1
|
Zhang T, Au WC, Ohkuni K, Shrestha RL, Kaiser P, Basrai MA. Mck1-mediated proteolysis of CENP-A prevents mislocalization of CENP-A for chromosomal stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2024; 228:iyae108. [PMID: 38984710 PMCID: PMC11373516 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Centromeric localization of evolutionarily conserved CENP-A (Cse4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is essential for chromosomal stability. Mislocalization of overexpressed CENP-A to noncentromeric regions contributes to chromosomal instability in yeasts, flies, and humans. Overexpression and mislocalization of CENP-A observed in many cancers are associated with poor prognosis. Previous studies have shown that F-box proteins, Cdc4 and Met30 of the Skp, Cullin, F-box ubiquitin ligase cooperatively regulate proteolysis of Cse4 to prevent Cse4 mislocalization and chromosomal instability under normal physiological conditions. Mck1-mediated phosphorylation of Skp, Cullin, F-box-Cdc4 substrates such as Cdc6 and Rcn1 enhances the interaction of the substrates with Cdc4. Here, we report that Mck1 interacts with Cse4, and Mck1-mediated proteolysis of Cse4 prevents Cse4 mislocalization for chromosomal stability. Our results showed that mck1Δ strain overexpressing CSE4 (GAL-CSE4) exhibits lethality, defects in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of Cse4, mislocalization of Cse4, and reduced Cse4-Cdc4 interaction. Strain expressing GAL-cse4-3A with mutations in three potential Mck1 phosphorylation consensus sites (S10, S16, and T166) also exhibits growth defects, increased stability with mislocalization of Cse4-3A, chromosomal instability, and reduced interaction with Cdc4. Constitutive expression of histone H3 (Δ16H3) suppresses the chromosomal instability phenotype of GAL-cse4-3A strain, suggesting that the chromosomal instability phenotype is linked to Cse4-3A mislocalization. We conclude that Mck1 and its three potential phosphorylation sites on Cse4 promote Cse4-Cdc4 interaction and this contributes to ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of Cse4 preventing its mislocalization and chromosomal instability. These studies advance our understanding of pathways that regulate cellular levels of CENP-A to prevent mislocalization of CENP-A in human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhang
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute. National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei-Chun Au
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute. National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kentaro Ohkuni
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute. National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Roshan L Shrestha
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute. National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter Kaiser
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Munira A Basrai
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute. National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khondker S, Han GS, Carman GM. Protein kinase Hsl1 phosphorylates Pah1 to inhibit phosphatidate phosphatase activity and regulate lipid synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107572. [PMID: 39009344 PMCID: PMC11342776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pah1 phosphatidate (PA) phosphatase, which catalyzes the Mg2+-dependent dephosphorylation of PA to produce diacylglycerol, plays a key role in utilizing PA for the synthesis of the neutral lipid triacylglycerol and thereby controlling the PA-derived membrane phospholipids. The enzyme function is controlled by its subcellular location as regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Pah1 is initially inactivated in the cytosol through phosphorylation by multiple protein kinases and then activated via its recruitment and dephosphorylation by the protein phosphatase Nem1-Spo7 at the nuclear/endoplasmic reticulum membrane where the PA phosphatase reaction occurs. Many of the protein kinases that phosphorylate Pah1 have yet to be characterized with the identification of the target residues. Here, we established Pah1 as a bona fide substrate of septin-associated Hsl1, a protein kinase involved in mitotic morphogenesis checkpoint signaling. The Hsl1 activity on Pah1 was dependent on reaction time and the amounts of protein kinase, Pah1, and ATP. The Hsl1 phosphorylation of Pah1 occurred on Ser-748 and Ser-773, and the phosphorylated protein exhibited a 5-fold reduction in PA phosphatase catalytic efficiency. Analysis of cells expressing the S748A and S773A mutant forms of Pah1 indicated that Hsl1-mediated phosphorylation of Pah1 promotes membrane phospholipid synthesis at the expense of triacylglycerol, and ensures the dependence of Pah1 function on the Nem1-Spo7 protein phosphatase. This work advances the understanding of how Hsl1 facilitates membrane phospholipid synthesis through the phosphorylation-mediated regulation of Pah1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoily Khondker
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Gil-Soo Han
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - George M Carman
