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Kim M, Jang YJ, Lee M, Guo Q, Son AJ, Kakkad NA, Roland AB, Lee BK, Kim J. The transcriptional regulatory network modulating human trophoblast stem cells to extravillous trophoblast differentiation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1285. [PMID: 38346993 PMCID: PMC10861538 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
During human pregnancy, extravillous trophoblasts play crucial roles in placental invasion into the maternal decidua and spiral artery remodeling. However, regulatory factors and their action mechanisms modulating human extravillous trophoblast specification have been unknown. By analyzing dynamic changes in transcriptome and enhancer profile during human trophoblast stem cell to extravillous trophoblast differentiation, we define stage-specific regulators, including an early-stage transcription factor, TFAP2C, and multiple late-stage transcription factors. Loss-of-function studies confirm the requirement of all transcription factors identified for adequate differentiation, and we reveal that the dynamic changes in the levels of TFAP2C are essential. Notably, TFAP2C pre-occupies the regulatory elements of the inactive extravillous trophoblast-active genes during the early stage of differentiation, and the late-stage transcription factors directly activate extravillous trophoblast-active genes, including themselves as differentiation further progresses, suggesting sequential actions of transcription factors assuring differentiation. Our results reveal stage-specific transcription factors and their inter-connected regulatory mechanisms modulating extravillous trophoblast differentiation, providing a framework for understanding early human placentation and placenta-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijeong Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yu Jin Jang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Muyoung Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Qingqing Guo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Albert J Son
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Nikita A Kakkad
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Abigail B Roland
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Bum-Kyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Jonghwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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2
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Martins DJ, Di Lazzaro Filho R, Bertola DR, Hoch NC. Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, a disorder far from solved. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1296409. [PMID: 38021400 PMCID: PMC10676203 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1296409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a range of clinical symptoms, including poikiloderma, juvenile cataracts, short stature, sparse hair, eyebrows/eyelashes, nail dysplasia, and skeletal abnormalities. While classically associated with mutations in the RECQL4 gene, which encodes a DNA helicase involved in DNA replication and repair, three additional genes have been recently identified in RTS: ANAPC1, encoding a subunit of the APC/C complex; DNA2, which encodes a nuclease/helicase involved in DNA repair; and CRIPT, encoding a poorly characterized protein implicated in excitatory synapse formation and splicing. Here, we review the clinical spectrum of RTS patients, analyze the genetic basis of the disease, and discuss molecular functions of the affected genes, drawing some novel genotype-phenotype correlations and proposing avenues for future studies into this enigmatic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi Jardim Martins
- Genomic Stability Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Di Lazzaro Filho
- Center for Human Genome Studies, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Dasa Genômica/Genera, Genômica, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Romeo Bertola
- Center for Human Genome Studies, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Children’s Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nícolas Carlos Hoch
- Genomic Stability Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Hu X, Jin X, Cao X, Liu B. The Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome Is a Cellular Ageing Regulator. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315327. [PMID: 36499653 PMCID: PMC9740938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a complicated cellular component that plays significant roles in regulating the cell cycle process of eukaryotic organisms. The spatiotemporal regulation mechanisms of APC/C in distinct cell cycle transitions are no longer mysterious, and the components of this protein complex are gradually identified and characterized. Given the close relationship between the cell cycle and lifespan, it is urgent to understand the roles of APC/C in lifespan regulation, but this field still seems to have not been systematically summarized. Furthermore, although several reviews have reported the roles of APC/C in cancer, there are still gaps in the summary of its roles in other age-related diseases. In this review, we propose that the APC/C is a novel cellular ageing regulator based on its indispensable role in the regulation of lifespan and its involvement in age-associated diseases. This work provides an extensive review of aspects related to the underlying mechanisms of APC/C in lifespan regulation and how it participates in age-associated diseases. More comprehensive recognition and understanding of the relationship between APC/C and ageing and age-related diseases will increase the development of targeted strategies for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xiuling Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (B.L.)
| | - Beidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (B.L.)
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4
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Fan T, Xue L, Dong B, He H, Zhang W, Hao L, Ma W, Zang G, Han C, Dong Y. CDH1 overexpression predicts bladder cancer from early stage and inversely correlates with immune infiltration. BMC Urol 2022; 22:156. [PMID: 36131343 PMCID: PMC9494810 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-022-01103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BC) seriously endangers public health, but effective biomarkers for BC diagnosis, particularly in the early stage, are still lacking. Identification of reliable biomarkers associated with early-stage BC is of great importance to early treatment and an improved outcome. Methods Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using four publicly available early-stage BC gene-expression profiles. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) and survival analysis for hub genes was evaluated. The correlation between methylation of genes and prognosis was evaluated using the MethSurv database. Co-expressed genes were explored using Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia database and the corresponding expression were assessed in vitro. The competing endogenous RNA network and the immune cell infiltration in BC were generated using data of The Cancer Genome Atlas. Results Ten hub genes of the 213 integrated DEGs were identified, including CDH1, IGFBP3, PPARG, SDC1, EPCAM, ACTA2, COL3A1, TPM1, ACTC1, and ACTN1. CDH1 appeared to increase from tumor initiation stage and negatively correlated with methylation. Six methylated sites in CDH1 indicated a good prognosis and one site indicated an aberrant prognosis. High CDH1 expression was negatively correlated with infiltrations by most immune cells, such as plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), regulatory T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, DCs, and natural killer cells. CDH1 was highly positively correlated with EPCAM and appeared to be directly regulated by miR-383. Conclusions The identified oncogenic alterations provide theoretical support for the development of novel biomarkers to advance early-stage BC diagnosis and personalized therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12894-022-01103-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingzheng Dong
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Houguang He
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenda Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Hao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Weiming Ma
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Guanghui Zang
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Conghui Han
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China. .,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow, China.
| | - Yang Dong
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow, China.
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5
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Greil C, Engelhardt M, Wäsch R. The Role of the APC/C and Its Coactivators Cdh1 and Cdc20 in Cancer Development and Therapy. Front Genet 2022; 13:941565. [PMID: 35832196 PMCID: PMC9273091 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.941565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To sustain genomic stability by correct DNA replication and mitosis, cell cycle progression is tightly controlled by the cyclic activity of cyclin-dependent kinases, their binding to cyclins in the respective phase and the regulation of cyclin levels by ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. The spindle assembly checkpoint plays an important role at the metaphase-anaphase transition to ensure a correct separation of sister chromatids before cytokinesis and to initiate mitotic exit, as an incorrect chromosome distribution may lead to genetically unstable cells and tumorigenesis. The ubiquitin ligase anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) is essential for these processes by mediating the proteasomal destruction of cyclins and other important cell cycle regulators. To this end, it interacts with the two regulatory subunits Cdh1 and Cdc20. Both play a role in tumorigenesis with Cdh1 being a tumor suppressor and Cdc20 an oncogene. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the APC/C-regulators Cdh1 and Cdc20 in tumorigenesis and potential targeted therapeutic approaches.
