1
|
Ayayee PA, Petersen N, Riusch J, Rauter C, Larsen T. Enhanced gut microbiome supplementation of essential amino acids in Diploptera punctata fed low-protein plant-based diet. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 4:1396984. [PMID: 38711463 PMCID: PMC11073486 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2024.1396984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Building on our previous work, we investigate how dietary shifts affect gut microbial essential amino acid (EAA) provisioning in the lactating cockroach Diploptera punctata. Method To that end, we fed cockroaches three distinct diets: a plant-only Gari diet composed of starchy and granulated root tuber Yucca (Manihot esculenta), a dog food diet (DF), and a cellulose-amended dog food (CADF) diet. We anticipated that the high carbohydrate, low protein Gari would highlight increased microbial EAA supplementation to the host. Results By day 28, we observed distinct profiles of 14 bacterial families in the insect gut microbiomes of the three dietary groups. CADF-fed insects predominantly harbored cellulolytic and nitrogen-fixing bacteria families Streptococcaceae and Xanthomonadaceae. In contrast, Gari-fed insects were enriched in anaerobic lignocellulolytic bacteria families Paludibacteraceae and Dysgonomonadaceae, while DF-fed insects had a prevalence of proteolytic anaerobes Williamwhitmaniaceae and sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfovibrionaceae. Furthermore, we confirmed significantly higher EAA supplementation in Gari-fed insects than in non-Gari-fed insects based on δ13C-EAA offsets between insect and their diets. The δ13C-EAA offsets between DF and CADF were nearly indistinguishable, highlighting the relevance of using the plant-based Gari in this experiment to unequivocally demonstrate this function in this insect. These results were underscored by lower standard metabolic rate (SMR) relative to the DF insect in Gari-fed (intermediate SMR and dietary quality) and CADF (least SMR and dietary quality) insects. Discussion The influence of diet on EAA provisioning and SMR responses in insects underscores the need for further exploration into the role of gut microbial functions in modulating metabolic responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Ayayee
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Nick Petersen
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jennifer Riusch
- Department of Entomology, Insectary, BioSci Greenhouse, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Claudia Rauter
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Thomas Larsen
- Department of Archeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo W, Song Y, Chen H, Li X. Dietary potential of the symbiotic fungus Penicillium herquei for the larvae of a nonsocial fungus-cultivating weevil Euops chinensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0153723. [PMID: 38445862 PMCID: PMC11022562 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01537-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Many insect taxa cultivate fungi for food. Compared to well-known fungus cultivation in social insects, our knowledge on fungus cultivation in nonsocial insects is still limited. Here, we studied the nutritional potentials of the fungal cultivar, Penicillium herquei, for the larvae of its nonsocial insect farmer, Euops chinensis, a specialist on Japanese knotweed Reynoutria japonica. Overall, fungal hyphae and leaf rolls contained significantly higher carbon (C), stable isotopes of C (δ13C), and nitrogen (δ15N) but significantly lower C/N ratios compared to unrolled leaves, whereas insect bodies contained significantly higher N contents but lower C and C/N ratios compared to other types of samples. The MixSIAR model indicated that fungal hyphae contributed a larger proportion (0.626-0.797) to the diet of E. chinensis larvae than leaf materials. The levels of ergosterol, six essential amino acids, seven nonessential amino acids, and three B vitamins tested in fungal hyphae and/or leaf rolls were significantly higher than in unrolled leaves and/or larvae. The P. herquei genome contains the complete set of genes required for the biosynthesis of ergosterol, the essential amino acids valine and threonine, nine nonessential amino acids, and vitamins B2 and B3, whereas some genes associated with five essential and one nonessential amino acid were lost in the P. herquei genome. These suggest that P. herquei is capable of providing the E. chinensis larvae food with ergosterol, amino acids, and B vitamins. P. herquei appears to be able to synthesize or concentrate these nutrients considering that they were specifically concentrated in fungal hyphae. IMPORTANCE The cultivation of fungi for food has occurred across divergent insect lineages such as social ants, termites, and ambrosia beetles, as well as some seldom-reported solitary insects. Although the fungal cultivars of these insects have been studied for decades, the dietary potential of fungal cultivars for their hosts (especially for those nonsocial insects) is largely unknown. Our research on the mutualistic system Euops chinensis-Penicillium herquei represents an example of the diverse nutritional potentials of the fungal cultivar P. herquei in the diet of the larvae of its solitary host, E. chinensis. These results demonstrate that P. herquei has the potential to synthesize or concentrate ergosterol, amino acids, and B vitamins and benefits the larvae of E. chinensis. Our findings would shed light on poorly understood fungal cultivation mutualisms in nonsocial insects and underscore the nutritional importance of fungal cultivars in fungal cultivation mutualisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hu Chen
- Wuhan Benagen Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Su RR, Pan BQ, Luo YX, Zheng XL, Lu W, Wang XY. Characterization of bacterial diversity and screening of cellulose-degrading bacteria in the gut system of Glenea cantor (Fabricius) larvae. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1340168. [PMID: 38456003 PMCID: PMC10919226 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1340168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The intestinal bacteria of longhorn beetles would be ideal targets for pest control and lignocellulosic resources by destroying or exploiting their cellulose-degrading function. This article aims to investigate the diversity and community structure of intestinal bacteria the oligophagous longhorn beetle Glenea cantor. Additionally, it seeks to identify the presence of lignocellulose-degrading bacteria in the gut, and explore their role in consuming host kapok trees Bombax malabaricum. In this study, the bacterial community from G. cantor was examined by Illumina sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) targeting the V3 and V4 regions. A total of 563,201 valid sequences and 814 OTUs were obtained. The dominant phyla were Proteobacteria, and the dominant genera were Acinetobacter and Lactococcus. The analysis of microbial diversity revealed a high bacterial diversity in the samples, with the gut bacteria playing a crucial role in the physiological activities of the host, particularly, 9 genera of intestinal bacteria with cellulose degradation function were found, highlighting their vital role in cellulose degradation. Five strains of cellulose-degrading bacteria, belonging to the genus Pseudomonas, were obtained from the intestinal tract of G. cantor larvae using traditional isolation and culture techniques as well as 16S rDNA sequencing. Among these strains, A4 exhibited a cellulase activity of 94.42 ± 0.42 U/mL, while A5 displayed the highest filter paper enzyme activity of 127.46 ± 3.54 U/mL. These results offered valuable insights into potential targets for pest control through internal attack digestion and cellulose-degrading bacteria in longhorn beetles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Yun Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Torres CA, Barrios H, Pinzon-Navarro S, Berkov A. Wood trait preferences of Neotropical xylophagous beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Biotropica 2024; 56:98-108. [PMID: 38855501 PMCID: PMC11156264 DOI: 10.1111/btp.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Tree life history strategies are correlated with functional plant traits, such as wood density, moisture content, bark thickness, and nitrogen content; these traits affect the nutrients available to xylophagous insects. Cerambycid beetles feed on substrates that vary in these traits, but little is known about how they affect community composition. The goal of this project is to explore the community composition of two cerambycid subfamilies (Cerambycinae and Lamiinae) according to the wood traits in the wood they eat. In a salvage project conducted adjacent to the Panama Canal, trees were felled and exposed to Cerambycidae for oviposition. Disks from branches of differing thickness from the same plant individuals were used to calculate wood density, moisture content, and bark thickness in the field; nitrogen data were acquired offsite. Thick and thin branches tended to differ in wood trait values; therefore, data were analyzed separately in subsequent analyses. In thin branches, cerambycid abundance and species richness were higher in samples with less dense, moister wood, and thicker bark. Thick branches showed similar trends, but the wood traits accounted for little variability in beetle abundance or species richness. There were no significant regressions between beetle data and nitrogen. Cerambycines emerged more slowly, and from denser, drier wood, than lamiines. Cerambycines might be more drought-tolerant than lamiines, and therefore more resistant to the longer, more severe dry seasons that are predicted to occur due to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ann Torres
- Department of Biology, City College and the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, Convent Avenue @ 138 St., New York, NY 10031, U.S.A
- Department of Mathematics, Science, and Technology, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 W 120 street, New York, NY 10027, U.S.A
| | - Héctor Barrios
- Maestría de Entomología, Universidad de Panama, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Sara Pinzon-Navarro
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Luis Clement Avenue, Bldg. 401 Tupper Balboa Ancon, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Amy Berkov
- Department of Biology, City College and the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, Convent Avenue @ 138 St., New York, NY 10031, U.S.A
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. Central Park West @ 81 St., New York, NY 10024, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xia X, Wang Q, Gurr GM, Vasseur L, Han S, You M. Gut bacteria mediated adaptation of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, to secondary metabolites of host plants. mSystems 2023; 8:e0082623. [PMID: 37909778 PMCID: PMC10734469 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00826-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In this study, we identify an important role of gut bacteria in mediating the adaptation of diamondback moth (DBM) to plant secondary metabolites. We demonstrate that kaempferol's presence in radish seedlings greatly reduces the fitness of DBM with depleted gut biota. Reinstatement of gut biota, particularly Enterobacter sp. EbPXG5, improved insect performance by degrading kaempferol. This bacterium was common in the larval gut of DBM, lining the epithelium as a protective film. Our work highlights the role of symbiotic bacteria in insect herbivore adaptation to plant defenses and provides a practical and mechanistic framework for developing a more comprehensive understanding of insect-gut microbe-host plant co-evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian‐Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian‐Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian‐Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian‐Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Geoff M. Gurr
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian‐Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, China
- Graham Centre, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Liette Vasseur
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian‐Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shuncai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian‐Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian‐Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian‐Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian‐Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qin M, Jiang L, Qiao G, Chen J. Phylosymbiosis: The Eco-Evolutionary Pattern of Insect-Symbiont Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15836. [PMID: 37958817 PMCID: PMC10650905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects harbor diverse assemblages of bacterial and fungal symbionts, which play crucial roles in host life history. Insects and their various symbionts represent a good model for studying host-microbe interactions. Phylosymbiosis is used to describe an eco-evolutionary pattern, providing a new cross-system trend in the research of host-associated microbiota. The phylosymbiosis pattern is characterized by a significant positive correlation between the host phylogeny and microbial community dissimilarities. Although host-symbiont interactions have been demonstrated in many insect groups, our knowledge of the prevalence and mechanisms of phylosymbiosis in insects is still limited. Here, we provide an order-by-order summary of the phylosymbiosis patterns in insects, including Blattodea, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera. Then, we highlight the potential contributions of stochastic effects, evolutionary processes, and ecological filtering in shaping phylosymbiotic microbiota. Phylosymbiosis in insects can arise from a combination of stochastic and deterministic mechanisms, such as the dispersal limitations of microbes, codiversification between symbionts and hosts, and the filtering of phylogenetically conserved host traits (incl., host immune system, diet, and physiological characteristics).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Qin
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (M.Q.); (L.J.)
