1
|
Li S, Pang W, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Cordyceps sinensis extract protects against acute kidney injury by inhibiting perforin expression in NK cells via the STING/IRF3 pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:5887-5904. [PMID: 38517396 PMCID: PMC11042953 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with immune cell activation and inflammation. However, the putative pathogenic mechanisms of this injury have not been thoroughly investigated. Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in immune regulation; however, whether NK cells regulate AKI remains unclear. Cordyceps sinensis (CS), a modern Chinese patented medicine preparation, has been widely used in treating patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) owing to its anti-inflammatory effects and maintenance of immune homeostasis. Whether 2'-deoxyadenosine, a major active component in CS, can ameliorate renal AKI by regulating immunity, particularly in NK cells, has not been reported. This study is the first to demonstrate how NK cells promote AKI by releasing perforin, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and other inflammatory factors in vivo and in vitro. Differential gene expression between AKI and normal tissues was assessed using bioinformatic analyses. Quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining were used to detect target protein mRNA and protein expression. Levels of inflammatory factors were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found the high doses of the 2'-deoxyadenosine treatment significantly alleviated FA-induced renal damage in vivo, and alleviated the NK cells of renal injury by activating the STING/IRF3 pathway to inhibit perforin release in vitro. The results showed that 2'-deoxyadenosine could mitigate AKI by downregulating the activity of NK cells (by decreasing the expressions of perforin and IFN-γ) and inhibiting the stimulator of interferon genes and phosphorylated IFN regulatory factor 3. This may provide valuable evidence supporting the clinical use of CS in treating patients with AKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- General Department of Western Medicine, Yangjing Community Health Service Center, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Wei Pang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- General Department of Western Medicine, Yangjing Community Health Service Center, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Yiting Zhang
- General Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangjing Community Health Service Center, Shanghai 200135, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Balakrishna Pillai A, JeanPierre AR, Mariappan V, Ranganadin P, S R R. Neutralizing the free radicals could alleviate the disease severity following an infection by positive strand RNA viruses. Cell Stress Chaperones 2022; 27:189-195. [PMID: 35366756 PMCID: PMC8976658 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-022-01269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radical release due to oxidative stress is gaining importance in the field of viral pathogenesis. Recent studies suggest the involvement of oxidative stress and ROS levels in regulating disease virulence during RNA virus infection. Most of the RNA virus infections lead to vascular dysfunction and disease severity. However, the biology of free radicals in maintaining vascular endothelium integrity is not completely understood. In the present review, we discuss some of the common features in positive-strand RNA virus infections such as dengue and SARS-CoV-2 and suggest that anti-oxidant therapy could pave the way to develop therapeutic strategies in combating emerging and re-emerging RNA viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agieshkumar Balakrishna Pillai
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), School of Biological Sciences, MGM Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - Aashika Raagavi JeanPierre
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), School of Biological Sciences, MGM Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India
| | - Vignesh Mariappan
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), School of Biological Sciences, MGM Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India
| | - Pajanivel Ranganadin
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute (MGMCRI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India
| | - Rao S R
- Research, Innovation & Development, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khazeei Tabari MA, Iranpanah A, Bahramsoltani R, Rahimi R. Flavonoids as Promising Antiviral Agents against SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Mechanistic Review. Molecules 2021; 26:3900. [PMID: 34202374 PMCID: PMC8271800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A newly diagnosed coronavirus in 2019 (COVID-19) has affected all human activities since its discovery. Flavonoids commonly found in the human diet have attracted a lot of attention due to their remarkable biological activities. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of flavonoids in COVID-19 disease. Previously-reported effects of flavonoids on five RNA viruses with similar clinical manifestations and/or pharmacological treatments, including influenza, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and Ebola, were considered. Flavonoids act via direct antiviral properties, where they inhibit different stages of the virus infective cycle and indirect effects when they modulate host responses to viral infection and subsequent complications. Flavonoids have shown antiviral activity via inhibition of viral protease, RNA polymerase, and mRNA, virus replication, and infectivity. The compounds were also effective for the regulation of interferons, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and sub-cellular inflammatory pathways such as nuclear factor-κB and Jun N-terminal kinases. Baicalin, quercetin and its derivatives, hesperidin, and catechins are the most studied flavonoids in this regard. In conclusion, dietary flavonoids are promising treatment options against COVID-19 infection; however, future investigations are recommended to assess the antiviral properties of these compounds on this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Khazeei Tabari
