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Yi XQ, Xie B, Hu Y, Gong TJ, Chen M, Cui XJ. Association between acetaminophen administration and outcomes in critically ill patients with gout and hypertension. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1445975. [PMID: 39193324 PMCID: PMC11348437 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1445975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Acetaminophen is a commonly used medication, yet its recommendation for patients with comorbid conditions of gout and hypertension is contradictory, and the impact of its usage on clinical outcomes in real-world practical settings remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between acetaminophen administration and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients with gout and hypertension, utilizing real-world data. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted based on the MIMIC-IV (Medical Information Mart in Intensive Care-IV) database. Adult critically ill patients with gout and hypertension were included in the analysis. The exposure was acetaminophen use during ICU stay. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. The secondary endpoints were frequent hospitalization, 30-day, and 60-day all-cause mortality, and incidence of hypertensive emergencies. Propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted at a 1:1 ratio. Multivariable analyses were used to adjust for confounders. Results The pre-matched and propensity score-matched cohorts included 2448 and 1012 patients, respectively. In the PSM analysis, in-hospital mortality was 9.7% (49/506) in the acetaminophen use group and 12.1% (61/506) in the no use group. Acetaminophen use was associated with a decrease in-hospital mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.41-0.92; P = 0.018). In terms of secondary endpoints, after PSM, there was no statistically significant difference for both 30-day and 60-day all-cause mortality reductions in the acetaminophen use group, and HRs were 0.78 (95% CI 0.55-1.11; P = 0.175), and 0.75 (95% CI 0.55-1.02; P = 0.069), respectively. According to the analysis of dosage and treatment group, the use of APAP within the dosage range of 2-4 g and within 3-5 days of treatment significantly reduced the mortality rate of the entire cohort and PSM cohort, with statistical differences. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that lower in-hospital mortality was consistent across different baselines (age, gender, BMI, liver disease, and renal disease), with no interactions in all subgroups (interaction p-values >0.05), thereby affirming the robustness and reliability of the findings. Conclusion Acetaminophen use was associated with lower in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients with gout and hypertension. Prospective studies are needed to verify this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Yi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu First People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian-Jiao Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Jiao Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Miller JB, Hrabec D, Krishnamoorthy V, Kinni H, Brook RD. Evaluation and management of hypertensive emergency. BMJ 2024; 386:e077205. [PMID: 39059997 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2023-077205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Hypertensive emergencies cause substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly when acute organ injury is present. Careful and effective strategies to reduce blood pressure and diminish the effects of pressure-mediated injury are essential. While the selection of specific antihypertensive medications varies little across different forms of hypertensive emergencies, the intensity of blood pressure reduction to the target pressure differs substantially. Treatment hinges on balancing the positive effects of lowering blood pressure with the potential for negative effects of organ hypoperfusion in patients with altered autoregulatory mechanisms. When patients do not have acute organ injury in addition to severe hypertension, they benefit from a conservative, outpatient approach to blood pressure management. In all cases, long term control of blood pressure is paramount to prevent recurrent hypertensive emergencies and improve overall prognosis. This review discusses the current evidence and guidelines on the evaluation and management of hypertensive emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Miller
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Henry Ford Health and Michigan State University Health Sciences, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Hrabec
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Henry Ford Health and Michigan State University Health Sciences, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Vijay Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Harish Kinni
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert D Brook
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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3
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Cheng Y, Qin W, Lin L, Gao Y, Li M. Urinary complement factor D is increased in primary malignant hypertension: a single-center, cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16253. [PMID: 39009768 PMCID: PMC11251191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Kidney injury is one of the detrimental consequences of primary malignant hypertension (pMHTN). There is a paucity of non-invasive biomarkers to enhance diagnosis and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. This study aims to explore urine protein biomarkers for pMHTN associated renal damage. In the discovery phase, urine samples were collected from 8 pMHTN, 19 disease controls (DCs), and 5 healthy controls (HCs). In-gel digestion combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach was used for identification of proteins associated with pMHTN. In the validation phase, the differentially expressed proteins were validated by ELISA assay in cohort with 10 pMHTN patients, 37 DCs, and 30 HCs. Compared to DCs and HCs, a specific band between 15 and 25 kDa was found in 7 out of 8 patients with pMHTN. Further LC-MS/MS analysis revealed 5 differentially expressed proteins. ELISA validation demonstrated that urinary complement factor D (CFD) was significantly up regulated in pMHTN. By receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, urinary CFD/Cr showed moderate potential in discriminating pMHTN from DCs (the area under curve: 0.822, 95% CI 0.618-0.962). Urinary CFD may be a potential biomarker for pMHTN with its elevation indicative of the activation of the alternative complement pathway in pMHTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Weiwei Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, 266071, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gene Engineering Drug and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Liling Lin
- Department of Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Youhe Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gene Engineering Drug and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Mingxi Li
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
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4
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Liu C, Ruan Y, Huang R, Fang L, Wu T, Lv Y, Cui L, Liao Y, Wang B, Chen Z, Su D, Ma Y, Han S, Guan X, Cui J, Yao Y, Wang Y, Wang M, Liu R, Zhang Y. Efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in solid tumor patients combined with chronic coronary syndromes or its risk factor: a nationwide multicenter cohort study. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:159. [PMID: 38850359 PMCID: PMC11162406 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-024-03747-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been widely applied in the therapy of malignant tumors, the efficacy and safety of ICIs in patients with tumors and pre-existing CAD, especially chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) or their risk factors (CRF), is not well identified. METHODS This was a nationwide multicenter observational study that enrolled participants who diagnosed with solid tumors and received ICIs therapy. The main efficacy indicators were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), followed by objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR). Safety was assessed by describing treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) during ICIs therapy evaluated by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events 5.0 (CTCAE 5.0). RESULTS In the current research, we retrospectively analyzed the data of 551 patients diagnosed with solid tumors and received ICIs therapy, and these patients were divided into CCS/CRF group and non-CCS/CRF group. Patients with CCS/CRF had more favorable PFS and OS than patients without CCS/CRF (P < 0.001) and the pre-existing CCS/CRF was a protective factor for survival. The ORR (51.8% vs. 39.1%) and DCR (95.8% vs. 89.2%) were higher in CCS/CRF group than in non-CCS/CRF group (P = 0.003, P = 0.006). In this study, there was no significant difference in treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs), including immune-related adverse events (irAEs), between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that ICIs appear to have better efficacy in malignant solid tumor patients with pre-existing CCS/CRF and are not accompanied by more serious irAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
- Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer in Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology in Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Yuli Ruan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
- Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer in Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Shangluo Central Hospital, Shangluo, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
- Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer in Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Lv
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Luying Cui
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology in Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanyu Liao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology in Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Bojun Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
- Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer in Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
- Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer in Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Dan Su
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
- Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer in Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
- Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer in Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Shuling Han
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
- Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer in Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Guan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
- Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer in Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Cui
- Department of Oncology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, China
| | - Yang Yao
- Department of Oncology Medicine, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Unit 2, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- The Second Department of Oncology, Beidahuang Industry Group General Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer in Heilongjiang, Harbin, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology in Heilongjiang, Harbin, China.
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Giani V, Valobra T, Capsoni N, Galasso M, De Censi L, Ferretti C, Sultana A, Giacalone A, Garofani I, Bombelli M, Ceresa C, Gheda S, Agostoni EC, Galbiati F, Giannattasio C, Maloberti A. Neurological hypertensive emergencies: Correlation of blood pressure values with in-hospital outcomes in ischemic stroke. Eur J Intern Med 2024; 124:61-68. [PMID: 38296661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2024.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few certainties exist regarding optimal management of Blood Pressure (BP) in the very first hours after an ischemic stroke and many questions remain still unanswered. Our work aimed to evaluate the role of BP and its trend as possible determinants of in-hospital mortality (primary outcome), discharge disabilities and hospitalization length (secondary outcomes) in ischemic stroke patients presented with Hypertensive Emergencies (HE). METHODS We retrospectively evaluated patients presented to Niguarda Hospital, Emergency Department (ED), from 2015 to 2017 with a neurological ischemic HE. BP at ED presentation (T0), its management in ED (T1) and its values at the stroke unit admission (T2) were evaluated. RESULTS 267 patients were included (0.13 % of all ED accesses and 17.9 % of all ischemic strokes). In the whole population, BP values were not associated with in-hospital mortality while T0 and T2 SBP result were associated to discharge disability and hospitalization length. In pre-specified subgroup analysis these associations were confirmed only in untreated subjects (not anti-hypertensive nor thrombolysis). In fact, no significant relationship can be found between BP values and any secondary outcome in thrombolysis and anti-hypertensive treated patients. CONCLUSIONS BP values and its management can not be related to in-hospital mortality in stroke patients, presented with HE, while they are associated to discharge disability and hospitalization length. In subgroup analysis, results were confirmed only in untreated (not anti-hypertensive therapies nor thrombolytic).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Giani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Milan-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Valobra
- Pio XI Hospital of Desio, Internal Medicine Department, ASST Brianza, Desio, Italy
| | - Nicolò Capsoni
- Emergency Department, ASST Niguarda Ca Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Galasso
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Milan-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo De Censi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Milan-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Ferretti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Milan-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Sultana
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Milan-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Garofani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Milan-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Bombelli
- Pio XI Hospital of Desio, Internal Medicine Department, ASST Brianza, Desio, Italy
| | - Chiara Ceresa
- Neurology, ASST Niguarda Ca Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Gheda
- Emergency Department, ASST Niguarda Ca Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Galbiati
- Emergency Department, ASST Niguarda Ca Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Giannattasio
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Milan-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy; Cardiology 4, ASST Niguarda Ca Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Maloberti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Milan-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy; Cardiology 4, ASST Niguarda Ca Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy.
