diseases, 803 genes, 463 phenotypes, and 2461 proteins. Four biological networks (1) a disease and gene network connected by common phenotypes, (2) a disease and phenotype network connected by common genes, (3) a disease and gene network with shared disease or gene as the cause of an edge, and (4) a protein and disease network. The resulting networks will allow users to have easier searching for retinal diseases, phenotypes, genes, and proteins and their interrelationships. CONCLUSIONS These networks have a broader range of information than previously available ones, helping clinicians in the comprehension of this complex group of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - K. Garrido
- Paediatrics Department Guatemalan Social Secure Guatemala, Guatemala
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23
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Clinical and genetic findings of a Japanese patient with RP1-related autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Doc Ophthalmol 2018; 137:47-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10633-018-9649-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Deng WL, Gao ML, Lei XL, Lv JN, Zhao H, He KW, Xia XX, Li LY, Chen YC, Li YP, Pan D, Xue T, Jin ZB. Gene Correction Reverses Ciliopathy and Photoreceptor Loss in iPSC-Derived Retinal Organoids from Retinitis Pigmentosa Patients. Stem Cell Reports 2018. [PMID: 29526738 PMCID: PMC5998840 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an irreversible, inherited retinopathy in which early-onset nyctalopia is observed. Despite the genetic heterogeneity of RP, RPGR mutations are the most common causes of this disease. Here, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from three RP patients with different frameshift mutations in the RPGR gene, which were then differentiated into retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and well-structured retinal organoids possessing electrophysiological properties. We observed significant defects in photoreceptor in terms of morphology, localization, transcriptional profiling, and electrophysiological activity. Furthermore, shorted cilium was found in patient iPSCs, RPE cells, and three-dimensional retinal organoids. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated correction of RPGR mutation rescued photoreceptor structure and electrophysiological property, reversed the observed ciliopathy, and restored gene expression to a level in accordance with that in the control using transcriptome-based analysis. This study recapitulated the pathogenesis of RPGR using patient-specific organoids and achieved targeted gene therapy of RPGR mutations in a dish as proof-of-concept evidence. HiPSC-derived 3D retinae with outer segments and electrophysiological properties RPGR mutation results in diseased photoreceptor in patient iPSC-derived 3D retinae Mutation correction rescues defects in photoreceptor morphology and electrophysiology Ciliogenesis defects appear in RPGR patient-specific iPSCs, iPSC-RPE, and 3D retinae
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Li Deng
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Mei-Ling Gao
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xin-Lan Lei
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Ji-Neng Lv
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Kai-Wen He
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xi-Xi Xia
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Ling-Yun Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yu-Chen Chen
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yan-Ping Li
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Deng Pan
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Tian Xue
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China.
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25
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Yang L, Ijaz I, Cheng J, Wei C, Tan X, Khan MA, Fu X, Fu J. Evaluation of amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) technique for quick and accurate prenatal gene diagnosis of CHM variant in choroideremia. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2017; 11:1-8. [PMID: 29296092 PMCID: PMC5741072 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s144383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Choroideremia is a rare X-linked recessive inherited disorder that causes chorioretinal dystrophy leading to visual impairment in its early stages which finally causes total blindness in the affected person. It is caused due to mutations in the CHM gene. In this study, we have recruited a pedigree with choroideremia and detected a nonsense variant (c.C799T:p.R267X) in CHM of the proband (I:1). Different primer sets for amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) were designed and PCR conditions were optimized. Then, we evaluated the sequence variant in the patient, carrier, and a fetus by using ARMS technique to identify if they inherited the pathogenic gene from parental generation; we used amniotic fluid DNA for the diagnosis of the gene in the fetus. The primer pairs, WT2+C and MT+C, amplified high specific products in different DNAs which were verified by Sanger sequencing. Based on our results, ARMS technique is fast, accurate, and reliable prenatal gene diagnostic tool to assess CHM variants. Taken together, our study indicates that ARMS technique can be used as a potential molecular tool in the diagnosis of prenatal mutation for choroideremia as well as other genetic diseases in undeveloped and developing countries, where there might be shortage of medical resources and supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Yang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, the Research Center for Precision Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou
| | - Iqra Ijaz