| | - Liyun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (M.Q.); (L.J.)
| | - Gexia Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (M.Q.); (L.J.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (M.Q.); (L.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mifsud IEJ, Akana PR, Bytnerowicz TA, Davis SR, Menge DNL. Nitrogen fixation in the stag beetle, Ceruchus piceus (Coleoptera: Lucanidae): could insects contribute more to ecosystem nitrogen budgets than previously thought? ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:618-626. [PMID: 37417547 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a key nutrient required by all living organisms for growth and development, but is a limiting resource for many organisms. Organisms that feed on material with low N content, such as wood, might be particularly prone to N limitation. In this study, we investigated the degree to which the xylophagous larvae of the stag beetle Ceruchus piceus (Weber) use associations with N-fixing bacteria to acquire N. We paired acetylene reduction assays by cavity ring-down absorption spectroscopy (ARACAS) with 15N2 incubations to characterize rates of N fixation within C. piceus. Not only did we detect significant N fixation activity within C. piceus larvae, but we calculated a rate that was substantially higher than most previous reports for N fixation in insects. While taking these measurements, we discovered that N fixation within C. piceus can decline rapidly in a lab setting. Consequently, our results demonstrate that previous studies, which commonly keep insects in the lab for long periods of time prior to and during measurement, may have systematically under-reported rates of N fixation in insects. This suggests that within-insect N fixation may contribute more to insect nutrition and ecosystem-scale N budgets than previously thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isobel E J Mifsud
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Palani R Akana
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Thomas A Bytnerowicz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Steven R Davis
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Duncan N L Menge
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial symbiotic communities span through kingdoms. The vast microbial gene pool extends the host genome and supports adaptations to changing environmental conditions. Plants are versatile hosts for the symbionts, carrying microbes on the surface, inside tissues, and even within the cells. Insects are equally abundantly colonized by microbial symbionts on the exoskeleton, in the gut, in the hemocoel, and inside the cells. The insect gut is a prolific environment, but it is selective on the microbial species that enter with food. Plants and insects are often highly dependent on each other and frequently interact. Regardless of the accumulating evidence on the microbiomes of both organisms, it remains unclear how much they exchange and modify each other's microbiomes. In this review, we approach this question from the point of view of herbivores that feed on plants, with a special focus on the forest ecosystems. After a brief introduction to the subject, we concentrate on the plant microbiome, the overlap between plant and insect microbial communities, and how the exchange and modification of microbiomes affects the fitness of each host.
Collapse
|
9
|
Dong Y, Chen Q, Fang Z, Wu Q, Xiang L, Niu X, Liu Q, Tan L, Weng Q. Gut bacteria reflect the adaptation of Diestrammena japanica (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae) to the cave. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1016608. [PMID: 36620011 PMCID: PMC9812492 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1016608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is essential for the nutrition, growth, and adaptation of the host. Diestrammena japanica, a scavenger that provides energy to the cave ecosystem, is a keystone species in the karst cave in China. It inhabits every region of the cave, regardless of the amount of light. However, its morphology is dependent on the intensity of light. Whether the gut bacteria reflect its adaptation to the cave environment remains unknown. In this research, D. japanica was collected from the light region, weak light region, and dark region of three karst caves. The gut bacterial features of these individuals, including composition, diversity, potential metabolism function, and the co-occurrence network of their gut microbiota, were investigated based on 16S rRNA gene deep sequencing assay. The residues of amino acids in the ingluvies were also evaluated. In addition, we explored the contribution of gut bacteria to the cave adaptation of D. japanica from three various light zones. Findings showed that gut bacteria were made up of 245 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from nine phyla, with Firmicutes being the most common phylum. Although the composition and diversity of the gut bacterial community of D. japanica were not significantly different among the three light regions, bacterial groups may serve different functions for D. japanica in differing light strengths. D. japanica has a lower rate of metabolism in cave habitats than in light regions. We infer that the majority of gut bacteria are likely engaged in nutrition and supplied D. japanica with essential amino acids. In addition, gut bacteria may play a role in adapting D. japanica's body size. Unveiling the features of the gut bacterial community of D. japanica would shed light on exploring the roles of gut bacteria in adapting hosts to karst cave environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qianquan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qingshan Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Lan Xiang
- Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiuping Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Leitao Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qingbei Weng
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Different Gut Microbiomes of Developmental Stages of Field-Collected Native and Invasive Western Bean Cutworm, Striacosta albicosta, in Western Nebraska. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091828. [PMID: 36144430 PMCID: PMC9505167 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While insects harbor gut microbial associates that perform various functions for the host, lepidopterans have not been considered as prime examples of having such relationships. The western bean cutworm, Striacosta albicosta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is native to North America and has historically been a significant corn pest in its western distribution. It is currently expanding eastwards and is invasive in these new regions. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing data, this study focused on characterizing the microbiota associated with field-collected eggs, larvae, adults, and host plant materials of S. albicosta in its native range. The diversity of microbiomes varied significantly among S. albicosta eggs, larvae, adults, and the host plant materials. Microbial diversity was highest in adult stages relative to other insect stages. Furthermore, S. albicosta eggs, larvae, and adults harbored very distinct microbial communities, indicative of stage-specific microbiomes possibly performing different functions. Bacterial taxa underscoring these differences in composition identified four phyla and thirty families across samples. Members of the Firmicutes (Unassigned Lactobacillales), Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadaceae and Moraxellaceae), Bacteroidota (Weeksellaceae), and Chloroflexi dominated across all developmental stages. In addition, cellulose-degrading Lactobacillales (phylum: Firmicutes) dominated larval microbiomes, indicative of larval plant diet. This taxon was comparatively negligible in eggs and adults. Members of Proteobacteria dominated egg and host leaf microbiomes, while members of Bacteroidota dominated nectar-feeding adult gut microbiomes. Our results suggest a possible diet-dependent stage-specific microbiome composition and the potential for using stage-specific microbes as potential biological control tools against this important pest moving forward.
Collapse
|
11
|
Larval gut microbiome of Pelidnota luridipes (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): high bacterial diversity, different metabolic profiles on gut chambers and species with probiotic potential. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:210. [PMID: 36050590 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Pelidnota luridipes Blanchard (1850) is a tropical beetle of the family Scarabaeidae, whose larvae live on wood without parental care. Microbiota of mid- and hindgut of larvae was evaluated by culture-dependent and independent methods, and the results show a diverse microbiota, with most species of bacteria and fungi shared between midgut and hindgut. We isolated 272 bacterial and 29 yeast isolates, identified in 57 and 7 species, respectively, while using metabarcoding, we accessed 1,481 and 267 OTUs of bacteria and fungi, respectively. The composition and abundance of bacteria and fungi differed between mid- and hindgut, with a tendency for higher richness and diversity of yeasts in the midgut, and bacteria on the hindgut. Some taxa are abundant in the intestine of P. luridipes larvae, such as Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria; as well as Saccharomycetales and Trichosporonales yeasts. Mid- and hindgut metabolic profiles differ (e.g. biosynthesis of amino acids, cofactors, and lipopolysaccharides) with higher functional diversity in the hindgut. Isolates have different functional traits such as secretion of hydrolytic enzymes and antibiosis against pathogens. Apiotrichum siamense L29A and Bacillus sp. BL17B protected larvae of the moth Galleria mellonella, against infection by the pathogens Listeria monocytogenes ATCC19111 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027. This is the first work with the larval microbiome of a Rutelini beetle, demonstrating its diversity and potential in prospecting microbial products as probiotics. The functional role of microbiota for the nutrition and adaptability of P. luridipes larvae needs to be evaluated in the future.