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6
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Seccia TM, Rossitto G, Rossi GP. A Worrying and Puzzling Case of Hypertension Presenting to the Emergency Department. Hypertension 2024; 81:1179-1185. [PMID: 38748766 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.22108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Seccia
- Internal Emergency Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Specialized Center for Blood Pressure Disorders-Regione Veneto, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossitto
- Internal Emergency Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Specialized Center for Blood Pressure Disorders-Regione Veneto, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Rossi
- Internal Emergency Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Specialized Center for Blood Pressure Disorders-Regione Veneto, Italy
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Ueno M, Fujii W, Ono W, Murata H, Fujigaki Y, Shibata S. Renin Inhibition and the Long-Term Renal Function in Patients With Hypertensive Emergency: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Am J Hypertens 2024; 37:407-414. [PMID: 37819695 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rehospitalization rate in a hypertensive emergency is high, indicating the necessity for optimizing its long-term management. The role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade in this disorder remains uncertain. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis involving 20 admitted patients who received aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor (DRI), for the management of hypertensive emergency associated with elevated plasma renin activity (PRA). We analyzed the changes in blood pressure (BP), kidney function, and RAS activity in the subacute and chronic phases. RESULTS The use of DRI was associated with a marked reduction in PRA (median, from 25.0 to 1.2 ng/ml/h) and serum aldosterone levels (from 404 to 130 pg/ml) during the index admission. BP also decreased from 226/143 to 142/80 mm Hg. A comparison of clinical characteristics according to the renal function indicated that dialysis-dependent patients had higher aldosterone levels than non-dialysis-dependent patients at admission, despite comparable BP levels. After a median follow-up of 567 days in non-dialysis-dependent patients with DRI, eGFR levels were significantly increased from 14.3 to 23.1 ml/min/1.73 m2. PRA levels were consistently suppressed at 0.8 ng/ml/h. We found a significant correlation between the degree of PRA suppression and changes in eGFR (r = -0.58), indicating that the effective blockade of RAS is associated with the preservation of eGFR in the study subjects. CONCLUSIONS DRI can successfully suppress PRA in patients with high-renin hypertensive emergency in both subacute and chronic phases. An efficient RAS blockade is associated with preserved renal function in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ueno
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujii
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Ono
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Fujigaki
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shibata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Boulestreau R, Śpiewak M, Januszewicz A, Kreutz R, Guzik TJ, Januszewicz M, Muiesan ML, Persu A, Sarafidis P, Volpe M, Zaleska-Żmijewska A, van den Born BJH, Messerli FH. Malignant Hypertension:A Systemic Cardiovascular Disease: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024; 83:1688-1701. [PMID: 38658108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Malignant hypertension (MHT) is a hypertensive emergency with excessive blood pressure (BP) elevation and accelerated disease progression. MHT is characterized by acute microvascular damage and autoregulation failure affecting the retina, brain, heart, kidney, and vascular tree. BP must be lowered within hours to mitigate patient risk. Both absolute BP levels and the pace of BP rise determine risk of target-organ damage. Nonadherence to the antihypertensive regimen remains the most common cause for MHT, although antiangiogenic and immunosuppressant therapy can also trigger hypertensive emergencies. Depending on the clinical presentation, parenteral or oral therapy can be used to initiate BP lowering. Evidence-based outcome data are spotty or lacking in MHT. With effective treatment, the prognosis for MHT has improved; however, patients remain at high risk of adverse cardiovascular and kidney outcomes. In this review, we summarize current viewpoints on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of MHT; highlight research gaps; and propose strategies to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Boulestreau
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR Inserm 1034, Service des maladies coronaires et vasculaires, CHU de Bordeaux, INI-CRCT network, Pessac, France
| | - Mateusz Śpiewak
- Magnetic Resonance Unit, Department of Radiology, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Januszewicz
- Department of Hypertension, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Reinhold Kreutz
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Department of Medicine and Omicron Medical Genomics Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland; Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maria Lorenza Muiesan
- European Society of Hypertension (ESH) Excellence Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alexandre Persu
- Division of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pantelis Sarafidis
- 1st Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Massimo Volpe
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Zaleska-Żmijewska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Ophthalmic Teaching Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bert-Jan H van den Born
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Franz H Messerli
- Department of Cardiology and Biomedical Research, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Jagiellonian University Kraków, Poland.
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Hamdy A, El-Bassossy HM, Elshazly SM, El-Sayed SS. Rosuvastatin, but not atorvastatin, enhances the antihypertensive effect of cilostazol in an acute model of hypertension. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:2321-2334. [PMID: 37819392 PMCID: PMC10933198 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypertensive emergency, a sudden and severe increase in blood pressure, necessitates immediate intervention to avoid end-organ damage. Cilostazol, a selective phosphodiesterase-III inhibitor, has vasodilator effect. Here, we investigated the effect of two commonly used statins, atorvastatin or rosuvastatin, on cilostazol antihypertensive activity in acute model of hypertension. METHODS Hypertensive emergency was induced via angiotensin II intravenous infusion (120 ng.kg-1.min-1). Rats were subjected to real-time arterial hemodynamics and electrocardiogram recording while investigated drugs were injected slowly at cumulative doses 0.5, 1, and 2 mg.kg-1, individually or in combination, followed by baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) analysis and serum electrolytes (Na+ and K+) and vasomodulators (norepinephrine (NE), and nitric oxide (NO)) assessment. RESULTS Cilostazol reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP), while co-injection with rosuvastatin augmented cilostazol SBP-reduction up to 30 mmHg. Compared to atorvastatin, rosuvastatin boosted the cilostazol-associated reduction in peripheral resistance, as evidenced by further decrease in diastolic, pulse, and dicrotic-notch pressures. Rosuvastatin co-injection prevented cilostazol-induced changes of ejection and non-ejection durations. Additionally, rosuvastatin coadministration produced better restoration of BRS, with an observed augmented increase in BRS indexes from spectral analysis. Greater reduction in sympathetic/parasympathetic ratio and serum NE upon rosuvastatin coadministration indicates further shift in sympathovagal balance towards parasympathetic dominance. Additionally, rosuvastatin coinjection caused a greater decrease in serum sodium, while more increase in NO indicating augmented reduction of extracellular volume and endothelial dysfunction. CONCLUSION Rosuvastatin boosted cilostazol's antihypertensive actions through effects on peripheral resistance, BRS, sympathovagal balance, endothelial dysfunction, and electrolytes balance, while atorvastatin did not demonstrate a comparable impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hamdy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Hany M El-Bassossy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Shimaa M Elshazly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa S El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
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10
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Manolis AJ, Kallistratos MS, Koutsaki M, Doumas M, Poulimenos LE, Parissis J, Polyzogopoulou E, Pittaras A, Muiesan ML, Mancia G. The diagnostic approach and management of hypertension in the emergency department. Eur J Intern Med 2024; 121:17-24. [PMID: 38087668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension urgency and emergency represents a challenging condition in which clinicians should determine the assessment and/or treatment of these patients. Whether the elevation of blood pressure (BP) levels is temporary, in need of treatment, or reflects a chronic hypertensive state is not always easy to unravel. Unfortunately, current guidelines provide few recommendations concerning the diagnostic approach and treatment of emergency department patients presenting with severe hypertension. Target organ damage determines: the timeframe in which BP should be lowered, target BP levels as well as the drug of choice to use. It's important to distinguish hypertensive emergency from hypertensive urgency, usually a benign condition that requires more likely an outpatient visit and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Manolis
- Metropolitan Hospital, 2nd Department of Cardiology, Ethnarchou Makariou 9, Praeus, Greece
| | - M S Kallistratos
- Metropolitan Hospital, 2nd Department of Cardiology, Ethnarchou Makariou 9, Praeus, Greece.
| | - M Koutsaki
- Asklepeion General Hospital, Cardiology Department, Vasileos Pavlou 1 street, Voula Greece
| | - M Doumas
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - L E Poulimenos
- Asklepeion General Hospital, Cardiology Department, Vasileos Pavlou 1 street, Voula Greece
| | - J Parissis
- Second Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - E Polyzogopoulou
- Second Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - A Pittaras
- Metropolitan Hospital, 2nd Department of Cardiology, Ethnarchou Makariou 9, Praeus, Greece
| | - M L Muiesan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia & 2a Medicina ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - G Mancia
- University of Milano-Bicocca (Emeritus Professor), Milan, Italy
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11
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Ma H, Wang C, Jiang M, Jin K, Xu T, Wang Z, Xu J, Ni L, Shi H, Shen P, Chen Y, Feng X, Zhang W. Persistently elevated sFlt-1 and recovery of reduced ADAMTS13 activity in malignant hypertension. J Hypertens 2024; 42:410-419. [PMID: 37889602 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Malignant hypertension (MHT) characterized by acute hypertension with retinopathy or multiorgan damage, is a severe form of hypertensive emergency and associated with target organ involvement and poor kidney outcome. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. METHODS Eighty-four patients with acute severe hypertension from the Nephrology Department and Emergency Department in a single center during January 2016 and December 2017 were prospectively enrolled and divided into MHT ( n = 48) and non-MHT ( n = 36) subgroups according to target organ evaluation. Forty healthy controls were recruited. Serum soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) levels and plasma ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13) activity were examined at baseline and 12-month follow-up. Renal endpoints were defined as a significant decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of more than 40% or the occurrence of end-stage renal disease. RESULTS Serum sFlt-1 levels were persistently elevated in MHT. Baseline serum sFLT-1 levels were correlated with plasma ADAMTS13 activity and markers of target organ damage. Plasma ADAMTS13 activity was reduced in both MHT and non-MHT patients and recovered to the normal range at 12-month follow-up. During an average follow-up time of 53 ± 13 months, the restoration of reduced ADAMTS13 activity was correlated with the improvement of kidney function and independently reduced the risk of renal endpoints. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal angiogenesis and endothelial damage are involved in the pathophysiology of hypertensive emergency. Evaluation of ADAMTS13 and sFlt-1 may help in the diagnosis and assessment of MHT. Recovery of ADAMTS13 predicts better renal outcome in patients with hypertensive emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Chongjian Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Mengdi Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kexin Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Tingting Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Liyan Ni
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Hao Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Pingyan Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Yongxi Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Xiaobei Feng
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
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12
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Calderon-Ocon V, Cueva-Peredo F, Bernabe-Ortiz A. Prevalence, trends, and factors associated with hypertensive crisis among Peruvian adults. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2024; 40:e00155123. [PMID: 38381865 PMCID: PMC10877693 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311xen155123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
There are few studies focused on the epidemiology of hypertensive crisis at the population level in resource-constrained settings. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and trends over time of hypertensive crisis, as well as the factors associated with this condition among adults. A secondary data analysis was carried out using the Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES). Hypertensive crisis was defined based on the presence of systolic (≥ 180mmHg) or diastolic (≥ 110mmHg) blood pressure, regardless of previous diagnosis or medication use. The factors associated with our outcome were evaluated using multinomial logistic regression, and the trend of hypertensive crisis was evaluated using the Cochrane-Armitage test. Data from 260,167 participants were analyzed, with a mean age of 44.2 (SD: 16.9) years and 55.5% were women. Hypertension prevalence was 23% (95%CI: 22.7-23.4) and, among them, 5.7% (95%CI: 5.4-5.9) had hypertensive crisis, with an overall prevalence of 1.5% (95%CI: 1.4-1.6). From 2014 to 2022, a significant decrease in the prevalence of hypertensive crisis was observed, from 1.7% in 2014 to 1.4% in 2022 (p = 0.001). In the multivariable model, males, increasing age, living in urban areas, high body mass index, and self-reported type 2 diabetes were positively associated with hypertensive crisis, whereas higher educational level, socioeconomic status, and high altitude were inversely associated. There is a need to improve strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and control of hypertension, especially hypertensive crisis.
