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Zhang Y, Zhou X. Targeting regulated cell death (RCD) in hematological malignancies: Recent advances and therapeutic potential. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116667. [PMID: 38703504 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) is a form of cell death that can be regulated by numerous biomacromolecules. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulated expression and altered localization of related proteins in RCD promote the development of cancer. Targeting subroutines of RCD with pharmacological small-molecule compounds is becoming a promising therapeutic avenue for anti-tumor treatment, especially in hematological malignancies. Herein, we summarize the aberrant mechanisms of apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, PANoptosis, and ferroptosis in hematological malignancies. In particular, we focus on the relationship between cell death and tumorigenesis, anti-tumor immunotherapy, and drug resistance in hematological malignancies. Furthermore, we discuss the emerging therapeutic strategies targeting different RCD subroutines. This review aims to summarize the significance and potential mechanisms of RCD in hematological malignancies, along with the development and utilization of pertinent therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China; Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 251006, China.
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2
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Spetz J, Presser AG, Sarosiek KA. T Cells and Regulated Cell Death: Kill or Be Killed. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 342:27-71. [PMID: 30635093 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell death plays two major complementary roles in T cell biology: mediating the removal of cells that are targeted by T cells and the removal of T cells themselves. T cells serve as major actors in the adaptive immune response and function by selectively killing cells which are infected or dysfunctional. This feature is highly involved during homeostatic maintenance, and is relied upon and modulated in the context of cancer immunotherapy. The vital recognition and elimination of both autoreactive T cells and cells which are unable to recognize threats is a highly selective and regulated process. Moreover, detection of potential threats will result in the activation and expansion of T cells, which on resolution of the immune response will need to be eliminated. The culling of these T cells can be executed via a multitude of cell death pathways which are used in context-specific manners. Failure of these processes may result in an accumulation of misdirected or dysfunctional T cells, leading to complications such as autoimmunity or cancer. This review will focus on the role of cell death regulation in the maintenance of T cell homeostasis, as well as T cell-mediated elimination of infected or dysfunctional cells, and will summarize and discuss the current knowledge of the cellular mechanisms which are implicated in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Spetz
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Adam G Presser
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kristopher A Sarosiek
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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3
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Li KP, Shanmuganad S, Carroll K, Katz JD, Jordan MB, Hildeman DA. Dying to protect: cell death and the control of T-cell homeostasis. Immunol Rev 2017; 277:21-43. [PMID: 28462527 PMCID: PMC5416827 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T cells play a critical role in immune responses as they specifically recognize peptide/MHC complexes with their T-cell receptors and initiate adaptive immune responses. While T cells are critical for performing appropriate effector functions and maintaining immune memory, they also can cause autoimmunity or neoplasia if misdirected or dysregulated. Thus, T cells must be tightly regulated from their development onward. Maintenance of appropriate T-cell homeostasis is essential to promote protective immunity and limit autoimmunity and neoplasia. This review will focus on the role of cell death in maintenance of T-cell homeostasis and outline novel therapeutic strategies tailored to manipulate cell death to limit T-cell survival (eg, autoimmunity and transplantation) or enhance T-cell survival (eg, vaccination and immune deficiency).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Po Li
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sharmila Shanmuganad
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kaitlin Carroll
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Katz
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes Research Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael B. Jordan
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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4
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Reinherz EL. αβ TCR-mediated recognition: relevance to tumor-antigen discovery and cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 3:305-12. [PMID: 25847967 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
αβ T lymphocytes sense perturbations in host cellular body components induced by infectious pathogens, oncogenic transformation, or chemical or physical damage. Millions to billions of these lymphocytes are generated through T-lineage development in the thymus, each endowed with a clonally restricted surface T-cell receptor (TCR). An individual TCR has the capacity to recognize a distinct "foreign" peptide among the myriad of antigens that the mammalian host must be capable of detecting. TCRs explicitly distinguish foreign from self-peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. This is a daunting challenge, given that the MHC-linked peptidome consists of thousands of distinct peptides with a relevant nonself target antigen often embedded at low number, among orders of magnitude higher frequency self-peptides. In this Masters of Immunology article, I review how TCR structure and attendant mechanobiology involving nonlinear responses affect sensitivity as well as specificity to meet this requirement. Assessment of human tumor-cell display using state-of-the-art mass spectrometry physical detection methods that quantify epitope copy number can help to provide information about requisite T-cell functional avidity affording protection and/or therapeutic immunity. Future rational CD8 cytotoxic T-cell-based vaccines may follow, targeting virally induced cancers, other nonviral immunogenic tumors, and potentially even nonimmunogenic tumors whose peptide display can be purposely altered by MHC-binding drugs to stimulate immune attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis L Reinherz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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5
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Antithymocyte globulin facilitates alloreactive T-cell apoptosis by means of caspase-3: potential implications for monitoring rejection-free outcomes. Transplantation 2015; 99:164-70. [PMID: 25531894 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alloreactive T-cell apoptosis may explain reduced immunosuppression requirements with proapoptotic immunosuppression and among rejection-free recipients. This possibility remains unproven. METHODS Apoptotic (caspase-3+, cathepsin B+) and inflammatory (CD154+) T-cell subsets were evaluated before and after adding rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) to mixed lymphocyte co-cultures between human leukocyte antigen-mismatched peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy adults. In random samples from children with liver (LTx-20) and intestine (ITx-13) transplantation, apoptotic T cells were evaluated for association with rejection-free outcomes using the caspase-3 substrate, phiphilux. RESULTS In mixed lymphocyte co-cultures between normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes, (1) frequencies of memory (M) and naive (N) Th and Tc, which expressed activated caspase-3, were enhanced most by the combination of allostimulation and rATG, than either stimulus alone. These findings were confirmed with antibody to activated caspase-3, phiphilux, and terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay; (2) frequencies of Th subsets, which expressed activated cathepsin B, were similarly increased with combined stimulation. Tc seemed resistant to cathepsin B activation; (3) with increasing rATG concentrations, proportionately more allospecific CD154+T-cytotoxic memory cells (TcM) survived than TcM, resulting in relative enrichment of allospecific CD154+TcM. In random blood samples, phiphilux+T-cell subset frequencies were higher among 14 rejection-free LTx and ITx recipients and demonstrated a greater increase with ex vivo rATG pretreatment than 19 rejectors. In logistic regression analysis, phiphilux+TcM associated best with rejection-free outcomes with a sensitivity of 57% and a specificity of 89%. CONCLUSION Rabbit antithymocyte globulin facilitates apoptosis of alloreactive T cells by means of caspase-3 activation, which may explain its steroid-sparing effect in pediatric liver and intestine recipients. Apoptotic susceptibility of T-cytotoxic memory cells, which resist cathepsin B activation, may distinguish rejection-free and rejection-prone liver recipients.