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6
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Manivannan SN, Roovers J, Smal N, Myers CT, Turkdogan D, Roelens F, Kanca O, Chung HL, Scholz T, Hermann K, Bierhals T, Caglayan HS, Stamberger H, Mefford H, de Jonghe P, Yamamoto S, Weckhuysen S, Bellen HJ. De novo FZR1 loss-of-function variants cause developmental and epileptic encephalopathies. Brain 2022; 145:1684-1697. [PMID: 34788397 PMCID: PMC9166542 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
FZR1, which encodes the Cdh1 subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex, plays an important role in neurodevelopment by regulating the cell cycle and by its multiple post-mitotic functions in neurons. In this study, evaluation of 250 unrelated patients with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies and a connection on GeneMatcher led to the identification of three de novo missense variants in FZR1. Whole-exome sequencing in 39 patient-parent trios and subsequent targeted sequencing in an additional cohort of 211 patients was performed to identify novel genes involved in developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Functional studies in Drosophila were performed using three different mutant alleles of the Drosophila homologue of FZR1 fzr. All three individuals carrying de novo variants in FZR1 had childhood-onset generalized epilepsy, intellectual disability, mild ataxia and normal head circumference. Two individuals were diagnosed with the developmental and epileptic encephalopathy subtype myoclonic atonic epilepsy. We provide genetic-association testing using two independent statistical tests to support FZR1 association with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies. Further, we provide functional evidence that the missense variants are loss-of-function alleles using Drosophila neurodevelopment assays. Using three fly mutant alleles of the Drosophila homologue fzr and overexpression studies, we show that patient variants can affect proper neurodevelopment. With the recent report of a patient with neonatal-onset with microcephaly who also carries a de novo FZR1 missense variant, our study consolidates the relationship between FZR1 and developmental and epileptic encephalopathy and expands the associated phenotype. We conclude that heterozygous loss-of-function of FZR1 leads to developmental and epileptic encephalopathies associated with a spectrum of neonatal to childhood-onset seizure types, developmental delay and mild ataxia. Microcephaly can be present but is not an essential feature of FZR1-encephalopathy. In summary, our approach of targeted sequencing using novel gene candidates and functional testing in Drosophila will help solve undiagnosed myoclonic atonic epilepsy or developmental and epileptic encephalopathy cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathiya N Manivannan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston 77030, USA
| | - Jolien Roovers
- Neurogenetics Group, VIB Centre for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp 2610, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Noor Smal
- Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group, VIB Centre for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Candace T Myers
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 30105, USA
| | - Dilsad Turkdogan
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Turkey
| | | | - Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston 77030, USA
| | - Hyung-Lok Chung
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston 77030, USA
| | - Tasja Scholz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Hermann
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tatjana Bierhals
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hande S Caglayan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hannah Stamberger
- Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group, VIB Centre for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp 2610, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp 2650, Belgium
| | | | - Heather Mefford
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 30105, USA
| | - Peter de Jonghe
- Neurogenetics Group, VIB Centre for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp 2610, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp 2650, Belgium
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston 77030, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sarah Weckhuysen
- Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group, VIB Centre for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp 2610, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp 2650, Belgium.,Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2650, Belgium.,µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston 77030, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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7
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Koley T, Chowdhury SR, Kushwaha T, Kumar M, Inampudi KK, Kaur P, Singh TP, Viadiu H, Ethayathulla AS. Deciphering the mechanism of p73 recognition of p53 response elements using the crystal structure of p73-DNA complexes and computational studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:40-50. [PMID: 35217090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
P73 belongs to p53 family transcription factor activating more than 50% of cell fate p53 target genes involved in cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA damage response alongside neuronal system development and differentiation by binding to 20-bp response elements (REs) having sequence motif (PPPCA/T-T/AGYYY) where P-purines and Y-pyrimidines with each 10-bp separated by minimum 0 to 13-bp spacer. The promiscuous nature of recognizing both cell fate and development genes and the underlying RE selectivity mechanism by p73 is not well understood. Here, we report the molecular details of p73 recognizing the REs using the crystal structure of p73 DNA binding domain (DBD) in complex with 12 base pair DNA sequence 5'-cAGGCATGCCTg-3' and molecular dynamics simulations with six different p53 natural promoter sequences. Each 20-base pair natural promoter forms a different major/minor groove due to the presence of nucleotides A/T, A/C, G/G, T/T and G/T at positions 3, 8, 13, 18 uniquely recognized by p73 key residues Lys138 and Arg268. The loops L1 and L3 bearing these residues influence inter-and intra-dimer interfaces interactions and hence p73 forms a unique tetramer with each natural promoter sequence. Structural features of the DNA and the spacing between half-sites influence p73 tetramerization and its transactivation function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirthankar Koley
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sanghati Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Tushar Kushwaha
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | | | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Tej Pal Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Héctor Viadiu
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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8
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Yamada C, Morooka A, Miyazaki S, Nagai M, Mase S, Iemura K, Tasnin MN, Takuma T, Nakamura S, Morshed S, Koike N, Mostofa MG, Rahman MA, Sharmin T, Katsuta H, Ohara K, Tanaka K, Ushimaru T. TORC1 inactivation promotes APC/C-dependent mitotic slippage in yeast and human cells. iScience 2022; 25:103675. [PMID: 35141499 PMCID: PMC8814761 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Unsatisfied kinetochore-microtubule attachment activates the spindle assembly checkpoint to inhibit the metaphase-anaphase transition. However, some cells eventually override mitotic arrest by mitotic slippage. Here, we show that inactivation of TORC1 kinase elicits mitotic slippage in budding yeast and human cells. Yeast mitotic slippage was accompanied with aberrant aspects, such as degradation of the nucleolar protein Net1, release of phosphatase Cdc14, and anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)-Cdh1-dependent degradation of securin and cyclin B in metaphase. This mitotic slippage caused chromosome instability. In human cells, mammalian TORC1 (mTORC1) inactivation also invoked mitotic slippage, indicating that TORC1 inactivation-induced mitotic slippage is conserved from yeast to mammalian cells. However, the invoked mitotic slippage in human cells was not dependent on APC/C-Cdh1. This study revealed an unexpected involvement of TORC1 in mitosis and provides information on undesirable side effects of the use of TORC1 inhibitors as immunosuppressants and anti-tumor drugs. Yeast TORC1 inhibition promotes Net1 degradation and Cdc14 release Yeast TORC1 inhibition invokes mitotic slippage in an APC/C-Cdh1-dependent manner Human mTORC1 inhibition also elicits mitotic slippage
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamada
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Aya Morooka
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Seira Miyazaki
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nagai
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Mase
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Kenji Iemura
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Most Naoshia Tasnin
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Takuma
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Shotaro Nakamura
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Shamsul Morshed
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Naoki Koike
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Md Golam Mostofa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Muhammad Arifur Rahman
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Tasnuva Sharmin
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Haruko Katsuta
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Kotaro Ohara
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takashi Ushimaru
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan.,Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
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9
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Geng H, Ko HK, Pittsenbarger J, Harvey CT, Xue C, Liu Q, Wiens S, Kachhap SK, Beer TM, Qian DZ. HIF1 and ID1 Interplay Confers Adaptive Survival to HIF1α-Inhibition. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:724059. [PMID: 34820369 PMCID: PMC8606652 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.724059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a universal pathological feature of solid tumors. Hypoxic tumor cells acquire metastatic and lethal phenotypes primarily through the activities of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α). Therefore, HIF1α is considered as a promising therapeutic target. However, HIF inhibitors have not proven to be effective in clinical testing. The underlying mechanism is unclear. We report that oncogenic protein ID1 is upregulated in hypoxia by HIF1α shRNA or pharmacological inhibitors. In turn, ID1 supports tumor growth in hypoxia in vitro and in xenografts in vivo, conferring adaptive survival response and resistance. Mechanistically, ID1 proteins interfere HIF1-mediated gene transcription activation, thus ID1 protein degradation is accelerated by HIF1α-dependent mechanisms in hypoxia. Inhibitions of HIF1α rescues ID1, which compensates the loss of HIF1α by the upregulation of GLS2 and glutamine metabolism, thereby switching the metabolic dependency of HIF1α -inhibited cells from glucose to glutamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Geng
- Prostate Cancer Research Program, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Hyun-Kyung Ko
- Prostate Cancer Research Program, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Janet Pittsenbarger
- Prostate Cancer Research Program, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Christopher T Harvey
- Prostate Cancer Research Program, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Changhui Xue
- Prostate Cancer Research Program, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Qiong Liu
- Prostate Cancer Research Program, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Sadie Wiens
- Prostate Cancer Research Program, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Sushant K Kachhap
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tomasz M Beer
- Prostate Cancer Research Program, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - David Z Qian
- Prostate Cancer Research Program, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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10
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Vazquez-Villasenor I, Garwood CJ, Simpson JE, Heath PR, Mortiboys H, Wharton SB. Persistent DNA damage alters the neuronal transcriptome suggesting cell cycle dysregulation and altered mitochondrial function. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:6987-7005. [PMID: 34536321 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative DNA damage induces changes in the neuronal cell cycle and activates a DNA damage response (DDR) to promote repair, but these processes may be altered under a chronic oxidative environment, leading to the accumulation of unrepaired DNA damage and continued activation of a DDR. Failure to repair DNA damage can lead to apoptosis or senescence, which is characterized by a permanent cell cycle arrest. Increased oxidative stress and accumulation of oxidative DNA damage are features of brain ageing and neurodegeneration, but the effects of persistent DNA damage in neurons are not well characterized. We developed a model of persistent oxidative DNA damage in immortalized post-mitotic neurons in vitro by exposing them to a sublethal concentration of hydrogen peroxide following a 'double stress' protocol and performed a detailed characterization of the neuronal transcriptome using microarray analysis. Persistent DNA damage significantly altered the expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation, DDR and repair mechanisms, and mitochondrial function, suggesting an active DDR response to replication stress and alterations in mitochondrial electron transport chain. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and functional validation experiments confirmed hyperactivation of mitochondrial Complex I in response to persistent DNA damage. These changes in response to persistent oxidative DNA damage may lead to further oxidative stress, contributing to neuronal dysfunction and ultimately neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire J Garwood
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Julie E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul R Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Heather Mortiboys
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stephen B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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11
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A FOXO-dependent replication checkpoint restricts proliferation of damaged cells. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108675. [PMID: 33503422 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication is challenged by numerous exogenous and endogenous factors that can interfere with the progression of replication forks. Substantial accumulation of single-stranded DNA during DNA replication activates the DNA replication stress checkpoint response that slows progression from S/G2 to M phase to protect genomic integrity. Whether and how mild replication stress restricts proliferation remains controversial. Here, we identify a cell cycle exit mechanism that prevents S/G2 phase arrested cells from undergoing mitosis after exposure to mild replication stress through premature activation of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/CCDH1). We find that replication stress causes a gradual decrease of the levels of the APC/CCDH1 inhibitor EMI1/FBXO5 through Forkhead box O (FOXO)-mediated inhibition of its transcription factor E2F1. By doing so, FOXOs limit the time during which the replication stress checkpoint is reversible and thereby play an important role in maintaining genomic stability.