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13
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Fragoulis C, Polyzos D, Mavroudis A, Tsioufis PA, Kasiakogias A, Leontsinis I, Mantzouranis E, Kalos T, Sakalidis A, Ntalakouras J, Andrikou I, Dimitriadis K, Konstantinidis D, Thomopoulos C, Tsioufis K. One-year outcomes following a hypertensive urgency or emergency. Eur J Intern Med 2024; 120:107-113. [PMID: 37872037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
There are scarce data on the comparative prognosis between patients with hypertensive emergencies (HE), urgencies (HU), and those without HU or HE (HP). Our study aimed to compare cardiovascular (CV) outcomes of HE, HU, and HP during a 12-month follow-up period. The population consisted of 353 consecutive patients presenting with HE or HU in a third-care emergency department and subsequently referred to our hypertension center for follow-up. After both groups completed scheduled follow-up visits, patients with HU were matched one-to-one by age, sex, and hypertension history with HP who attended our hypertension center during the same period. Primary outcomes were 1) a recurrent hypertensive HU or HE event and 2) non-fatal CV events (coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, or CV interventions), while secondary outcomes were 1) all-cause death, 2) CV death, 3) non-CV death, and 4) any-cause hospitalization. Events were prospectively registered for all three groups. During the study period, 81 patients were excluded for not completing follow-up. Among eligible patients(HE = 94; HU = 178), a total of 90 hospitalizations and 14 deaths were recorded; HE registered greater CV morbidity when compared with HU (29 vs. 9, HR 3.43, 95 % CI 1.7-6.9, p = 0.001), and increased CV mortality (8 vs. 1, HR 13.2, 95 % CI 1.57-110.8, p = 0.017). When opposing HU to HP, events did not differ substantially. Cox regression models were adjusted for age, sex, CV and chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. During 1-year follow-up, the prognosis of HU was better than HE but not different compared to HP. These results highlight the need for improved care of HU and HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Fragoulis
- First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, 114 Vassilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Polyzos
- First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, 114 Vassilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Mavroudis
- First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, 114 Vassilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis-Anastasios Tsioufis
- First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, 114 Vassilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Kasiakogias
- First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, 114 Vassilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Leontsinis
- First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, 114 Vassilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Mantzouranis
- First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, 114 Vassilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Kalos
- First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, 114 Vassilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Sakalidis
- First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, 114 Vassilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - John Ntalakouras
- First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, 114 Vassilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Andrikou
- First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, 114 Vassilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Dimitriadis
- First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, 114 Vassilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Konstantinidis
- First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, 114 Vassilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Costas Thomopoulos
- Department of Cardiology, Helena Venizelou Hospital, 2 Helena Venizelou Street, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tsioufis
- First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, 114 Vassilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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14
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Koracevic G, Stojanovic M, Zdravkovic M, Lovic D, Simic D, Mladenovic K. Proposal of a Modified Classification of Hypertensive Crises: Urgency, Impending Emergency, and Emergency. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2024; 22:180-186. [PMID: 39188222 DOI: 10.2174/0115701611270174231204110557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Systemic arterial hypertension (HTN) is the main cause of morbidity and mortality, and HTN crises contribute significantly to an unfavourable clinical course. For decades, HTN crises have been dichotomized into hypertensive emergency (HTN-E) and hypertensive urgency (HTN-U). The main difference between the two is the presence of acute hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD) - if HMOD is present, HTN crisis is HTN-E; if not, it is HTN-U. Patients with HTN-E are in a life-threatening situation. They are hospitalized and receive antihypertensive drugs intravenously (IV). On the other hand, patients with HTN-U are usually not hospitalized and receive their antihypertensives orally. We suggest a modification of the current risk stratification scheme for patients with HTN crises. The new category would be the intermediate risk group, more precisely the 'impending HTN-E' group, with a higher risk in comparison to HTN-U and a lower risk than HTN-E. 'Impending HMOD' means that HMOD has not occurred (yet), and the prognosis is, therefore, better than in patients with ongoing HMOD. There are three main reasons to classify patients as having impending HTN-E: excessively elevated BP, high-risk comorbidities, and ongoing bleeding/high bleeding risk. Their combinations are probable. This approach may enable us to prevent some HTNEs by avoiding acute HMOD using a timely blood pressure treatment. This treatment should be prompt but controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Koracevic
- Clinic for Cardiovascular Diseases, University Clinical Center Nis, Nis, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, Nis University, Nis, Serbia
| | - Milovan Stojanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Nis University, Nis, Serbia
- Institute for Treatment and Rehabilitation Niska Banja, Nis, Serbia
| | - Marija Zdravkovic
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Medical Center Bezanijska Kosa, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Lovic
- Singidunum University, School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinic for Internal Diseases Inter Medica, Nis, Serbia
| | - Dragan Simic
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Mladenovic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
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15
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Altuntas E, Cetın S. Fragmented QRS as a predictor of hypertensive crisis in patients with newly diagnosed essential hypertension: 4-year follow-up data. Herz 2023; 48:474-479. [PMID: 37369872 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-023-05194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertensive crisis (HC) is a life-threatening condition in patients with hypertension (HT). However, there is no electrocardiography (ECG) marker that can predict which hypertensive patient may develop HC. The fragmented QRS (fQRS) complex is an important prognostic marker in ECG that might be predict cardiovascular events and mortality. Our study aimed to investigate whether fQRS can predict the development of HC in patients with HT, within 4 years of follow-up. METHODS Newly diagnosed patients with essential HT were recruited for the study from an outpatient clinic. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of HC: HC (+) and HC (-). During follow-up, the relationship between fQRS and HC was evaluated. RESULTS The study group included 504 patients with newly diagnosed HT. During the follow-up period, HC occurred in 98 of the patients. In 57 (11.30%) patients, fQRS was observed on ECG; fQRS was detected in the ECG of 19 (19.38%) of the HC (+) patients (p = 0.008). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that fQRS (p < 0.001) was as independent predictor for HC development. Kaplan-Meier analysis further demonstrated that the presence of fQRS affects the development of hypertensive urgency in hypertensive patients (log-rank p < 0.001). CONCLUSION In patients with newly diagnosed HT, the presence of fQRS was found to be an independent predictor of HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Altuntas
- Department of Cardiology, Sancaktepe Sehit Professor Ilhan Varank Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sükrü Cetın
- Department of Cardiology, Sancaktepe Sehit Professor Ilhan Varank Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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16
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Kulkarni S, Glover M, Kapil V, Abrams SML, Partridge S, McCormack T, Sever P, Delles C, Wilkinson IB. Management of hypertensive crisis: British and Irish Hypertension Society Position document. J Hum Hypertens 2023; 37:863-879. [PMID: 36418425 PMCID: PMC10539169 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-022-00776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients with hypertensive emergencies, malignant hypertension and acute severe hypertension are managed heterogeneously in clinical practice. Initiating anti-hypertensive therapy and setting BP goal in acute settings requires important considerations which differ slightly across various diagnoses and clinical contexts. This position paper by British and Irish Hypertension Society, aims to provide clinicians a framework for diagnosing, evaluating, and managing patients with hypertensive crisis, based on the critical appraisal of available evidence and expert opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spoorthy Kulkarni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB20QQ, UK.
| | - Mark Glover
- Division of Therapeutics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Vikas Kapil
- William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Medicine and Devices, Queen Mary University London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Barts BP Centre of Excellence, Barts Heart Centre, London, EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - S M L Abrams
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Homerton Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, London, E9 6SR, UK
| | - Sarah Partridge
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Terry McCormack
- Institute of Clinical and Applied Health Research, Hull York Medical School, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Peter Sever
- Imperial College School of Medicine, London, SW7 1LY, UK
| | - Christian Delles
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Ian B Wilkinson
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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17
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Talle MA, Doubell AF, Robbertse PPS, Lahri S, Herbst PG. Myocardial Tissue Characterization in Patients with Hypertensive Crisis, Positive Troponin, and Unobstructed Coronary Arteries: A Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance-Based Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2943. [PMID: 37761309 PMCID: PMC10527803 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13182943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive crisis can present with cardiac troponin elevation and unobstructed coronary arteries. We used cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging to characterize the myocardial tissue in patients with hypertensive crisis, elevated cardiac troponin, and unobstructed coronary arteries. Patients with hypertensive crisis and elevated cardiac troponin with coronary artery stenosis <50% were enrolled. Patients with troponin-negative hypertensive crisis served as controls. All participants underwent CMR imaging at 1.5 Tesla. Imaging biomarkers and tissue characteristics were compared between the groups. There were 19 patients (63% male) with elevated troponin and 24 (33% male) troponin-negative controls. The troponin-positive group was older (57 ± 11 years vs. 47 ± 14 years, p = 0.015). The groups had similar T2-weighted signal intensity ratios and native T1 times. T2 relaxation times were longer in the troponin-positive group, and the difference remained significant after excluding infarct-pattern late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) from the analysis. Extracellular volume (ECV) was higher in the troponin-positive group (25 ± 4 ms vs. 22 ± 3 ms, p = 0.008) and correlated strongly with T2 relaxation time (rs = 0.701, p = 0.022). Late gadolinium enhancement was 32% more prevalent in the troponin-positive group (82% vs. 50%, p = 0.050), with 29% having infarct-pattern LGE. T2 relaxation time was independently associated with troponin positivity (OR 2.1, p = 0.043), and both T2 relaxation time and ECV predicted troponin positivity (C-statistics: 0.71, p = 0.009; and 0.77, p = 0.006). Left ventricular end-diastolic and left atrial volumes were the strongest predictors of troponin positivity (C-statistics: 0.80, p = 0.001; and 0.82, p < 0.001). The increased T2 relaxation time and ECV and their significant correlation in the troponin-positive group suggest myocardial injury with oedema, while the non-ischaemic LGE could be due to myocardial fibrosis or acute necrosis. These CMR imaging biomarkers provide important clinical indices for risk stratification and prognostication in patients with hypertensive crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Talle
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri and University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri 600004, Nigeria
| | - Anton F. Doubell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Pieter-Paul S. Robbertse
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Sa’ad Lahri
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Philip G. Herbst
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
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18
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Davis LL. Hypertensive Emergencies: Implications for Nurses. Nurs Clin North Am 2023; 58:271-281. [PMID: 37536780 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnur.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
An acute elevation of blood pressure (BP) greater than 180/120 mm Hg associated with target organ damage is considered a hypertensive emergency. Patients with a hypertensive emergency need intravenous medications and close monitoring in the intensive care unit. Whereas an acute elevation of BP greater than 180/120 mm Hg without evidence of target organ damage is a hypertensive urgency. Patients with a hypertensive urgency are treated with oral medications and generally discharged home with outpatient follow-up. Patients with either condition need a thorough evaluation to determine cause of the acute increase in BP and education to optimize the treatment regimen long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie L Davis