Collapse
|
12
|
Guégan M, Martin E, Tran Van V, Fel B, Hay AE, Simon L, Butin N, Bellvert F, Haichar FEZ, Valiente Moro C. Mosquito sex and mycobiota contribute to fructose metabolism in the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:138. [PMID: 36038937 PMCID: PMC9425969 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant floral nectars contain natural sugars such as fructose, which are a primary energy resource for adult mosquitoes. Despite the importance of carbohydrates for mosquito metabolism, a limited knowledge is available about the pathways involved in sugar assimilation by mosquitoes and their associated microbiota. To this end, we used 13C-metabolomic and stable isotope probing approaches coupled to high-throughput sequencing to reveal fructose-related mosquito metabolic pathways and the dynamics of the active gut microbiota following fructose ingestion. RESULTS Our results revealed significant differences in metabolic pathways between males and females, highlighting different modes of central carbon metabolism regulation. Competitive and synergistic interactions of diverse fungal taxa were identified within the active mycobiota following fructose ingestion. In addition, we identified potential cross-feeding interactions between this. Interestingly, there is a strong correlation between several active fungal taxa and the presence of fructose-derived metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results provide novel insights into mosquito carbohydrate metabolism and demonstrate that dietary fructose as it relates to mosquito sex is an important determinant of mosquito metabolism; our results also further highlight the key role of active mycobiota interactions in regulating the process of fructose assimilation in mosquitoes. This study opens new avenues for future research on mosquito-microbiota trophic interactions related to plant nectar-derived sugars. Video abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Guégan
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Edwige Martin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Van Tran Van
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Benjamin Fel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne-Emmanuelle Hay
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Simon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Noémie Butin
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Floriant Bellvert
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Feth El Zahar Haichar
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
- INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, Université Lyon, 10 rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claire Valiente Moro
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yun HY, Larsen T, Choi B, Won E, Shin K. Amino acid nitrogen and carbon isotope data: Potential and implications for ecological studies. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8929. [PMID: 35784034 PMCID: PMC9163675 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Explaining food web dynamics, stability, and functioning depend substantially on understanding of feeding relations within a community. Bulk stable isotope ratios (SIRs) in natural abundance are well-established tools to express direct and indirect feeding relations as continuous variables across time and space. Along with bulk SIRs, the SIRs of individual amino acids (AAs) are now emerging as a promising and complementary method to characterize the flow and transformation of resources across a diversity of organisms, from microbial domains to macroscopic consumers. This significant AA-SIR capacity is based on empirical evidence that a consumer's SIR, specific to an individual AA, reflects its diet SIR coupled with a certain degree of isotopic differences between the consumer and its diet. However, many empirical ecologists are still unfamiliar with the scope of applicability and the interpretative power of AA-SIR. To fill these knowledge gaps, we here describe a comprehensive approach to both carbon and nitrogen AA-SIR assessment focusing on two key topics: pattern in AA-isotope composition across spatial and temporal scales, and a certain variability of AA-specific isotope differences between the diet and the consumer. On this basis we review the versatile applicability of AA-SIR to improve our understanding of physiological processes as well as food web functioning, allowing us to reconstruct dominant basal dietary sources and trace their trophic transfers at the specimen and community levels. Given the insightful and opportunities of AA-SIR, we suggest future applications for the dual use of carbon and nitrogen AA-SIR to study more realistic food web structures and robust consumer niches, which are often very difficult to explain in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Young Yun
- Deparment of Marine Science and Convergent TechnologyHanyang UniversityAnsanKorea
| | - Thomas Larsen
- Department of ArchaeologyMax Planck Institute for the Science of Human HistoryJenaGermany
| | - Bohyung Choi
- Deparment of Marine Science and Convergent TechnologyHanyang UniversityAnsanKorea
- Inland Fisheries Research InstituteNational Institute of Fisheries ScienceGeumsan‐gunKorea
| | - Eun‐Ji Won
- Deparment of Marine Science and Convergent TechnologyHanyang UniversityAnsanKorea
| | - Kyung‐Hoon Shin
- Deparment of Marine Science and Convergent TechnologyHanyang UniversityAnsanKorea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li C, Han G, Sun J, Huang L, Lu Y, Xia Y, Liu Q, Xu J. The Gut Microbiota Composition of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Their Predicted Contribution to Larval Nutrition. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:909863. [PMID: 35668757 PMCID: PMC9166232 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.909863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal bacterial flora plays an important role in the nutrition, physiology, and behavior of herbivorous insects. The composition of gut microbiota may also be affected by the food consumed. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis is an oligophagous pest, feeds on rice leaves almost exclusively and causes serious damage to rice in Asian countries. Using antibiotic treatment and metagenome sequencing, we investigated the influence of the food sources (rice and maize seedlings) on the structure and functions of intestinal bacteria of C. medinalis. Firstly, food utilization indices, relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), were all significantly adversely affected in the antibiotic treatment eliminating gut bacteria, showing that the microbiota loading in the gut were essential for the larva growth and development of C. medinalis. Further, metagenome sequencing revealed that different diets caused a variation in gut microbiota composition of C. medinalis, indicating that the gut microbiota were in part driven by the diet provided. However, the larvae of C. medinalis hosted a core microbial community in the gut, which was independent from the diets changing. The dominant bacteria in the two feeding groups were highly consistent in the gut of C. medinalis larvae, with the gut bacterial community dominated by Firmicutes at the phylum level, Enterococcus at the genus level, Enterococcus sp. FDAARGOS-375, E. casseliflavus, E. gallinarum, and E. sp. CR-Ec1 accounted for more than 96% of the gut microbiota. Functional prediction analysis demonstrated that gut bacteria encoded a series of metabolism-related enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid synthesis. Carbohydrate metabolism was the most enriched function in both groups and was more abundant in rice feeding group than in maize feeding group. The core dominant Enterococcus species possessed complete pathways of 14 carbohydrates metabolism, 11 amino acids biosynthesis, and two vitamins synthesize, implied to contribute an essential role to the nutrition intake and development of C. medinalis. Finally, the study may provide an in-depth analysis of the symbiont-host co-adaptation and new insights into the management of C. medinalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanming Li
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Jiangsu Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,National Experimental Station of Yangzhou for Agricultural Microbiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guangjie Han
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Jiangsu Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,National Experimental Station of Yangzhou for Agricultural Microbiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Yangzhou Luyuan Bio-Chemical Co., Ltd., Yangzhou, China
| | - Lixin Huang
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Jiangsu Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,National Experimental Station of Yangzhou for Agricultural Microbiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yurong Lu
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Jiangsu Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,National Experimental Station of Yangzhou for Agricultural Microbiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Jiangsu Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,National Experimental Station of Yangzhou for Agricultural Microbiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Jiangsu Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,National Experimental Station of Yangzhou for Agricultural Microbiology, Yangzhou, China.,Yangzhou Luyuan Bio-Chemical Co., Ltd., Yangzhou, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Jiangsu Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,National Experimental Station of Yangzhou for Agricultural Microbiology, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang L, Li C, Wang X, Wang G, Shang S, Dou Z, Luo Y. Gut Lignocellulose Activity and Microbiota in Asian Longhorned Beetle and Their Predicted Contribution to Larval Nutrition. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:899865. [PMID: 35615502 PMCID: PMC9124977 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.899865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anoplophora glabripennis (Asian longhorned beetle) is a wood-boring pest that can inhabit a wide range of healthy deciduous host trees in native and invaded areas. The gut microbiota plays important roles in the acquisition of nutrients for the growth and development of A. glabripennis larvae. Herein, we investigated the larval gut structure and studied the lignocellulose activity and microbial communities of the larval gut following feeding on different host trees. The larval gut was divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut, of which the midgut is the longest, forming a single loop under itself. Microbial community composition and lignocellulose activity in larval gut extracts were correlated with host tree species. A. glabripennis larvae fed on the preferred host (Populus gansuensis) had higher lignocellulose activity and microbial diversity than larvae reared on either a secondary host (Salix babylonica) or a resistant host (Populus alba var. pyramidalis). Wolbachia was the most dominant bacteria in the gut of larvae fed on S. babylonica and P. alba var. pyramidalis, while Enterococcus and Gibbsiella were the most dominant in larvae fed on P. gansuensis, followed by Wolbachia. The lignocellulose-degrading fungus Fusarium solani was dominant in the larval gut fed on different host trees. Functional predictions of microbial communities in the larval gut fed on different resistant host trees suggested that they all play a role in degrading lignocellulose, detoxification, and fixing nitrogen, which likely contribute to the ability of these larvae to thrive in a broad range of host tree species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Wang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lixiang Wang,
| | - Chunchun Li
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Gaijin Wang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Suqin Shang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Dou
- Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Youqing Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Sino-France Joint Laboratory for Invasive Forest Pests in Eurasia, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Oliveira NC, Phelan L, Labate CA, Cônsoli FL. Non-targeted metabolomics reveals differences in the gut metabolic profile of the fall armyworm strains when feeding different food sources. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 139:104400. [PMID: 35598778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm - FAW) is an important polyphagous agricultural pest feeding on nearly 350 host plants. FAW is undergoing incipient speciation with two well-characterized host-adapted strains, the "corn" (CS) and "rice" (RS) strains, which are morphologically identical but carry several genes under positive selection for host adaptation. We used non-targeted metabolomics based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to identify differences in metabolite profiles of the larval gut of CS and RS feeding on different host plants. Larvae were fed on artificial diet, maize, rice, or cotton leaves from eclosion to the sixth instar, when they had their midgut dissected for analysis. This study revealed that the midgut metabolome of FAW varied due to larval diet and differed between the FAW host-adapted strains. Additionally, we identified several candidate metabolites that may be involved in the adaptation of CS and RS to their host plants. Our findings provide clues toward the gut metabolic activities of the FAW strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia C Oliveira
- Insect Interactions Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larry Phelan
- Department of Entomology, OARDC, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Carlos A Labate
- Multi-User Proteomics, Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando L Cônsoli
- Insect Interactions Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Beetles are hosts to a remarkable diversity of bacterial symbionts. In this article, we review the role of these partnerships in promoting beetle fitness following a surge of recent studies characterizing symbiont localization and function across the Coleoptera. Symbiont contributions range from the supplementation of essential nutrients and digestive or detoxifying enzymes to the production of bioactive compounds providing defense against natural enemies. Insights on this functional diversity highlight how symbiosis can expand the host's ecological niche, but also constrain its evolutionary potential by promoting specialization. As bacterial localization can differ within and between beetle clades, we discuss how it corresponds to the microbe's beneficial role and outline the molecular and behavioral mechanisms underlying symbiont translocation and transmission by its holometabolous host. In reviewing this literature, we emphasize how the study of symbiosis can inform our understanding of the phenotypic innovations behind the evolutionary success of beetles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Salem
- Mutualisms Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Tübingen 72076, Germany;
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany;
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cui L, Guo Q, Wang X, Duffy KJ, Dai X. Midgut bacterial diversity of a leaf-mining beetle, Dactylispa xanthospila (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Biodivers Data J 2021; 9:e62843. [PMID: 34012315 PMCID: PMC8128845 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.9.e62843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms play an essential role in the growth and development of numerous insect species. In this study, the total DNA from the midgut of adults of Dactylispaxanthospila were isolated and bacterial 16S rRNA sequenced using the high-throughput Illumina MiSeq platform. Then, the composition and diversity of the midgut bacterial community were analysed with QIIME2. The results showed the midgut bacteria of D.xanthospila belong to 30 phyla, 64 classes, 135 orders, 207 families and 369 genera. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the dominant bacteria, accounting for 91.95%, 3.44% and 2.53%, respectively. The top five families are Enterobacteriaceae (69.51%), Caulobacteraceae (5.24%), Rhizobiaceae (4.61%), Sphingomonadaceae (4.23%) and Comamonadaceae (2.67%). The bacterial community's primary functions are carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism and cofactor and vitamin metabolism, which are important for the nutritional requirements of plant-feeding insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixing Cui
- Leafminer Group, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China Leafminer Group, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University Ganzhou China
| | - Qingyun Guo
- Leafminer Group, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China Leafminer Group, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University Ganzhou China
| | - Xuexiong Wang
- Leafminer Group, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China Leafminer Group, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University Ganzhou China
| | - Kevin Jan Duffy
- Institute of Systems Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa Institute of Systems Science, Durban University of Technology Durban South Africa
| | - Xiaohua Dai
- Leafminer Group, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China Leafminer Group, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University Ganzhou China.,National Navel-Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, China National Navel-Orange Engineering Research Center Ganzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pan HB, Li MY, Wu W, Wang ZL, Yu XP. Host-Plant Induced Shifts in Microbial Community Structure in Small Brown Planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Homoptera: Delphacidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:937-946. [PMID: 33459777 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbiome associated with insects play vital roles in host ecology and physiology. The small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus, is a polyphagous insect pest that caused enormous damage to a wide range of cereal crops. Previous studies have assessed the effects of environmental factors, such as antibiotics, insecticide, and geographical habitat on the bacterial composition of SBPH. However, the influence of host plants on the microbial community in SBPH still unclear. Here, we characterized and compared the microbial community in three SBPH populations feeding on rice, barley, and wheat, respectively, using high-throughput amplicon sequencing. Our observations revealed that the microbiome harbored by SBPH was abundant and diverse. Ten phyla comprising 141 genera of bacteria were annotated, and four fungal phyla consisting of 47 genera were assigned. The bacteria belonging to the phylum Proteobacteria were the most prevalent and the fungi with the highest abundance were from the order Hypocreales. Comparative analysis showed that host plants could significantly induce structural changes of SBPH microbiome. Significant differences in abundance were observed in two main bacterial orders (Rickettsiales and Rhodospirillales) and three fungal classes (Sordariomycetes, an unclassified class in Ascomycota and Eurotiomycetes) among three host-adapted SBPH populations. Our results could broaden our understanding of interactions among SBPH, its microbial associates and host plants, and also represented the basis of future SBPH biological management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mu-Yu Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Liang Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Michell CT, Nyman T. Microbiomes of willow-galling sawflies: effects of host plant, gall type, and phylogeny on community structure and function. Genome 2021; 64:615-626. [PMID: 33825503 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2020-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While free-living herbivorous insects are thought to harbor microbial communities composed of transient bacteria derived from their diet, recent studies indicate that insects that induce galls on plants may be involved in more intimate host-microbe relationships. We used 16S rDNA metabarcoding to survey larval microbiomes of 20 nematine sawfly species that induce bud or leaf galls on 13 Salix species. The 391 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) detected represented 69 bacterial genera in six phyla. Multi-variate statistical analyses showed that the structure of larval microbiomes is influenced by willow host species as well as by gall type. Nevertheless, a "core" microbiome composed of 58 ASVs is shared widely across the focal galler species. Within the core community, the presence of many abundant, related ASVs representing multiple distantly related bacterial taxa is reflected as a statistically significant effect of bacterial phylogeny on galler-microbe associations. Members of the core community have a variety of inferred functions, including degradation of phenolic compounds, nutrient supplementation, and production of plant hormones. Hence, our results support suggestions of intimate and diverse interactions between galling insects and microbes and add to a growing body of evidence that microbes may play a role in the induction of insect galls on plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig T Michell
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Tommi Nyman
- Department of Ecosystems in the Barents Region, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Svanvik, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gong Q, Cao LJ, Sun LN, Chen JC, Gong YJ, Pu DQ, Huang Q, Hoffmann AA, Wei SJ. Similar Gut Bacterial Microbiota in Two Fruit-Feeding Moth Pests Collected from Different Host Species and Locations. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11120840. [PMID: 33260684 PMCID: PMC7759971 DOI: 10.3390/insects11120840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii, and the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta are two co-occurring pests in orchards. Larvae of both species bore into fruits and cause damage to fruit production. Understanding the gut microbes, as well as the influencing factors between these co-occurring pests, may provide insight into their occurrence and control. In this study, we found that the two pests shared many bacteria in their gut from the genera Pseudomonas, Gluconobacter, Acetobacter, and Pantoea. The composition of the gut microbiota is similar between the two species collected from the same host plant and orchard; however, the gut microbiota of individuals collected from different orchards of the same host plant can be different within pest species. These results show that the two fruit moth pests have similar gut bacteria and varied environment in orchards can influence their gut microbiota. Abstract Numerous gut microbes are associated with insects, but their composition remains largely unknown for many insect groups, along with factors influencing their composition. Here, we compared gut bacterial microbiota of two co-occurring agricultural pests, the peach fruit moth (PFM), Carposina sasakii, and the oriental fruit moth (OFM), Grapholita molesta, collected from different orchards and host plant species. Gut microbiota of both species was mainly composed of bacteria from Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes. The two species shared bacteria from the genera Pseudomonas, Gluconobacter, Acetobacter, and Pantoea. When we compared two pairs of PFM and OFM populations collected from the same host species and the same orchard, there is no difference in alpha and beta diversity in gut microbiota. When we compared gut microbiota of the same species and host plant from different orchards, alpha and beta diversity was different in populations of PFM collected from two pear orchards but not in other comparisons. Our study suggests that the two pests share many features of gut microbiota and environment in orchards is a main factor influencing their gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gong
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China; (Q.G.); (L.-J.C.); (L.-N.S.); (J.-C.C.); (Y.-J.G.)
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China;
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China;
| | - Li-Jun Cao
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China; (Q.G.); (L.-J.C.); (L.-N.S.); (J.-C.C.); (Y.-J.G.)
| | - Li-Na Sun
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China; (Q.G.); (L.-J.C.); (L.-N.S.); (J.-C.C.); (Y.-J.G.)