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, the Research Center for Precision Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, the Research Center for Precision Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou.,Department of Pathology, Hunan Normal University College of Medicine, Changsha
| | - Chunli Wei
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, the Research Center for Precision Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR)
| | - Xiaojun Tan
- Reproductive and Genetic Center, the Central Hospital of Xiangtan City, Xiangtan
| | - Md Asaduzzaman Khan
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, the Research Center for Precision Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou
| | - Xiaodong Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, the Research Center for Precision Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou.,Department of Pathology, Hunan Normal University College of Medicine, Changsha.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR)
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26
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Nagar S, Trudler D, McKercher SR, Piña-Crespo J, Nakanishi N, Okamoto SI, Lipton SA. Molecular Pathway to Protection From Age-Dependent Photoreceptor Degeneration in Mef2 Deficiency. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:3741-3749. [PMID: 28738418 PMCID: PMC5525556 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Photoreceptor degeneration in the retina is a major cause of blindness in humans. Elucidating mechanisms of degenerative and neuroprotective pathways in photoreceptors should afford identification and development of therapeutic strategies. Methods We used mouse genetic models and improved methods for retinal explant cultures. Retinas were enucleated from Mef2d+/+ and Mef2d−/− mice, stained for MEF2 proteins and outer nuclear layer thickness, and assayed for apoptotic cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed MEF2 binding, and RT-qPCR showed levels of transcription factors. We used AAV2 and electroporation to express genes in retinal explants and electroretinograms to assess photoreceptor functionality. Results We identify a prosurvival MEF2D-PGC1α pathway that plays a neuroprotective role in photoreceptors. We demonstrate that Mef2d−/− mouse retinas manifest decreased expression of PGC1α and increased photoreceptor cell loss, resulting in the absence of light responses. Molecular repletion of PGC1α protects Mef2d−/− photoreceptors and preserves light responsivity. Conclusions These results suggest that the MEF2-PGC1α cascade may represent a new therapeutic target for drugs designed to protect photoreceptors from developmental- and age-dependent loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Nagar
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Dorit Trudler
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Scott R McKercher
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Juan Piña-Crespo
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Nobuki Nakanishi
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Shu-Ichi Okamoto
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States 2Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, United States 3Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States 4Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
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27
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Fernández-Sánchez L, Bravo-Osuna I, Lax P, Arranz-Romera A, Maneu V, Esteban-Pérez S, Pinilla I, Puebla-González MDM, Herrero-Vanrell R, Cuenca N. Controlled delivery of tauroursodeoxycholic acid from biodegradable microspheres slows retinal degeneration and vision loss in P23H rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177998. [PMID: 28542454 PMCID: PMC5444790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful drug therapies for treating ocular diseases require effective concentrations of neuroprotective compounds maintained over time at the site of action. The purpose of this work was to assess the efficacy of intravitreal controlled delivery of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) encapsulated in poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres for the treatment of the retina in a rat model of retinitis pigmentosa. PLGA microspheres (MSs) containing TUDCA were produced by the O/W emulsion-solvent evaporation technique. Particle size and morphology were assessed by light scattering and scanning electronic microscopy, respectively. Homozygous P23H line 3 rats received a treatment of intravitreal injections of TUDCA-PLGA MSs. Retinal function was assessed by electroretinography at P30, P60, P90 and P120. The density, structure and synaptic contacts of retinal neurons were analyzed using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy at P90 and P120. TUDCA-loaded PLGA MSs were spherical, with a smooth surface. The production yield was 78%, the MSs mean particle size was 23 μm and the drug loading resulted 12.5 ± 0.8 μg TUDCA/mg MSs. MSs were able to deliver the loaded active compound in a gradual and progressive manner over the 28-day in vitro release study. Scotopic electroretinografic responses showed increased ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes in TUDCA-PLGA-MSs-treated eyes as compared to those injected with unloaded PLGA particles. TUDCA-PLGA-MSs-treated eyes showed more photoreceptor rows than controls. The synaptic contacts of photoreceptors with bipolar and horizontal cells were also preserved in P23H rats treated with TUDCA-PLGA MSs. This work indicates that the slow and continuous delivery of TUDCA from PLGA-MSs has potential neuroprotective effects that could constitute a suitable therapy to prevent neurodegeneration and visual loss in retinitis pigmentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Irene Bravo-Osuna