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Nursing, 4007 Carrington Hall, CB # 7460, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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19
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Talle MA, Doubell AF, Robbertse PPS, Lahri S, Herbst PG. Cardiac Morphology, Function, and Left Ventricular Geometric Pattern in Patients with Hypertensive Crisis: A Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance-Based Study. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:367. [PMID: 37754796 PMCID: PMC10532285 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10090367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Altered cardiac morphology and function are associated with increased risks of adverse cardiac events in hypertension. Our study aimed to assess left ventricular (LV) morphology, geometry, and function using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in patients with hypertensive crisis. (2) Methods: Patients with hypertensive crisis underwent CMR imaging at 1.5 Tesla to assess cardiac volume, mass, function, and contrasted study. Left ventricular (LV) function and geometry were defined according to the guideline recommendations. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was qualitatively assessed and classified into ischemic and nonischemic patterns. Predictors of LGE was determined using regression analysis. (3) Results: Eighty-two patients with hypertensive crisis (aged 48.5 ± 13.4 years, and 57% males) underwent CMR imaging. Of these patients, seventy-eight percent were hypertensive emergency and twenty-two percent were urgency. Diastolic blood pressure was higher under hypertensive emergency (p = 0.032). Seventy-nine percent (92% of emergency vs. 59% of urgency, respectively; p = 0.003) had left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The most prevalent LV geometry was concentric hypertrophy (52%). Asymmetric LVH occurred in 13 (22%) of the participants after excluding ischemic LGE. Impaired systolic function occurred in 46% of patients, and predominantly involved hypertensive emergency. Nonischemic LGE occurred in 75% of contrasted studies (67.2% in emergency versus 44.4% in urgency, respectively; p < 0.001). Creatinine and LV mass were independently associated with nonischemic LGE. (5) Conclusion: LVH, altered geometry, asymmetric LVH, impaired LV systolic function, and LGE are common under hypertensive crisis. LVH and LGE more commonly occurred under hypertensive emergency. Longitudinal studies are required to determine the prognostic implications of asymmetric LVH and LGE in hypertensive crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Talle
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri and University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri 600004, Nigeria
| | - Anton F. Doubell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Pieter-Paul S. Robbertse
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Sa’ad Lahri
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Philip G. Herbst
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
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20
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Chun H, Zimmerman DE, Covvey JR, Nemecek BD. Initiation of oral antihypertensives in hospitalized patients with hypertensive urgency: A descriptive study. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2023; 80:S85-S96. [PMID: 36455870 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxac357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In hypertensive urgency, guidelines recommend oral antihypertensives, but with limited guidance on implementation. The objective of this study was to determine whether time to initiation of oral antihypertensives impacts blood pressure (BP) reduction in patients with hypertensive urgency. METHODS A descriptive study was conducted of adult hospitalized patients with hypertensive urgency from November 2018 through November 2021. Patients with a systolic BP (SBP) of 180 mm Hg or higher or a diastolic BP (DBP) of 120 mm Hg or higher and receipt of oral antihypertensives within 48 hours of presentation were included. The primary outcome was the percentage change in SBP from baseline at 12 to 24 hours and 24 to 48 hours. Secondary outcomes included the change in DBP and mean arterial pressure (MAP), time to 3 consecutive goal SBP readings, continuation of home oral antihypertensives, administration of intravenous (IV) antihypertensives, and length of stay (LOS). Patients were stratified by quartile (Q1 through Q4) based on time to first oral antihypertensive. RESULTS A total of 220 patients were included. A significant difference in SBP was observed among the quartiles, due to the greater sustained SBP reduction in Q1 at 12 to 24 hours and 24 to 48 hours (median [interquartile range, IQR], 22.9% [13.1%-30.5%] and 22.5% [IQR, 15.8%-32.9%] reduction, respectively). There were also reductions in DBP and MAP, with Q1 consistently having larger reductions than Q4. Patients in Q1 had 3 consecutive goal SBP readings earlier than those in the other quartiles (median [IQR], 13.1 [7.0-21.5] hours). Continuation of home medications, number of IV antihypertensives, and LOS did not differ among the quartiles. CONCLUSION In this analysis, earlier administration of oral antihypertensives was associated with a larger sustained reduction in SBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Chun
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David E Zimmerman
- UPMC Mercy Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA
- Division of Pharmacy Practice, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jordan R Covvey
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Social, and Administrative Sciences, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Branden D Nemecek
- UPMC Mercy Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA
- Division of Pharmacy Practice, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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21
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Bager JE, Manhem K, Andersson T, Hjerpe P, Bengtsson-Boström K, Ljungman C, Mourtzinis G. Hypertension: sex-related differences in drug treatment, prevalence and blood pressure control in primary care. J Hum Hypertens 2023; 37:662-670. [PMID: 36658330 PMCID: PMC10403353 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-023-00801-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Antihypertensive treatment is equally beneficial for reducing cardiovascular risk in both men and women. Despite this, the drug treatment, prevalence and control of hypertension differ between men and women. Men and women respond differently, particularly with respect to the risk of adverse events, to many antihypertensive drugs. Certain antihypertensive drugs may also be especially beneficial in the setting of certain comorbidities - of both cardiovascular and extracardiac nature - which also differ between men and women. Furthermore, hypertension in pregnancy can pose a considerable therapeutic challenge for women and their physicians in primary care. In addition, data from population-based studies and from real-world data are inconsistent regarding whether men or women attain hypertension-related goals to a higher degree. In population-based studies, women with hypertension have higher rates of treatment and controlled blood pressure than men, whereas real-world, primary-care data instead show better blood pressure control in men. Men and women are also treated with different antihypertensive drugs: women use more thiazide diuretics and men use more angiotensin-enzyme inhibitors and calcium-channel blockers. This narrative review explores these sex-related differences with guidance from current literature. It also features original data from a large, Swedish primary-care register, which showed that blood pressure control was better in women than men until they reached their late sixties, after which the situation was reversed. This age-related decrease in blood pressure control in women was not, however, accompanied by a proportional increase in use of antihypertensive drugs and female sex was a significant predictor of less intensive antihypertensive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan-Emil Bager
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Karin Manhem
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tobias Andersson
- Primary Health Care, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Regionhälsan R&D Centre, Skaraborg Primary Care, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Per Hjerpe
- Primary Health Care, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Regionhälsan R&D Centre, Skaraborg Primary Care, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Kristina Bengtsson-Boström
- Primary Health Care, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Regionhälsan R&D Centre, Skaraborg Primary Care, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Ljungman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Georgios Mourtzinis
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medicine and Emergency Mölndal, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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22
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Yu Y, Gong Y, Hu B, Ouyang B, Pan A, Liu J, Liu F, Shang XL, Yang XH, Tu G, Wang C, Ma S, Fang W, Liu L, Liu J, Chen D. Expert consensus on blood pressure management in critically ill patients. JOURNAL OF INTENSIVE MEDICINE 2023; 3:185-203. [PMID: 37533806 PMCID: PMC10391579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jointm.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuetian Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Ye Gong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Ouyang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of SunYatsen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Aijun Pan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Jinglun Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiu-Ling Shang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Center for Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Fuzhou 350001 Fujian, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Yang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Emergency & Intensive Care Unit Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014 Zhejiang, China
| | - Guowei Tu
- Cardiac Intensive Care Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Changsong Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shaolin Ma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250014 Shandong, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Dechang Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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23
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Koracevic G, Stojanovic M, Lovic D, Kostic T, Tomasevic M, Martinovic SS, Zdravkovic SC, Koracevic M, Stojanovic V. Blood pressure cut-offs to diagnose impending hypertensive emergency depend on previous hypertension-mediated organ damage and comorbid conditions. THE NATIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDIA 2023; 36:257-262. [PMID: 38692626 DOI: 10.25259/nmji_160_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Background Hypertensive emergencies (HTN-E) are important due to a high risk of mortality. However, a sudden increase in blood pressure (BP) can damage target organs before the BP reaches cut-offs to diagnose HTN-E. We (i) analyse HTN guidelines for recommendations of treatment individualization, such as adjusting BP cut-offs for hypertensive urgency or impending HTN-E according to patient's susceptibility to complications (because of previous hypertension-mediated organ damage [HMOD], cardiovascular events and comorbid conditions), and (ii) provide a rationale for the inclusion of patient's susceptibility in protocols for treatment of acute HTN-E. Methods We searched PubMed, SCOPUS, Science Direct, Springer, Oxford Press, Wiley, SAGE and Google Scholar for the following terms: arterial hypertension, impending, emergency, target organ damage, hypertension-mediated organ damage, and comorbidity. Results The available guidelines do not recommend that when we estimate the probability of HTN-E in a patient with very high BP, we take into account not only the 'aggressive factor' (i.e. history of HTN, absolute BP values and rate of its increase), but also the 'vulnerability of the patient' due to previous major adverse cardio-vascular events, HMOD and comorbid conditions. Conclusion The risk does not depend only on the aggressiveness of the health threat but also on the strength of the host's defence. It is, therefore, surprising that one side of the natural interaction (i.e. susceptibility of a patient) is overlooked in almost all available guidelines on HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Koracevic
- Department for Cardiovascular Diseases, University Clinical Center Nis, Serbia
| | | | - Dragan Lovic
- Clinic for Internal Diseases Inter Medica, Nis, Serbia
| | - Tomislav Kostic
- Department for Cardiovascular Diseases, University Clinical Center Nis, Serbia
| | - Miloje Tomasevic
- Faculty of Medicine and Department for Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Kragujevac and University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | | | - Vladimir Stojanovic
- Department for Cardiovascular Diseases, University Clinical Center Nis, Serbia
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hypertensive crisis (HTN-C) is a condition of increasing prevalence. It carries significant morbidity and mortality, and prompt recognition and treatment are crucial. There is a paucity of controlled trials, so a working knowledge of the most recent literature in the area of HTN-C is helpful. RECENT FINDINGS Novel serological markers, including serum corin, have been found to aid in the early identification of end-organ damage from severely elevated blood pressure (BP). In the area of BP following thrombolysis for ischemic stroke, lower target BP (130-140 mmHg) is associated with some improved outcomes. Two large trials of lower BP following mechanical thrombectomy in stroke have failed to show improved outcomes; however, observed data show benefits at lower than currently recommended levels. Clevidipine, a calcium channel blocker marketed for unique use in HTN-C, was found to be noninferior to the generic less expensive nicardipine. Oral nifedipine was found to be the most effective agent for sustained BP reduction in preeclampsia. SUMMARY HTN-C remains an area with few prospective randomized trials, but there is active research on identifying lower goals for specific clinical scenarios. Ideal therapeutic agents should be tailored for specific end-organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrill H Stewart
- Department of Cardiology, Ochsner Heart & Vascular Institute
- Department of Cardiology, Ochsner Clinical School, Queensland University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Los Angeles, USA