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12
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Mostofa MG, Morshed S, Mase S, Hosoyamada S, Kobayashi T, Ushimaru T. Cdc14 protein phosphatase and topoisomerase II mediate rDNA dynamics and nucleophagic degradation of nucleolar proteins after TORC1 inactivation. Cell Signal 2020; 79:109884. [PMID: 33321182 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient starvation and inactivation of target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) protein kinase elicits nucleophagy degrading nucleolar proteins in budding yeast. After TORC1 inactivation, nucleolar proteins are relocated to sites proximal to the nucleus-vacuole junction (NVJ), where micronucleophagy occurs, whereas ribosomal DNA (rDNA encoding rRNA) escapes from the NVJ. Condensin-mediated rDNA condensation promotes the repositioning and nucleophagic degradation of nucleolar proteins. However, the molecular mechanism of TORC1 inactivation-induced chromosome condensation is still unknown. Here, we show that Cdc14 protein phosphatase and topoisomerase II (Topo II), which are engaged in rDNA condensation in mitosis, facilitate rDNA condensation after TORC1 inactivation. rDNA condensation after rapamycin treatment was compromised in cdc14-1 and top2-4 mutants. In addition, the repositioning of rDNA and nucleolar proteins and nucleophagic degradation of nucleolar proteins were impeded in these mutants. Furthermore, Cdc14 and Topo II were required for the survival of quiescent cells in prolonged nutrient-starved conditions. This study reveals that these factors are critical for starvation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Golam Mostofa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Shamsul Morshed
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Satoru Mase
- Department of Science, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Shun Hosoyamada
- Laboratory of Genome Regeneration, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Genome Regeneration, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Takashi Ushimaru
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan; Department of Science, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan.
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13
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VanGenderen C, Harkness TAA, Arnason TG. The role of Anaphase Promoting Complex activation, inhibition and substrates in cancer development and progression. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:15818-15855. [PMID: 32805721 PMCID: PMC7467358 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC), a multi-subunit ubiquitin ligase, facilitates mitotic and G1 progression, and is now recognized to play a role in maintaining genomic stability. Many APC substrates have been observed overexpressed in multiple cancer types, such as CDC20, the Aurora A and B kinases, and Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1), suggesting APC activity is important for cell health. We performed BioGRID analyses of the APC coactivators CDC20 and CDH1, which revealed that at least 69 proteins serve as APC substrates, with 60 of them identified as playing a role in tumor promotion and 9 involved in tumor suppression. While these substrates and their association with malignancies have been studied in isolation, the possibility exists that generalized APC dysfunction could result in the inappropriate stabilization of multiple APC targets, thereby changing tumor behavior and treatment responsiveness. It is also possible that the APC itself plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis through its regulation of mitotic progression. In this review the connections between APC activity and dysregulation will be discussed with regards to cell cycle dysfunction and chromosome instability in cancer, along with the individual roles that the accumulation of various APC substrates may play in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordell VanGenderen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Troy Anthony Alan Harkness
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Terra Gayle Arnason
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
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14
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Li F, Mladenov E, Mortoga S, Iliakis G. SCF SKP2 regulates APC/C CDH1-mediated degradation of CTIP to adjust DNA-end resection in G 2-phase. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:548. [PMID: 32683422 PMCID: PMC7368859 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cell cycle-dependent engagement of DNA-end resection at DSBs is regulated by phosphorylation of CTIP by CDKs, the central regulators of cell cycle transitions. Cell cycle transitions are also intimately regulated by protein degradation via two E3 ubiquitin ligases: SCFSKP2 and APC/CCDH1 complex. Although APC/CCDH1 regulates CTIP in G1– and G2-phase, contributions by SCFSKP2 have not been reported. We demonstrate that SCFSKP2 is a strong positive regulator of resection. Knockdown of SKP2, fully suppresses resection in several cell lines. Notably, this suppression is G2-phase specific and is not observed in S-phase or G1–phase cells. Knockdown of SKP2 inactivates SCFSKP2 causing APC/CCDH1 activation, which degrades CTIP. The stabilizing function of SCFSKP2 on CTIP promotes resection and supports gene conversion (GC), alternative end joining (alt-EJ) and cell survival. We propose that CDKs and SCFSKP2-APC/CCDH1 cooperate to regulate resection and repair pathway choice at DSBs in G2-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghua Li
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Emil Mladenov
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Sharif Mortoga
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - George Iliakis
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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15
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Pal D, Torres AE, Stromberg BR, Messina AL, Dickson AS, De K, Willard B, Venere M, Summers MK. Chk1-mediated phosphorylation of Cdh1 promotes the SCF βTRCP-dependent degradation of Cdh1 during S-phase and efficient cell-cycle progression. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:298. [PMID: 32345958 PMCID: PMC7188793 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
APC/CCdh1 is a ubiquitin ligase with roles in numerous diverse processes, including control of cellular proliferation and multiple aspects of the DNA damage response. Precise regulation of APC/CCdh1 activity is central to efficient cell-cycle progression and cellular homeostasis. Here, we have identified Cdh1 as a direct substrate of the replication stress checkpoint effector kinase Chk1 and demonstrate that Chk1-mediated phosphorylation of Cdh1 contributes to its recognition by the SCFβTRCP ubiquitin ligase, promotes efficient S-phase entry, and is important for cellular proliferation during otherwise unperturbed cell cycles. We also find that prolonged Chk1 activity in late S/G2 inhibits Cdh1 accumulation. In addition to promoting control of APC/CCdh1 activity by facilitating Cdh1 destruction, we find that Chk1 also antagonizes activity of the ligase by perturbing the interaction between Cdh1 and the APC/C. Overall, these data suggest that the rise and fall of Chk1 activity contributes to the regulation of APC/CCdh1 activity that enhances the replication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Pal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Bioscience Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Adrian E Torres
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Benjamin R Stromberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Abbey L Messina
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Andrew S Dickson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Kuntal De
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Bioscience Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Belinda Willard
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Monica Venere
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Matthew K Summers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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16
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Wang Y, Tian J, Huang C, Ma J, Hu G, Chen Y, Wang T, Cai R, Zuo Y, Tan H, Fan Q, Dong B, Xue W, Yi J, Chen G, Tu J, Cheng J. P53 suppresses SENP3 phosphorylation to mediate G2 checkpoint. Cell Discov 2020; 6:21. [PMID: 32351703 PMCID: PMC7171148 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-0154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to DNA damage, p53-mediated signaling is regulated by protein phosphorylation and ubiquitination to precisely control G2 checkpoint. Here we demonstrated that protein SUMOylation also engaged in regulation of p53-mediated G2 checkpoint. We found that G2 DNA damage suppressed SENP3 phosphorylation at G2/M phases in p53-dependent manner. We further found that the suppression of SENP3 phosphorylation was crucial for efficient DNA damage/p53-induced G2 checkpoint and G2 arrest. Mechanistically, we identified Cdh1, a subunit of APC/C complex, was a SUMOylated protein at G2/M phase. SENP3 could de-SUMOylate Cdh1. DNA damage/p53-induced suppression of SENP3 phosphorylation activated SENP3 de-SUMOylation of Cdh. De-SUMOylation promoted Cdh1 de-phosphorylation by phosphatase Cdc14B, and then activated APC/CCdh1 E3 ligase activity to ubiquitate and degrade Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) in process of G2 checkpoint. These data reveal that p53-mediated inhibition of SENP3 phosphorylation regulates the activation of Cdc14b-APC/CCdh1-Plk1 axis to control DNA damage-induced G2 checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Thoracic Oncology Institute at Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Gaolei Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Yalan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Tianshi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Hongsheng Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuju Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Baijun Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Jinke Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
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17
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APC/C ubiquitin ligase: Functions and mechanisms in tumorigenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:80-91. [PMID: 32165320 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The anaphase promoting complex/ cyclosome (APC/C), is an evolutionarily conserved protein complex essential for cellular division due to its role in regulating the mitotic transition from metaphase to anaphase. In this review, we highlight recent work that has shed light on our understanding of the role of APC/C coactivators, Cdh1 and Cdc20, in cancer initiation and development. We summarize the current state of knowledge regarding APC/C structure and function, as well as the distinct ways Cdh1 and Cdc20 are dysregulated in human cancer. We also discuss APC/C inhibitors, novel approaches for targeting the APC/C as a cancer therapy, and areas for future work.