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Lax
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Alicia Arranz-Romera
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Sergio Esteban-Pérez
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Pinilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María del Mar Puebla-González
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Herrero-Vanrell
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Industrial Pharmacy Institute, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (NS); (RHV)
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Institute Ramón Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- * E-mail: (NS); (RHV)
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28
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Lv JN, Zhou GH, Chen X, Chen H, Wu KC, Xiang L, Lei XL, Zhang X, Wu RH, Jin ZB. Targeted RP9 ablation and mutagenesis in mouse photoreceptor cells by CRISPR-Cas9. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43062. [PMID: 28216641 PMCID: PMC5317003 DOI: 10.1038/srep43062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Precursor messenger RNA (Pre-mRNA) splicing is an essential biological process in eukaryotic cells. Genetic mutations in many spliceosome genes confer human eye diseases. Mutations in the pre-mRNA splicing factor, RP9 (also known as PAP1), predispose autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP) with an early onset and severe vision loss. However, underlying molecular mechanisms of the RP9 mutation causing photoreceptor degeneration remains fully unknown. Here, we utilize the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate both the Rp9 gene knockout (KO) and point mutation knock in (KI) (Rp9, c.A386T, P.H129L) which is analogous to the reported one in the retinitis pigmentosa patients (RP9, c.A410T, P.H137L) in 661 W retinal photoreceptor cells in vitro. We found that proliferation and migration were significantly decreased in the mutated cells. Gene expression profiling by RNA-Seq demonstrated that RP associated genes, Fscn2 and Bbs2, were down-regulated in the mutated cells. Furthermore, pre-mRNA splicing of the Fscn2 gene was markedly affected. Our findings reveal a functional relationship between the ubiquitously expressing RP9 and the disease-specific gene, thereafter provide a new insight of disease mechanism in RP9-related retinitis pigmentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Neng Lv
- Lab for Stem Cell &Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health Wenzhou 325027, China.,Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Gao-Hui Zhou
- Lab for Stem Cell &Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health Wenzhou 325027, China.,Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xuejiao Chen
- Lab for Stem Cell &Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health Wenzhou 325027, China.,Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Lab for Stem Cell &Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health Wenzhou 325027, China.,Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Kun-Chao Wu
- Lab for Stem Cell &Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health Wenzhou 325027, China.,Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Lue Xiang
- Lab for Stem Cell &Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health Wenzhou 325027, China.,Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xin-Lan Lei
- Lab for Stem Cell &Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health Wenzhou 325027, China.,Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Lab for Stem Cell &Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health Wenzhou 325027, China.,Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Rong-Han Wu
- Lab for Stem Cell &Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health Wenzhou 325027, China.,Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Lab for Stem Cell &Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health Wenzhou 325027, China.,Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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29
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Whole exome sequencing using Ion Proton system enables reliable genetic diagnosis of inherited retinal dystrophies. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42078. [PMID: 28181551 PMCID: PMC5299602 DOI: 10.1038/srep42078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD) comprise a wide group of clinically and genetically complex diseases that progressively affect the retina. Over recent years, the development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods has transformed our ability to diagnose heterogeneous diseases. In this work, we have evaluated the implementation of whole exome sequencing (WES) for the molecular diagnosis of IRD. Using Ion ProtonTM system, we simultaneously analyzed 212 genes that are responsible for more than 25 syndromic and non-syndromic IRD. This approach was used to evaluate 59 unrelated families, with the pathogenic variant(s) successfully identified in 71.18% of cases. Interestingly, the mutation detection rate varied substantially depending on the IRD subtype. Overall, we found 63 different mutations (21 novel) in 29 distinct genes, and performed in vivo functional studies to determine the deleterious impact of variants identified in MERTK, CDH23, and RPGRIP1. In addition, we provide evidences that support CDHR1 as a gene responsible for autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa with early macular affectation, and present data regarding the disease mechanism of this gene. Altogether, these results demonstrate that targeted WES of all IRD genes is a reliable, hypothesis-free approach, and a cost- and time-effective strategy for the routine genetic diagnosis of retinal dystrophies.