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6
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Fu G, Rybakin V, Brzostek J, Paster W, Acuto O, Gascoigne NRJ. Fine-tuning T cell receptor signaling to control T cell development. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:311-8. [PMID: 24951034 PMCID: PMC4119814 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
T cell development from immature CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive (DP) thymocytes to the mature CD4 or CD8 single-positive (SP) stage requires proper T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. The current working model of thymocyte development is that the strength of the TCR-mediated signal - from little-or-none, through intermediate, to strong - received by the immature cells determines whether they will undergo death by neglect, positive selection, or negative selection, respectively. In recent years, several developmentally regulated, stage-specifically expressed proteins and miRNAs have been found that act like fine-tuners for signal transduction and propagation downstream of the TCR. This allows them to govern thymocyte positive selection. Here, we summarize recent findings on these molecules and suggest new concepts of TCR positive-selection signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Fu
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vasily Rybakin
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597
| | - Joanna Brzostek
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597
| | - Wolfgang Paster
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Oreste Acuto
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597.
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7
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Role of caspase-8 in thymus function. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:226-33. [PMID: 24270406 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus is the primary organ responsible for de novo generation of immunocompetent T cells that have a diverse repertoire of antigen recognition. During the developmental process, 98% of thymocytes die by apoptosis. Thus apoptosis is a dominant process in the thymus and occurs through either death by neglect or negative selection or through induction by stress/aging. Caspase activation is an essential part of the general apoptosis mechanism, and data suggest that caspases may have a role in negative selection; however, it seems more probable that caspase-8 activation is involved in death by neglect, particularly in glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis. Caspase-8 is active in double-positive (DP) thymocytes in vivo and can be activated in vitro in DP thymocytes by T-cell receptor (TCR) crosslinking to induce apoptosis. Caspase-8 is a proapoptotic member of the caspase family and is considered an initiator caspase, which is activated upon stimulation of a death receptor (e.g., Fas), recruitment of the adaptor molecule FADD, and recruitment and subsequent processing of procaspase-8. The main role of caspase-8 seems to be pro-apoptotic and, in this review, we will discuss about the involvement of caspase-8 in (1) TCR-triggered thymic apoptosis; (2) death receptor-mediated thymic apoptosis; and (3) glucocorticoid-induced thymic apoptosis. Regarding TCR triggering, caspase-8 is active in medullary, semi-mature heat-stable antigen(hi) (HAS(hi) SP) thymocytes as a consequence of strong TCR stimulation. The death receptors Fas, FADD, and FLIP are involved upstream of caspase-8 activation in apoptosis; whereas, Bid and HDAC7 are involved downstream of caspase-8. Finally, caspase-8 is involved in glucocortocoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis through an activation loop with the protein GILZ. GILZ activates caspase-8, promoting GILZ sumoylation and its protection from proteasomal degradation.
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8
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Kłossowicz M, Scirka B, Suchanek J, Marek-Bukowiec K, Kisielow P, Aguado E, Miazek A. Assessment of caspase mediated degradation of linker for activation of T cells (LAT) at a single cell level. J Immunol Methods 2012; 389:9-17. [PMID: 23261919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Caspase/Granzyme B mediated protein degradation is involved in elimination of activated T cell receptor (TCR) signaling molecules during processes of thymocyte selection and maintenance of peripheral homeostasis of T cells. Key components of TCR signaling cassette including LAT undergo biological inactivation in response to pro-apoptotic or anergy inducing environmental stimuli. Although available Western immunoblotting-based techniques are appropriate for detection of protein degradation in bulk populations of target cells, quantitative assessment of this process at a single cell level requires a different approach. Here we report on a novel, flow cytometry-based method for assessment of LAT integrity. This method exploits a loss of an anti-LAT antibody epitope recognition following proteolytic degradation of C-terminal domain of the LAT. We show that the LAT degradation precedes phosphatidylserine translocation to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and thus may constitute an early marker of T cell apoptosis. When used in conjunction with multi-parameter flow cytometry, our method revealed that FoxP3(+)CD4(+)CD8(low) thymocytes i.e. precursors of thymus derived CD4(+) regulatory T cells, in contrast to Foxp3(-)CD4(+)CD8(low) thymocytes are resistant to LAT degradation in response to CD3ε crosslinking. This finding can be used as an additional marker for T regulatory cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Kłossowicz
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Tumor Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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9
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Touma M, Keskin DB, Shiroki F, Saito I, Koyasu S, Reinherz EL, Clayton LK. Impaired B cell development and function in the absence of IkappaBNS. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3942-52. [PMID: 21900180 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IκBNS has been identified as a member of the IκB family of NF-κB inhibitors, which undergoes induction upon TCR signaling. Mice carrying a targeted gene disruption of IκBNS demonstrate dysregulation of cytokines in T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. IκBNS mediates both positive and negative gene regulation, depending on individual cell type and/or cytokine. In this study, we demonstrate an additional role for IκBNS in the B cell lineage. B cells from IκBNS knockout (KO) mice were impaired in proliferative responses to LPS and anti-CD40. IgM and IgG3 Igs were drastically reduced in the serum of IκBNS KO mice, although IκBNS KO B cells exhibited a higher level of surface IgM than that found in wild-type mice. Switching to IgG3 was significantly reduced in IκBNS KO B cells. The in vitro induction of plasma cell development demonstrated that progression to Ab-secreting cells was impaired in IκBNS KO B cells. In agreement with this finding, the number of Ab-secreting cells in the spleens of IκBNS KO mice was reduced and production of Ag-specific Igs was lower in IκBNS KO mice after influenza infection as compared with wild-type mice. Additionally, IκBNS KO mice lacked B1 B cells and exhibited a reduction in marginal zone B cells. Thus, IκBNS significantly impacts the development and functions of B cells and plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Touma
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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10
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Murakami K, Liadis N, Sarmiento J, Elford AR, Woo M, Nguyen LT, Mak TW, Ohashi PS. Caspase 3 is not essential for the induction of anergy or multiple pathways of CD8+ T-cell death. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:3372-7. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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11
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Schmitz I, Meyer C, Schulze-Osthoff K. CD95 ligand mediates T-cell receptor-induced apoptosis of a CD4+ CD8+ double positive thymic lymphoma. Oncogene 2006; 25:7587-96. [PMID: 16767155 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tumors in the thymus can be of different cellular origin. Among the most common tumors are thymoma and lymphoma, which are derived from transformed thymic epithelial cells and transformed lymphocytes, respectively. Thymic lymphoma and their response to apoptotic stimuli are poorly characterized. Here, we analyse apoptosis events in the thymic lymphoma cell line Thy278, which expresses cell surface antigens characteristic of immature double positive thymocytes. Upon T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 stimulation, Thy278 cells die by apoptosis, similar as primary thymocytes during negative selection. Caspases are crucial for deletion of both Thy278 cells and normal thymocytes. Moreover, we show that deletion of primary thymocytes and Thy278 cells upon CD3 stimulation is considerably impaired by neutralizing CD95L antibody. Thus, our results not only demonstrate that TCR-induced apoptosis is still functional in transformed thymocytes, but also suggest that Thy278 cells are a helpful model for the molecular analysis of negative selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Schmitz
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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12