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18
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Kimata Y. APC/C Ubiquitin Ligase: Coupling Cellular Differentiation to G1/G0 Phase in Multicellular Systems. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:591-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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19
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Guard SE, Poss ZC, Ebmeier CC, Pagratis M, Simpson H, Taatjes DJ, Old WM. The nuclear interactome of DYRK1A reveals a functional role in DNA damage repair. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6539. [PMID: 31024071 PMCID: PMC6483993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42990-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosome 21 encoded protein kinase DYRK1A is essential for normal human development. Mutations in DYRK1A underlie a spectrum of human developmental disorders, and increased dosage in trisomy 21 is implicated in Down syndrome related pathologies. DYRK1A regulates a diverse array of cellular processes through physical interactions with substrates and binding partners in various subcellular compartments. Despite recent large-scale protein-protein interaction profiling efforts, DYRK1A interactions specific to different subcellular compartments remain largely unknown, impeding progress toward understanding emerging roles for this kinase. Here, we used immunoaffinity purification and quantitative mass spectrometry to identify nuclear interaction partners of endogenous DYRK1A. This interactome was enriched in DNA damage repair factors, transcriptional elongation factors and E3 ubiquitin ligases. We validated an interaction with RNF169, a factor that promotes homology directed repair upon DNA damage, and found that DYRK1A expression and kinase activity are required for maintenance of 53BP1 expression and subsequent recruitment to DNA damage loci. Further, DYRK1A knock out conferred resistance to ionizing radiation in colony formation assays, suggesting that DYRK1A expression decreases cell survival efficiency in response to DNA damage and points to a tumor suppressive role for this kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Guard
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Zachary C Poss
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christopher C Ebmeier
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Maria Pagratis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Helen Simpson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dylan J Taatjes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - William M Old
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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20
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Kernan J, Bonacci T, Emanuele MJ. Who guards the guardian? Mechanisms that restrain APC/C during the cell cycle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1924-1933. [PMID: 30290241 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cell cycle is principally controlled by Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs), whose oscillating activities are determined by binding to Cyclin coactivators. Cyclins exhibit dynamic changes in abundance as cells pass through the cell cycle. The sequential, timed accumulation and degradation of Cyclins, as well as many other proteins, imposes order on the cell cycle and contributes to genome maintenance. The destruction of many cell cycle regulated proteins, including Cyclins A and B, is controlled by a large, multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase termed the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C). APC/C activity is tightly regulated during the cell cycle. Its activation state increases dramatically in mid-mitosis and it remains active until the end of G1 phase. Following its mandatory inactivation at the G1/S boundary, APC/C activity remains low until the subsequent mitosis. Due to its role in guarding against the inappropriate or untimely accumulation of Cyclins, the APC/C is a core component of the cell cycle oscillator. In addition to the regulation of Cyclins, APC/C controls the degradation of many other substrates. Therefore, it is vital that the activity of APC/C itself be tightly guarded. The APC/C is most well studied for its role and regulation during mitosis. However, the APC/C also plays a similarly important and conserved role in the maintenance of G1 phase. Here we review the diverse mechanisms counteracting APC/C activity throughout the cell cycle and the importance of their coordinated actions on cell growth, proliferation, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kernan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Thomas Bonacci
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Michael J Emanuele
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America.
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21
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Cdc14 Phosphatase Promotes TORC1-Regulated Autophagy in Yeast. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:1671-1684. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Giono LE, Resnick-Silverman L, Carvajal LA, St Clair S, Manfredi JJ. Mdm2 promotes Cdc25C protein degradation and delays cell cycle progression through the G2/M phase. Oncogene 2017; 36:6762-6773. [PMID: 28806397 PMCID: PMC6002854 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Upon different types of stress, the gene encoding the mitosis-promoting phosphatase Cdc25C is transcriptionally repressed by p53, contributing to p53's enforcement of a G2 cell cycle arrest. In addition, Cdc25C protein stability is also decreased following DNA damage. Mdm2, another p53 target gene, encodes a ubiquitin ligase that negatively regulates p53 levels by ubiquitination. Ablation of Mdm2 by siRNA led to an increase in p53 protein and repression of Cdc25C gene expression. However, Cdc25C protein levels were actually increased following Mdm2 depletion. Mdm2 is shown to negatively regulate Cdc25C protein levels by reducing its half-life independently of the presence of p53. Further, Mdm2 physically interacts with Cdc25C and promotes its degradation through the proteasome in a ubiquitin-independent manner. Either Mdm2 overexpression or Cdc25C downregulation delays cell cycle progression through the G2/M phase. Thus, the repression of the Cdc25C promoter by p53, together with p53-dependent induction of Mdm2 and subsequent degradation of Cdc25C, could provide a dual mechanism by which p53 can enforce and maintain a G2/M cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Giono
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - L Resnick-Silverman
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - L A Carvajal
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - S St Clair
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J J Manfredi
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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23
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Rothe C, Rødland GE, Anda S, Stonyte V, Boye E, Lopez-Aviles S, Grallert B. A checkpoint-independent mechanism delays entry into mitosis after UV irradiation. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:4028-4037. [PMID: 29046339 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.204693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
When cells are exposed to stress they delay entry into mitosis. The most extensively studied mechanism behind this delay is the DNA-damage-induced G2/M checkpoint. Here, we show the existence of an additional stress-response pathway in Schizosaccharomyces pombe that is independent of the classic ATR/Rad3-dependent checkpoint. This novel mechanism delays entry mitosis independently of the spindle assembly checkpoint and the mitotic kinases Fin1, Ark1 and Plo1. The pathway delays activation of the mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) Cdc2 after UV irradiation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that translation of the mitotic cyclin Cdc13 is selectively downregulated after UV irradiation, and we propose that this downregulation of Cdc13 contributes to the delayed activation of Cdc2 and the delayed mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Rothe
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gro Elise Rødland
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Silje Anda
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vilte Stonyte
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, University of Oslo, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik Boye
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sandra Lopez-Aviles
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, University of Oslo, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Beáta Grallert
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
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24
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Kim IY, Kwon HY, Park KH, Kim DS. Anaphase-Promoting Complex 7 is a Prognostic Factor in Human Colorectal Cancer. Ann Coloproctol 2017; 33:139-145. [PMID: 28932723 PMCID: PMC5603343 DOI: 10.3393/ac.2017.33.4.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is a multiprotein complex with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and is required for ubiquitination of securin and cyclin-B. Several APC-targeting molecules are reported to be oncogenes. Dysregulation of APC may be associated with tumorigenesis. This study examines the relationship between APC expression and clinicopathological factors and evaluates the possibility of an aberrant APC function in colorectal carcinomas (CRCs). Methods To determine whether the loss of APC7 expression is related to tumorigenesis, we used tissue micro-arrays in 114 resected CRCs to scrutinize the expressions of APC7 and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry and to find relations with clinocopathologic parameters. The expression of APC7 was defined as positive for summed scores of staining intensities from 0 to 3+. Results Forty-four cases (67.7%) of colon cancer and 38 cases (77.6%) of rectal cancer showed immunopositive reactions to APC. The grade of APC expression was not statistically correlated with tumor location, age, T or TNM stage, or differentiation. However, the expression of APC did correlate with the expression of Ki-67 and to the tumor recurrent. Higher APC expression showed the better 5-year overall survival rate in 74% of grades 2, 3 groups (high expression) than 57% of grades 0, 1 groups (lower expression) respectively (P = 0.042). Conclusion Positive APC expression may be a good prognostic factor for patients with CRC, and the loss of APC expression in tumor tissue may be related with the risk for recurrence and a poor survival rate compared to high APC expression. Further study of APC in controlling the cell cycle as aberrant function in CRC is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ik Yong Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Hye Yeon Kwon
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Kwang Hwa Park
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Dae Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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25
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The anaphase promoting complex impacts repair choice by protecting ubiquitin signalling at DNA damage sites. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15751. [PMID: 28604711 PMCID: PMC5472795 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-strand breaks (DSBs) are repaired through two major pathways, homology-directed recombination (HDR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). While HDR can only occur in S/G2, NHEJ can happen in all cell cycle phases (except mitosis). How then is the repair choice made in S/G2 cells? Here we provide evidence demonstrating that APCCdh1 plays a critical role in choosing the repair pathways in S/G2 cells. Our results suggest that the default for all DSBs is to recruit 53BP1 and RIF1. BRCA1 is blocked from being recruited to broken ends because its recruitment signal, K63-linked poly-ubiquitin chains on histones, is actively destroyed by the deubiquitinating enzyme USP1. We show that the removal of USP1 depends on APCCdh1 and requires Chk1 activation known to be catalysed by ssDNA-RPA-ATR signalling at the ends designated for HDR, linking the status of end processing to RIF1 or BRCA1 recruitment. The choice between homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining is largely influenced by cell cycle. Here the authors show that APCCdh1 promotes homologous recombination by removing USP1, allowing polyubiquitinated histones to recruit BRCA1.
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26
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The effect of kinetic heat shock on bovine oocyte maturation and subsequent gene expression of targeted genes. ZYGOTE 2017; 25:383-389. [PMID: 28592345 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199417000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The exposure of oocytes to heat stress during the maturation process results in harmful effects to their internal organelles, low fertilization capability and higher embryonic losses. In the present experiment the effect of heat shock (HS) during the maturation process was assessed. In Assay 1, oocytes from winter (December-March; n = 100) and summer (June-September; n = 100) months were collected and matured to analyse their HS tolerance. Total RNA was extracted from matured oocytes and cDNA synthesis was performed, followed by qPCR for selected genes (Cx43, CDH1, DNMT1, HSPA14), compared with two reference genes (GAPDH and SDHA). In Assay 2, oocytes collected during the winter were subjected to kinetic HS by stressing them at 39.5°C for 6, 12, 18 or 24 h and were afterwards matured at control temperature (38.5°C), and subsequently subjected to the previously described gene analysis procedure. Results of Assay 1 show that summer-collected oocytes exhibited lower maturation rate than winter-collected oocytes, which may be due to the down-regulation of the HSPA 14 gene. Assay 2 showed that 6 h of HS had no effect on gene regulation. CDH1 and DNMT1 up-regulation was observed starting at 12 h, which may represent the effect of heat shock on oocyte development.