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zeng C, Sun Y, Lin H, Li Z, Zhang Q, Cai T, Xiang W, Tang J, Yasurin P. D-Limonene Inhibits Pichia kluyveri Y-11519 in Sichuan Pickles by Disrupting Metabolism. Molecules 2024; 29:3561. [PMID: 39124965 PMCID: PMC11314558 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Pichia kluyveri, a proliferation commonly found in Sichuan pickles (SCPs), can accelerate the growth and reproduction of spoilage bacteria, causing off-odor development and decay. Although D-limonene, a common natural preservative, effectively restricts P. kluyveri, its inhibitory mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate this molecular mechanism by investigating the impact on basic P. kluyveri metabolism. The findings revealed that D-limonene inhibited P. kluyveri growth and disrupted the transcription of the genes responsible for encoding the enzymes involved in cell wall and membrane synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle pathway. The results indicated that these events disrupted crucial metabolism such as cell wall and membrane integrity, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance. These insights provided a comprehensive understanding of the inhibitory effect of D-limonene on the growth and reproduction of P. kluyveri while highlighting its potential application in the SCP industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Zeng
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (Y.S.); (H.L.); (Z.L.); (T.C.); (W.X.); (J.T.)
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Assumption University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand;
- Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Yue Sun
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (Y.S.); (H.L.); (Z.L.); (T.C.); (W.X.); (J.T.)
- Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Haoran Lin
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (Y.S.); (H.L.); (Z.L.); (T.C.); (W.X.); (J.T.)
- Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Ziyu Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (Y.S.); (H.L.); (Z.L.); (T.C.); (W.X.); (J.T.)
- Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (Y.S.); (H.L.); (Z.L.); (T.C.); (W.X.); (J.T.)
- Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Ting Cai
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (Y.S.); (H.L.); (Z.L.); (T.C.); (W.X.); (J.T.)
- Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Wenliang Xiang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (Y.S.); (H.L.); (Z.L.); (T.C.); (W.X.); (J.T.)
- Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Jie Tang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (Y.S.); (H.L.); (Z.L.); (T.C.); (W.X.); (J.T.)
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Assumption University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand;
- Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Patchanee Yasurin
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Assumption University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Cui X, Xiao J, Kang X, Hu J, Huang Z, Li N, Yang C, Pan Y, Zhang S. A novel MAP kinase-interacting protein MoSmi1 regulates development and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13493. [PMID: 39034619 PMCID: PMC11260997 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The cell wall is the first barrier against external adversity and plays roles in maintaining normal physiological functions of fungi. Previously, we reported a nucleosome assembly protein, MoNap1, in Magnaporthe oryzae that plays a role in cell wall integrity (CWI), stress response, and pathogenicity. Moreover, MoNap1 negatively regulates the expression of MoSMI1 encoded by MGG_03970. Here, we demonstrated that deletion of MoSMI1 resulted in a significant defect in appressorium function, CWI, cell morphology, and pathogenicity. Further investigation revealed that MoSmi1 interacted with MoOsm1 and MoMps1 and affected the phosphorylation levels of MoOsm1, MoMps1, and MoPmk1, suggesting that MoSmi1 regulates biological functions by mediating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway in M. oryzae. In addition, transcriptome data revealed that MoSmi1 regulates many infection-related processes in M. oryzae, such as membrane-related pathway and oxidation reduction process. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that MoSmi1 regulates CWI by mediating the MAPK pathway to affect development and pathogenicity of M. oryzae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Xinyue Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Junlian Xiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Xiaoru Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Jinmei Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Zhicheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Na Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Chuyu Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Yuemin Pan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Shulin Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Flynn MJ, Harper NW, Li R, Zhu LJ, Lee MJ, Benanti JA. Calcineurin promotes adaptation to chronic stress through two distinct mechanisms. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.19.585797. [PMID: 38562881 PMCID: PMC10983906 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.19.585797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Adaptation to environmental stress requires coordination between stress-defense programs and cell cycle progression. The immediate response to many stressors has been well characterized, but how cells survive in challenging environments long-term is unknown. Here, we investigate the role of the stress-activated phosphatase calcineurin (CN) in adaptation to chronic CaCl2 stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that prolonged exposure to CaCl2 impairs mitochondrial function and demonstrate that cells respond to this stressor using two CN-dependent mechanisms - one that requires the downstream transcription factor Crz1 and another that is Crz1-independent. Our data indicate that CN maintains cellular fitness by promoting cell cycle progression and preventing CaCl2-induced cell death. When Crz1 is present, transient CN activation suppresses cell death and promotes adaptation despite high levels of mitochondrial loss. However, in the absence of Crz1, prolonged activation of CN prevents mitochondrial loss and further cell death by upregulating glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis genes thereby mitigating damage from reactive oxygen species. These findings illustrate how cells maintain long-term fitness during chronic stress and suggest that CN promotes adaptation in challenging environments by multiple mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie J. Flynn
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Nicholas W. Harper
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Lihua Julie Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester MA 01605
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester MA 01605
| | - Michael J. Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Jennifer A. Benanti
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Caligaris M, Sampaio-Marques B, Hatakeyama R, Pillet B, Ludovico P, De Virgilio C, Winderickx J, Nicastro R. The Yeast Protein Kinase Sch9 Functions as a Central Nutrient-Responsive Hub That Calibrates Metabolic and Stress-Related Responses. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:787. [PMID: 37623558 PMCID: PMC10455444 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast cells are equipped with different nutrient signaling pathways that enable them to sense the availability of various nutrients and adjust metabolism and growth accordingly. These pathways are part of an intricate network since most of them are cross-regulated and subject to feedback regulation at different levels. In yeast, a central role is played by Sch9, a protein kinase that functions as a proximal effector of the conserved growth-regulatory TORC1 complex to mediate information on the availability of free amino acids. However, recent studies established that Sch9 is more than a TORC1-effector as its activity is tuned by several other kinases. This allows Sch9 to function as an integrator that aligns different input signals to achieve accuracy in metabolic responses and stress-related molecular adaptations. In this review, we highlight the latest findings on the structure and regulation of Sch9, as well as its role as a nutrient-responsive hub that impacts on growth and longevity of yeast cells. Given that most key players impinging on Sch9 are well-conserved, we also discuss how studies on Sch9 can be instrumental to further elucidate mechanisms underpinning healthy aging in mammalians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Caligaris
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (M.C.); (B.P.); (C.D.V.)
| | - Belém Sampaio-Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.S.-M.); (P.L.)
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Riko Hatakeyama
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK;
| | - Benjamin Pillet
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (M.C.); (B.P.); (C.D.V.)
| | - Paula Ludovico
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.S.-M.); (P.L.)
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Claudio De Virgilio
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (M.C.); (B.P.); (C.D.V.)
| | - Joris Winderickx
- Department of Biology, Functional Biology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium;
| | - Raffaele Nicastro
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (M.C.); (B.P.); (C.D.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
FaSmi1 Is Essential for the Vegetative Development, Asexual Reproduction, DON Production and Virulence of Fusarium asiaticum. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8111189. [DOI: 10.3390/jof8111189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Smi1 is a protein required for cell cycle progression, morphogenesis, stress response and life span of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FaSmi1 was identified as a Smi1 homolog in a wheat scab pathogenic fungus Fusarium asiaticum strain 2021. The deletion of FaSmi1 leads to defects in mycelial growth, asexual reproduction, and virulence. The FaSmi1 deletion mutant also exhibited increased sensitivity to osmotic stresses generated by NaCl and KCl, but increased tolerance to oxidative stresses and cell wall integrity inhibitors. All of these defects were restored by genetic complementation of the mutant with the whole parental FaSmi1 gene. Interestingly, the antioxidant system-associated genes exhibit a lower expression level and the mycotoxins’ DON content was decreased in the FaSmi1 deletion mutant compared with the parental strain 2021. These results indicate that FaSmi1 plays a critical role in the vegetative development, asexual reproduction, DON production and virulence of F. asiaticum.