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Odaka C, Izumiyama S. Expression of stromelysin-3 (matrix metalloproteinase-11) in macrophages of murine thymus following thymocyte apoptosis. Cell Immunol 2005; 235:21-8. [PMID: 16165118 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2005.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High expression of stromelysin-3 (ST-3), also known as matrix metalloproteinase-11, has been implicated in tumor progression and intense tissue remodeling. Nonetheless, details of the cell type(s) expressing ST-3 are less well defined. Here, we report that ST-3 expression was elevated in mouse thymus following thymocyte apoptosis after administration of anti-CD3 Ab. TUNEL analysis revealed that many thymocytes in the cortical region were induced to apoptotic cell death 14 h after the injection. After an additional 2-6 h, ST-3 expression in the thymus was more apparent. Co-staining analysis by anti-ST-3 and F4/80 Abs showed that most F4/80-positive macrophages were also positive for ST-3. Murine peritoneal macrophages were found to constitutively express ST-3, and exposure to apoptotic cells hardly affected ST-3 expression in the macrophages. Taken together, our results indicate that ST-3 is not involved in the execution process of thymocyte apoptosis, and the increased levels of ST-3 in the thymus may be due to the presence of macrophages responsible for clearance of apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Odaka
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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13
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Preda-Pais A, Stan AC, Casares S, Bona C, Brumeanu TD. Efficacy of clonal deletion vs. anergy of self-reactive CD4 T-cells for the prevention and reversal of autoimmune diabetes. J Autoimmun 2005; 25:21-32. [PMID: 16005609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The self-reactive CD4 T-cells play an essential role in triggering and sustaining organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Silencing or elimination of these cells can prevent and reverse an autoimmune process. We have previously showed that a single dose-administration of a soluble dimeric MHC II-peptide chimera (DEF) in double-transgenic mice delayed the onset autoimmune diabetes, and restored the euglycemia in already diabetic mice for a period of 1 week. DEF dimer protection relied on induction of anergy of diabetogenic CD4 T-cells in spleen, and stimulation of IL-10-secreting T regulatory type 1 cells in pancreas. Herein, we show that an octameric form of DEF has doubled the period of protection and reversal of disease by clonal deletion of diabetogenic CD4 T-cells in both the thymic and peripheral compartments. Deletion occurred by activation-induced cell death subsequent to repartitioning and signaling of FAS-FADD apoptotic module in the plasma membrane lipid rafts. Our previous and present data indicated first, that DEF valence translates into various effects on the antigen-specific CD4 T-cells, i.e., Th2 immune deviation, anergy, and apoptosis. Second, the present findings argue for a better efficacy of clonal deletion than anergy of diabetogenic CD4 T-cells for the protection and reversal of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Preda-Pais
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 4301, Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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14
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Walsh CM, Luhrs KA, Arechiga AF. The "fuzzy logic" of the death-inducing signaling complex in lymphocytes. J Clin Immunol 2004; 23:333-53. [PMID: 14601642 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025313415487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Receptors belonging to the tumor necrosis factor receptor family have long been thought to play an important role in the regulation of immunity. Although this family is composed of a large number of surface receptors that potentiate myriad functions in vivo, a subset is known to directly convey apoptotic signals. One such molecule belonging to this subset is CD95. Ligation of CD95 instigates the formation of a complex known as the "death-inducing signaling complex" or DISC, which is composed of molecules including FADD (Fas associated with death domain) and RIP (receptor-interacting kinase), as well as procaspases-8 and -10, and a caspase-8-like molecule that lacks proteolytic activity called c-FLIP. Although the DISC was initially thought to serve an exclusively proapoptotic role, humans and mice with defects in various components of this complex demonstrate a variety of developmental and hematopoietic defects that are not apparently due to aberrant apoptosis. These findings paint a far more complex picture of the numerous components of the DISC, and provide evidence that these complexes serve nonapoptotic functions. Herein, we summarize the experimental evidence challenging the notion that the DISC imparts an exclusively apoptotic function and provide hypotheses to account for these alternative roles. Rather than operating as a binary system, we propose that the DISCs formed around various DRs transduce signals leading to a variety of cellular fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Walsh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, USA.
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15
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Vicente-Manzanares M, Sánchez-Madrid F. Role of the cytoskeleton during leukocyte responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:110-22. [PMID: 15040584 DOI: 10.1038/nri1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a cellular network of structural, adaptor and signalling molecules that regulates most cellular functions that are related to the immune response, including migration, extravasation, antien recognition, activation and phagocytosis by different subsets of leukocytes. Recently, a large number of regulatory elements and structural constituents of the leukocyte cytoskeleton have been identified. In this review, we discuss the composition and regulation of the different cytoskeletal elements and their role in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, c/Diego de León 62, 28006-Madrid, Spain
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16
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Rajpal A, Cho YA, Yelent B, Koza-Taylor PH, Li D, Chen E, Whang M, Kang C, Turi TG, Winoto A. Transcriptional activation of known and novel apoptotic pathways by Nur77 orphan steroid receptor. EMBO J 2004; 22:6526-36. [PMID: 14657025 PMCID: PMC291815 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nur77 is a nuclear orphan steroid receptor that has been implicated in negative selection. Expression of Nur77 in thymocytes and cell lines leads to apoptosis through a mechanism that remains unclear. In some cell lines, Nur77 was reported to act through a transcription-independent mechanism involving translocation to mitochondria, leading to cytochrome c release. However, we show here that Nur77-mediated apoptosis in thymocytes does not involve cytoplasmic cytochrome c release and cannot be rescued by Bcl-2. Microarray analysis shows that Nur77 induces many genes, including two novel genes (NDG1, NDG2) and known apoptotic genes FasL and TRAIL. Characterization of NDG1 and NDG2 indicates that NDG1 initiates a novel apoptotic pathway in a Bcl-2-independent manner. Thus Nur77-mediated apoptosis in T cells involves Bcl-2 independent transcriptional activation of several known and novel apoptotic pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA Primers
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Escherichia coli/cytology
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/physiology
- Female
- Genotype
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Pregnancy
- Rats
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
- Receptors, Steroid/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcriptional Activation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Rajpal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Cancer Research Laboratory, 469 LSA, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
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17
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Nakken B, Davis KE, Pan ZJ, Bachmann M, Farris AD. T-helper cell tolerance to ubiquitous nuclear antigens. Scand J Immunol 2003; 58:478-92. [PMID: 14629620 PMCID: PMC2579760 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune diseases are characterized by the development of antinuclear autoantibodies. In order to understand the immunologic events leading to the development of such antibodies, knowledge of mechanisms of immune tolerance to nuclear antigens is required. By utilizing adoptive T-cell transfer strategies with transgenic mouse models expressing nuclear neo-self antigens, T-cell tolerance to the lupus-related nuclear antigens human La and nRNP A has been demonstrated. These findings also indicate the existence in normal animals of autoreactive B cells continuously presenting nuclear antigen, suggesting that nuclear antigens are not sequestered from the immune system. Investigations of CD4+ T-cell tolerance to non-nuclear antigens have revealed a number of mechanisms that protect the host from autoreactivity, including autoreactive T-cell deletion, regulatory T-cell development and anergy induction. Recent studies using T-cell receptor and neo-self nuclear antigen transgenic mice are revealing the importance of such mechanisms in maintaining tolerance to nuclear antigens. Mechanisms of tolerogenic antigen presentation, identification of tolerogenic antigen source(s) and the pathways leading to loss of tolerance to nuclear antigens in systemic autoimmune disease states are currently being sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nakken
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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18
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Abstract
A functional immune system requires the selection of T lymphocytes expressing receptors that are major histocompatibility complex restricted but tolerant to self-antigens. This selection occurs predominantly in the thymus, where lymphocyte precursors first assemble a surface receptor. In this review we summarize the current state of the field regarding the natural ligands and molecular factors required for positive and negative selection and discuss a model for how these disparate outcomes can be signaled via the same receptor. We also discuss emerging data on the selection of regulatory T cells. Such cells require a high-affinity interaction with self-antigens, yet differentiate into regulatory cells instead of being eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Starr