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27
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Borg NA, Dixit VM. Ubiquitin in Cell-Cycle Regulation and Dysregulation in Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-040716-075607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled cell proliferation and genomic instability are common features of cancer and can arise from, respectively, the loss of cell-cycle control and defective checkpoints. Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, ultimately executed by ubiquitin-ligating enzymes (E3s), plays a key part in cell-cycle regulation and is dominated by two multisubunit E3s, the anaphase-promoting complex (or cyclosome) (APC/C) and SKP1–cullin-1–F-box (SCF) complex. We highlight the role of APC/C and the SCF bound to F-box proteins, FBXW7, SKP2, and β-TrCP, in regulating the abundance of select fundamental proteins, primarily during the cell cycle, that are associated with human cancer. The clinical success of the first proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, in treating multiple myeloma and mantle-cell lymphoma set the precedent for viewing the ubiquitin–proteasome system as a druggable target for cancer. Given that there are more E3s than kinases, selective, small-molecule E3 inhibitors have the potential of opening up another dimension in the therapeutic armamentarium for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A. Borg
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Vishva M. Dixit
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
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28
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FZR1 loss increases sensitivity to DNA damage and consequently promotes murine and human B-cell acute leukemia. Blood 2017; 129:1958-1968. [PMID: 28143883 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-07-726216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
FZR1 (fizzy-related protein homolog; also known as CDH1 [cell division cycle 20 related 1]) functions in the cell cycle as a specific activator of anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome ubiquitin ligase, regulating late mitosis, G1 phase, and activation of the G2-M checkpoint. FZR1 has been implicated as both a tumor suppressor and oncoprotein, and its precise contribution to carcinogenesis remains unclear. Here, we examined the role of FZR1 in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy by analyzing tumor models and patient specimens. In an Fzr1 gene-trap mouse model of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), mice with Fzr1-deficient B-ALL survived longer than those with Fzr1-intact disease, and sensitivity of Fzr1-deficient B-ALL cells to DNA damage appeared increased. Consistently, conditional knockdown of FZR1 sensitized human B-ALL cell lines to DNA damage-induced cell death. Moreover, multivariate analyses of reverse-phase protein array of B-ALL specimens from newly diagnosed B-ALL patients determined that a low FZR1 protein expression level was an independent predictor of a longer remission duration. The clinical benefit of a low FZR1 expression level at diagnosis was no longer apparent in patients with relapsed B-ALL. Consistent with this result, secondary and tertiary mouse recipients of Fzr1-deficient B-ALL cells developed more progressive and radiation-resistant disease than those receiving Fzr1-intact B-ALL cells, indicating that prolonged inactivation of Fzr1 promotes the development of resistant clones. Our results suggest that reduction of FZR1 increases therapeutic sensitivity of B-ALL and that transient rather than tonic inhibition of FZR1 may be a therapeutic strategy.
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29
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Broustas CG, Xu Y, Harken AD, Garty G, Amundson SA. Comparison of gene expression response to neutron and x-ray irradiation using mouse blood. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:2. [PMID: 28049433 PMCID: PMC5210311 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the event of an improvised nuclear device detonation, the prompt radiation exposure would consist of photons plus a neutron component that would contribute to the total dose. As neutrons cause more complex and difficult to repair damage to cells that would result in a more severe health burden to affected individuals, it is paramount to be able to estimate the contribution of neutrons to an estimated dose, to provide information for those making treatment decisions. Results Mice exposed to either 0.25 or 1 Gy of neutron or 1 or 4 Gy x-ray radiation were sacrificed at 1 or 7 days after exposure. Whole genome microarray analysis identified 7285 and 5045 differentially expressed genes in the blood of mice exposed to neutron or x-ray radiation, respectively. Neutron exposure resulted in mostly downregulated genes, whereas x-rays showed both down- and up-regulated genes. A total of 34 differentially expressed genes were regulated in response to all ≥1 Gy exposures at both times. Of these, 25 genes were consistently downregulated at days 1 and 7, whereas 9 genes, including the transcription factor E2f2, showed bi-directional regulation; being downregulated at day 1, while upregulated at day 7. Gene ontology analysis revealed that genes involved in nucleic acid metabolism processes were persistently downregulated in neutron irradiated mice, whereas genes involved in lipid metabolism were upregulated in x-ray irradiated animals. Most biological processes significantly enriched at both timepoints were consistently represented by either under- or over-expressed genes. In contrast, cell cycle processes were significant among down-regulated genes at day 1, but among up-regulated genes at day 7 after exposure to either neutron or x-rays. Cell cycle genes downregulated at day 1 were mostly distinct from the cell cycle genes upregulated at day 7. However, five cell cycle genes, Fzr1, Ube2c, Ccna2, Nusap1, and Cdc25b, were both downregulated at day 1 and upregulated at day 7. Conclusions We describe, for the first time, the gene expression profile of mouse blood cells following exposure to neutrons. We have found that neutron radiation results in both distinct and common gene expression patterns compared with x-ray radiation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3436-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos G Broustas
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yanping Xu
- Radiological Research Accelerator Facility, Columbia University, Irvington, NY, 10533, USA
| | - Andrew D Harken
- Radiological Research Accelerator Facility, Columbia University, Irvington, NY, 10533, USA
| | - Guy Garty
- Radiological Research Accelerator Facility, Columbia University, Irvington, NY, 10533, USA
| | - Sally A Amundson
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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30
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Choudhury R, Bonacci T, Arceci A, Lahiri D, Mills CA, Kernan JL, Branigan TB, DeCaprio JA, Burke DJ, Emanuele MJ. APC/C and SCF(cyclin F) Constitute a Reciprocal Feedback Circuit Controlling S-Phase Entry. Cell Rep 2016; 16:3359-3372. [PMID: 27653696 PMCID: PMC5111906 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is an ubiquitin ligase and core component of the cell-cycle oscillator. During G1 phase, APC/C binds to its substrate receptor Cdh1 and APC/C(Cdh1) plays an important role in restricting S-phase entry and maintaining genome integrity. We describe a reciprocal feedback circuit between APC/C and a second ubiquitin ligase, the SCF (Skp1-Cul1-F box). We show that cyclin F, a cell-cycle-regulated substrate receptor (F-box protein) for the SCF, is targeted for degradation by APC/C. Furthermore, we establish that Cdh1 is itself a substrate of SCF(cyclin F). Cyclin F loss impairs Cdh1 degradation and delays S-phase entry, and this delay is reversed by simultaneous removal of Cdh1. These data indicate that the coordinated, temporal ordering of cyclin F and Cdh1 degradation, organized in a double-negative feedback loop, represents a fundamental aspect of cell-cycle control. This mutual antagonism could be a feature of other oscillating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Choudhury
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Thomas Bonacci
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anthony Arceci
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Debojyoti Lahiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Christine A Mills
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jennifer L Kernan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Timothy B Branigan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James A DeCaprio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel J Burke
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Michael J Emanuele
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Feringa FM, Krenning L, Koch A, van den Berg J, van den Broek B, Jalink K, Medema RH. Hypersensitivity to DNA damage in antephase as a safeguard for genome stability. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12618. [PMID: 27561326 PMCID: PMC5007458 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the DNA-damage response can lead to the induction of an arrest at various stages in the cell cycle. These arrests are reversible in nature, unless the damage is too excessive. Here we find that checkpoint reversibility is lost in cells that are in very late G2, but not yet fully committed to enter mitosis (antephase). We show that antephase cells exit the cell cycle and enter senescence at levels of DNA damage that induce a reversible arrest in early G2. We show that checkpoint reversibility critically depends on the presence of the APC/C inhibitor Emi1, which is degraded just before mitosis. Importantly, ablation of the cell cycle withdrawal mechanism in antephase promotes cell division in the presence of broken chromosomes. Thus, our data uncover a novel, but irreversible, DNA-damage response in antephase that is required to prevent the propagation of DNA damage during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke M Feringa