Collapse
|
8
|
The CWI Pathway: A Versatile Toolbox to Arrest Cell-Cycle Progression. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121041. [PMID: 34947023 PMCID: PMC8704918 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-signaling pathways are essential for cells to respond and adapt to changes in their environmental conditions. The cell-wall integrity (CWI) pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is activated by environmental stresses, compounds, and morphogenetic processes that compromise the cell wall, orchestrating the appropriate cellular response to cope with these adverse conditions. During cell-cycle progression, the CWI pathway is activated in periods of polarized growth, such as budding or cytokinesis, regulating cell-wall biosynthesis and the actin cytoskeleton. Importantly, accumulated evidence has indicated a reciprocal regulation of the cell-cycle regulatory system by the CWI pathway. In this paper, we describe how the CWI pathway regulates the main cell-cycle transitions in response to cell-surface perturbance to delay cell-cycle progression. In particular, it affects the Start transcriptional program and the initiation of DNA replication at the G1/S transition, and entry and progression through mitosis. We also describe the involvement of the CWI pathway in the response to genotoxic stress and its connection with the DNA integrity checkpoint, the mechanism that ensures the correct transmission of genetic material and cell survival. Thus, the CWI pathway emerges as a master brake that stops cell-cycle progression when cells are coping with distinct unfavorable conditions.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sopanaporn J, Suksawatamnuay S, Sardikin A, Lengwittaya R, Chavasiri W, Miyakawa T, Yompakdee C. Pinostrobin suppresses the Ca2+-signal-dependent growth arrest in yeast by inhibiting the Swe1-mediated G2 cell-cycle regulation. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 20:5836717. [PMID: 32401321 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pinostrobin, a flavonoid compound known for its diverse pharmacological actions, including anti-leukemic and anti-inflammatory activities, has been repeatedly isolated by various screenings, but its action mechanism is still obscure. Previously, pinostrobin was rediscovered in our laboratory using a yeast-based assay procedure devised specifically for the inhibitory effect on the activated Ca2+ signaling that leads the cells to severe growth retardation in the G2 phase. Here, we attempted to identify target of pinostrobin employing the genetic techniques available in the yeast. Using various genetically engineered yeast strains in which the Ca2+-signaling cascade can be activated by the controlled expression of the various signaling molecules of the cascade, its target was narrowed down to Swe1, the cell-cycle regulatory protein kinase. The Swe1 kinase is situated at the downstream of the Ca2+-signaling cascade and downregulates the Cdc28/Clb complex by phosphorylating the Cdc28 moiety of the complex in the G2 phase. We further demonstrated that pinostrobin inhibits the protein kinase activity of Swe1 in vivo as estimated by the decreased level of Cdc28 phosphorylation at Tyr-19. Since the yeast SWE1 gene is an ortholog for the human WEE1 gene, our finding implied a potentiality of pinostrobin as the G2 checkpoint abrogator in cancer chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jumpol Sopanaporn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sirinporn Suksawatamnuay
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Amanulia Sardikin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Rittirat Lengwittaya
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Warinthorn Chavasiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Tokichi Miyakawa
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Chulee Yompakdee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Leech CM, Flynn MJ, Arsenault HE, Ou J, Liu H, Zhu LJ, Benanti JA. The coordinate actions of calcineurin and Hog1 mediate the stress response through multiple nodes of the cell cycle network. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008600. [PMID: 32343701 PMCID: PMC7209309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon exposure to environmental stressors, cells transiently arrest the cell cycle while they adapt and restore homeostasis. A challenge for all cells is to distinguish between stress signals and coordinate the appropriate adaptive response with cell cycle arrest. Here we investigate the role of the phosphatase calcineurin (CN) in the stress response and demonstrate that CN activates the Hog1/p38 pathway in both yeast and human cells. In yeast, the MAPK Hog1 is transiently activated in response to several well-studied osmostressors. We show that when a stressor simultaneously activates CN and Hog1, CN disrupts Hog1-stimulated negative feedback to prolong Hog1 activation and the period of cell cycle arrest. Regulation of Hog1 by CN also contributes to inactivation of multiple cell cycle-regulatory transcription factors (TFs) and the decreased expression of cell