- Center for Immunology and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Dead cells are a prominent feature of the thymic landscape as only 5% of developing thymocytes are exported as mature T cells. The remaining thymocytes die by one of two mechanisms; most thymocytes die because they are not positively selected and do not receive a survival signal, whereas a minority of thymocytes undergo T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated apoptosis, a process known as negative selection. Negative selection is extremely important for establishing a functional immune system, as it provides an efficient mechanism for ridding the T-cell repertoire of self-reactive and potentially autoimmune lymphocytes. This review discusses several cellular and molecular aspects of negative selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Palmer
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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20
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Abstract
Recent investigations have provided important insights into how signaling through the antigen receptors determines whether a cell survives or dies. In T cells, Grb2 and MAP kinases play essential roles in differentiating between apoptotic and survival signals. The PTEN phosphatase and Bim, a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, regulate apoptosis in both T and B cells. In B cells, antigen receptor-mediated death can be rescued by co-stimulation, in which the roles of protein kinase C and BAFF, a TNF family member, have been recently elucidated. In a recently identified mechanism of regulating inflammation, receptors such as c-mer and glycoproteins such as MFG-E8 were found to participate in the clearance of apoptotic cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Lymphocytes/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue J Sohn
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Cancer Research Laboratory 469, Life Science Addition, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
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21
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Patel H, Hoffman-Goetz L. Effects of oestrogen and exercise on caspase-3 activity in primary and secondary lymphoid compartments in ovariectomized mice. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2002; 176:177-84. [PMID: 12392497 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.2002.01033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study investigated the effect of oestrogen exposure and exercise on caspase-3 activity, a measure of apoptosis, in lymphocytes from the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes in ovariectomized mice. Fifty-nine female B6D2F1 mice were randomized to hormone and exercise conditions. Hormone treatment consisted of implantation with oestradiol pellets (0.72 mg oestradiol) or placebo pellets (0 mg) for 21 days following bilateral ovariectomy (OVX). Exercise consisted of a single treadmill exercise bout (26 m min(-1), 6 degrees slope, 90-min) or sedentary condition. Mice were killed and the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes were removed for the determination of caspase-3 expression by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), serum oestrogen levels by RIA, and tissue weights. Body weights were monitored throughout the study. In the thymus, oestrogen exposure, exercise and both treatments together were associated with higher caspase-3 activity (P < 0.05) and lower thymus weights (P < 0.05). In contrast, oestrogen exposure and exercise treatment were not associated with greater caspase-3 activity or change in tissue weight in secondary lymphoid tissues (spleen, lymph nodes). Oestrogen-replaced OVX mice had a higher concentration of plasma oestradiol than placebo OVX mice (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The results suggest that oestrogen and treadmill exercise are associated with greater apoptosis, as measured by caspase-3 activity, in the thymus but not in the spleen or lymph nodes. Clinical studies will be necessary to determine if women who take oestrogen have higher rates of apoptosis in primary lymphoid tissues and the significance of thymocyte apoptosis for maintenance of cellular immune function during the post-menopausal years.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Patel
- Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Vugmeyster Y, Borodovsky A, Maurice MM, Maehr R, Furman MH, Ploegh HL. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in thymocyte apoptosis: caspase-dependent processing of the deubiquitinating enzyme USP7 (HAUSP). Mol Immunol 2002; 39:431-41. [PMID: 12413694 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(02)00123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is crucial for thymocyte development. We analyzed the role of the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome pathway in dexamethasone-triggered and TCR-mediated apoptosis in fetal thymic organ culture (FTOC). Proteasome activity was increased in apoptotic thymocytes, as visualized by active-site labeling of proteasomal beta subunits. The activity of deubiquitinating enzymes in murine apoptotic thymocytes was likewise examined by active-site labeling. We show that the deubiquitinating enzyme USP7 (HAUSP) is proteolytically processed upon dexamethasone-, gamma-irradiation-, and antigen-induced cell death. Such processing of HAUSP does not occur in caspase 3-/- thymocytes, or upon pretreatment of wild type thymocytes with the general caspase inhibitor ZVAD-fmk. Thus, our results suggest that thymocyte apoptosis leads to modification of deubiquitinating enzymes by caspase activity and may provide an additional link between the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and the caspase cascade during programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Vugmeyster
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Building D2, Room 137, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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23
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Trubiani O, Guarnieri S, Paganelli R, Di Primio R. Involvement of caspace-3 in the cleavage of terminal transferase. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2002; 15:201-208. [PMID: 12575920 DOI: 10.1177/039463200201500306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the in vivo role of caspase-3 in Terminal Transferase metabolism DMSO-treated RPMI-8402, a human pre-T cell line was used. In DMSO treated samples (3)H-dGTP incorporation and TdT phosphorylation occurs after 4 hours of treatment. After 8 hours cells undergo TdT proteolysis in addition to its inactivation. The cleavage of TdT into 32- and 58-KDa proteolytic fragments occurred simultaneously with the activation of Caspase-3, but preceded changes associated with the apoptotic process described after 48 hours of treatment. The Caspase-3 peptide inhibitor V, used as a specific inhibitor, prevented TdT proteolysis prolonging its activity and rescued cells from apoptosis. Our experiments suggest that TdT is a nuclear substrate for Caspase-3, the main apoptotic effector protease in many cell types, and that the cleavage of TdT represents a primary step in a signal cascade leading to pre-T cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Trubiani
- Dip. Scienze Odontostomatologiche, Università "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
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24
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Sasada T, Touma M, Chang HC, Clayton LK, Wang JH, Reinherz EL. Involvement of the TCR Cbeta FG loop in thymic selection and T cell function. J Exp Med 2002; 195:1419-31. [PMID: 12045240 PMCID: PMC2193539 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2002] [Revised: 03/29/2002] [Accepted: 04/15/2002] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The asymmetric disposition of T cell receptor (TCR) Cbeta and Calpha ectodomains creates a cavity with a side-wall formed by the rigid Cbeta FG loop. To investigate the significance of this conserved structure, we generated loop deletion (betaDeltaFG) and betawt transgenic (tg) mice using the TCR beta subunit of the N15 CTL. N15betawt and N15betaDeltaFG H-2(b) animals have comparable numbers of thymocytes in S phase and manifest developmental progression through the CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative (DN) compartment. N15betaDeltaFG facilitates transition from DN to CD4(+)8(+) double-positive (DP) thymocytes in recombinase activating gene (RAG)-2(-/-) mice, showing that pre-TCR function remains. N15betaDeltaFG animals possess approximately twofold more CD8(+) single-positive (SP) thymocytes and lymph node T cells, consistent with enhanced positive selection. As an altered Valpha repertoire observed in N15betaDeltaFG mice may confound the deletion's effect, we crossed N15alphabeta TCR tg RAG-2(-/-) with N15betaDeltaFG tg RAG-2(-/-) H-2(b) mice to generate N15alphabeta RAG-2(-/-) and N15alphabeta.betaDeltaFG RAG-2(-/-) littermates. N15alphabeta.betaDeltaFG RAG-2(-/-) mice show an 8-10-fold increase in DP thymocytes due to reduced negative selection, as evidenced by diminished constitutive and cognate peptide-induced apoptosis. Compared with N15alphabeta, N15alphabeta.betaDeltaFG T cells respond poorly to cognate antigens and weak agonists. Thus, the Cbeta FG loop facilitates negative selection of thymocytes and activation of T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cattle
- Cell Division
- Cell Lineage
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dogs
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Conformation
- Rabbits
- Rats
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Sasada
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
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25