- Division of Cell Biology I and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Lenno Krenning
- Division of Cell Biology I and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands.,Hubrecht Institute, The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CT, The Netherlands
| | - André Koch
- Division of Cell Biology I and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van den Berg
- Division of Cell Biology I and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Bram van den Broek
- Division of Cell Biology I and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Jalink
- Division of Cell Biology I and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - René H Medema
- Division of Cell Biology I and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
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de Boer HR, Llobet SG, van Vugt MATM. Erratum to: Controlling the response to DNA damage by the APC/C-Cdh1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2985-2998. [PMID: 27251328 PMCID: PMC4969907 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Rudolf de Boer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sergi Guerrero Llobet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A T M van Vugt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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33
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Ercilla A, Llopis A, Feu S, Aranda S, Ernfors P, Freire R, Agell N. New origin firing is inhibited by APC/CCdh1 activation in S-phase after severe replication stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:4745-62. [PMID: 26939887 PMCID: PMC4889930 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in DNA replication and repair are known to promote genomic instability, a hallmark of cancer cells. Thus, eukaryotic cells have developed complex mechanisms to ensure accurate duplication of their genomes. While DNA damage response has been extensively studied in tumour cells, the pathways implicated in the response to replication stress are less well understood especially in non-transformed cells. Here we show that in non-transformed cells, APC/C(Cdh1) is activated upon severe replication stress. Activation of APC/C(Cdh1) prevents new origin firing and induces permanent arrest in S-phase. Moreover, Rad51-mediated homologous recombination is also impaired under these conditions. APC/C(Cdh1) activation in S-phase occurs after replication forks have been processed into double strand breaks. Remarkably, this activation, which correlates with decreased Emi1 levels, is not prevented by ATR/ATM inhibition, but it is abrogated in cells depleted of p53 or p21. Importantly, we found that the lack of APC/C(Cdh1) activity correlated with an increase in genomic instability. Taken together, our results define a new APC/C(Cdh1) function that prevents cell cycle resumption after prolonged replication stress by inhibiting origin firing, which may act as an additional mechanism in safeguarding genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Ercilla
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, C/ Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Llopis
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, C/ Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Feu
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, C/ Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Aranda
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), C/ Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrik Ernfors
- Unit of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologias Biomedicas, 38320 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Neus Agell
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, C/ Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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34
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de Boer HR, Guerrero Llobet S, van Vugt MATM. Controlling the response to DNA damage by the APC/C-Cdh1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:949-60. [PMID: 26650195 PMCID: PMC4744251 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Proper cell cycle progression is safeguarded by the oscillating activities of cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase complexes. An important player in the regulation of mitotic cyclins is the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase. Prior to entry into mitosis, the APC/C remains inactive, which allows the accumulation of mitotic regulators. APC/C activation requires binding to either the Cdc20 or Cdh1 adaptor protein, which sequentially bind the APC/C and facilitate targeting of multiple mitotic regulators for proteasomal destruction, including Securin and Cyclin B, to ensure proper chromosome segregation and mitotic exit. Emerging data have indicated that the APC/C, particularly in association with Cdh1, also functions prior to mitotic entry. Specifically, the APC/C-Cdh1 is activated in response to DNA damage in G2 phase cells. These observations are in line with in vitro and in vivo genetic studies, in which cells lacking Cdh1 expression display various defects, including impaired DNA repair and aberrant cell cycle checkpoints. In this review, we summarize the current literature on APC/C regulation in response to DNA damage, the functions of APC/C-Cdh1 activation upon DNA damage, and speculate how APC/C-Cdh1 can control cell fate in the context of persistent DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rudolf de Boer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S Guerrero Llobet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A T M van Vugt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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The role of APC/C(Cdh1) in replication stress and origin of genomic instability. Oncogene 2015; 35:3062-70. [PMID: 26455319 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the APC/C(Cdh1) functions as a tumor suppressor by maintaining genomic stability. However, the exact nature of genomic instability following loss of Cdh1 is unclear. Using biochemistry and live cell imaging of single cells we found that Cdh1 knockdown (kd) leads to strong nuclear stabilization of the substrates cyclin A and B and deregulated kinetics of DNA replication. Restoration of the Cdh1-dependent G2 DNA damage checkpoint did not result in G2 arrest but blocked cells in prometaphase, suggesting that these cells enter mitosis despite incomplete replication. This results in DNA double-strand breaks, anaphase bridges, cytokinesis defects and tetraploidization. Tetraploid cells are the source of supernumerary centrosomes following Cdh1-kd, leading to multipolar mitosis or centrosome clustering, in turn resulting in merotelic attachment and lagging chromosomes. Whereas some of these events cause apoptosis during mitosis, surviving cells may accumulate chromosomal aberrations.
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Cdc14A and Cdc14B Redundantly Regulate DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:3657-68. [PMID: 26283732 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00233-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cdc14 is a phosphatase that controls mitotic exit and cytokinesis in budding yeast. In mammals, the two Cdc14 homologues, Cdc14A and Cdc14B, have been proposed to regulate DNA damage repair, whereas the mitotic exit and cytokinesis rely on another phosphatase, PP2A-B55α. It is unclear if the two Cdc14s work redundantly in DNA repair and which repair pathways they participate in. More importantly, their target(s) in DNA repair remains elusive. Here we report that Cdc14B knockout (Cdc14B(-/-)) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) showed defects in repairing ionizing radiation (IR)-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which occurred only at late passages when Cdc14A levels were low. This repair defect could occur at early passages if Cdc14A levels were also compromised. These results indicate redundancy between Cdc14B and Cdc14A in DSB repair. Further, we found that Cdc14B deficiency impaired both homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), the two major DSB repair pathways. We also provide evidence that Cdh1 is a downstream target of Cdc14B in DSB repair.
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37
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Müllers E, Silva Cascales H, Jaiswal H, Saurin AT, Lindqvist A. Nuclear translocation of Cyclin B1 marks the restriction point for terminal cell cycle exit in G2 phase. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:2733-43. [PMID: 25486360 PMCID: PMC4615111 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2015.945831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon DNA damage, cell cycle progression is temporally blocked to avoid propagation of mutations. While transformed cells largely maintain the competence to recover from a cell cycle arrest, untransformed cells past the G1/S transition lose mitotic inducers, and thus the ability to resume cell division. This permanent cell cycle exit depends on p21, p53, and APC/CCdh1. However, when and how permanent cell cycle exit occurs remains unclear. Here, we have investigated the cell cycle response to DNA damage in single cells that express Cyclin B1 fused to eYFP at the endogenous locus. We find that upon DNA damage Cyclin B1-eYFP continues to accumulate up to a threshold level, which is reached only in G2 phase. Above this threshold, a p21 and p53-dependent nuclear translocation required for APC/CCdh1-mediated Cyclin B1-eYFP degradation is initiated. Thus, cell cycle exit is decoupled from activation of the DNA damage response in a manner that correlates to Cyclin B1 levels, suggesting that G2 activities directly feed into the decision for cell cycle exit. Once Cyclin B1-eYFP nuclear translocation occurs, checkpoint inhibition can no longer promote mitotic entry or re-expression of mitotic inducers, suggesting that nuclear translocation of Cyclin B1 marks the restriction point for permanent cell cycle exit in G2 phase.