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30
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Lin B, Cai XB, Zheng ZL, Huang XF, Liu XL, Qu J, Jin ZB. Clinical and genetic analyses reveal novel pathogenic ABCA4 mutations in Stargardt disease families. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35414. [PMID: 27739528 PMCID: PMC5064356 DOI: 10.1038/srep35414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stargardt disease (STGD1) is a juvenile macular degeneration predominantly inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, characterized by decreased central vision in the first 2 decades of life. The condition has a genetic basis due to mutation in the ABCA4 gene, and arises from the deposition of lipofuscin-like substance in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) with secondary photoreceptor cell death. In this study, we describe the clinical and genetic features of Stargardt patients from four unrelated Chinese cohorts. The targeted exome sequencing (TES) was carried out in four clinically confirmed patients and their family members using a gene panel comprising 164 known causative inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD) genes. Genetic analysis revealed eight ABCA4 mutations in all of the four pedigrees, including six mutations in coding exons and two mutations in adjacent intronic areas. All the affected individuals showed typical manifestations consistent with the disease phenotype. We disclose two novel ABCA4 mutations in Chinese patients with STGD disease, which will expand the existing spectrum of disease-causing variants and will further aid in the future mutation screening and genetic counseling, as well as in the understanding of phenotypic and genotypic correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Lin
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xue-Bi Cai
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Zhi-Li Zheng
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xiu-Feng Huang
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Liu
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jia Qu
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou 325027, China
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31
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Cai XB, Huang XF, Tong Y, Lu QK, Jin ZB. Novel CHM mutations identified in Chinese families with Choroideremia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35360. [PMID: 27739455 PMCID: PMC5064415 DOI: 10.1038/srep35360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Choroideremia is a bilateral and progressive X-linked inherited disease characterized by widespread chorioretinal atrophy with relative sparing of the macular region. It is caused by mutations in the ubiquitously expressed CHM gene, which lead to the absence of the Rab escort protein 1 (REP-1), resulting in prenylation deficiency. Typical fundus appearances for choroideremia were found in 3 probands from three unrelated Chinese families in our study. We firstly used the targeted exome sequencing (TES) technology to detect mutations in CHM gene. Based on an established filtering strategy of data analyses, along with confirmation by co-segregation, a previously reported mutation (c.1584_1587del TGTT, p.V529Hfs*7) was identified in one family, while two novel mutations (c.227_232delinsTGTCATTTCA, p.Q76Lfs*7; c.710dupA, p.Y237_S238delinsX) were identified in the other two families. These findings not only expands the currently limited spectrum of Chinese disease-causing variants in CHM gene, but also increases our understanding of the phenotypic and genotypic correlations of choroideremia, and may potentially lead to improved genetic counseling and specific treatment for families with choroideremia as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Bi Cai
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xiu-Feng Huang
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yi Tong
- Fuzhou Southeastern Eye Hospital, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Qin-Kang Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yinzhou People's Hospital, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou 325027, China
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32
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Corton M, Avila-Fernández A, Campello L, Sánchez M, Benavides B, López-Molina MI, Fernández-Sánchez L, Sánchez-Alcudia R, da Silva LRJ, Reyes N, Martín-Garrido E, Zurita O, Fernández-San José P, Pérez-Carro R, García-García F, Dopazo J, García-Sandoval B, Cuenca N, Ayuso C. Identification of the Photoreceptor Transcriptional Co-Repressor SAMD11 as Novel Cause of Autosomal Recessive Retinitis Pigmentosa. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35370. [PMID: 27734943 PMCID: PMC5062157 DOI: 10.1038/srep35370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), the most frequent form of inherited retinal dystrophy is characterized by progressive photoreceptor degeneration. Many genes have been implicated in RP development, but several others remain to be identified. Using a combination of homozygosity mapping, whole-exome and targeted next-generation sequencing, we found a novel homozygous nonsense mutation in SAMD11 in five individuals diagnosed with adult-onset RP from two unrelated consanguineous Spanish families. SAMD11 is ortholog to the mouse major retinal SAM domain (mr-s) protein that is implicated in CRX-mediated transcriptional regulation in the retina. Accordingly, protein-protein network analysis revealed a significant interaction of SAMD11 with CRX. Immunoblotting analysis confirmed strong expression of SAMD11 in human retina. Immunolocalization studies revealed SAMD11 was detected in the three nuclear layers of the human retina and interestingly differential expression between cone and rod photoreceptors was observed. Our study strongly implicates SAMD11 as novel cause of RP playing an important role in the pathogenesis of human degeneration of photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Corton