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Ganguly T, Khar A. Induction of apoptosis in a human erythroleukemic cell line K562 by tylophora alkaloids involves release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase 3. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2002; 9:288-295. [PMID: 12120809 DOI: 10.1078/0944-7113-00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tylophora alkaloids are plant products known for their antiasthamatic and antiproliferative activities. The underlying cellular changes resulting from inhibition of proliferation were investigated. Tylophora alkaloids induced apoptosis in K562 cells with characteristic apoptotic features like nuclear condensation, apoptotic body formation, flipping of membrane phosphatidylserine, activation of caspase 3 and release of mitochondrial cytochrome c. These studies suggest that the Tylophora alkaloids, in addition to their antiproliferative effects also induce apoptosis in erythroleukemic cells. These observations imply that Tylophora alkaloids could be useful molecules for their antiproliferative activity and for induction of apoptosis in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ganguly
- Jonaki, BRIT, CCMB, Hyderabad, India
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26
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Kelkar S, Dong Q, Xiao Y, Joshi-Barve S, McClain CJ, Barve SS. Ethanol Enhances Activation-Induced Caspase-3 Dependent Cell Death in T Lymphocytes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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Hara H, Takeda A, Takeuchi M, Wakeham AC, Itié A, Sasaki M, Mak TW, Yoshimura A, Nomoto K, Yoshida H. The apoptotic protease-activating factor 1-mediated pathway of apoptosis is dispensable for negative selection of thymocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:2288-95. [PMID: 11859117 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.5.2288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Negative selection is a process to delete potentially autoreactive clones in developing thymocytes. Programmed cell death or apoptosis is thought to play an important role in this selection process. In this study, we investigated the role of apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 (Apaf1), a mammalian homologue of CED-4, in programmed cell death during the negative selection in thymus. There was no developmental abnormality in thymocytes from newborn Apaf1(-/-) mice in terms of CD4 and CD8 expression pattern and thymocyte number. Clonal deletion by endogenous male H-Y Ag of Apaf1-deficient thymocytes with transgenic expression of H-Y Ag-specific TCRs (H-Y Tg/Apaf1(-/-) thymocytes) was normally observed in lethally irradiated wild-type mice reconstituted with fetal liver-derived hemopoietic stem cells. Clonal deletion induced in vitro by a bacterial superantigen was also normal in fetal thymic organ culture. Thus, Apaf1-mediated pathway of apoptosis is dispensable for the negative selection of thymocytes. However, H-Y Tg/Apaf1(-/-) thymocytes showed partial resistance to H-Y peptide-induced deletion in vitro as compared with H-Y Tg/Apaf1(+/-) thymocytes, implicating the Apaf1-mediated apoptotic pathway in the negative selection in a certain situation. In addition, the peptide-induced deletion was still observed in H-Y Tg/Apaf1(-/-) thymocytes in the presence of a broad spectrum caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, suggesting the presence of caspase-independent cell death pathway playing roles during the negative selection. We assume that mechanisms for the negative selection are composed of several cell death pathways to avoid failure of elimination of autoreactive clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Hara
- Department of Immunology and Technical Support Laboratory, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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28
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Fiorini E, Schmitz I, Marissen WE, Osborn SL, Touma M, Sasada T, Reche PA, Tibaldi EV, Hussey RE, Kruisbeek AM, Reinherz EL, Clayton LK. Peptide-induced negative selection of thymocytes activates transcription of an NF-kappa B inhibitor. Mol Cell 2002; 9:637-48. [PMID: 11931770 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Negative selection eliminates thymocytes bearing autoreactive T cell receptors (TCR) via an apoptotic mechanism. We have cloned an inhibitor of NF-kappa B, I kappa BNS, which is rapidly expressed upon TCR-triggered but not dexamethasone- or gamma irradiation-stimulated thymocyte death. The predicted protein contains seven ankyrin repeats and is homologous to I kappa B family members. In class I and class II MHC-restricted TCR transgenic mice, transcription of I kappa BNS is stimulated by peptides that trigger negative selection but not by those inducing positive selection (i.e., survival) or nonselecting peptides. I kappa BNS blocks transcription from NF-kappa B reporters, alters NF-kappa B electrophoretic mobility shifts, and interacts with NF-kappa B proteins in thymic nuclear lysates following TCR stimulation. Retroviral transduction of I kappa BNS in fetal thymic organ culture enhances TCR-triggered cell death consistent with its function in selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Fiorini
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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29
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Bouillet P, Purton JF, Godfrey DI, Zhang LC, Coultas L, Puthalakath H, Pellegrini M, Cory S, Adams JM, Strasser A. BH3-only Bcl-2 family member Bim is required for apoptosis of autoreactive thymocytes. Nature 2002; 415:922-6. [PMID: 11859372 DOI: 10.1038/415922a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
During lymphocyte development, the assembly of genes coding for antigen receptors occurs by the combinatorial linking of gene segments. The stochastic nature of this process gives rise to lymphocytes that can recognize self-antigens, thereby having the potential to induce autoimmune disease. Such autoreactive lymphocytes can be silenced by developmental arrest or unresponsiveness (anergy), or can be deleted from the repertoire by cell death. In the thymus, developing T lymphocytes (thymocytes) bearing a T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex that engages self-antigens are induced to undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis), but the mechanisms ensuring this 'negative selection' are unclear. We now report that thymocytes lacking the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bim (also known as Bcl2l11) are refractory to apoptosis induced by TCR-CD3 stimulation. Moreover, in transgenic mice expressing autoreactive TCRs that provoke widespread deletion, Bim deficiency severely impaired thymocyte killing. TCR ligation upregulated Bim expression and promoted interaction of Bim with Bcl-XL, inhibiting its survival function. These findings identify Bim as an essential initiator of apoptosis in thymocyte-negative selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bouillet
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, P.O. The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia
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30
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Robles MS, Leonardo E, Criado LM, Izquierdo M, Martínez-A C. Inhibitor of apoptosis protein from Orgyia pseudotsugata nuclear polyhedrosis virus provides a costimulatory signal required for optimal proliferation of developing thymocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:1770-9. [PMID: 11823509 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.4.1770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) constitute a family of endogenous inhibitors that control apoptosis in the cell by inhibiting caspase processing and activity. IAPs are also implicated in cell division, cell cycle regulation, and cancer. To address the role of IAPs in thymus development and homeostasis, we generated transgenic mice expressing IAP generated from the baculovirus Orgyia pseudotsugata nuclear polyhedrosis virus (OpIAP). Developing thymocytes expressing OpIAP show increased nuclear levels of NF-kappaB and reduced cytoplasmic levels of its inhibitor, IkappaBalpha. In mature thymocytes, OpIAP induces optimal activation and proliferation after TCR triggering in the absence of a costimulatory signal. OpIAP expression in immature thymocytes blocks TCR-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our data illustrate the pleiotropism of OpIAP in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- María S Robles
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Hirokawa M, Kawabata Y, Miura AB. Dysregulation of apoptosis and a novel mechanism of defective apoptotic signal transduction in human B-cell neoplasms. Leuk Lymphoma 2002; 43:243-9. [PMID: 11999553 DOI: 10.1080/10428190290005991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death is essential for normal B-cell development and for shaping the B-cell repertoire. Dysregulation of the Bcl-2 related proteins and alterations of the p53/p14ARF pathway are implicated in the pathogenesis and treatment resistance in human B-cell malignancies. We found a novel mechanism of dysregulated apoptosis in human B lymphoma Raji cells that differs from that of altered Bcl-2 and p53 functions. This cell line was resistant to nuclear apoptosis induced by various stimuli, and neither mitochondrial activation nor activation of caspase-3 led to DNA fragmentation. DNA in purified Raji nuclei was degraded in the presence of lysates from the apoptosis-sensitive cell line HL-60, whereas Raji cell lysates did not induce DNA fragmentation in HL-60 nuclei. Cleavage of ICAD/DFF-45 was normal. These results indicate that the apoptosis signal transduction pathway is defective downstream of caspase-3 in Raji cell cytoplasm. Therefore, exploring the molecular mechanism in this system should provide insight into apoptosis resistance in human B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hirokawa
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Akita University School of Medicine, Japan.