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Key Words
- APC/C, anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome
- ATM, Ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase
- ATR, Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related kinase
- AU, arbitrary units
- Cdk, cyclin-dependent kinase
- Chk1/2, checkpoint kinase 1/2
- Cyclin B1
- DDR, DNA damage response
- DNA damage response
- DNA-PK, DNA-dependent protein kinase
- G2 phase
- H2AX, phosphorylated on serine 139
- LMB, Leptomycin B
- MK2, MAPKAP kinase 2
- Mdm2, mouse double minute 2 homolog
- NCS, Neocarzinostatin
- Plk1, polo-like kinase 1
- cell cycle
- checkpoint recovery
- nuclear translocation recovery competence
- senescence
- γH2AX, histone variant
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Müllers
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Karolinska Institutet ; Stockholm , Sweden
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Abstract
The centrosome proteome comprises hundreds of proteins whose function at the organelle and in the cellular context is unknown. Loss-of-function studies present a powerful tool to probe the roles of these individual constituents and hence improve our insight into key questions of centrosome biology such as how centrosomes are built, how they duplicate, and which cellular processes they partake in. In cultured cells ribonucleic acid (RNA) interference remains the most widely used method to achieve protein depletion, but due to the remarkable stability of many centrosome components depletion is often incomplete. In such instances genome editing provides a viable alternative. The exceptionally high homologous recombination rate of chicken DT40 cells makes this lymphocytic cell line ideal for genetic manipulation. Here we describe methods for the design and generation of knockouts and in situ tagging of genes in these cells. Furthermore, we report an optimized technique that allows isolation of centrosomes from DT40 cells for use in in vitro functional assays and proteomic analysis. Gene editing by CRISPR-Cas9 technology is fast replacing RNA interference as a method of choice for loss-of-function studies, but the combination of the fast cell cycle, the robustness in culture and ease of gene targeting, will continue to make DT40 cells a useful model system for studies of vertebrate protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra L Chavali
- Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fanni Gergely
- Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
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Nakahara T, Tanaka K, Ohno SI, Egawa N, Yugawa T, Kiyono T. Activation of NF-κB by human papillomavirus 16 E1 limits E1-dependent viral replication through degradation of E1. J Virol 2015; 89:5040-59. [PMID: 25717108 PMCID: PMC4403482 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00389-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED NF-κB is a family of transcription factors that regulate gene expression involved in many processes, such as the inflammatory response and cancer progression. Little is known about associations of NF-κB with the human papillomavirus (HPV) life cycle. We have developed a tissue culture system to conditionally induce E1-dependent replication of the human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) genome in human cervical keratinocytes and found that expression of HPV16 E1, a viral helicase, results in reduction of IκBα and subsequent activation of NF-κB in a manner dependent on helicase activity. Exogenous expression of a degradation-resistant mutant of IκBα, which inhibits the activation of NF-κB, enhanced E1-dependent replication of the viral genome. Wortmannin, a broad inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), and, to a lesser extent, VE-822, an ATR kinase inhibitor, but not KU55933, an ATM kinase inhibitor, suppressed the activation of NF-κB and augmented E1-dependent replication of the HPV16 genome. Interestingly, the enhancement of E1-dependent replication of the viral genome was associated with increased stability of E1 in the presence of wortmannin as well as the IκBα mutant. Collectively, we propose that expression of E1 induces NF-κB activation at least in part through the ATR-dependent DNA damage response and that NF-κB in turn limits E1-dependent replication of HPV16 through degradation of E1, so that E1 and NF-κB may constitute a negative feedback loop. IMPORTANCE A major risk factor in human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers is persistent infection with high-risk HPVs. To eradicate viruses from infected tissue, it is important to understand molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment and maintenance of persistent infection. In this study, we obtained evidence that human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) E1, a viral DNA helicase essential for amplification of the viral genomes, induces NF-κB activation and that this limits E1-dependent genome replication of HPV16. These results suggest that NF-κB mediates a negative feedback loop to regulate HPV replication and that this feedback loop could be associated with control of the viral copy numbers. We could thus show for the first time that NF-κB activity is involved in the establishment and maintenance of persistent HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Nakahara
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Tanaka
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Ohno
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nagayasu Egawa
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yugawa
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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40
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Bochis OV, Fetica B, Vlad C, Achimas-Cadariu P, Irimie A. The Importance of Ubiquitin E3 Ligases, SCF and APC/C, in Human Cancers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 88:9-14. [PMID: 26528041 PMCID: PMC4508606 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A normal evolution of the cell-cycle phases consists of multiple consecutive events, which makes it a highly complex process. Its preservation is regulated by Cyclin-Cdks (cyclin-dependent kinases) interactions and protein degradation, which is often controlled by the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. The goal of this review is to emphasize the most important features of the regulation of the cell-cycle involved in cancerogenesis, by presenting the involvement of E3 ubiquitin ligases SCF (Skp1-Cul1-F-box protein) and APC/C (Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome) in human malignancies. Also, we discuss the importance of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway blockade in cancer treatment. We know that a better understanding of the regulatory biology of the cell cycle can lead to the development of new target therapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Vasile Bochis
- Department of Medical Oncology, "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bogdan Fetica
- Department of Pathology, "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Catalin Vlad
- Department of Surgery, "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Patriciu Achimas-Cadariu
- Department of Surgery, "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Irimie
- Department of Surgery, "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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41
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Lafranchi L, Sartori AA. The ubiquitin ligase APC/C(Cdh1) puts the brakes on DNA-end resection. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e1000696. [PMID: 27308488 PMCID: PMC4905325 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2014.1000696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are highly deleterious lesions and their misrepair can promote genomic instability, a hallmark of cancer. DNA-end resection is a cell cycle-regulated mechanism that is required for the faithful repair of DSBs. We recently discovered that the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome-Cdh1 (APC/CCdh1) ubiquitin ligase is responsible for the timely degradation of CtBP-interacting protein (CtIP), a key DNA-end resection factor, providing a new layer of regulation of DSB repair in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lafranchi
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research; University of Zurich ; Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro A Sartori
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research; University of Zurich ; Zurich, Switzerland
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42
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Shaltiel IA, Krenning L, Bruinsma W, Medema RH. The same, only different - DNA damage checkpoints and their reversal throughout the cell cycle. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:607-20. [PMID: 25609713 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.163766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle checkpoints activated by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are essential for the maintenance of the genomic integrity of proliferating cells. Following DNA damage, cells must detect the break and either transiently block cell cycle progression, to allow time for repair, or exit the cell cycle. Reversal of a DNA-damage-induced checkpoint not only requires the repair of these lesions, but a cell must also prevent permanent exit from the cell cycle and actively terminate checkpoint signalling to allow cell cycle progression to resume. It is becoming increasingly clear that despite the shared mechanisms of DNA damage detection throughout the cell cycle, the checkpoint and its reversal are precisely tuned to each cell cycle phase. Furthermore, recent findings challenge the dogmatic view that complete repair is a precondition for cell cycle resumption. In this Commentary, we highlight cell-cycle-dependent differences in checkpoint signalling and recovery after a DNA DSB, and summarise the molecular mechanisms that underlie the reversal of DNA damage checkpoints, before discussing when and how cell fate decisions after a DSB are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra A Shaltiel
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Cell Biology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lenno Krenning
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Cell Biology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wytse Bruinsma
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Cell Biology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René H Medema
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Cell Biology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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43
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Lafranchi L, de Boer HR, de Vries EGE, Ong SE, Sartori AA, van Vugt MATM. APC/C(Cdh1) controls CtIP stability during the cell cycle and in response to DNA damage. EMBO J 2014; 33:2860-79. [PMID: 25349192 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201489017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cells have evolved elaborate mechanisms for responding to DNA damage to maintain genome stability and prevent carcinogenesis. For instance, the cell cycle can be arrested at different stages to allow time for DNA repair. The APC/C(C) (dh1) ubiquitin ligase mainly regulates mitotic exit but is also implicated in the DNA damage-induced G2 arrest. However, it is currently unknown whether APC/C(C) (dh1) also contributes to DNA repair. Here, we show that Cdh1 depletion causes increased levels of genomic instability and enhanced sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents. Using an integrated proteomics and bioinformatics approach, we identify CtIP, a DNA-end resection factor, as a novel APC/C(C) (dh1) target. CtIP interacts with Cdh1 through a conserved KEN box, mutation of which impedes ubiquitylation and downregulation of CtIP both during G1 and after DNA damage in G2. Finally, we find that abrogating the CtIP-Cdh1 interaction results in delayed CtIP clearance from DNA damage foci, increased DNA-end resection, and reduced homologous recombination efficiency. Combined, our results highlight the impact of APC/C(C) (dh1) on the maintenance of genome integrity and show that this is, at least partially, achieved by controlling CtIP stability in a cell cycle- and DNA damage-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lafranchi
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harmen R de Boer
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shao-En Ong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alessandro A Sartori
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel A T M van Vugt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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44