- Department of Genetics &Genomics, Health Research Institute-Jiménez Díaz Foundation University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Avila-Fernández
- Department of Genetics &Genomics, Health Research Institute-Jiménez Díaz Foundation University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Campello
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - M Sánchez
- Department of Genetics &Genomics, Health Research Institute-Jiménez Díaz Foundation University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Benavides
- Department of Genetics &Genomics, Health Research Institute-Jiménez Díaz Foundation University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - M I López-Molina
- Department of Ophthalmology, Health Research Institute- Jiménez Díaz Foundation University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - R Sánchez-Alcudia
- Department of Genetics &Genomics, Health Research Institute-Jiménez Díaz Foundation University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - L R J da Silva
- Department of Genetics &Genomics, Health Research Institute-Jiménez Díaz Foundation University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N Reyes
- Department of Genetics &Genomics, Health Research Institute-Jiménez Díaz Foundation University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Martín-Garrido
- Department of Genetics &Genomics, Health Research Institute-Jiménez Díaz Foundation University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - O Zurita
- Department of Genetics &Genomics, Health Research Institute-Jiménez Díaz Foundation University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Fernández-San José
- Department of Genetics &Genomics, Health Research Institute-Jiménez Díaz Foundation University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Pérez-Carro
- Department of Genetics &Genomics, Health Research Institute-Jiménez Díaz Foundation University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - F García-García
- Computational Genomics Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain.,Bioinformatics in Rare Diseases (BIER), Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - J Dopazo
- Computational Genomics Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain.,Bioinformatics in Rare Diseases (BIER), Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.,Functional Genomics Node (INB), Valencia, Spain
| | - B García-Sandoval
- Department of Ophthalmology, Health Research Institute- Jiménez Díaz Foundation University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - N Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - C Ayuso
- Department of Genetics &Genomics, Health Research Institute-Jiménez Díaz Foundation University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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33
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Persistent inflammatory state after photoreceptor loss in an animal model of retinal degeneration. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33356. [PMID: 27624537 PMCID: PMC5022039 DOI: 10.1038/srep33356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia act as the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, including the retina. In response to damaging stimuli microglia adopt an activated state, which can progress into a phagocytic phenotype and play a potentially harmful role by eliciting the expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The aim of the present study was to assess longitudinal changes in microglia during retinal degeneration in the homozygous P23H rat, a model of dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Microglial phenotypes, morphology and density were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and cytokine antibody array. In addition, we performed electroretinograms to evaluate the retinal response. In the P23H retina, sclera, choroid and ciliary body, inflammatory cells increased in number compared with the control at all ages analyzed. As the rats became older, a higher number of amoeboid MHC-II(+) cells were observed in the P23H retina, which correlated with an increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These findings suggest that, in the P23H model, retinal neuroinflammation persists throughout the rat's life span even after photoreceptor depletion. Therefore, the inclusion of anti-inflammatory drugs at advanced stages of the neurodegenerative process may provide better retinal fitness so the remaining cells could still be used as targets of cellular or gene therapies.