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32
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Sasada T, Ghendler Y, Neveu JM, Lane WS, Reinherz EL. A naturally processed mitochondrial self-peptide in complex with thymic MHC molecules functions as a selecting ligand for a viral-specific T cell receptor. J Exp Med 2001; 194:883-92. [PMID: 11581311 PMCID: PMC2193488 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.7.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide fragments of self-proteins bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules within the thymus are important for positively selecting T cell receptor (TCR)-bearing CD4(+)CD8(+) double positive (DP) thymocytes for further maturation. The relationship between naturally processed thymic self-peptides and TCR-specific cognate peptides is unknown. Here we employ HPLC purification of peptides released from H-2K(b) molecules of the C57BL/6 thymus in conjunction with mass spectrometry (MS) and functional profiling to identify a naturally processed K(b)-bound peptide positively selecting the N15 TCR specific for the vesicular stomatitis virus octapeptide (VSV8) bound to K(b). The selecting peptide was identified in 1 of 80 HPLC fractions and shown by tandem MS (MS/MS) sequencing to correspond to residues 68-75 of the MLRQ subunit of the widely expressed mitochondrial NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NUbO(68-75)). Of note, the peptide differs at six of its eight residues from the cognate peptide VSV8 and functions as a weak agonist for mature CD8 single positive (SP) N15 T cells, with activity 10,000-fold less than VSV8. In N15 transgenic (tg) recombinase activating gene 2(-/)- transporter associated with antigen processing 1(-/)- fetal thymic organ culture, NUbO(68-75) induces phenotypic and functional differentiation of N15 TCR bearing CD8 SP thymocytes. Failure of NUbO(68-75) to support differentiation of a second K(b)-restricted TCR indicates that its inductive effects are not general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Sasada
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yoseph Ghendler
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - John M. Neveu
- Microchemistry and Proteomics Analysis Facility, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - William S. Lane
- Microchemistry and Proteomics Analysis Facility, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Ellis L. Reinherz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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33
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Van Noorden CJ. The history of Z-VAD-FMK, a tool for understanding the significance of caspase inhibition. Acta Histochem 2001; 103:241-51. [PMID: 11482370 DOI: 10.1078/0065-1281-00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dr. Robert Smith is one of the pioneers in histochemistry. One of his most important achievements is the recognition of proteolysis as a major physiological and pathophysiological process. As a consequence, he developed selective fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates and specific inhibitors of proteases that allow the (histochemical) analysis of protease activity. One of the latest successes is the design of Z-VAD-fluoromethylketone (FMK), the specific caspase inhibitor, that is a key compound for studies on apoptosis. Its development was originally meant for therapeutic use but unforeseen cytotoxicity of a metabolic derivative of the FMK compound disabled its potential as a drug. However, as a tool for fundamental research it is a great success. The history of Z-VAD-FMK is an example of the creative brain and the tireless perseverance of Robert Smith for which histochemistry and cytochemistry owes him so much. This history of Z-VAD-FMK is a well-deserved tribute at the occasion of his 70th birthday.
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34
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Simon AK, Williams O, Mongkolsapaya J, Jin B, Xu XN, Walczak H, Screaton GR. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in T cell development: sensitivity of human thymocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:5158-63. [PMID: 11309507 PMCID: PMC33180 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.091100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2000] [Accepted: 02/28/2001] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) is a recently identified member of the tumor necrosis factor cytokine superfamily. TRAIL has been shown to induce apoptosis in various tumor cell lines, whereas most primary cells seem to be resistant. These observations have raised considerable interest in the use of TRAIL in tumor therapy. Yet little is known about the physiological function of TRAIL. This is particularly the case in the immune system, where TRAIL has been suggested by some to be involved in target cell killing and lymphocyte death. We have developed a panel of mAbs and soluble proteins to address the role of TRAIL in lymphocyte development. These studies demonstrate activation-induced sensitization of thymocytes to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and expression of the apoptosis-inducing TRAIL receptors. However, with the use of several model systems, our subsequent experiments rule out the possibility that TRAIL plays a major role in antigen-induced deletion of thymocytes. In contrast to thymocytes, there is no up-regulation of TRAIL receptors in peripheral T cells on activation, which remain resistant to TRAIL. Thus, susceptibility to TRAIL-induced apoptosis is controlled differently by central and peripheral T cells.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD8 Antigens/analysis
- Cells, Cultured
- Child, Preschool
- Clonal Deletion/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Flow Cytometry
- Genes, RAG-1/genetics
- Humans
- Infant
- Jurkat Cells
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/drug effects
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Simon
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.