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Wang Z, Dao R, Bao L, Dong Y, Wang H, Han P, Yue Y, Yu H. Epigenetic reprogramming of human lung cancer cells with the extract of bovine parthenogenetic oocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1807-15. [PMID: 24889513 PMCID: PMC4196656 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour suppressor gene silencing and proto-oncogene activation caused by epigenetic alterations plays an important role in the initiation and progression of cancer. Re-establishing the balance between the expression of tumour suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes by epigenetic modulation is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. In this study, we investigated whether cancer cells can be epigenetically reprogrammed by oocyte extract. H460 human lung cancer cells were reversibly permeabilized and incubated with the extract of bovine parthenogenetic oocytes. Bisulphite sequencing showed that bovine parthenogenetic oocyte extract induced significant demethylation at the promoters of the tumour suppressor genes RUNX3 and CDH1, but not at the promoter of the oncogenic pluripotency gene SOX2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that the histone modifications at RUNX3 and CDH1 promoters were modulated towards a transcriptionally activating state, while those at SOX2 promoter towards a transcriptionally repressive state. Correspondingly, bovine parthenogenetic oocyte extract reversed the epigenetic silencing of RUNX3 and CDH1, and repressed the expression of SOX2. At the functional level, proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, migration and invasion of H460 cells was strongly inhibited. These results indicate that bovine parthenogenetic oocyte extract changes the expression patterns of tumour suppressor and oncogenic genes in cancer cells by remodelling the epigenetic modifications at their promoters. Bovine parthenogenetic oocyte extract may provide a useful tool for epigenetically reprogramming cancer cells and for dissecting the epigenetic mechanisms involved in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mammal Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Huhhot, China
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45
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Yamada M, Masai H, Bartek J. Regulation and roles of Cdc7 kinase under replication stress. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1859-66. [PMID: 24841992 DOI: 10.4161/cc.29251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cdc7 (cell division cycle 7) kinase together with its activation subunit ASK (also known as Dbf4) play pivotal roles in DNA replication and contribute also to other aspects of DNA metabolism such as DNA repair and recombination. While the biological significance of Cdc7 is widely appreciated, the molecular mechanisms through which Cdc7 kinase regulates these various DNA transactions remain largely obscure, including the role of Cdc7-ASK/Dbf4 under replication stress, a condition associated with diverse (patho)physiological scenarios. In this review, we first highlight the recent findings on a novel pathway that regulates the stability of the human Cdc7-ASK/Dbf4 complex under replication stress, its interplay with ATR-Chk1 signaling, and significance in the RAD18-dependent DNA damage bypass pathway. We also consider Cdc7 function in a broader context, considering both physiological conditions and pathologies associated with enhanced replication stress, particularly oncogenic transformation and tumorigenesis. Furthermore, we integrate the emerging evidence and propose a concept of Cdc7-ASK/Dbf4 contributing to genome integrity maintenance, through interplay with RAD18 that can serve as a molecular switch to dictate DNA repair pathway choice. Finally, we discuss the possibility of targeting Cdc7, particularly in the context of the Cdc7/RAD18-dependent translesion synthesis, as a potential innovative strategy for treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Yamada
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; Palacky University; Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hisao Masai
- Genome Dynamics Project; Department of Genome Medicine; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; Palacky University; Olomouc, Czech Republic; Danish Cancer Society Research Center; Copenhagen, Denmark
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46
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Campbell PA, Rudnicki MA. Oct4 interaction with Hmgb2 regulates Akt signaling and pluripotency. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1107-20. [PMID: 23495099 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In pluripotent stem cells, bivalent domains mark the promoters of developmentally regulated loci. Histones in these chromatin regions contain coincident epigenetic modifications of gene activation and repression. How these marks are transmitted to maintain the pluripotent state in daughter progeny remains poorly understood. Our study demonstrates that Oct4 post-translational modifications (PTMs) form a positive feedback loop, which promotes Akt activation and interaction with Hmgb2 and the SET complex. This preserves H3K27me3 modifications in daughter progeny and maintains the pluripotent gene expression signature in murine embryonic stem cells. However, if Oct4 is not phosphorylated, a negative feedback loop is formed that inactivates Akt and initiates the DNA damage response. Oct4 sumoylation then is required for G1/S progression and transmission of the repressive H3K27me3 mark. Therefore, PTMs regulate the ability of Oct4 to direct the spatio-temporal formation of activating and repressing complexes to orchestrate chromatin plasticity and pluripotency. Our work highlights a previously unappreciated role for Oct4 PTM-dependent interactions in maintaining restrained Akt signaling and promoting a primitive epigenetic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl A Campbell
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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47
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Yamada M, Watanabe K, Mistrik M, Vesela E, Protivankova I, Mailand N, Lee M, Masai H, Lukas J, Bartek J. ATR-Chk1-APC/CCdh1-dependent stabilization of Cdc7-ASK (Dbf4) kinase is required for DNA lesion bypass under replication stress. Genes Dev 2014; 27:2459-72. [PMID: 24240236 PMCID: PMC3841735 DOI: 10.1101/gad.224568.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cdc7 kinase regulates DNA replication. However, its role in DNA repair and recombination is poorly understood. Here we describe a pathway that stabilizes the human Cdc7-ASK (activator of S-phase kinase; also called Dbf4), its regulation, and its function in cellular responses to compromised DNA replication. Stalled DNA replication evoked stabilization of the Cdc7-ASK (Dbf4) complex in a manner dependent on ATR-Chk1-mediated checkpoint signaling and its interplay with the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome(Cdh1) (APC/C(Cdh1)) ubiquitin ligase. Mechanistically, Chk1 kinase inactivates APC/C(Cdh1) through degradation of Cdh1 upon replication block, thereby stabilizing APC/C(Cdh1) substrates, including Cdc7-ASK (Dbf4). Furthermore, motif C of ASK (Dbf4) interacts with the N-terminal region of RAD18 ubiquitin ligase, and this interaction is required for chromatin binding of RAD18. Impaired interaction of ASK (Dbf4) with RAD18 disables foci formation by RAD18 and hinders chromatin loading of translesion DNA polymerase η. These findings define a novel mechanism that orchestrates replication checkpoint signaling and ubiquitin-proteasome machinery with the DNA damage bypass pathway to guard against replication collapse under conditions of replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Yamada
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, CZ-775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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48
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Bandura JL, Jiang H, Nickerson DW, Edgar BA. The molecular chaperone Hsp90 is required for cell cycle exit in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003835. [PMID: 24086162 PMCID: PMC3784567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordination of cell proliferation and differentiation is crucial for proper development. In particular, robust mechanisms exist to ensure that cells permanently exit the cell cycle upon terminal differentiation, and these include restraining the activities of both the E2F/DP transcription factor and Cyclin/Cdk kinases. However, the full complement of mechanisms necessary to restrain E2F/DP and Cyclin/Cdk activities in differentiating cells are not known. Here, we have performed a genetic screen in Drosophila melanogaster, designed to identify genes required for cell cycle exit. This screen utilized a PCNA-miniwhite+ reporter that is highly E2F-responsive and results in a darker red eye color when crossed into genetic backgrounds that delay cell cycle exit. Mutation of Hsp83, the Drosophila homolog of mammalian Hsp90, results in increased E2F-dependent transcription and ectopic cell proliferation in pupal tissues at a time when neighboring wild-type cells are postmitotic. Further, these Hsp83 mutant cells have increased Cyclin/Cdk activity and accumulate proteins normally targeted for proteolysis by the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), suggesting that APC/C function is inhibited. Indeed, reducing the gene dosage of an inhibitor of Cdh1/Fzr, an activating subunit of the APC/C that is required for timely cell cycle exit, can genetically suppress the Hsp83 cell cycle exit phenotype. Based on these data, we propose that Cdh1/Fzr is a client protein of Hsp83. Our results reveal that Hsp83 plays a heretofore unappreciated role in promoting APC/C function during cell cycle exit and suggest a mechanism by which Hsp90 inhibition could promote genomic instability and carcinogenesis. Cells must permanently stop dividing when they terminally differentiate for development to occur normally. Maintenance of this postmitotic state is also important, as unscheduled proliferation of differentiated cells can result in cancer. To identify genes important for restraining cell proliferation during terminal differentiation, we performed a genetic screen in Drosophila and found that mutation of Hsp90 caused ectopic cell proliferation in differentiating tissues. Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone that is essential for viability in all eukaryotes and has been shown to facilitate the activity of hundreds of “client” proteins. Indeed, several inhibitors of Hsp90 are currently being tested in clinical trials for use as anti-cancer therapeutics due to their ability to silence multiple client oncoproteins simultaneously. Our data suggest that Hsp90 is necessary to halt cell proliferation during differentiation because the protein Cdh1, which is required for normal cell cycle exit, may be a client of Hsp90. As reduced Cdh1 function results in genomic instability and tumorigenesis, our work highlights the need to design more precisely targeted Hsp90 inhibitors for use as cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Bandura
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) – Center for Molecular Biology Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Huaqi Jiang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Derek W. Nickerson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Edgar
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) – Center for Molecular Biology Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Phosphorylation-triggered CUEDC2 degradation promotes UV-induced G1 arrest through APC/C(Cdh1) regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:11017-22. [PMID: 23776205 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1221009110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage triggers cell cycle arrest to provide a time window for DNA repair. Failure of arrest could lead to genomic instability and tumorigenesis. DNA damage-induced G1 arrest is generally achieved by the accumulation of Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21). However, p21 is degraded and does not play a role in UV-induced G1 arrest. The mechanism of UV-induced G1 arrest thus remains elusive. Here, we have identified a critical role for CUE domain-containing protein 2 (CUEDC2) in this process. CUEDC2 binds to and inhibits anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome-Cdh1 (APC/C(Cdh1)), a critical ubiquitin ligase in G1 phase, thereby stabilizing Cyclin A and promoting G1-S transition. In response to UV irradiation, CUEDC2 undergoes ERK1/2-dependent phosphorylation and ubiquitin-dependent degradation, leading to APC/C(Cdh1)-mediated Cyclin A destruction, Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inactivation, and G1 arrest. A nonphosphorylatable CUEDC2 mutant is resistant to UV-induced degradation. Expression of this stable mutant effectively overrides UV-induced G1-S block. These results establish CUEDC2 as an APC/C(Cdh1) inhibitor and indicate that regulated CUEDC2 degradation is critical for UV-induced G1 arrest.
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50
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Ye C, Zhang X, Wan J, Chang L, Hu W, Bing Z, Zhang S, Li J, He J, Wang J, Zhou G. Radiation-induced cellular senescence results from a slippage of long-term G2 arrested cells into G1 phase. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1424-32. [PMID: 23574719 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diploid cells undergoing senescence and mitotic slippage have been reported in the literature. However, the mechanisms triggering senescence in long-term G2-arrested cells are currently unclear. Previously, we reported that the cell cycle of the human uveal melanoma cell line, 92-1, is suspended for up to 6 d upon exposure to 10 Gy ionizing radiation (IR), followed by senescence. In the current study, we initially distinguished senescence in long-term blocked 92-1 cells from mitotic slippage by confirming the blockage of cells in the G2 phase. We subsequently showed that the genes essential for G2-M transition are prematurely downregulated at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Furthermore, levels of the G1-specific markers, Cyclin D1 and Caveolin-1, were distinctly increased, while S/G2-specific markers, Cyclin B1 and Aurora A, were significantly downregulated. These findings collectively imply that long-term G2-arrested cells undergo senescence via G2 slippage. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report that the cellular process of G2 slippage is the mechanism responsible for senescence of cells under long-term G2 arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyong Ye
- Department of Space Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modem Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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