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34
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Wang J, Saul A, Roon P, Smith SB. Activation of the molecular chaperone, sigma 1 receptor, preserves cone function in a murine model of inherited retinal degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3764-72. [PMID: 27298364 PMCID: PMC4932934 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521749113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases are major causes of untreatable blindness, and novel approaches to treatment are being sought actively. Here we explored the activation of a unique protein, sigma 1 receptor (Sig1R), in the treatment of PRC loss because of its multifaceted role in cellular survival. We used Pde6β(rd10) (rd10) mice, which harbor a mutation in the rod-specific phosphodiesterase gene Pde6β and lose rod and cone photoreceptor cells (PRC) within the first 6 wk of life, as a model for severe retinal degeneration. Systemic administration of the high-affinity Sig1R ligand (+)-pentazocine [(+)-PTZ] to rd10 mice over several weeks led to the rescue of cone function as indicated by electroretinographic recordings using natural noise stimuli and preservation of cone cells upon spectral domain optical coherence tomography and retinal histological examination. The protective effect appears to result from the activation of Sig1R, because rd10/Sig1R(-/-) mice administered (+)-PTZ exhibited no cone preservation. (+)-PTZ treatment was associated with several beneficial cellular phenomena including attenuated reactive gliosis, reduced microglial activation, and decreased oxidative stress in mutant retinas. To our knowledge, this is the first report that activation of Sig1R attenuates inherited PRC loss. The findings may have far-reaching therapeutic implications for retinal neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Cellular Biology/Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Alan Saul
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Penny Roon
- Department of Cellular Biology/Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Sylvia B Smith
- Department of Cellular Biology/Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
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35
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Giacalone JC, Wiley LA, Burnight ER, Songstad AE, Mullins RF, Stone EM, Tucker BA. Concise Review: Patient-Specific Stem Cells to Interrogate Inherited Eye Disease. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 5:132-40. [PMID: 26683869 PMCID: PMC4729558 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heritable diseases of the retina are major causes of blindness worldwide. The recent success of gene augmentation trials for the treatment of RPE65-associated Leber congenital amaurosis has underscored the need for model systems that accurately recapitulate disease. How induced pluripotent stem cell technology is being used to confirm the pathogenesis of novel genetic variants, interrogate the pathophysiology of disease, and accelerate the development of patient-centered treatments is discussed. Whether we are driving to work or spending time with loved ones, we depend on our sense of vision to interact with the world around us. Therefore, it is understandable why blindness for many is feared above death itself. Heritable diseases of the retina, such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and retinitis pigmentosa, are major causes of blindness worldwide. The recent success of gene augmentation trials for the treatment of RPE65-associated Leber congenital amaurosis has underscored the need for model systems that accurately recapitulate disease. With the advent of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), researchers are now able to obtain disease-specific cell types that would otherwise be unavailable for molecular analysis. In the present review, we discuss how the iPSC technology is being used to confirm the pathogenesis of novel genetic variants, interrogate the pathophysiology of disease, and accelerate the development of patient-centered treatments. Significance Stem cell technology has created the opportunity to advance treatments for multiple forms of blindness. Researchers are now able to use a person’s cells to generate tissues found in the eye. This technology can be used to elucidate the genetic causes of disease and develop treatment strategies. In the present review, how stem cell technology is being used to interrogate the pathophysiology of eye disease and accelerate the development of patient-centered treatments is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Giacalone
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Luke A Wiley
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Erin R Burnight
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Allison E Songstad
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Edwin M Stone
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Budd A Tucker
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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36
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Chiang J(PW, Lamey T, McLaren T, Thompson JA, Montgomery H, De Roach J. Progress and prospects of next-generation sequencing testing for inherited retinal dystrophy. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:1269-75. [PMID: 26394700 PMCID: PMC4659341 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1081057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing, also known as massively paralleled sequencing, offers an unprecedented opportunity to study disease mechanisms of inherited retinal dystrophies: a dramatic change from a few years ago. The specific involvement of the retina and the manageable number of genes to sequence make inherited retinal dystrophies an attractive model to study genotype-phenotype correlations. Costs are reducing rapidly and the current overall mutation detection rate of approximately 60% offers real potential for personalized medicine and treatments. This report addresses the challenges ahead, which include: better understanding of the mutation mechanisms of syndromic genes in apparent non-syndromic patients; finding mutations in patients who have tested negative or inconclusive; better variant calling, especially for intronic and synonymous variants; more precise genotype-phenotype correlations and making genetic testing more broadly accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- John (Pei-Wen) Chiang