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran;
- USERN Office, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Amin Iranpanah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran;
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Kermanshah USERN Office, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Roodabeh Bahramsoltani
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 1417653761, Iran;
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- PhytoPharmacology Interest Group (PPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 1417653761, Iran;
- PhytoPharmacology Interest Group (PPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Devi AB, Sarala R. Substantial effect of phytochemical constituents against the pandemic disease influenza-a review. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021; 7:120. [PMID: 34150912 PMCID: PMC8196934 DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza is an acute respiratory tract infection caused by the influenza virus. Vaccination and antiviral drugs are the two methods opted to control the disease. Besides their efficiency, they also cause adverse side effects. Hence, scientists turned their attention to powerful herbal medicines. This review put focus on various proven, scientifically validated anti-influenza compounds produced by the plants suggested for the production of newer drugs for the better treatment of influenza and its related antiviral diseases too. Main body In this review, fifty medicinal herb phytochemical constituents and their anti-influenza activities have been documented. Specifically, this review brings out the accurate and substantiates mechanisms of action of these constituents. This study categorizes the phytochemical constituents into primary and secondary metabolites which provide a source for synthesizing and developing new drugs. Conclusion This article provides a summary of the actions of the herbal constituents. Since the mechanisms of action of the components are elucidated, the pandemic situation arising due to influenza and similar antiviral diseases can be handled promisingly with greater efficiency. However, clinical trials are in great demand. The formulation of usage may be a single drug compound or multi-herbal combination. These, in turn, open up a new arena for the pharmaceutical industries to develop innovative drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Brindha Devi
- Department of Botany, Periyar EVR College (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Trichy-24), Trichy-620 023, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Sarala
- Department of Botany, Periyar EVR College (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Trichy-24), Trichy-620 023, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
In vitro and in vivo effects of Peganum harmala L. seeds extract against influenza A virus. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2017; 7:519-530. [PMID: 29299435 PMCID: PMC5745536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Influenza A virus infections are still a major health problem and the choices available for the control and treatment of the disease are limited. This research evaluated in vitro and in vivo antiviral effects of Peganum harmala L. seeds (PHS) extract against influenza A virus. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this research, in vitro anti-influenza A virus activity of the extract was assessed in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. In order to evaluate anti-influenza activity of PHS extract in vivo, BALB/c mice were infected with 5LD50 of mouse-adapted influenza virus (H1N1; PR8) and received 200 mg/kg/day of PHS extract or 20 mg/kg/day oseltamivir. Lungs of seven mice per group were removed on day 3 post-infection and lung virus titers were determined by qRT-PCR. Mice survival, body weights and general conditions were observed for up to 14 days post-infection. RESULTS The results demonstrated that, the ethanolic extract of PHS possesses high activity against influenza virus with IC50 value of 15.7 (CI95%:11.7-21) μg/ml in MDCK cells. Our results also showed that, oral administration of PHS extract (200 mg/kg/day) or oseltamivir (20 mg/kg/day) to infected mice, increased the survival rate, reduced body weight loss, and decreased lung virus titer. CONCLUSION Based on our findings, P. harmala seeds extract can inhibit influenza A virus replication in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, isolation and characterization of the plant's active compounds and investigation of the underlying mechanisms of its antiviral action are highly suggested.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kaempferol and inflammation: From chemistry to medicine. Pharmacol Res 2015; 99:1-10. [PMID: 25982933 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is an important process of human healing response, wherein the tissues respond to injuries induced by many agents including pathogens. It is characterized by pain, redness and heat in the injured tissues. Chronic inflammation seems to be associated with different types of diseases such as arthritis, allergies, atherosclerosis, and even cancer. In recent years natural product based drugs are considered as the novel therapeutic strategy for prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. Among the different types of phyto-constituents present in natural products, flavonoids which occur in many vegetable foods and herbal medicines are considered as the most active constituent, which has the potency to ameliorate inflammation under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Kaempferol is a natural flavonol present in different plant species, which has been described to possess potent anti-inflammatory properties. Despite the voluminous literature on the anti-inflammatory effects of kaempferol, only very limited review articles has been published on this topic. Hence the present review is aimed to provide a critical overview on the anti-inflammatory effects and the mechanisms of action of kaempferol, based on the current scientific literature. In addition, emphasis is also given on the chemistry, natural sources, bioavailability and toxicity of kaempferol.