cycle-regulated genes. CN-dependent downregulation of G1/S genes is dependent upon Hog1 activation, whereas CN inactivates G2/M TFs through a combination of Hog1-dependent and -independent mechanisms. These findings demonstrate that CN and Hog1 act in a coordinated manner to inhibit multiple nodes of the cell cycle-regulatory network. Our results suggest that crosstalk between CN and stress-activated MAPKs helps cells tailor their adaptive responses to specific stressors. In order to survive exposure to environmental stress, cells transiently arrest the cell division cycle while they adapt to the stress. Several kinases and phosphatases are known to control stress adaptation programs, but the extent to which these signaling pathways work together to tune the stress response is not well understood. This study investigates the role of the phosphatase calcineurin in the stress response and shows that calcineurin inhibits the cell cycle in part by stimulating the activity of the Hog1/p-38 stress-activated MAPK in both yeast and human cells. Crosstalk between stress response pathways may help cells mount specific responses to diverse stressors and to survive changes in their environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M. Leech
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mackenzie J. Flynn
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Heather E. Arsenault
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jianhong Ou
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Haibo Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lihua Julie Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Benanti
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schroeder L, Ikui AE. Tryptophan confers resistance to SDS-associated cell membrane stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0199484. [PMID: 30856175 PMCID: PMC6411118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium dodecyl sulfate is a detergent that disrupts cell membranes, activates cell wall integrity signaling and restricts cell growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, the underlying mechanism of how sodium dodecyl sulfate inhibits cell growth is not fully understood. Previously, we have shown that deletion of the MCK1 gene leads to sensitivity to sodium dodecyl sulfate; thus, we implemented a suppressor gene screening revealing that the overexpression of TAT2 tryptophan permease rescues cell growth in sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated Δmck1 cells. Therefore, we questioned the involvement of tryptophan in the response to sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment. In this work, we show that trp1-1 cells have a disadvantage in the response to sodium dodecyl sulfate compared to auxotrophy for adenine, histidine, leucine or uracil when cells are grown on rich media. While also critical in the response to tea tree oil, TRP1 does not avert growth inhibition due to other cell wall/membrane perturbations that activate cell wall integrity signaling such as Calcofluor White, Congo Red or heat stress. This implicates a distinction from the cell wall integrity pathway and suggests specificity to membrane stress as opposed to cell wall stress. We discovered that tyrosine biosynthesis is also essential upon sodium dodecyl sulfate perturbation whereas phenylalanine biosynthesis appears dispensable. Finally, we observe enhanced tryptophan import within minutes upon exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate indicating that these cells are not starved for tryptophan. In summary, we conclude that internal concentration of tryptophan and tyrosine makes cells more resistant to detergent such as sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Schroeder
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, The United States of America
| | - Amy E Ikui
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, The United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chamnipa N, Thanonkeo S, Klanrit P, Thanonkeo P. The potential of the newly isolated thermotolerant yeast Pichia kudriavzevii RZ8-1 for high-temperature ethanol production. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49:378-391. [PMID: 29154013 PMCID: PMC5914142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High potential, thermotolerant, ethanol-producing yeasts were successfully isolated in this study. Based on molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis, the isolated thermotolerant yeasts were clustered in the genera of Pichia kudriavzevii, Candida tropicalis, Candida orthopsilosis, Candida glabrata and Kodamea ohmeri. A comparative study of ethanol production using 160g/L glucose as a substrate revealed several yeast strains that could produce high ethanol concentrations at high temperatures. When sugarcane bagasse (SCB) hydrolysate containing 85g/L glucose was used as a substrate, the yeast strain designated P. kudriavzevii RZ8-1 exhibited the highest ethanol concentrations of 35.51g/L and 33.84g/L at 37°C and 40°C, respectively. It also exhibited multi-stress tolerance, such as heat, ethanol and acetic acid tolerance. During ethanol fermentation at high temperature (42°C), genes encoding heat shock proteins (ssq1 and hsp90), alcohol dehydrogenases (adh1, adh2, adh3 and adh4) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (tdh2) were up-regulated, suggesting that these genes might play a crucial role in the thermotolerance ability of P. kudriavzevii RZ8-1 under heat stress. These findings suggest that the growth and ethanol fermentation activities of this organism under heat stress were restricted to the expression of genes involved not only in heat shock response but also in the ethanol production pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuttaporn Chamnipa