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35
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Van Den Berg HA, Rand DA, Burroughs NJ. A reliable and safe T cell repertoire based on low-affinity T cell receptors. J Theor Biol 2001; 209:465-86. [PMID: 11319895 DOI: 10.1006/jtbi.2001.2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antigens are presented to T cells as short peptides bound to MHC molecules on the surface of body cells. The binding between MHC/peptides and T cell receptors (TCRs) has a low affinity and is highly degenerate. Nevertheless, TCR-MHC/peptide recognition results in T cell activation of high specificity. Moreover, the immune system is able to mount a cellular response when only a small fraction of the MHC molecules on an antigen-presenting cell is occupied by foreign peptides, while autoimmunity remains relatively rare. We consider how to reconcile these seemingly contradictory facts using a quantitative model of TCR signalling and T cell activation. Taking into account the statistics of TCR recognition and antigen presentation, we show that thymic selection can produce a working T cell repertoire which will produce safe and effective responses, that is, recognizes foreign antigen presented at physiological levels while tolerating self. We introduce "activation curves" as a useful tool to study the repertoire's statistical activation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Van Den Berg
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- K Newton
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
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37
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Menné C, Lauritsen JP, Dietrich J, Kastrup J, Wegener AK, Andersen PS, Odum N, Geisler C. T-cell receptor downregulation by ceramide-induced caspase activation and cleavage of the zeta chain. Scand J Immunol 2001; 53:176-83. [PMID: 11169222 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.00852.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of T-cell receptor (TCR) cell surface expression levels is probably an important mechanism by which T-cell responsiveness is controlled. Previously, two distinct pathways for TCR downregulation have been described. One is dependent on protein kinase C (PKC) and the leucine-based receptor-sorting motif (L-based motif) of the CD3 gamma chain but independent of tyrosine kinases, whereas the other is dependent on the tyrosine kinase activation but independent of the PKC and the CD3 gamma L-based motif. In this study, we describe a new pathway for TCR downregulation distinct from both the PKC/CD3 gamma L-based motif-dependent and the tyrosine kinase-dependent pathways. This pathway is dependent on ceramide-induced activation of caspases and correlate with caspase-mediated cleavage of the zeta chain. Thus, a 10--15% downregulation of the TCR was induced following the treatment of the T cells with ceramide for 4 h. A close correlation between TCR downregulation, caspase activation, and cleavage of the zeta chain was found. Furthermore, the caspase inhibitors abolished the cleavage of the zeta chain and TCR downregulation in parallel with the inhibition of the caspase activity.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones/pharmacology
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Binding Sites
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells/drug effects
- Jurkat Cells/enzymology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives
- Sphingosine/pharmacology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- C Menné
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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38
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Nagata T, Kishi H, Liu QL, Yoshino T, Matsuda T, Jin ZX, Murayama K, Tsukada K, Muraguchi A. Possible involvement of cyclophilin B and caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease in the induction of chromosomal DNA degradation in TCR-stimulated thymocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:4281-9. [PMID: 11035062 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.8.4281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TCR engagement of immature CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes induces clonal maturation (positive selection) as well as clonal deletion (negative selection) in the thymus. However, the cell death execution events of thymocytes during the negative selection process remain obscure. Using a cell-free system, we identified two different DNase activities in the cytosol of in vivo anti-TCR-stimulated murine thymocytes: one that induced chromosomal DNA fragmentation, which was inhibited by an inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase, and another that induced plasmid DNA degradation, which was not inhibited by an inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase. We purified the protein to homogeneity that induced plasmid DNA degradation from the cytosol of anti-CD3-stimulated thymocytes and found that it is identical with cyclophilin B (Cyp B), which was reported to locate in endoplasmic reticulum. Ab against Cyp B specifically inhibited the DNA degradation activity in the cytosol of anti-CD3-stimulated thymocytes. Furthermore, recombinant Cyp B induced DNA degradation of naked nuclei, but did not induce internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Finally, we demonstrated that TCR engagement of a murine T cell line (EL4) with anti-CD3/CD28 resulted in the release of Cyp B from the microsome fraction to the cytosol/nuclear fraction. Our data strongly suggest that both active caspase-activated DNase and Cyp B may participate in the induction of chromosomal DNA degradation during cell death execution of TCR-stimulated thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagata
- Department of Immunology and Second Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Love
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes & Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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40
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Doerfler P, Forbush KA, Perlmutter RM. Caspase enzyme activity is not essential for apoptosis during thymocyte development. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:4071-9. [PMID: 10754300 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.8.4071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Caspases, a family of cysteine proteases, are critical mediators of apoptosis. To address the importance of caspases in thymocyte development, we have generated transgenic mice that express the baculovirus protein p35, a viral caspase inhibitor, specifically in the thymus. p35 expression inhibited Fas (CD95)-, CD3-, or peptide-induced caspase activity in vitro and conferred resistance to Fas-induced apoptosis. However, p35 did not block specific peptide-induced negative selection in OT1 and HY TCR transgenic mouse models. Even the potent pharmacological caspase inhibitor zVAD-FMK (benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl-ketone) could not prevent peptide-induced deletion of OT1 thymocytes, although it improved basal thymocyte survival in vitro. Moreover, the developmental block observed in rag1-/- thymocytes, which lack pre-TCR signaling, was also not rescued by p35 expression. These results indicate that caspase-independent signal transduction pathways can mediate thymocyte death during normal T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Doerfler
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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41
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Fukuzuka K, Edwards CK, Clare-Salzler M, Copeland EM, Moldawer LL, Mozingo DW. Glucocorticoid-induced, caspase-dependent organ apoptosis early after burn injury. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000; 278:R1005-18. [PMID: 10749790 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.4.r1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune suppression and increased apoptotic loss of circulating lymphocytes have been reported after burn injury. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms responsible for the increased apoptosis of lymphoid and parenchymal cells in solid organs and the role played by inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and Fas ligand (FasL), as well as by glucocorticoids. To evaluate the role of endogenously produced glucocorticoids and FasL, mice subjected to a 20% steam burn were pretreated with a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (mifepristone) or a neutralizing murine Fas fusion protein. Three and twenty-four hours after burn injury, histological analysis, caspase-3 activity, and in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining and phenotyping of lymphocyte populations for apoptosis were evaluated. Burn injury increased the number of apoptotic cells and caspase-3 activity in thymus and spleen, but not in other solid organs. Increased apoptosis was seen in several T and B cell populations from both thymus and spleen. Mifepristone pretreatment significantly reduced the apoptosis and caspase-3 activity after burn injury, whereas blocking FasL activity had only minimal effects. We conclude that corticosteroids, and not FasL, are primarily responsible for the increased caspase-3 activity and apoptosis in thymus and spleen cell populations early after burn injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fukuzuka
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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42
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Bommhardt U, Scheuring Y, Bickel C, Zamoyska R, Hünig T. MEK activity regulates negative selection of immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:2326-37. [PMID: 10679067 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.5.2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CD4+CD8+ thymocytes are either positively selected and subsequently mature to CD4 single positive (SP) or CD8 SP T cells, or they die by apoptosis due to neglect or negative selection. This clonal selection is essential for establishing a functional self-restricted T cell repertoire. Intracellular signals through the three known mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways have been shown to selectively guide positive or negative selection. Whereas the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 MAP kinase regulate negative selection of thymocytes, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is required for positive selection and T cell lineage commitment. In this paper, we show that the MAP/ERK kinase (MEK)-ERK pathway is also involved in negative selection. Thymocytes from newborn TCR transgenic mice were cultured with TCR/CD3epsilon-specific Abs or TCR-specific agonist peptides to induce negative selection. In the presence of the MEK-specific pharmacological inhibitors PD98059 or UO126, cell recovery was enhanced and deletion of DP thymocytes was drastically reduced. Furthermore, development of CD4 SP T cells was blocked, but differentiation of mature CD8 SP T cells proceeded in the presence of agonist peptides when MEK activity was blocked. Thus, our data indicate that the outcome between positively and negatively selecting signals is critically dependent on MEK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bommhardt
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany.