Collapse
|
7
|
Dang Z, Jung K, Zhu L, Lai W, Xie H, Lee KH, Huang L, Chen CH. Identification and synthesis of quinolizidines with anti-influenza a virus activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:942-6. [PMID: 25147619 DOI: 10.1021/ml500236n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection causes a contagious respiratory illness that poses a threat to human health. However, there are limited anti-influenza A therapeutics available, which is further compounded by the emergence of drug resistant viruses. In this study, Sophora quinolizidine alkaloids were identified as a new class of anti-influenza A virus agents. Among the tested Sophora alkaloids, dihydroaloperine exhibited the most potent activity with an EC50 of 11.2 μM. The potency of the quinolizidine alkaloids was improved by approximately 5-fold with chemical modifications on the aloperine molecule. These compounds were effective against an H1N1 influenza A virus that was resistant to the two antiflu drugs oseltamivir and amantadine. The identification of the quinolizidine alkaloids as effective and novel anti-influenza A agents may aid in the development of new therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Dang
- Surgical
Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Katherine Jung
- Surgical
Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Lei Zhu
- Surgical
Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Weihong Lai
- Surgical
Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Hua Xie
- School of
Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, United States
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural
Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Chinese
Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li Huang
- Surgical
Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Surgical
Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The Effectiveness and Mechanism of Toona sinensis Extract Inhibit Attachment of Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:479718. [PMID: 24073006 PMCID: PMC3773900 DOI: 10.1155/2013/479718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
TSL-1 is a fraction of the aqueous extract from the tender leaf of Toona sinensis Roem, a nutritious vegetable. The pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus is a recently described, rapidly contagious respiratory pathogen which can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and poses a major public health threat. In this study, we found that TSL-1 inhibited viral yields on MDCK plaque formation by pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus on infected A549 cells with high selectivity index. Meanwhile, TSL-1 also suppressed viral genome loads in infected A549 cells, quantified by qRT-PCR. This study further demonstrated that TSL-1 inhibited pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus activity through preventing attachment of A549 cells but not penetration. TSL-1 inhibited viral attachment through significant downregulation of adhesion molecules and chemokines (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, IL-8, and fractalkine) compared to Amantadine. Our results suggest that TSL-1 may be used as an alternative treatment and prophylaxis against pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus.
Collapse
|
9
|
Uchide N, Toyoda H. Antioxidant therapy as a potential approach to severe influenza-associated complications. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2011; 16. [PMID: 21358592 PMCID: PMC6259602 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23100000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
With the appearance of the novel influenza A (H1N1) virus 2009 strain we have experienced a new influenza pandemic and many patients have died from severe complications associated with this pandemic despite receiving intensive care. This suggests that a definitive medical treatment for severe influenza-associated complications has not yet been established. Many studies have shown that superoxide anion produced by macrophages infiltrated into the virus-infected organs is implicated in the development of severe influenza-associated complications. Selected antioxidants, such as pyrrolidine dithiocabamate, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, glutathione, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, thujaplicin, resveratrol, (+)-vitisin A, ambroxol, ascorbic acid, 5,7,4-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone, catechins, quercetin 3-rhamnoside, iso- quercetin and oligonol, inhibit the proliferation of influenza virus and scavenge superoxide anion. The combination of antioxidants with antiviral drugs synergistically reduces the lethal effects of influenza virus infections. These results suggest that an agent with antiviral and antioxidant activities could be a drug of choice for the treatment of patients with severe influenza-associated complications. This review article updates knowledge of antioxidant therapy as a potential approach to severe influenza-associated complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Uchide
- Department of Clinical Molecular Genetics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Antioxidant Therapy as a Potential Approach to Severe Influenza-Associated Complications. Molecules 2011; 16:2032-52. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules16032032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
11
|
Chiou WF, Liao JF, Huang CY, Chen CC. 2-Methoxystypandrone represses RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis by down-regulating formation of TRAF6-TAK1 signalling complexes. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 161:321-35. [PMID: 20735418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 2-Methoxystypandrone (2-MS) is a naphthoquinone isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum, a Chinese herb used to treat bone diseases. Here we have determined whether 2-MS antagonised osteoclast development and bone resorption. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH RAW264.7 cells were treated with receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) ligand (RANKL) to induce differentiation into osteoclasts. RT-PCR and Western blot were used to analyse osteoclast-associated gene expression and signalling pathways. KEY RESULTS The number of multinuclear osteoclasts, actin rings and resorption pit formation were markedly inhibited by 2-MS, targeting osteoclast differentiation at an early stage and without significant cytotoxicity. The anti-resorption effect of 2-MS was accompanied by decreasing dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) mRNA expression. RANKL-increased MMP-9 gelatinolytic activity was also attenuated by concurrent, but not by subsequent addition of 2-MS. 2-MS markedly inhibited not only the RANKL-triggered nuclear translocations of NF-kappaB, c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1), but also the subsequent NFATc1 induction. Degradation of IkappaB and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases were also suppressed. RANKL facilitated the formation of signaling complexes of tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 and transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TRAF6-TAK1), important for osteoclastogenesis and formation of such signalling complexes was prevented by 2-MS. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The anti-osteoclastogenic effects of 2-MS could reflect the block of RANKL-induced association of TRAF6-TAK1 complexes with consequent decrease of IkappaB-mediated NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinases-mediated c-Fos activation pathways and suppression of NFATc1 and other gene expression, essential for bone resorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W F Chiou
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Increased Survivorship and Altered Cytokine Profile from Treatment of Influenza A H1N1-Infected Mice with Ekybion: A Drug Complex of Natural Extracts and Inorganic Compounds. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2010; 2011:192079. [PMID: 20981272 PMCID: PMC2959154 DOI: 10.1155/2011/192079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ekybion is a drug complex of 16 natural extracts and inorganic compounds designed to treat a variety of respiratory pathogens of bacterial and viral origin. It is licensed throughout Europe for the treatment of respiratory tract infections from equine parainfluenza type 3 and equine herpes virus type 1 in equine stables. The purpose of this paper was to test the efficacy of Ekybion on a well-developed animal model of influenza A infection and determine a mode of action. Experiments were performed with Balb/c mice infected with a lethal dose of influenza A/PR/8/34 H1N1 virus and treated with nebulized Ekybion every 8 h in a time-dependant or dose-dependant fashion. These experiments showed that mice treated prior to infection with Ekybion had a higher survival rates (~46%) compared with untreated animals (~0%). Paradoxically, these mice showed no significant difference in lung virus titer or weight loss. There was, however, a decrease in the level of GM-CSF, IL-6, and G-CSF cytokines in the lungs of Ekybion-treated, infected mice. It is possible that decreases in proinflammatory cytokines may have contributed to increased survivorship in Ekybion-treated influenza-infected mice.
Collapse
|
13
|
Arora R, Chawla R, Marwah R, Arora P, Sharma RK, Kaushik V, Goel R, Kaur A, Silambarasan M, Tripathi RP, Bhardwaj JR. Potential of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Preventive Management of Novel H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu) Pandemic: Thwarting Potential Disasters in the Bud. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2010; 2011:586506. [PMID: 20976081 PMCID: PMC2957173 DOI: 10.1155/2011/586506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of novel H1N1 has posed a situation that warrants urgent global attention. Though antiviral drugs are available in mainstream medicine for treating symptoms of swine flu, currently there is no preventive medicine available. Even when available, they would be in short supply and ineffective in a pandemic situation, for treating the masses worldwide. Besides the development of drug resistance, emergence of mutant strains of the virus, emergence of a more virulent strain, prohibitive costs of available drugs, time lag between vaccine developments, and mass casualties would pose difficult problems. In view of this, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) offers a plethora of interesting preventive possibilities in patients. Herbs exhibit a diverse array of biological activities and can be effectively harnessed for managing pandemic flu. Potentially active herbs can serve as effective anti influenza agents. The role of CAM for managing novel H1N1 flu and the mode of action of these botanicals is presented here in an evidence-based approach that can be followed to establish their potential use in the management of influenza pandemics. The complementary and alternative medicine approach deliberated in the paper should also be useful in treating the patients with serious influenza in non pandemic situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Arora
- Division of Chemical Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Brig. S.K. Mazumdar Road, Delhi 110054, India
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, Armeiska Street 1, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - R. Chawla
- Division of Chemical Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Brig. S.K. Mazumdar Road, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Rohit Marwah
- Division of Chemical Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Brig. S.K. Mazumdar Road, Delhi 110054, India
| | - P. Arora
- Centre for Disaster Management Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Kashmere Gate, Delhi 110006, India
| | - R. K. Sharma
- Division of Chemical Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Brig. S.K. Mazumdar Road, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Vinod Kaushik
- Division of Chemical Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Brig. S.K. Mazumdar Road, Delhi 110054, India
| | - R. Goel
- Division of Chemical Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Brig. S.K. Mazumdar Road, Delhi 110054, India
| | - A. Kaur
- Centre for Disaster Management Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Kashmere Gate, Delhi 110006, India
| | - M. Silambarasan
- Division of Chemical Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Brig. S.K. Mazumdar Road, Delhi 110054, India
| | - R. P. Tripathi
- Division of Chemical Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Brig. S.K. Mazumdar Road, Delhi 110054, India
| | - J. R. Bhardwaj
- Division of Disaster Management, National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), A1 Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi 110001, India
| |
Collapse
|