- Khon Kaen University, Graduate School, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Khon Kaen University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sudarat Thanonkeo
- Mahasarakam University, Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Maha Sarakam, Thailand
| | - Preekamol Klanrit
- Khon Kaen University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Khon Kaen University, Fermentation Research Center for Value Added Agricultural Products, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pornthap Thanonkeo
- Khon Kaen University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Khon Kaen University, Fermentation Research Center for Value Added Agricultural Products, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Qiu L, Feng J, Dai Y, Chang S. Biosorption of the strontium ion by irradiated Saccharomyces cerevisiae under culture conditions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2017; 172:52-62. [PMID: 28324686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As a new-emerging method for strontium disposal, biosorption has shown advantages such as high sorption capacity; low cost. In this study, we investigated the potential of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) in strontium disposal under culture conditions and the effects of irradiation on their biosorption capabilities. We found that S. cerevisiae can survive irradiation and grow. Pre-exposure to irradiation rendered S. cerevisiae resistant to further irradiation. Surprisingly, the pre-exposure to irradiation can increase the biosorption capability of S. cerevisiae. We further investigated the factors that influenced the biosorption efficiency, which were (strongest to weakest): pH > strontium concentration > time > temperature. In our orthogonal experiment, the optimal conditions for strontium biosorption by irradiated S. cerevisiae were: pH 7, 150 mg L-1 strontium at the temperature of 32 °C with 30 h. The equilibrium of strontium biosorption was analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich models, from which the formal model is found to provide a better fit for the experimental results. The kinetics of strontium biosorption by living irradiated S. cerevisiae was found to be comprised of three phases: dramatically increased during 0-9 h, decreased during 12-24 h, and increased during 30-50 h. These results provide a systematic understanding of the biosorption capabilities of irradiated S. cerevisiae, which can contribute to the development of remediating nuclear waste water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qiu
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, PR China
| | - Jundong Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, PR China.
| | - Yaodong Dai
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, PR China
| | - Shuquan Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The glycogen synthase kinase MoGsk1, regulated by Mps1 MAP kinase, is required for fungal development and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. Sci Rep 2017; 7:945. [PMID: 28424497 PMCID: PMC5430414 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01006-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of blast disease, is one of the most destructive plant pathogens, causing significant yield losses on staple crops such as rice and wheat. The fungus infects plants with a specialized cell called an appressorium, whose development is tightly regulated by MAPK signaling pathways following the activation of upstream sensors in response to environmental stimuli. Here, we show the expression of the Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) MoGSK1 in M. oryzae is regulated by Mps1 MAP kinase, particularly under the stressed conditions. Thus, MoGSK1 is functionally characterized in this study. MoGsk1 is functionally homologues to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GSK3 homolog MCK1. Gene replacement of MoGSK1 caused significant delay in mycelial growth, complete loss of conidiation and inability to penetrate the host surface by mycelia-formed appressorium-like structures, consequently resulting in loss of pathogenicity. However, the developmental and pathogenic defects of Δmogsk1 are recovered via the heterologous expression of Fusarium graminearum GSK3 homolog gene FGK3, whose coding products also shows the similar cytoplasmic localization as MoGsk1 does in M. oryzae. By contrast, overexpression of MoGSK1 produced deformed appressoria in M. oryzae. In summary, our results suggest that MoGsk1, as a highly conservative signal modulator, dictates growth, conidiation and pathogenicity of M. oryzae.