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25
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Kim BS, Shin JH. Association between D-dimer and long-term mortality in patients with acute severe hypertension visiting the emergency department. Clin Hypertens 2023; 29:16. [PMID: 37316924 DOI: 10.1186/s40885-023-00244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High levels of D-dimer, a marker of thrombotic events, are associated with poor outcomes in patients with various cardiovascular diseases. However, there has been no research on its prognostic implications in acute severe hypertension. This study investigated the association between D-dimer levels and long-term mortality in patients with severe acute hypertension who visited the emergency department. DESIGN AND METHOD This observational study included patients with acute severe hypertension who visited the emergency department between 2016 and 2019. Acute severe hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure ≥ 180 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure ≥ 100 mmHg. Among the 10,219 patients, 4,127 who underwent D-dimer assay were analyzed. The patients were categorized into tertiles based on their D-dimer levels at the time of emergency department admission. RESULTS Among the 4,127 patients with acute severe hypertension, 3.1% in the first (lowest) tertile, 17.0% in the second tertile, and 43.2% in the third (highest) tertile died within 3 years. After the adjustment for confounding variables, the third tertile of the D-dimer group (hazard ratio, 6.440; 95% confidence interval, 4.628-8.961) and the second tertile of the D-dimer group (hazard ratio, 2.847; 95% confidence interval, 2.037-3.978) had a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality over 3 years than the first tertile of the D-dimer group. CONCLUSIONS D-dimer may be a useful marker for identifying the risk of mortality among patients with acute severe hypertension who visit the emergency department.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Sik Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, 153 Gyeongchun-Ro, Guri, Gyeonggi-Do, 11923, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hun Shin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, 153 Gyeongchun-Ro, Guri, Gyeonggi-Do, 11923, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Talle MA, Doubell AF, Robbertse PPS, Lahri S, Herbst PG. The Role of Cardiac Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Hypertensive Emergency. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13091605. [PMID: 37174996 PMCID: PMC10178101 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13091605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the role of biomarkers in differentiating hypertensive emergency from hypertensive urgency. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic utility of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hscTnT), and N-terminal prohormone of brain-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) for identifying hypertensive emergency. A diagnosis of hypertensive emergency was made based on a systolic blood pressure of ≥180 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure of ≥110 mmHg with acute hypertension-mediated organ damage. The predictive value of LDH, hscTnT, NT-proBNP, and models of these biomarkers for hypertensive emergency was determined using the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC). There were 66 patients (66.7% male) with a hypertensive emergency and 16 (31.3% male) with hypertensive urgency. LDH, NT-proBNP, and hscTnT were significantly higher in hypertensive emergency. Serum LDH > 190 U/L and high creatinine were associated with hypertensive emergency. LDH had an AUC ranging from 0.87 to 0.92 for the spectrum of hypertensive emergencies, while hscTnT had an AUC of 0.82 to 0.92, except for neurological emergencies, in which the AUC was 0.72. NT-proBNP was only useful in predicting acute pulmonary edema (AUC of 0.89). A model incorporating LDH with hscTnT had an AUC of 0.92 to 0.97 for the spectrum of hypertensive emergencies. LDH in isolation or combined with hscTnT correctly identified hypertensive emergency in patients presenting with hypertensive crisis. The routine assessment of these biomarkers has the potential to facilitate the timely identification of hypertensive emergencies, especially in patients with subtle and subclinical target organ injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Talle
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri and University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri 600004, Nigeria
| | - Anton F Doubell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Pieter-Paul S Robbertse
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Sa'ad Lahri
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Philip G Herbst
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
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27
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Rand A, Busch A, Held H, Reeps C, Koch T. [Intensive care management of acute diseases of the aorta]. DIE ANAESTHESIOLOGIE 2023; 72:275-281. [PMID: 36735023 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-023-01253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Acute aortic diseases represent a group of complex severe and often fatal medical conditions. Although they are significantly rarer than cardiac or thromboembolic events, they are an important differential diagnosis to be ruled out, e.g., in the clinical work-up of acute chest pain.Treatment, especially surgical interventions, depends on the progression, extent and size of the pathology and whenever possible should be performed in specialized centers with the appropriate experience.Intensive care monitoring is advisable as a range of peracute complications can occur even in initially stable patients. Depending on the clinical presentation and affected structures, a number of severe complications need to be anticipated by critical care physicians. Additionally, a notable symptom is severe and refractory hypertension, especially in the acute phase. This article provides a summary of the most frequent clinical pictures and corresponding treatment options. Furthermore, the principles of initial patient stabilization and treatment as well as the perioperative management of complex surgical procedures on the aorta are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rand
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivtherapie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Deutschland.
| | - A Busch
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Viszeral‑, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie (VTG), Bereich Gefäßchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - H Held
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Viszeral‑, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - C Reeps
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Viszeral‑, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie (VTG), Bereich Gefäßchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - T Koch
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivtherapie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Deutschland
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28
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Eppenberger LS, Schmid MK, Clerici M. Acute Ocular Complications after Recently Diagnosed Goodpasture's Syndrome - An Unusual Case of Hypertensive Retinopathy. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2023; 240:505-508. [PMID: 37164428 PMCID: PMC10129409 DOI: 10.1055/a-2034-6314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Sara Eppenberger
- Eye Clinic, Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland
- Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin K Schmid
- Eye Clinic, Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
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29
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El Hussein MT, Dolynny A. Hypertensive Emergencies: Common Presentations and Pharmacological Interventions. Crit Care Nurs Q 2023; 46:145-156. [PMID: 36823741 DOI: 10.1097/cnq.0000000000000447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Depending on end-organ involvement, hypertensive crisis is classified as hypertensive urgency or hypertensive emergency. The recognition of a hypertensive crisis will lead to the adequate reduction of blood pressure to ameliorate the incidence of end-organ damage. Hypertensive crises result from dysfunction in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and damage to the vascular bed. They occur commonly in the emergency department setting and can lead to increased mortality rates if not treated. Registered nurses play a vital role in assessing patients and administering medications during hypertensive crises. This article will outline the assessment strategies that registered nurses should implement in critical care units while patients are receiving antihypertensive drugs. We will also underscore the significance of monitoring specific laboratory values to mitigate the potential side effects of these drugs and exclude them when contraindicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Toufic El Hussein
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, Community & Education, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Dr El Hussein); Acute Care Nurse Practitioner Medical Cardiology, Coronary Care Unit, Rockyview General Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Dr El Hussein); and Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Ms Dolynny)
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30
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Fakhouri F, Schwotzer N, Frémeaux-Bacchi V. How I diagnose and treat atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Blood 2023; 141:984-995. [PMID: 36322940 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022017860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding and management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) have dramatically improved in the last decade. aHUS has been established as a prototypic disease resulting from a dysregulation of the complement alternative C3 convertase. Subsequently, prospective nonrandomized studies and retrospective series have shown the efficacy of C5 blockade in the treatment of this devastating disease. C5 blockade has become the cornerstone of the treatment of aHUS. This therapeutic breakthrough has been dulled by persistent difficulties in the positive diagnosis of aHUS, and the latter remains, to date, a diagnosis by exclusion. Furthermore, the precise spectrum of complement-mediated renal thrombotic microangiopathy is still a matter of debate. Nevertheless, long-term management of aHUS is increasingly individualized and lifelong C5 blockade is no longer a paradigm that applies to all patients with this disease. The potential benefit of complement blockade in other forms of HUS, notably secondary HUS, remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Fakhouri
- Department of Medicine, Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital and Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nora Schwotzer
- Department of Medicine, Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital and Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Frémeaux-Bacchi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Paris University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France
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31
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Boulestreau R, Lorthioir A, Persu A, Sarafidis P, Cremer A, Tharaux PL, Rubin S, Maier B, Mazighi M, Paques M, Bonnin S, Dreau H, Debeugny S, Halimi JM, Gosse P. Revisiting malignant hypertension: rationale and design of the 'HAMA cohort', on behalf of the ESH working group 'hypertension and the kidney'. J Hypertens 2023; 41:453-458. [PMID: 36719959 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant hypertension has not disappeared and is associated with a poor prognosis. Yet, so far, it has received limited attention from the medical community. Guidelines are mainly based on expert consensus and low quality evidences. METHOD We set up a prospective, multicenter, observational cohort of patients with malignant hypertension. We collect at admission medical history, demographic data, ongoing treatment, clinical parameters, symptoms, care pathways, target organ status and at discharge and during follow up treatment administrated, adverse events, blood pressure level, target organ status. We aim to recruit 500 patients with malignant hypertension in 5 years, with a 5-year follow-up. Our primary objective is to assess the 5 years prognosis of these patients. DISCUSSION The HAMA (Hypertension Arterielle MAligne, meaning malignant hypertension) registry aims to describe the epidemiology and to assess the prognosis of malignant hypertension in a contemporary multidisciplinary cohort, with emphasis on the diversity of current management and care pathway among the different medical specialties. It may help improving our pathophysiological knowledge, and pave the way to update the definition of this particular form of hypertension. The multidisciplinary network developed in the wake of this project is expected to facilitate the set up therapeutic trials, laying the ground for evidence-based recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Boulestreau
- European Hypertension Excellence Center, Bordeaux University Hospital
- INI CRCT Network
- INSERM, Unit 1034
| | - Aurélien Lorthioir
- Department of Hypertension, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Persu
- Division of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pantelis Sarafidis
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antoine Cremer
- European Hypertension Excellence Center, Bordeaux University Hospital
| | - Pierre-Louis Tharaux
- Paris Cardiovascular Center (PARCC), Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Université Paris Cité, Paris, FranceNephrology department, Bordeaux University Hospital
| | - Sebastien Rubin
- INSERM, Unit 1034
- Service de Néphrologie, Transplantation, Dialyse et Aphérèses (S.R., C.C.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux
| | - Benjamin Maier
- Interventional Neuroradiology Department and Biological Resources Center, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Université Paris cité et FHU Neurovasc, Paris
| | - Mikael Mazighi
- Interventional Neuroradiology Department and Biological Resources Center, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Université Paris cité et FHU Neurovasc, Paris
- Department of Neurology, Hopital Lariboisère, APHP Nord, inserm U1148, Paris
| | - Michel Paques
- Centre hospitalier national d'ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, centre d'investigation clinique 1423, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, Sorbonne université, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Bonnin
- Centre hospitalier national d'ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, centre d'investigation clinique 1423, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, Sorbonne université, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Jean Michel Halimi