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43
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Evstafieva AG, Belov GA, Kalkum M, Chichkova NV, Bogdanov AA, Agol VI, Vartapetian AB. Prothymosin alpha fragmentation in apoptosis. FEBS Lett 2000; 467:150-4. [PMID: 10675528 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We observed fragmentation of an essential proliferation-related human nuclear protein prothymosin alpha in the course of apoptosis induced by various stimuli. Prothymosin alpha cleavage occurred at the DDVD(99) motif. In vitro, prothymosin alpha could be cleaved at D(99) by caspase-3 and -7. Caspase hydrolysis disrupted the nuclear localization signal of prothymosin alpha and abrogated the ability of the truncated protein to accumulate inside the nucleus. Prothymosin alpha fragmentation may therefore be proposed to disable intranuclear proliferation-related function of prothymosin alpha in two ways: by cleaving off a short peptide containing important determinants, and by preventing active nuclear uptake of the truncated protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Evstafieva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Center of Molecular Medicine, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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44
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Alam A, Cohen LY, Aouad S, Sékaly RP. Early activation of caspases during T lymphocyte stimulation results in selective substrate cleavage in nonapoptotic cells. J Exp Med 1999; 190:1879-90. [PMID: 10601362 PMCID: PMC2195712 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.12.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis induced by T cell receptor (TCR) triggering in T lymphocytes involves activation of cysteine proteases of the caspase family through their proteolytic processing. Caspase-3 cleavage was also reported during T cell stimulation in the absence of apoptosis, although the physiological relevance of this response remains unclear. We show here that the caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz)-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (zVAD) blocks proliferation, major histocompatibility complex class II expression, and blastic transformation during stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Moreover, T cell activation triggers the selective processing and activation of downstream caspases (caspase-3, -6, and -7), but not caspase-1, -2, or -4, as demonstrated even in intact cells using a cell-permeable fluorescent substrate. Caspase-3 processing occurs in different T cell subsets (CD4(+), CD8(+), CD45RA(+), and CD45RO(+)), and in activated B lymphocytes. The pathway leading to caspase activation involves death receptors and caspase-8, which is also processed after TCR triggering, but not caspase-9, which remains as a proenzyme. Most importantly, caspase activity results in a selective substrate specificity, since poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), lamin B, and Wee1 kinase, but not DNA fragmentation factor (DFF45) or replication factor C (RFC140), are processed. Caspase and substrate processing occur in nonapoptotic lymphocytes. Thus, caspase activation is an early and physiological response in viable, stimulated lymphocytes, and appears to be involved in early steps of lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Alam
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Luchino Y. Cohen
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Salah Aouad
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
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45
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Abstract
Apoptosis is the fate of most thymocytes. Many molecules participate in the decision of whether a thymocyte is to live or to die, including cell surface receptors, such as the T cell receptor for antigen, Notch-1, and costimulatory receptors, ligand-regulated nuclear transcription factors such as the glucocorticoid receptor, signaling, and effector proteases, and direct regulators of the apoptotic machinery such IAPs. In this review we discuss recent data concerning these molecules and pathways and their implication for understanding the mechanisms underlying thymocyte death, survival, and the generation of inmmunocompetent T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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46
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Pellegrini M, Strasser A. A portrait of the Bcl-2 protein family: life, death, and the whole picture. J Clin Immunol 1999; 19:365-77. [PMID: 10634210 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020598632068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Bcl-2 family of proteins are important regulators of cell death. They are comprised of two opposing factions, the proapoptotic versus the antiapoptotic members. Both are required for normal development and cellular homeostasis of the immune system and other tissues. However, in certain circumstances they may participate in the development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pellegrini
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
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47
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Chen W, Wang HG, Srinivasula SM, Alnemri ES, Cooper NR. B Cell Apoptosis Triggered by Antigen Receptor Ligation Proceeds Via a Novel Caspase-Dependent Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.5.2483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In contrast to positive signaling leading to proliferation, the mechanisms involved in negative signaling culminating in apoptosis after B cell Ag receptor (BCR) ligation have received little study. We find that apoptosis induced by BCR cross-linking on EBV-negative mature and immature human B cell lines involves the following sequential, required events: a cyclosporin A-inhibitable, likely calcineurin-mediated step; and activation of caspase-2, -3, and -9. Caspase-2 is activated early and plays a major role in the apoptotic pathway, while caspase-9 is activated later in the apoptotic pathway and most likely functions to amplify the apoptotic signal. Caspase-8 and -1, which are activated by ligation of the CD95 and TNF-R1 death receptors, are not involved. Apoptosis induced by BCR ligation thus proceeds via a previously unreported intracellular signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Chen
- †Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Hong-Gang Wang
- * H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | | | - Emad S. Alnemri
- ‡Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Neil R. Cooper
- †Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
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48
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Gorman AM, Hirt UA, Zhivotovsky B, Orrenius S, Ceccatelli S. Application of a fluorometric assay to detect caspase activity in thymus tissue undergoing apoptosis in vivo. J Immunol Methods 1999; 226:43-8. [PMID: 10410970 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(99)00054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To date, in vivo apoptosis within the thymus has been assessed using morphological criteria and/or detection of a DNA ladder indicative of oligonucleosomal fragmentation of the DNA. Here, we have used a fluorometric method to investigate activation of the caspase protease family in the thymus following in vivo induction of apoptosis by injection of the synthetic glucocorticoid hydrocortisone. Cleavage of DEVD-MCA by caspase-3 and other group II caspases releases free MCA which can be detected fluorimetrically. We demonstrate a time-dependent increase in DEVD-MCA cleavage activity within this tissue indicating the activation of caspase-3 like enzymes. This activity was inhibited by the specific group II caspase inhibitor DEVD-CHO. The interpretation of increased caspase activity was confirmed by immunoblot analysis to reveal cleavage of the caspase-3 substrate, fodrin. In addition, agarose gel electrophoresis of the DNA yielded a ladder pattern, confirming the occurrence of apoptosis. This study demonstrates that DEVD-MCA cleavage activity may be a useful quantitative method for the analysis of apoptosis in thymus tissue. It is a relatively rapid procedure not requiring thymocyte isolation or gel electrophoresis and detects fairly early biochemical changes occurring during apoptosis. In the present study we have used this method to demonstrate the involvement of caspases in thymocyte apoptotic death induced in vivo by glucocorticoids. Thus, measurement of caspase activity in thymus tissue may have applications for studying the in vivo effects of immunotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gorman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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49
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Abstract
The immune system relies on cell death to maintain lymphoid homeostasis and avoid disease. Recent evidence has indicated that the caspase family of cysteine proteases is a central effector in apoptotic cell death and is absolutely responsible for many of the morphological features of apoptosis. Cell death, however, can occur through caspase-independent and caspase-dependent pathways. In the case of cells that are irreversibly neglected or damaged, death occurs even in the absence of caspase activity. In contrast, healthy cells require caspase activation to undergo cell death induced by surface receptors. This review summarizes the current understanding of these two pathways of cell death in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Rathmell
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Department of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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50
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Sebzda E, Mariathasan S, Ohteki T, Jones R, Bachmann MF, Ohashi PS. Selection of the T cell repertoire. Annu Rev Immunol 1999; 17:829-74. [PMID: 10358775 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Advances in gene technology have allowed the manipulation of molecular interactions that shape the T cell repertoire. Although recognized as fundamental aspects of T lymphocyte development, only recently have the mechanisms governing positive and negative selection been examined at a molecular level. Positive selection refers to the active process of rescuing MHC-restricted thymocytes from programmed cell death. Negative selection refers to the deletion or inactivation of potentially autoreactive thymocytes. This review focuses on interactions during thymocyte maturation that define the T cell repertoire, with an emphasis placed on current literature within this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sebzda
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada
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