- Department of Forestry Protection, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jin-Cui Chen
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China; (Q.G.); (L.-J.C.); (L.-N.S.); (J.-C.C.); (Y.-J.G.)
| | - Ya-Jun Gong
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China; (Q.G.); (L.-J.C.); (L.-N.S.); (J.-C.C.); (Y.-J.G.)
| | - De-Qiang Pu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China;
| | - Qiong Huang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China;
| | - Ary Anthony Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia;
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China; (Q.G.); (L.-J.C.); (L.-N.S.); (J.-C.C.); (Y.-J.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1051503439
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pollierer MM, Scheu S, Tiunov AV. Isotope analyses of amino acids in fungi and fungal feeding Diptera larvae allow differentiating ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi‐based food chains. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M. Pollierer
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Alexei V. Tiunov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Compound-specific δ 2H analysis highlights the relationship between direct assimilation and de novo synthesis of amino acids from food and water in a terrestrial mammalian omnivore. Oecologia 2020; 193:827-842. [PMID: 32857190 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04730-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen isotope (δ2H) analysis has been routinely used as an ecological tracer for animal movement and migration, yet a biochemical understanding of how animals incorporate this element in the synthesis of tissues is poorly resolved. Here, we apply a new analytical tool, amino acid (AA) δ2H analysis, in a controlled setting to trace the influence of drinking water and dietary macromolecules on the hydrogen in muscle tissue. We varied the δ2H of drinking water and the proportions of dietary protein and carbohydrates with distinct hydrogen and carbon isotope compositions fed to house mice among nine treatments. Our results show that hydrogen in the non-essential (AANESS) and essential (AAESS) AAs of mouse muscle is not readily exchanged with body water, but rather patterns among these compounds can be described through consideration of the major biochemical pathway(s) used by organisms to synthesize or route them from available sources. Dietary carbohydrates contributed more hydrogen than drinking water to the synthesis of AANESS in muscle. While neither drinking water nor dietary carbohydrates directly contributed to muscle AAESS, we did find that a minor but measurable proportion (10-30%) of the AAESS in muscle was synthesized by the gut microbiome using hydrogen and carbon from dietary carbohydrates. δ2H patterns among individual AAs in mice muscle are similar to those we previously reported for bacteria, which provides additional support that this approach may allow for the simultaneous analysis of different AAs that are more influenced by drinking water (AANESS) versus dietary (AAESS) sources of hydrogen.
Collapse
|
24
|
Kucuk RA. Gut Bacteria in the Holometabola: A Review of Obligate and Facultative Symbionts. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:5893943. [PMID: 32809024 PMCID: PMC7433766 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The diversity and ecological variety of Holometabola foregrounds a wide array of dynamic symbiotic relationships with gut-dwelling bacteria. A review of the literature highlights that holometabolous insects rely on both obligate bacteria and facultative bacteria living in their guts to satisfy a number of physiological needs. The driving forces behind these differing relationships can be hypothesized through the scrutiny of bacterial associations with host gut morphology, and transmission of bacteria within a given host taxon. Our knowledge of the evolution of facultative or obligate symbiotic bacteria in holometabolan systems is further enhanced by an assessment of the various services the bacteria provide, including nutrition, immune system health, and development. The diversity of Holometabola can thus be examined through an assessment of known bacterial partnerships within the orders of Holometabola.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Kucuk
- Clemson University, Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson, SC
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang S, Wang L, Fan X, Yu C, Feng L, Yi L. An Insight into Diversity and Functionalities of Gut Microbiota in Insects. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1976-1986. [PMID: 32535651 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota has long been of research interests due to its nutritional importance for many insects. It has been demonstrated that diversity of gut microbiota in insects can be modulated by many factors, including habitats, feeding preference, etc. Besides, the community structure of gut microbiota could also be altered during the different life stages of host insects. With development of conventional culture-dependent technologies and advanced culture-independent technologies, comprehensive and deep understanding of the functions of gut microbiota and their relationship with host insects were achieved, especially for the nutrient metabolic process mediated by them. In this review, we summarized the gut microbiota composition, major methods for gut microbiota characterization, and vital nutrient metabolic process mediated by gut microbiota in different insects. The increasing knowledge on the modulation of gut microbiota will help us for the comprehension of the contribution of gut microbiota to the nutritional metabolism of insects, prompting their growth and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Bio-Enzyme Catalysis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Luyi Wang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xian Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Bio-Enzyme Catalysis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Chan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Bio-Enzyme Catalysis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Liang Feng
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Li Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Bio-Enzyme Catalysis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, No. 368 Youyi Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ayayee PA, Kinney G, Yarnes C, Larsen T, Custer GF, van Diepen LTA, Muñoz-Garcia A. Role of the gut microbiome in mediating standard metabolic rate after dietary shifts in the viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb218271. [PMID: 32393544 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.218271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Diet may be a significant determinant of insect gut microbiome composition. However, the extent to which dietary shifts shape both the composition and relevant functions of insect gut microbiomes, and ultimately impact host energy balance (i.e. metabolic phenotype), is not well understood. We investigated the impacts of diet switching on Diploptera punctata females maintained on a dog food (DF) diet relative to those fed a comparatively sub-optimal cellulose-amended dog food (CADF) diet for 4 weeks. After this period, dietary shift resulted in a significantly higher average mass-specific standard metabolic rate (SMR) in CADF-fed females compared with DF-fed females. We also uncovered significant 13C-enrichment in DF-fed insect samples relative to CADF-fed insect samples and lowered bacterial essential amino acid (EAA) provisioning in CADF-fed samples. Differences in SMR and EAA provisioning were not accompanied by significant differences in overall microbiome composition between the two groups. However, cellulolytic and nitrogen-fixing bacterial families dominant in wild omnivorous cockroaches and wood-feeding termites were significantly enriched in CADF-fed females than in DF-fed females, at the end of the study. We propose that these changes in microbiome composition after dietary shifts are associated with changes in EAA provisioning and possibly SMR. Further studies are needed to comprehensively understand the relative importance of gut microbial functions among the complexity of factors known to underscore SMR responses in insects under varying dietary conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Ayayee
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - George Kinney
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chris Yarnes
- Department of Plant Sciences, Stable Isotope Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Thomas Larsen
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Gordon F Custer
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Linda T A van Diepen
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Agustí Muñoz-Garcia
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University at Mansfield, Mansfield, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Reis F, Kirsch R, Pauchet Y, Bauer E, Bilz LC, Fukumori K, Fukatsu T, Kölsch G, Kaltenpoth M. Bacterial symbionts support larval sap feeding and adult folivory in (semi-)aquatic reed beetles. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2964. [PMID: 32528063 PMCID: PMC7289800 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic microbes can enable their host to access untapped nutritional resources but may also constrain niche space by promoting specialization. Here, we reconstruct functional changes in the evolutionary history of the symbiosis between a group of (semi-)aquatic herbivorous insects and mutualistic bacteria. Sequencing the symbiont genomes across 26 species of reed beetles (Chrysomelidae, Donaciinae) spanning four genera indicates that the genome-eroded mutualists provide life stage-specific benefits to larvae and adults, respectively. In the plant sap-feeding larvae, the symbionts are inferred to synthesize most of the essential amino acids as well as the B vitamin riboflavin. The adult reed beetles’ folivory is likely supported by symbiont-encoded pectinases that complement the host-encoded set of cellulases, as revealed by transcriptome sequencing. However, mapping the occurrence of the symbionts’ pectinase genes and the hosts’ food plant preferences onto the beetles’ phylogeny reveals multiple independent losses of pectinase genes in lineages that switched to feeding on pectin-poor plants, presumably constraining their hosts’ subsequent adaptive potential. Symbiotic microbes in insects can enable their hosts to access untapped nutritional resources. Here, the authors show that symbiotic bacteria in reed beetles can provide essential amino acids to sap-feeding larvae and help leaf-feeding adults to degrade pectin, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Reis
- Evolutionary Ecology, Institute for Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roy Kirsch
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Eugen Bauer
- Evolutionary Ecology, Institute for Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lisa Carolin Bilz
- Evolutionary Ecology, Institute for Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kayoko Fukumori
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Takema Fukatsu
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Gregor Kölsch
- Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Institut für Zoologie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.,Maasen 6, 24107, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Evolutionary Ecology, Institute for Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jing TZ, Qi FH, Wang ZY. Most dominant roles of insect gut bacteria: digestion, detoxification, or essential nutrient provision? MICROBIOME 2020; 8:38. [PMID: 32178739 PMCID: PMC7077154 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insect gut microbiota has been shown to contribute to the host's digestion, detoxification, development, pathogen resistance, and physiology. However, there is poor information about the ranking of these roles. Most of these results were obtained with cultivable bacteria, whereas the bacterial physiology may be different between free-living and midgut-colonizing bacteria. In this study, we provided both proteomic and genomic evidence on the ranking of the roles of gut bacteria by investigating the anal droplets from a weevil, Cryptorhynchus lapathi. RESULTS The gut lumen and the anal droplets showed qualitatively and quantitatively different subsets of bacterial communities. The results of 16S rRNA sequencing showed that the gut lumen is dominated by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, whereas the anal droplets are dominated by Proteobacteria. From the anal droplets, enzymes involved in 31 basic roles that belong to 7 super roles were identified by Q-TOF MS. The cooperation between the weevil and its gut bacteria was determined by reconstructing community pathway maps, which are defined in this study. A score was used to rank the gut bacterial roles. The results from the proteomic data indicate that the most dominant role of gut bacteria is amino acid biosynthesis, followed by protein digestion, energy metabolism, vitamin biosynthesis, lipid digestion, plant secondary metabolite (PSM) degradation, and carbohydrate digestion, while the order from the genomic data is amino acid biosynthesis, vitamin biosynthesis, lipid digestion, energy metabolism, protein digestion, PSM degradation, and carbohydrate digestion. The PCA results showed that the gut bacteria form functional groups from the point of view of either the basic role or super role, and the MFA results showed that there are functional variations among gut bacteria. In addition, the variations between the proteomic and genomic data, analyzed with the HMFA method from the point of view of either the bacterial community or individual bacterial species, are presented. CONCLUSION The most dominant role of gut bacteria is essential nutrient provisioning, followed by digestion and detoxification. The weevil plays a pioneering role in diet digestion and mainly digests macromolecules into smaller molecules which are then mainly digested by gut bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Zhong Jing