- Casey Eye Institute Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tina Lamey
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Register and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Terri McLaren
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Register and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Thompson
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Register and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Hannah Montgomery
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Register and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - John De Roach
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Register and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Xiong W, MacColl Garfinkel AE, Li Y, Benowitz LI, Cepko CL. NRF2 promotes neuronal survival in neurodegeneration and acute nerve damage. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1433-45. [PMID: 25798616 DOI: 10.1172/jci79735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to the loss of neurons in many disease conditions as well as during normal aging; however, small-molecule agents that reduce oxidation have not been successful in preventing neurodegeneration. Moreover, even if an efficacious systemic reduction of reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen species (ROS/NOS) could be achieved, detrimental side effects are likely, as these molecules regulate normal physiological processes. A more effective and targeted approach might be to augment the endogenous antioxidant defense mechanism only in the cells that suffer from oxidation. Here, we created several adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors to deliver genes that combat oxidation. These vectors encode the transcription factors NRF2 and/or PGC1a, which regulate hundreds of genes that combat oxidation and other forms of stress, or enzymes such as superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and catalase, which directly detoxify ROS. We tested the effectiveness of this approach in 3 models of photoreceptor degeneration and in a nerve crush model. AAV-mediated delivery of NRF2 was more effective than SOD2 and catalase, while expression of PGC1a accelerated photoreceptor death. Since the NRF2-mediated neuroprotective effects extended to photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells, which are 2 very different types of neurons, these results suggest that this targeted approach may be broadly applicable to many diseases in which cells suffer from oxidative damage.
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iPS Cells for Modelling and Treatment of Retinal Diseases. J Clin Med 2014; 3:1511-41. [PMID: 26237613 PMCID: PMC4470196 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3041511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
For many decades, we have relied on immortalised retinal cell lines, histology of enucleated human eyes, animal models, clinical observation, genetic studies and human clinical trials to learn more about the pathogenesis of retinal diseases and explore treatment options. The recent availability of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) for deriving retinal lineages has added a powerful alternative tool for discovering new disease-causing mutations, studying genotype-phenotype relationships, performing therapeutics-toxicity screening and developing personalised cell therapy. This review article provides a clinical perspective on the current and potential benefits of iPSC for managing the most common blinding diseases of the eye: inherited retinal diseases and age-related macular degeneration.
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Ran X, Li J, Shao Q, Chen H, Lin Z, Sun ZS, Wu J. EpilepsyGene: a genetic resource for genes and mutations related to epilepsy. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 43:D893-9. [PMID: 25324312 PMCID: PMC4384015 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent chronic neurological disorders, afflicting about 3.5–6.5 per 1000 children and 10.8 per 1000 elderly people. With intensive effort made during the last two decades, numerous genes and mutations have been published to be associated with the disease. An organized resource integrating and annotating the ever-increasing genetic data will be imperative to acquire a global view of the cutting-edge in epilepsy research. Herein, we developed EpilepsyGene (http://61.152.91.49/EpilepsyGene). It contains cumulative to date 499 genes and 3931 variants associated with 331 clinical phenotypes collected from 818 publications. Furthermore, in-depth data mining was performed to gain insights into the understanding of the data, including functional annotation, gene prioritization, functional analysis of prioritized genes and overlap analysis focusing on the comorbidity. An intuitive web interface to search and browse the diversified genetic data was also developed to facilitate access to the data of interest. In general, EpilepsyGene is designed to be a central genetic database to provide the research community substantial convenience to uncover the genetic basis of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ran
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jinchen Li
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Qianzhi Shao
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Huiqian Chen
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhongdong Lin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Second Affiliated & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhong Sheng Sun
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinyu Wu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
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