- Service de néphrologie, centre d'excellence européen en Hypertension Artérielle, CHRU de Tours, F-CRIN INI-CRCT 10, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Gosse
- European Hypertension Excellence Center, Bordeaux University Hospital
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Fragoulis C, Polyzos D, Dimitriadis K, Konstantinidis D, Mavroudis A, Tsioufis PA, Leontsinis I, Kariori M, Drogkaris S, Tatakis F, Manta E, Siafi E, Papakonstantinou PE, Zamanis I, Mantzouranis E, Thomopoulos C, Tsioufis KP. Sex-related cardiovascular prognosis in patients with hypertensive emergencies: a 12-month study. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:756-761. [PMID: 36599889 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-01129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Current evidence on the prognosis of patients with a hypertensive crisis and predisposing factors is limited. We registered the clinical phenotype of patients with HC admitted to the emergency department, while those with a hypertensive emergency (HE) were hospitalized. One-year outcomes, i.e., composite of death or cardiovascular hospitalizations, were determined in patients with HE after hospital discharge. Out of 38,589 patients assessed in the emergency department, 256 hypertensive urgencies and 97 HE was registered. After stratification of the HE by sex, 48 men and 46 women completed the one-year follow-up. Men had more events than women (27 vs. 13, Ηazard Ratio 2.2, 95% Confidence Interval 1.03-4.7, p = 0.042) after adjustment for age, cardiovascular or chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mellitus. Our study raises the hypothesis that the male sex is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes in HE patients. CV Cardiovascular, BP blood pressure. The diagram presents the groups of comparison, men versus women in hypertensive emergencies that completed the 1-year follow-up for outcomes, in terms of hospitalizations or deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Fragoulis
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Polyzos
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Dimitriadis
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Konstantinidis
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Mavroudis
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis-Anastasios Tsioufis
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Leontsinis
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Kariori
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Sotirios Drogkaris
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Fotis Tatakis
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Manta
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Siafi
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panteleimon E Papakonstantinou
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Zamanis
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Mantzouranis
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Konstantinos P Tsioufis
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Hypertensive emergencies and urgencies: a preliminary report of the ongoing Italian multicentric study ERIDANO. Hypertens Res 2023:10.1038/s41440-023-01232-y. [PMID: 36805031 PMCID: PMC9940066 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Hypertensive urgencies (HU) and hypertensive emergencies (HE) are challenges for the Emergency Department (ED). A prospective multicentre study is ongoing to characterize patients with acute hypertensive disorders, prevalence of subclinical hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD), short- and long-term prognosis; this is a preliminary report. Patients admitted to the ED with symptomatic blood pressure (BP) ≥180/110 mmHg were enrolled. They were managed by ED personnel according to their clinical presentations. Subsequently they underwent clinical evaluation and subclinical HMOD assessment at a Hypertension Centre within 72 h from enrolment. 122 patients were included in this report. Mean age was 60.7±13.9 years, 52.5% were females. 18 (14.8%) patients were diagnosed with HE, 108 (88.5%) with HU. There were no differences in gender, BMI, and cardiovascular comorbidities between groups. At ED discharge, 66.7% and 93.6% (p = 0.003) of HE and HU patients, respectively, had BP < 180/110 mmHg. After 72 h, 34.4% of patients resulted normotensive; 35.2%, 22.1%, and 8.2% had hypertension grade 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Patients with uncontrolled BP at office evaluation had higher vascular HMOD (49.1 vs. 25.9%, p = 0.045). Cardiac (60 vs. 34%, p = 0.049), renal (27.8 vs. 9.6%, p = 0.010) and cerebral (100 vs. 21%, p < 0.001) HMOD was more frequent in HE compared to HU group. HE showed greater cardiac, renal, and cerebral subclinical HMOD, compared to HU. 72-hours BP control is not associated with different HMOD, except for vascular HMOD; therefore, proper comprehensive examination after discharge from the ED could provide added value in cardiovascular risk stratification of such patients. One third of patients with acute blood pressure rise evaluated to the ED resulted normotensive at office evaluation (<72 hours after discharge). Patients with hypertensive emergency showed greater cardiac, renal, and cerebral subclinical HMOD, compared to the patients with hypertensive urgency. BP: blood pressure; HMOD: hypertension-mediated organ damage; y.o.: years old; mo.: months.
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Engineering In Situ Weldable Vascular Devices. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020221. [PMID: 36829715 PMCID: PMC9952621 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The minimally invasive implantation of medical devices is largely limited by their insertion profile, and, therefore, minimizing them constitutes a leading trend in the field. (2) Methods: This study introduces the in situ welding strategy, whereby the components of the stent grafts used to treat abdominal aortic aneurysms were decoupled, deployed sequentially, and welded together at the aneurysmal site, greatly reducing their insertion profile. Polyurethane elastomers were used to produce the graft and to coat the metallic struts of the stent to render it in vivo weldable. Results: The composition of the polyurethanes was fine-tuned, so to minimize the insertion profiles and optimize the welding properties and the clinical performance of the devices assembled. The stent and graft were deployed successively in pigs via a small 8F introducer, in situ welded, and the patency of the bi-component device was confirmed over a three-month post-implantation period. The strength of the stent/graft welded connection was fully retained, with no de-welding observed. Conclusions: The in situ welding strategy resulted in implantations that were easier to perform and markedly less injurious to tissues and organs, largely expanding the applicability of these ultra-minimally invasive procedures to especially frail segments of the population.
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Intravenous antihypertensive drugs: a double-edged sword? J Hypertens 2023; 41:220-222. [PMID: 36583349 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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36
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Hinokitiol for hypertensive emergencies: effects on peripheral resistance, cardiac load, baroreflex sensitivity, and electrolytes balance. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:1269-1277. [PMID: 36710278 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hinokitiol, a natural monoterpenoid, has been shown previously to possess a potent vasodilating activity in vitro in both control and hypertensive aortae. Here, the antihypertensive and cardioprotective effects of an intravenous hinokitiol injection were fully investigated in angiotensin II-induced hypertensive emergency in rats. Hinokitiol intravenous injection was prepared in the form of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system. Rat's arterial and ventricular hemodynamics were measured in real-time recordings in addition to surface electrocardiogram while slow injection of cumulative doses of hinokitiol or vehicle as well as time control. Hinokitiol at dose 10 mg/kg showed a considerable reduction in the raised systolic blood pressure (30 mmHg) within only 30 min. The decrease in blood pressure seems to be mediated through a reduction in peripheral resistance, as appears from the decreases in diastolic pressure, dicrotic notch pressure, and pulse pressure. In addition, hinokitiol injection reduced heart load due to the decrease in heart rate, increases in cycle duration (particularly the non-ejection duration) and diastolic duration, and decreases in end-diastolic pressure. An effect most likely mediated via prolongation of ventricular repolarization as appears from the increases in PR, QTc, and JT intervals. However, acute intravenous injection of hinokitiol neither affected the baroreflex sensitivity nor sodium/potassium balance. In conclusion, acute hinokitiol intravenous injection markedly reduced severe hypertension in rats. This effect seems to be mediated through decreasing peripheral resistance and decreasing cardiac load, suggesting that it is an effective treatment in hypertensive emergencies after clinical evaluation.
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Bosisio FG, Mingardi D, Moretti E, Muzi G, Russomanno F, Tassani N, Stassaldi D, Agabiti Rosei C, De Ciuceis C, Salvetti M, Muiesan ML. Case report: Area of focus in a case of malignant hypertension. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1108666. [PMID: 36712261 PMCID: PMC9880852 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1108666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant hypertension (MH) is characterized by severe hypertension (usually grade 3) associated with fundoscopic changes (flame hemorrhages and/or papilledema), microangiopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation. In addition encephalopathy, acute heart failure and acute deterioration in renal function may be present. The term "malignant" reflects the very poor prognosis for this condition if untreated. When severe hypertension is associated with hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD) a life-threatening situation that requires immediate but careful intervention occurs (hypertensive emergency). In the last few years an increase in the number of patients with malignant hypertension has been observed, especially among those patients with black ethnicity. Limited access to treatment and the poor adherence to anti-hypertensive therapy may contribute to the development of hypertensive emergencies. It is considered appropriate to study patients in order to rule out thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome. In fact, the microvascular damage caused by malignant hypertension can favor intravascular hemolysis like Thrombotic Microangiopathies (TMs). TMs may present in three different clinical conditions: typical hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). TMs can arise in the context of other pathological processes, including malignant hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gaia Bosisio
- UOC 2 Medicina, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy,Emergency Medicine ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Desirè Mingardi
- UOC 2 Medicina, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy,Emergency Medicine ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Moretti
- UOC 2 Medicina, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy,Emergency Medicine ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Muzi
- UOC 2 Medicina, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy,Emergency Medicine ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Russomanno
- UOC 2 Medicina, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Tassani
- UOC 2 Medicina, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy,Emergency Medicine ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Agabiti Rosei
- UOC 2 Medicina, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carolina De Ciuceis
- UOC 2 Medicina, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Salvetti
- Emergency Medicine ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Lorenza Muiesan
- UOC 2 Medicina, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy,*Correspondence: Maria Lorenza Muiesan,
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38
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Mohamud MFY. Clinico-epidemiological profile and risk factors of hypertensive crisis among patients attended at a tertiary care hospital in Somalia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:447. [PMID: 36624249 PMCID: PMC9829889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive crisis (HC) is a life-threatening clinical condition in which an abrupt rise in arterial blood pressure can lead to acute damage to vital organs. The main objective of our study is to determine the epidemiological profile, clinical characteristics, and risk factors of hypertensive crisis patients in Somalia. This study was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted on HC patients attended at Mogadishu Somali Turkish Training and Research Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia, from November 2020 to April 2021. A total of 6239 patients were screened during the study period. The prevalence of HC was 2.1% (128/6239). Of them, 76 (59.4%) were males. The mean (SD) age of the participants was 56.5 (± 16.9) years (range: 24-98 years). 54.7% (70/128) met the criteria for a hypertensive emergency, while 45.3% (58/128) met the criteria of hypertensive urgency. Most patients (55.5%) took a single antihypertensive medicine, with calcium channel blockers being the most frequently used (57.8%). Headache and palpitation were the most often reported symptoms upon admission (39.1% and 25%). The most often prescribed antihypertensive drugs for the initial therapy included Intravenous furosemide (35.2%), Sublingual captopril (25.8%), intravenous nitroglycerin (23.4%), and intravenous labetalol (20%). Among the forms or patterns of end-organ damage of HE, we most frequently observed acute heart failure (45.7%), acute pulmonary edema (29.9%), and acute renal injury (25.7%). Infrequent medical checkups, poor compliance with medications, poor compliance with exercise, positive family history of hypertension, and being male gender were significant predictors of HC, AOR = 20.312; p < 0.000, AOR = 7.021; p < 0.008, AOR = 6.158; p < 0.017, AOR = 3.545; p < 0.032, and AOR = 2.144; p = 0.001, respectively. In Somalia, the hypertensive crisis is common in this clinic population. Infrequent medical checkups, poor compliance with medications and exercise, positive family history of hypertension, and being male gender were significant predictors of HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Farah Yusuf Mohamud
- Mogadishu Somali Turkish Education and Research Hospital, Thirty Street, Alikamin, Wartanabada District, Mogadishu, Somalia.