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 China
| | - Feng-Hui Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Newsome SD, Feeser KL, Bradley CJ, Wolf C, Takacs-Vesbach C, Fogel ML. Isotopic and genetic methods reveal the role of the gut microbiome in mammalian host essential amino acid metabolism. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192995. [PMID: 32126953 PMCID: PMC7126075 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota perform many functions for their host, but among the most important is their role in metabolism, especially the conversion of recalcitrant biomass that the host is unable to digest into bioavailable compounds. Most studies have focused on the assistance gut microbiota provide in the metabolism of carbohydrates, however, their role in host amino acid metabolism is poorly understood. We conducted an experiment on Mus musculus using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and carbon isotope analysis of essential amino acids (AAESS) to quantify the community composition of gut microbiota and the contribution of carbohydrate carbon used by the gut microbiome to synthesize AAESS that are assimilated by mice to build skeletal muscle tissue. The relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes inversely varied as a function of dietary macromolecular content, with Firmicutes dominating when mice were fed low-protein diets that contained the highest proportions of simple carbohydrates (sucrose). Mixing models estimated that the microbial contribution of AAESS to mouse muscle varied from less than 5% (threonine, lysine, and phenylalanine) to approximately 60% (valine) across diet treatments, with the Firmicute-dominated microbiome associated with the greatest contribution. Our results show that intestinal microbes can provide a significant source of the AAESS their host uses to synthesize structural tissues. The role that gut microbiota play in the amino acid metabolism of animals that consume protein-deficient diets is likely a significant but under-recognized aspect of foraging ecology and physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth D Newsome
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Kelli L Feeser
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Christina J Bradley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury MD, USA.,College of Natural Science, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Caitlin Wolf
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | | | - Marilyn L Fogel
- College of Natural Science, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and EDGE Institute, University of California Riverside, Riverside CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kennedy SR, Tsau S, Gillespie R, Krehenwinkel H. Are you what you eat? A highly transient and prey-influenced gut microbiome in the grey house spider Badumna longinqua. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:1001-1015. [PMID: 32011756 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stable core microbial communities have been described in numerous animal species and are commonly associated with fitness benefits for their hosts. Recent research, however, highlights examples of species whose microbiota are transient and environmentally derived. Here, we test the effect of diet on gut microbial community assembly in the spider Badumna longinqua. Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing combined with quantitative PCR, we analyzed diversity and abundance of the spider's gut microbes, and simultaneously characterized its prey communities using nuclear rRNA markers. We found a clear correlation between community similarity of the spider's insect prey and gut microbial DNA, suggesting that microbiome assembly is primarily diet-driven. This assumption is supported by a feeding experiment, in which two types of prey-crickets and fruit flies-both substantially altered microbial diversity and community similarity between spiders, but did so in different ways. After cricket consumption, numerous cricket-derived microbes appeared in the spider's gut, resulting in a rapid homogenization of microbial communities among spiders. In contrast, few prey-associated bacteria were detected after consumption of fruit flies; instead, the microbial community was remodelled by environmentally sourced microbes, or abundance shifts of rare taxa in the spider's gut. The reshaping of the microbiota by both prey taxa mimicked a stable core microbiome in the spiders for several weeks post feeding. Our results suggest that the spider's gut microbiome undergoes pronounced temporal fluctuations, that its assembly is dictated by the consumed prey, and that different prey taxa may remodel the microbiota in drastically different ways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Kennedy
- Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Universität Trier Biogeographie, Trier, Germany.,Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Japan
| | - Sophia Tsau
- Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rosemary Gillespie
- Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Henrik Krehenwinkel
- Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Universität Trier Biogeographie, Trier, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Steffan SA, Dharampal PS, Danforth BN, Gaines-Day HR, Takizawa Y, Chikaraishi Y. Omnivory in Bees: Elevated Trophic Positions among All Major Bee Families. Am Nat 2019; 194:414-421. [DOI: 10.1086/704281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
32
|
Ng SH, Stat M, Bunce M, Simpson SJ, Simmons LW. Protein and carbohydrate intakes alter gut microbial community structure in crickets: a Geometric Framework approach. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 95:5528308. [PMID: 31271418 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins and carbohydrates have profound impacts on the ecology of gut microbiota, but disentangling the single and interactive effects of different dietary constituents is challenging. Here, we used a multidimensional approach, the Geometric Framework, to study the interactions between nutrition and bacterial abundances with respect to protein and carbohydrate intakes in field cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus. Our study revealed that species richness decreased as crickets consumed more macronutrients, and species evenness peaked at high intake of protein-rich diets. Sex and protein:carbohydrate (P:C) ratios in diets were the primary factors influencing the gut bacterial community, but most of the microbial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that were significantly different between males and females were present in low abundance. In contrast, protein intake had a greater influence than carbohydrate consumption on the relative abundances of the core bacterial taxa, as an increase in dietary protein availability could remove the growth constraint imposed by limited nitrogen. Taken together, the use of the Geometric Framework provides a deeper insight into how nutritional intakes influence the relative abundances of gut microbes, and could be a useful tool to integrate the study of gut microbiome and fitness traits in a host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Hwee Ng
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Michael Stat
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.,Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Michael Bunce
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, D17, Charles Perkins Centre Research and Education Hub, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leigh W Simmons
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pollierer MM, Larsen T, Potapov A, Brückner A, Heethoff M, Dyckmans J, Scheu S. Compound‐specific isotope analysis of amino acids as a new tool to uncover trophic chains in soil food webs. ECOL MONOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M. Pollierer
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Untere Karspüle 2 37073 Göttingen Germany
| | - Thomas Larsen
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Kahlaische Straße 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Anton Potapov
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Untere Karspüle 2 37073 Göttingen Germany
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 33 119071 Moscow Russia
| | - Adrian Brückner
- Ecological Networks Technische Universität Darmstadt Schnittspahnstraße 3 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Michael Heethoff
- Ecological Networks Technische Universität Darmstadt Schnittspahnstraße 3 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Jens Dyckmans
- Centre for Stable Isotope Research and Analysis Büsgen‐Institute University of Göttingen Büsgenweg 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Untere Karspüle 2 37073 Göttingen Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use University of Göttingen Von‐Siebold‐Straße 8 37075 Göttingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dharampal PS, Carlson C, Currie CR, Steffan SA. Pollen-borne microbes shape bee fitness. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182894. [PMID: 31185869 PMCID: PMC6571465 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Teeming within pollen provisions are diverse communities of symbiotic microbes, which provide a variety of benefits to bees. Microbes themselves may represent a major dietary resource for developing bee larvae. Despite their apparent importance in sustaining bee health, evidence linking pollen-borne microbes to larval health is currently lacking. We examined the effects of microbe-deficient diets on the fitness of larval mason bees. In a series of diet manipulations, microbe-rich maternally collected pollen provisions were replaced with increasing fractions of sterilized, microbe-deficient pollen provisions before being fed to developing larvae. Convergent findings from amino acid and fatty acid trophic biomarker analyses revealed that larvae derived a substantial amount of nutrition from microbial prey and occupied a significantly higher trophic position than that of strict herbivores. Larvae feeding on increasingly sterile diets experienced significant adverse effects on growth rates, biomass and survivorship. When completely deprived of pollen-borne microbes, larvae consistently exhibited marked decline in fitness. We conclude that microbes associated with aged pollen provisions are central to bee health, not only as nutritional mutualists, but also as a major dietary component. In an era of global bee decline, the conservation of such bee-microbe interactions may represent an important facet of pollinator protection strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Caitlin Carlson
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cameron R. Currie
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shawn A. Steffan
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- USDA-ARS, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mason CJ, Campbell AM, Scully ED, Hoover K. Bacterial and Fungal Midgut Community Dynamics and Transfer Between Mother and Brood in the Asian Longhorned Beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), an Invasive Xylophage. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 77:230-242. [PMID: 29948017 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Microbial symbionts play pivotal roles in the ecology and physiology of insects feeding in woody plants. Both eukaryotic and bacterial members occur in these systems where they facilitate digestive and nutrient provisioning. The larval gut of the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) is associated with a microbial consortium that fulfills these metabolic roles. While members of the community vary in presence and abundance among individuals from different hosts, A. glabripennis is consistently associated with a fungus in the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC). We used amplicon sequencing, taxon-specific PCR, culturing, and imaging to determine how bacterial and fungal communities differ between life stages and possible modes of symbiont transfer. The bacterial and fungal communities of adult guts were more diverse than those from larvae and eggs. The communities of larvae and eggs were more similar to those from oviposition sites than from adult female guts. FSSC isolates were not detected in the reproductive tissues of adult females, but were consistently detected on egg surfaces after oviposition and in frass. These results demonstrate that frass can serve as a vehicle of transmission of a subset for the beetle gut microbiota. Vertically transmitted symbionts are often beneficial to their host, warranting subsequent functional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Mason
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, 16823, USA.