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Talle MA, Doubell AF, Robbertse PPS, Lahri S, Herbst PG. Clinical Profile of Patients with Hypertensive Emergency Referred to a Tertiary Hospital in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Curr Hypertens Rev 2023; 19:194-205. [PMID: 37957866 DOI: 10.2174/0115734021266958231101094556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in managing hypertension, hypertensive emergencies remain a common indication for emergency room visits. Our study aimed to determine the clinical profile of patients referred with hypertensive emergencies. METHODS We conducted an observational study involving patients aged ≥18 years referred with hypertensive crisis. A diagnosis of hypertensive emergencies was based on a systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥180 mmHg and/or a diastolic BP ≥110 mmHg, with acute hypertension-mediated organ damage (aHMOD). Patients without evidence of aHMOD were considered hypertensive urgencies. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and unconscious patients were excluded from the study. RESULTS Eighty-two patients were included, comprising 66 (80.5%) with hypertensive emergencies and 16 (19.5%) with hypertensive urgencies. The mean age of patients with hypertensive emergencies was 47.9 (13.2) years, and 66.7% were males. Age, systolic BP, and duration of hypertension were similar in the hypertensive crisis cohort. Most patients with hypertensive emergencies reported nonadherence to medication (78%) or presented de novo without a prior diagnosis of hypertension (36%). Cardiac aHMOD (acute pulmonary edema and myocardial infarction) occurred in 66%, while neurological emergencies (intracranial hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, and hypertensive encephalopathy) occurred in 33.3%. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (P < 0.001), NT-proBNP (P=0.024), and cardiac troponin (P<0.001) were higher in hypertensive emergencies compared to urgencies. LDH did not differ in the subtypes of hypertensive emergencies. CONCLUSION Cardiovascular and neurological emergencies are the most common hypertensive emergencies. Most patients reported nonadherence to medication or presented de novo without a prior diagnosis of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Talle
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri and University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri 600004, Nigeria
| | - Anton F Doubell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Pieter-Paul S Robbertse
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Sa'ad Lahri
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Philip G Herbst
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
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40
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[Indications for funduscopy in patients with high blood pressure in the urgency room]. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2023; 40:48-50. [PMID: 36564266 DOI: 10.1016/j.hipert.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Association between B-type natriuretic peptide and long-term mortality in patients with acute severe hypertension visiting the emergency department. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21001. [PMID: 36470945 PMCID: PMC9722913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25705-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a well-established prognostic factor for cardiovascular disorders. However, the association between BNP levels and mortality in patients with acute severe hypertension remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between BNP levels and long-term mortality in patients with acute severe hypertension visiting the emergency department (ED). This retrospective study included patients aged ≥ 18 years who were admitted to the ED between 2016 and 2019 with acute severe hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥ 180 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 100 mmHg). Patients were categorized into tertiles according to BNP levels upon admission to the ED. Of the 3099 patients with acute severe hypertension, 6.4% in the first (lowest) tertile, 24.8% in the second tertile, and 44.4% in the third (highest) tertile of BNP died within 3-years. After adjusting for clinically relevant variables, patients in the second tertile of BNP (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.96-3.55), and patients in the third tertile of BNP (adjusted HR 4.18; 95% CI, 3.09-5.64) had a significantly higher risk of 3-year all-cause mortality than those in the first tertile of BNP. Therefore, BNP may be valuable for the initial assessment to identify high-risk patients among those with acute severe hypertension.
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Achhami E, Gaire S, Shrestha DB, Joshi T. Valvular Heart Disease Presenting as Sympathetic Crashing Acute Pulmonary Edema (SCAPE) Phenomenon: A Diagnostic and Management Paradigm. Cureus 2022; 14:e32352. [PMID: 36628018 PMCID: PMC9826669 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic crashing acute pulmonary edema (SCAPE) is an acute decompensated heart failure due to sympathetic overflow. SCAPE is usually triggered by acute insults with an underlying substrate such as long-standing hypertension, chronic heart failure, and valvular heart disease. We present a case of SCAPE in a 91-year-old female due to underlying multivalvular heart disease. Because of severe acute presentation, SCAPE should be identified early, and management should be urgently done to decrease the need for invasive ventilation and prolonged hospitalization.
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Ashraf M, Zlochiver V, Bolton A, Allaqaband SQ, Bajwa T, Jan MF. Thirty-Day Readmission Rate Among Patients With Hypertensive Crisis: A Nationwide Analysis. Am J Hypertens 2022; 35:852-857. [PMID: 35869656 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertensive crisis is a life-threatening condition, further classified as hypertensive emergency and hypertensive urgency based on the presence or absence of acute or progressive end-organ damage, respectively. Readmissions in hypertensive emergency have been studied before. We aimed to analyze 30-day readmissions using recent data and more specific ICD-10-CM coding in patients with hypertensive crisis. METHODS In a retrospective study using the National Readmission Database 2018, we collected data on 129,239 patients admitted with the principal diagnosis of hypertensive crisis. The primary outcome was the all-cause 30-day readmission rate. Secondary outcomes were common causes of readmission, in-hospital mortality, resource utilization, and independent predictors of readmission. We also compared outcomes between patients with hypertensive urgency and hypertensive emergency. RESULTS Among 128,942 patients discharged alive, 13,768 (10.68%) were readmitted within 30 days; the most common cause of readmission was hypertensive crisis (19%). In-hospital mortality for readmissions (1.5%) was higher than for index admissions (0.2%, P < 0.01). Mean length of stay for readmissions was 4.5 days. The mean hospital cost associated with readmissions was $10,950, and total hospital costs were $151 million. Age <65 years and female sex were independent predictors of higher readmission rates. Subgroup analysis revealed a higher readmission rate for hypertensive emergency than hypertensive urgency (11.7% vs. 10%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS All-cause 30-day readmission rates are high in patients admitted with hypertensive crisis, especially patients with hypertensive emergency. Higher in-hospital mortality and resource utilization are associated with readmission in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muddasir Ashraf
- Hospital Medicine, UnityPoint Health Clinic Quad Cities, Rock Island, Illinois, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Viviana Zlochiver
- Aurora Cardiovascular and Thoracic Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexander Bolton
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Hospital Medicine, UnityPoint Health-St. Luke's Hospital, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, USA
| | - Suhail Q Allaqaband
- Aurora Cardiovascular and Thoracic Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tanvir Bajwa
- Aurora Cardiovascular and Thoracic Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - M Fuad Jan
- Aurora Cardiovascular and Thoracic Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Beeston D, Jepson R, Cortellini S. Evaluation of presentation, treatment and outcome in hypertensive emergency in dogs and cats: 15 cases (2003-2019). J Small Anim Pract 2022; 63:784-791. [PMID: 35811381 PMCID: PMC9796549 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypertensive emergency is well recognised in human medicine, yet there is limited veterinary evidence. This study aimed to determine the presentation, treatment and outcome in dogs and cats with hypertensive emergency. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective case series of dogs and cats with hypertensive emergency identified as follows: acute history with non-invasive Doppler systolic blood pressure greater than 180 mmHg and target organ damage including acute onset seizures, altered mentation with or without lateral recumbency or blindness. Data collected included signalment, history, physical examination and clinicopathological findings, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive treatment and outcome. RESULTS Seven dogs and eight cats were included presenting with seizures (n=9), blindness (n=4), altered mentation with (n=2) or without (n=2) lateral recumbency. Median age was 9 years (range 1 to 15) and duration of clinical signs before presentation was 1.5 days (range 1 to 15). Median systolic blood pressure on presentation was 230 mmHg (range 190 to 300). Amlodipine was the most common first-line agent (n=10), followed by hydralazine (n=4) and hypertonic saline (n=1). Aetiology of hypertensive emergency was acute kidney injury (n=9), idiopathic hypertension (n=3), hyperthyroidism (n=1), lymphoma (n=1) and suspected cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy (n=1). Five cats and three dogs survived to discharge with an overall survival of 53.3%. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Hypertensive emergencies had various presenting signs in this series. AKI was considered to be the cause of hypertension in the majority of patients. Further evaluation of treatment for hypertensive emergencies is warranted, considering almost half of the cases did not survive to discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Beeston
- Queen Mother Hospital for AnimalsRoyal Veterinary CollegeBrookmans ParkAL9 7TAUK
| | - R. Jepson
- Queen Mother Hospital for AnimalsRoyal Veterinary CollegeBrookmans ParkAL9 7TAUK
| | - S. Cortellini
- Queen Mother Hospital for AnimalsRoyal Veterinary CollegeBrookmans ParkAL9 7TAUK
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Gresnigt FMJ, Snik A, Franssen EJF, Vanhommerig JW, de Lange DW, Riezebos RK. 4‐Fluoroamphetamine (4‐FA) intoxication results in exaggerated blood pressure effects compared to MDMA and amphetamine: A retrospective analysis. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2022; 3:e12813. [PMID: 36187507 PMCID: PMC9512775 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective 4‐Fluoroamphetamine (4‐FA) is an amphetamine‐type stimulant, with effects comparable to amphetamine and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Severe 4‐FA‐related complications, such as cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, and cerebral hemorrhage, have been described. The aim of this study was to explore the cardiovascular symptoms and complications in 4‐FA and compare them to MDMA and amphetamine in intoxicated patients who presented to the emergency department (ED). Methods Between November 2015 and March 2020, all self‐reported 4‐FA, MDMA, and amphetamine‐intoxicated adult patients that presented at the ED of an inner‐city hospital in Amsterdam, were retrospectively analyzed for cardiovascular symptoms, vital parameters, cardiovascular complications, interventions, admission rate, and Poisoning Severity Score (PSS). Results A total of 582 patients were included, of which 31 (5.3%) with 4‐FA intoxication (10/31 mono‐intoxications, 32.3%), 406 (69.8%) with MDMA (59/406 mono‐intoxications, 14.5%), 100 (17.2%) with amphetamine (10/100 mono‐intoxications, 10.0%), and 45 (7.7%) with a cross intoxication of these drugs. 4‐FA mono‐intoxicated patients experienced more headache (n = 8; 80.0%) compared to MDMA (n = 2; 3.3%; P < 0.001) and amphetamine mono‐intoxicated patients (n = 0; 0.0%; P < 0.001) and their systolic blood pressure was higher (164 mm Hg ± 31 vs 139 mm Hg ± 19; P = 0.031 vs 135 mm Hg ± 22; P = 0.033, respectively). Severe 4‐FA‐related cardiovascular complications included Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (n = 1; 3.2%), subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 1; 3.2%), and hypertensive urgency (n = 2; 6.5%). Conclusions 4‐FA intoxication‐related ED symptoms resemble MDMA and amphetamine complications, although patients presented more often with headache and hypertension. Severe 4‐FA‐related cardiovascular complications occurred in 40% of mono‐intoxications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke M. J. Gresnigt