| | - Alexander M Campbell
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, 16823, USA
| | - Erin D Scully
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, 16823, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Al-Hatmi AMS, Ahmed SA, van Diepeningen AD, Drogari-Apiranthitou M, Verweij PE, Meis JF, de Hoog GS. Fusarium metavorans sp. nov.: The frequent opportunist 'FSSC6'. Med Mycol 2018. [PMID: 29538734 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) is the most common group of fusaria associated with superficial and life-threatening infections in humans. Here we formally introduce Fusarium metavorans sp. nov., widely known as FSSC6 (Fusarium solani species complex lineage 6), one of the most frequent agents of human opportunistic infections. The species is described with multilocus molecular data including sequences of internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), portions of the translation elongation factor 1-a gene (TEF1), and the partial RNA polymerase II gene (rPB2). A phylogenetic approach was used to evaluate species delimitation. Topologies of the trees were concordant. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the FSSC consists of three major clades encompassing a large number of phylogenetic species; Fusarium metavorans corresponds to phylogenetic species 6 within FSSC clade 3. The species has a global distribution and a wide ecological amplitude, also including strains from soil and agents of opportunistic plant disease; it was also isolated from the gut of the wood-boring cerambycid beetle Anoplophora glabripennis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M S Al-Hatmi
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboud University Medical Centre/ Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Ministry of Health, Directorate General of Health Services, Ibri, Oman
| | - Sarah A Ahmed
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Anne D van Diepeningen
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Plant Research, BU Biointeractions and Plant Health, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Drogari-Apiranthitou
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Paul E Verweij
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboud University Medical Centre/ Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University, Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques F Meis
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboud University Medical Centre/ Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboud University Medical Centre/ Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Basic Pathology Department, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Scully ED, Geib SM, Mason CJ, Carlson JE, Tien M, Chen HY, Harding S, Tsai CJ, Hoover K. Host-plant induced changes in microbial community structure and midgut gene expression in an invasive polyphage (Anoplophora glabripennis). Sci Rep 2018; 8:9620. [PMID: 29942001 PMCID: PMC6018227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphagous insect herbivores possess diverse mechanisms to overcome challenges of feeding in multiple plant species including, but not limited to, transcriptional plasticity and associations with obligate or facultative symbionts. The Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) is a polyphagous wood-feeder capable of developing on over 100 tree species and, like other polyphages, its genome contains amplifications of digestive and detoxification genes. This insect also possesses a diverse gut microbial community, which has the metabolic potential to augment digestive physiology. While the genomic repertoires of A. glabripennis and its microbial community have been studied previously, comparatively less is known about how the gut transcriptome and community change in response to feeding in different hosts. In this study, we show that feeding in two suitable hosts (Acer spp. and Populus nigra) altered the expression levels of multicopy genes linked to digestion and detoxification. However, feeding in a host with documented resistance (Populus tomentosa) induced changes in the transcriptome and community beyond what was observed in insects reared in P. nigra, including the downregulation of numerous β-glucosidases, odorant binding proteins, and juvenile hormone binding proteins, the upregulation of several cuticular genes, and the loss of one major bacterial family from the gut community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Scully
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, USDA-ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA.
| | - Scott M Geib
- Tropical Crop and Commodity Protection Research Unit, USDA-ARS Daniel K. Inouye Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Charles J Mason
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - John E Carlson
- The Schatz Center for Tree Molecular Genetics, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology (World Class University), Chonnam National University, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea
| | - Ming Tien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Han-Yi Chen
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2152, USA
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Scott Harding
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2152, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7223, USA
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2152, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7223, USA
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mason CJ, Long DC, McCarthy EM, Nagachar N, Rosa C, Scully ED, Tien M, Hoover K. Within gut physicochemical variation does not correspond to distinct resident fungal and bacterial communities in the tree-killing xylophage, Anoplophora glabripennis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 102:27-35. [PMID: 28823530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Insect guts harbor diverse microbial assemblages that can be influenced by multiple factors, including gut physiology and interactions by the host with its environment. The Asian longhorned beetle (A. glabripennis; Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) is an invasive tree-killing insect that harbors a diverse consortium of fungal and bacterial gut associates that provision nutrients and facilitate lignocellulose digestion. The physicochemical conditions of the A. glabripennis gut and how these conditions may influence the microbial composition across gut regions are unknown. In this study, we used microsensors to measure in situ oxygen concentrations, pH, and redox potential along the length of the A. glabripennis larval gut from two North American populations. We then analyzed and compared bacterial and fungal gut communities of A. glabripennis within individual hosts along the length of the gut using 16S and ITS1 amplicon sequencing. The A. glabripennis midgut lumen was relatively anoxic (<0.01kPa) with a pH gradient from 5.5 to 9, moving anterior to posterior. Redox potential was higher in the anterior midgut relative to posterior regions. No differences in physicochemistry were measured between the two populations of the beetle, but the two populations harbored different communities of bacteria and fungi. However, microbial composition of the A. glabripennis gut microbiota did not differ among gut regions despite physicochemical differences. Unlike other insect systems that have distinct gut compartmentalization and corresponding microbial assemblages, the A. glabripennis gut lacks dramatic morphological modifications, which may explain why discrete microbial community structures were not found along the digestive system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Mason
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - David C Long
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Elizabeth M McCarthy
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nivedita Nagachar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Cristina Rosa
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Erin D Scully
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Ming Tien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Baldo L, Pretus JL, Riera JL, Musilova Z, Bitja Nyom AR, Salzburger W. Convergence of gut microbiotas in the adaptive radiations of African cichlid fishes. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 11:1975-1987. [PMID: 28509910 PMCID: PMC5560477 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ecoevolutionary dynamics of the gut microbiota at the macroscale level, that is, in across-species comparisons, are largely driven by ecological variables and host genotype. The repeated explosive radiations of African cichlid fishes in distinct lakes, following a dietary diversification in a context of reduced genetic diversity, provide a natural setup to explore convergence, divergence and repeatability in patterns of microbiota dynamics as a function of the host diet, phylogeny and environment. Here we characterized by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing the gut microbiota of 29 cichlid species from two distinct lakes/radiations (Tanganyika and Barombi Mbo) and across a broad dietary and phylogenetic range. Within each lake, a significant deviation between a carnivorous and herbivorous lifestyle was found. Herbivore species were characterized by an increased bacterial taxonomic and functional diversity and converged in key compositional and functional community aspects. Despite a significant lake effect on the microbiota structure, this process has occurred with remarkable parallels in the two lakes. A metabolic signature most likely explains this trend, as indicated by a significant enrichment in herbivores/omnivores of bacterial taxa and functions associated with fiber degradation and detoxification of plant chemical compounds. Overall, compositional and functional aspects of the gut microbiota individually and altogether validate and predict main cichlid dietary habits, suggesting a fundamental role of gut bacteria in cichlid niche expansion and adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Baldo
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Lluís Pretus
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Lluís Riera
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zuzana Musilova
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Zoology, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yarnes CT, Herszage J. The relative influence of derivatization and normalization procedures on the compound-specific stable isotope analysis of nitrogen in amino acids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:693-704. [PMID: 28168754 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Within the last decade, applications of compound-specific stable isotope analysis of nitrogen (δ15 N values) in amino acids (CSIA-AA) have developed rapidly, particularly within organismal ecology. Unlike with bulk stable isotope analysis (BSIA), the reproducibility of δ15 N-AA measurements has not been critically assessed. Two primary concerns include the diversity of techniques available for the derivatization of amino acids prior to analysis by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) and the myriad of standardization practices and quality assurance procedures used across studies. METHODS We examined the relative effect of three normalization procedures, (1) internal reference calibration, (2) compound-specific calibration, and (3) scale-normalization, on the accuracy and precision of δ15 N-AA measurements by GC/C/IRMS and the comparability of δ15 N-AA measurements by two derivatization techniques, methoxycarbonylation-esterification and acetylation-esterification, across a range of organisms. RESULTS The overall accuracy and precision of δ15 N-AA measurements were improved following both compound-specific calibration and scale-normalization, as was the comparability of δ15 N-AA measurements of individual amino acids between derivatization techniques across organisms. The mean difference of scale-normalized δ15 N-AA values across all organisms between the two derivatization techniques was 0.19‰, much less than the typical analytical error associated with δ15 N-AA measurements (±1‰). CONCLUSIONS: Adoption of standardized calibration procedures will be important to establishing reproducibility in δ15 N-AA measurements, particularly across derivatization techniques. It is both technically practical and desirable for users of CSIA-AA to adopt practices in quality control and assessment similar to those outlined for BSIA, including the compound-specific calibration of δ15 N-AA values, followed by scale-normalization. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Yarnes
- Stable Isotope Facility, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Julian Herszage
- Stable Isotope Facility, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Contrasting diets reveal metabolic plasticity in the tree-killing beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae). Sci Rep 2016; 6:33813. [PMID: 27654346 PMCID: PMC5031968 DOI: 10.1038/srep33813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wood-feeding insects encounter challenging diets containing low protein quantities, recalcitrant carbohydrate sources, and plant defensive compounds. The Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) is a wood-feeding insect that attacks and kills a diversity of hardwood tree species. We compared gene expression of midguts collected from larvae feeding in a preferred tree, sugar maple, to those consuming a nutrient-rich artificial diet, to identify genes putatively involved in host plant utilization. Anoplophora glabripennis larvae exhibited differential expression of ~3600 genes in response to different diets. Genes with predicted capacity for plant and microbial carbohydrate usage, detoxification, nutrient recycling, and immune-related genes relevant for facilitating interactions with microbial symbionts were upregulated in wood-feeding larvae compared to larvae feeding in artificial diet. Upregulation of genes involved in protein degradation and synthesis was also observed, suggesting that proteins incur more rapid turnover in insects consuming wood. Additionally, wood-feeding individuals exhibited elevated expression of several mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase genes, suggesting increased aerobic respiration compared to diet-fed larvae. These results indicate that A. glabripennis modulates digestive and basal gene expression when larvae are feeding in a nutrient-poor, yet suitable host plant compared to a tractable and nutrient-rich diet that is free of plant defensive compounds.