- Department of Emergency Medicine Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis Hospital AC Amsterdam the Netherlands
- Dutch Poison Information Center UMC Utrecht, University Utrecht Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Anouk Snik
- Department of Emergency Medicine Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis Hospital AC Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Eric J. F. Franssen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis Hospital AC Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Joost W. Vanhommerig
- Department of Research and Epidemiology Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis Hospital AC Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Dylan W. de Lange
- Dutch Poison Information Center UMC Utrecht, University Utrecht Utrecht the Netherlands
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Van Minh H, Van Huy T, Long DPP, Tien HA. Highlights of the 2022 Vietnamese Society of Hypertension guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension: The collaboration of the Vietnamese Society of Hypertension (VSH) task force with the contribution of the Vietnam National Heart Association (VNHA): The collaboration of the Vietnamese Society of Hypertension (VSH) task force with the contribution of the Vietnam National Heart Association (VNHA). J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2022; 24:1121-1138. [PMID: 36196473 PMCID: PMC9532930 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is uncontrolled in over 50% hypertensive population in Vietnam which indicated a compelling need for new hypertension guidelines. The highlights were composed of three parts: the diagnosis of arterial hypertension, the recommendation of home blood pressure monitoring, and the treatment of hypertension. Our guideline applied flexibility based upon the "essential" and "optimal" concepts in the diagnosis and management of hypertensive patients according to the socio-economic status of Vietnam. Hypertension is defined as an office systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg which is equivalent to a 24-hr ambulatory blood pressure monitoring average of ≥130/80 mmHg or home blood pressure monitoring average of ≥135/85 mmHg. We established an integrated hypertensive diagnostic algorithm for adults with the optimal option by the role of out-of-office blood pressure measurement, especially home blood pressure monitoring, which is fully recommended in this guideline. The threshold and target of hypertension treatment were individualized in safety range and effective evidence-based medicine. We also update for the management of resistant hypertension, hypertension in diabetic patients, hypertension with heart failure, and with other comorbidities. Vietnam has tried on the best strategy for improving the control of hypertension and recently received several achievements in the world, especially in the Asian region. Because the conditions for conducting our national data have not been fully conducted, we have to adapt from existing guidelines so there are still certain limitations that need to be supplemented and adjusted in the upcoming version.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Van Minh
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Medicine and PharmacyHue UniversityHue CityVietnam
| | - Tran Van Huy
- Department of Internal MedicineFaculty of MedicineBan Me Thuot UniversityVietnam
| | - Doan Pham Phuoc Long
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Medicine and PharmacyHue UniversityHue CityVietnam
| | - Hoang Anh Tien
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Medicine and PharmacyHue UniversityHue CityVietnam
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Talle MA, Ngarande E, Doubell AF, Herbst PG. Cardiac Complications of Hypertensive Emergency: Classification, Diagnosis and Management Challenges. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9080276. [PMID: 36005440 PMCID: PMC9409837 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9080276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While mortality in patients with hypertensive emergency has significantly improved over the past decades, the incidence and complications associated with acute hypertension-mediated organ damage have not followed a similar trend. Hypertensive emergency is characterized by an abrupt surge in blood pressure, mostly occurring in people with pre-existing hypertension to result in acute hypertension-mediated organ damage. Acute hypertension-mediated organ damage commonly affects the cardiovascular system, and present as acute heart failure, myocardial infarction, and less commonly, acute aortic syndrome. Elevated cardiac troponin with or without myocardial infarction is one of the major determinants of outcome in hypertensive emergency. Despite being an established entity distinct from myocardial infarction, myocardial injury has not been systematically studied in hypertensive emergency. The current guidelines on the evaluation and management of hypertensive emergencies limit the cardiac troponin assay to patients presenting with features of myocardial ischemia and acute coronary syndrome, resulting in underdiagnosis, especially of atypical myocardial infarction. In this narrative review, we aimed to give an overview of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of hypertensive emergencies, highlight challenges in the evaluation, classification, and treatment of hypertensive emergency, and propose an algorithm for the evaluation and classification of cardiac acute hypertension-mediated organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Talle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri and University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri 600004, Nigeria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-1631425117
| | - Ellen Ngarande
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Anton F. Doubell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Philip G. Herbst
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
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Kim HJ, Kim BS, Shin JH. Clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with very severe acute hypertension visiting the emergency department. Clin Hypertens 2022; 28:23. [PMID: 35965337 PMCID: PMC9377086 DOI: 10.1186/s40885-022-00208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data regarding very severe acute hypertension, a serious problem in emergency departments (EDs), are scarce. We investigated the clinical characteristics, practice patterns, and long-term prognoses of patients presenting to the ED with very severe acute hypertension. Methods Cross-sectional study data were obtained from a single regional emergency medical center, including patients aged ≥ 18 years who were admitted to the ED between January 2016 and December 2019 for very severe acute hypertension, which was defined as systolic blood pressure of > 220 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure of > 120 mmHg. The patients were classified into two groups based on the presence or absence of hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD). Results Among 1,391 patients with very severe acute hypertension in the ED, half of the them (50.2%) had a previous medical history of hypertension, and 547 (39.3%) had acute HMOD. The overall 3-month, 1-year, and 3-year mortality rates were 5.2%, 11.9%, and 17.3%, respectively. In particular, patients with HMOD had a significantly higher mortality rate at each time point than those without HMOD. Among patients with HMOD, acute ischemic stroke was the most common (28.7%). Moreover, intravenous antihypertensive drugs were significantly more prescribed in patients with HMOD than in those without HMOD (79.0% vs. 22.2%, P < 0.001), but there were no differences in oral antihypertensive drugs between the two groups. Conclusions Patients with very severe acute hypertension had poor long-term clinical prognoses. Clinicians should be continuously monitoring and providing appropriate treatment and close follow-up for patients with very severe acute hypertension. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40885-022-00208-3.
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Epidemiology and outcomes of hypertensive crisis in patients with chronic kidney disease: a nationwide analysis. J Hypertens 2022; 40:1288-1293. [PMID: 35703297 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiology and outcomes of hypertensive crisis (HTN-C) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have not been well studied. The objective of our study is to describe the incidence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of emergency department (ED) visits for HTN-C in patients with CKD and ESRD. METHODS We performed a secondary analysis of Nationwide Emergency Department Sample databases for years 2016-2018 by identifying adult patients presenting to ED with hypertension related conditions as primary diagnosis using appropriate diagnosis codes. RESULTS There were 348 million adult ED visits during the study period. Of these, 680 333 (0.2%) ED visits were for HTN-C. Out of these, majority were in patients without renal dysfunction (82%), with 11.4 and 6.6% were in patients with CKD and ESRD, respectively. The CKD and ESRD groups had significantly higher percentages of hypertensive emergency (HTN-E) presentation than in the No-CKD group (38.9, 34.2 and 22.4%, respectively; P < 0.001). ED visits for HTN-C frequently resulted in hospital admission and these were significantly higher in patients with CKD and ESRD than in No-CKD (78.3 vs. 72.6 vs. 44.7%; P < 0.0001). In-hospital mortality was overall low but was higher in CKD and ESRD than in No-CKD group (0.3 vs. 0.2 vs. 0.1%; P < 0.0001), as was cost of care (USD 28 534, USD 29 465 and USD 26 394, respectively; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION HTN-C constitutes a significant burden on patients with CKD and ESRD compared with those without CKD with a higher proportion of ED visits, incidence of HTN-E, hospitalization rate, in-hospital mortality and cost of care. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT http://links.lww.com/HJH/C22.
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Kim BS, Yu MY, Park JK, Shin J, Shin JH. Association of Dipstick Proteinuria with Long-Term Mortality among Patients with Hypertensive Crisis in the Emergency Department. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12060971. [PMID: 35743755 PMCID: PMC9225554 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12060971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinuria, frequently observed in hypertensive crisis, is a risk factor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with hypertension. Here we investigated the association between proteinuria and all-cause mortality in patients with a hypertensive crisis in the emergency department (ED). This retrospective study included patients admitted to the ED of a tertiary referral center between 2016 and 2019 with hypertensive crisis (systolic blood pressure ≥ 180 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 110 mmHg); 3599 patients with an assay for proteinuria were included in this study. Proteinuria was defined as a trace or more protein on a urine dipstick test. Proteinuria was present in 1964 (54.6%) of 3599 patients. At 3 years, crude all-cause mortality rates were 10.8% for patients with negative proteinuria, 21.7% for those with trace proteinuria, 29.0% for those with proteinuria (1+), 32.0% for those with proteinuria (2+), and 35.4% for those with proteinuria (≥3+). After adjusting for age, sex, blood pressure, and comorbid conditions, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for dipstick proteinuria was 1.91 (1.53–2.37) for those with trace proteinuria, 2.32 (1.85–2.91) for those with proteinuria (1+), 2.40 (1.86–3.10) for those with proteinuria (2+), and 2.40 (1.78–3.24) for those with proteinuria (≥3+) compared to the reference of negative proteinuria. In patients with hypertensive crisis, dipstick proteinuria was a significant predictor of all-cause mortality, and the risk of all-cause mortality increased in a dose-dependent manner according to its degree. Moreover, even trace proteinuria was associated with an increased risk of mortality. The dipstick urine test could be used as a simple and useful method for risk assessment of all-cause mortality in patients with hypertensive crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Sik Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri-si 11923, Korea;
| | - Mi-Yeon Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri-si 11923, Korea;
| | - Jin-Kyu Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea; (J.-K.P.); (J.S.)
| | - Jinho Shin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea; (J.-K.P.); (J.S.)
| | - Jeong-Hun Shin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri-si 11923, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-560-2216
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