Collapse
|
42
|
Larsen T, Ventura M, Maraldo K, Triadó-Margarit X, Casamayor EO, Wang YV, Andersen N, O'Brien DM. The dominant detritus-feeding invertebrate in Arctic peat soils derives its essential amino acids from gut symbionts. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:1275-85. [PMID: 27322934 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Supplementation of nutrients by symbionts enables consumers to thrive on resources that might otherwise be insufficient to meet nutritional demands. Such nutritional subsidies by intracellular symbionts have been well studied; however, supplementation of de novo synthesized nutrients to hosts by extracellular gut symbionts is poorly documented, especially for generalists with relatively undifferentiated intestinal tracts. Although gut symbionts facilitate degradation of resources that would otherwise remain inaccessible to the host, such digestive actions alone cannot make up for dietary insufficiencies of macronutrients such as essential amino acids (EAA). Documenting whether gut symbionts also function as partners for symbiotic EAA supplementation is important because the question of how some detritivores are able to subsist on nutritionally insufficient diets has remained unresolved. To answer this poorly understood nutritional aspect of symbiont-host interactions, we studied the enchytraeid worm, a bulk soil feeder that thrives in Arctic peatlands. In a combined field and laboratory study, we employed stable isotope fingerprinting of amino acids to identify the biosynthetic origins of amino acids to bacteria, fungi and plants in enchytraeids. Enchytraeids collected from Arctic peatlands derived more than 80% of their EAA from bacteria. In a controlled feeding study with the enchytraeid Enchytraeus crypticus, EAA derived almost exclusively from gut bacteria when the worms fed on higher fibre diets, whereas most of the enchytraeids' EAA derived from dietary sources when fed on lower fibre diets. Our gene sequencing results of gut microbiota showed that the worms harbour several taxa in their gut lumen absent from their diets and substrates. Almost all gut taxa are candidates for EAA supplementation because almost all belong to clades capable of biosynthesizing EAA. Our study provides the first evidence of extensive symbiotic supplementation of EAA by microbial gut symbionts and demonstrates that symbiotic bacteria in the gut lumen appear to function as partners both for symbiotic EAA supplementation and for digestion of insoluble plant fibres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Larsen
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé, Postbox 50, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.,Leibniz-Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Stable Isotope Research, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marc Ventura
- Integrative Freshwater Ecology Group, Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 17300 Blanes, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Kristine Maraldo
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé, Postbox 50, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Xavier Triadó-Margarit
- Integrative Freshwater Ecology Group, Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 17300 Blanes, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Emilio O Casamayor
- Integrative Freshwater Ecology Group, Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 17300 Blanes, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Yiming V Wang
- Leibniz-Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Stable Isotope Research, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nils Andersen
- Leibniz-Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Stable Isotope Research, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Diane M O'Brien
- Institute of Arctic Biology and Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775-7000, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Genome Sequence of Fusarium Isolate MYA-4552 from the Midgut of Anoplophora glabripennis, an Invasive, Wood-Boring Beetle. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/4/e00544-16. [PMID: 27445364 PMCID: PMC4956437 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00544-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) is a clade of environmentally ubiquitous fungi that includes plant, animal, and insect associates. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of the undescribed species FSSC 6 (isolate MYA-4552), housed in the gut of the wood-boring cerambycid beetle Anoplophora glabripennis.
Collapse
|
44
|
Ayayee PA, Larsen T, Sabree Z. Symbiotic essential amino acids provisioning in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus) under various dietary conditions. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2046. [PMID: 27231663 PMCID: PMC4878363 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect gut microbes have been shown to provide nutrients such as essential amino acids (EAAs) to their hosts. How this symbiotic nutrient provisioning tracks with the host’s demand is not well understood. In this study, we investigated microbial essential amino acid (EAA) provisioning in omnivorous American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana), fed low-quality (LQD) and comparatively higher-quality dog food (DF) diets using carbon stable isotope ratios of EAAs (δ13CEAA). We assessed non-dietary EAA input, quantified as isotopic offsets (Δ13C) between cockroach (δ13CCockroach EAA) and dietary (δ13CDietary EAA) EAAs, and subsequently determined biosynthetic origins of non-dietary EAAs in cockroaches using 13C-fingerprinting with dietary and representative bacterial and fungal δ13CEAA. Investigation of biosynthetic origins of de novo non-dietary EAAs indicated bacterial origins of EAA in cockroach appendage samples, and a mixture of fungal and bacterial EAA origins in gut filtrate samples for both LQD and DF-fed groups. We attribute the bacteria-derived EAAs in cockroach appendages to provisioning by the fat body residing obligate endosymbiont, Blattabacterium and gut-residing bacteria. The mixed signatures of gut filtrate samples are attributed to the presence of unassimilated dietary, as well as gut microbial (bacterial and fungal) EAAs. This study highlights the potential impacts of dietary quality on symbiotic EAA provisioning and the need for further studies investigating the interplay between host EAA demands, host dietary quality and symbiotic EAA provisioning in response to dietary sufficiency or deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Ayayee
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University , USA
| | - Thomas Larsen
- Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Stable Isotope Research, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Zakee Sabree
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University , USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Halloran A, Roos N, Eilenberg J, Cerutti A, Bruun S. Life cycle assessment of edible insects for food protein: a review. AGRONOMY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2016; 36:57. [PMID: 32010238 PMCID: PMC6961468 DOI: 10.1007/s13593-016-0392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Compared to their vertebrate counterparts in traditional husbandry, insects are extremely efficient at converting organic matter into animal protein and dietary energy. For this reason, insects for food and feed show great potential as an environmentally friendly choice in future food systems. However, to obtain a true assessment of this, more information is needed about the production systems. Currently, only six studies applying the life cycle assessment (LCA) method to insect production systems have been published. The studies are heterogenous and thus difficult to compare. The aim of this paper was to establish a versatile reference framework that would allow for the selection of standardized settings for LCA applications in insect production systems, taking both the peculiarity of each system and the latest developments in food LCA into account. It is recommended that future LCAs of insect production systems take the following into account: (1) clear definition of the insect species and life stages included in the LCA, (2) use of at least two of the following types of functional units: nutritional, mass, or economic-based, (3) collection of empirical data in situ (e.g., on farms/production sites), (4) comparative analysis where production systems produce products that are realistic alternatives to the insect species under investigation, (5) inclusion of additional or previously unconsidered unit processes, such as processing and storage and waste management, and (6) use of a wide range of impact categories, especially climate change, resource consumption, nutrient enrichment potential, acidification potential, and impacts on land and water consumption in order to allow for comparison between studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afton Halloran
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 25, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Nanna Roos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 25, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Eilenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alessandro Cerutti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Food, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Gugliasco, Turin Italy
| | - Sander Bruun
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ayayee PA, Jones SC, Sabree ZL. Can (13)C stable isotope analysis uncover essential amino acid provisioning by termite-associated gut microbes? PeerJ 2015; 3:e1218. [PMID: 26336647 PMCID: PMC4556154 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut-associated microbes of insects are postulated to provide a variety of nutritional functions including provisioning essential amino acids (EAAs). Demonstrations of EAA provisioning in insect-gut microbial systems, nonetheless, are scant. In this study, we investigated whether the eastern subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes sourced EAAs from its gut-associated microbiota. δ (13)CEAA data from termite carcass, termite gut filtrate and dietary (wood) samples were determined following (13)C stable isotope analysis. Termite carcass samples (-27.0 ± 0.4‰, mean ± s.e.) were significantly different from termite gut filtrate samples (-27.53 ± 0.5‰), but not the wood diet (-26.0 ± 0.5‰) (F (2,64) = 6, P < 0.0052). δ (13)CEAA-offsets between termite samples and diet suggested possible non-dietary EAA input. Predictive modeling identified gut-associated bacteria and fungi, respectively as potential major and minor sources of EAAs in both termite carcass and gut filtrate samples, based on δ (13)CEAA data of four and three EAAs from representative bacteria, fungi and plant data. The wood diet, however, was classified as fungal rather than plant in origin by the model. This is attributed to fungal infestation of the wood diet in the termite colony. This lowers the confidence with which gut microbes (bacteria and fungi) can be attributed with being the source of EAA input to the termite host. Despite this limitation, this study provides tentative data in support of hypothesized EAA provisioning by gut microbes, and also a baseline/framework upon which further work can be carried out to definitively verify this function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Ayayee
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Susan C. Jones
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zakee L. Sabree
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|