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kono K, Ikui AE. A new cell cycle checkpoint that senses plasma membrane/cell wall damage in budding yeast. Bioessays 2017; 39. [PMID: 28211950 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In nature, cells face a variety of stresses that cause physical damage to the plasma membrane and cell wall. It is well established that evolutionarily conserved cell cycle checkpoints monitor various cellular perturbations, including DNA damage and spindle misalignment. However, the ability of these cell cycle checkpoints to sense a damaged plasma membrane/cell wall is poorly understood. To the best of our knowledge, our recent paper described the first example of such a checkpoint, using budding yeast as a model. In this review, we will discuss this important question as well as provide hypothetical explanations to be tested in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kono
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Amy E Ikui
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yeast Ca2+-signal transduction inhibitors isolated from Dominican amber prevent the degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells through the inhibition of Ca2+-influx. Fitoterapia 2016; 113:188-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
17
|
Martin-Yken H, François JM, Zerbib D. Knr4: a disordered hub protein at the heart of fungal cell wall signalling. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1217-27. [PMID: 27199081 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The most highly connected proteins in protein-protein interactions networks are called hubs; they generally connect signalling pathways. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Knr4 constitutes a connecting node between the two main signal transmission pathways involved in cell wall maintenance upon stress: the cell wall integrity and the calcium-calcineurin pathway. Knr4 is required to enable the cells to resist many cell wall-affecting stresses, and KNR4 gene deletion is synthetic lethal with the simultaneous deletion of numerous other genes involved in morphogenesis and cell wall biogenesis. Knr4 has been shown to engage in multiple physical interactions, an ability conferred by the intrinsic structural adaptability of major disordered regions present in the N-terminal and C-terminal parts of the protein. Taking all together, Knr4 is an intrinsically disordered hub protein. Available data from other fungi indicate the conservation of Knr4 homologs cellular function and localization at sites of polarized growth among fungal species, including pathogenic species. Because of their particular role in morphogenesis control and of their fungal specificity, these proteins could constitute interesting new pharmaceutical drug targets for antifungal combination therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Martin-Yken
- LISBP, Université Fédérale de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean Marie François
- LISBP, Université Fédérale de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Zerbib
- LISBP, Université Fédérale de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Plasma membrane/cell wall perturbation activates a novel cell cycle checkpoint during G1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:6910-5. [PMID: 27274080 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523824113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular wound healing or the repair of plasma membrane/cell wall damage (plasma membrane damage) occurs frequently in nature. Although various cellular perturbations, such as DNA damage, spindle misalignment, and impaired daughter cell formation, are monitored by cell cycle checkpoint mechanisms in budding yeast, whether plasma membrane damage is monitored by any of these checkpoints remains to be addressed. Here, we define the mechanism by which cells sense membrane damage and inhibit DNA replication. We found that the inhibition of DNA replication upon plasma membrane damage requires GSK3/Mck1-dependent degradation of Cdc6, a component of the prereplicative complex. Furthermore, the CDK inhibitor Sic1 is stabilized in response to plasma membrane damage, leading to cell integrity maintenance in parallel with the Mck1-Cdc6 pathway. Cells defective in both Cdc6 degradation and Sic1 stabilization failed to grow in the presence of plasma membrane damage. Taking these data together, we propose that plasma membrane damage triggers G1 arrest via Cdc6 degradation and Sic1 stabilization to promote the cellular wound healing process.
Collapse
|
19
|
Suauam P, Yingyongnarongkul BE, Palaga T, Miyakawa T, Yompakdee C. Clausmarin A, Potential Immunosuppressant Revealed by Yeast-Based Assay and Interleukin-2 Production Assay in Jurkat T Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136804. [PMID: 26313553 PMCID: PMC4552291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-molecule inhibitors of Ca2+-signaling pathways are of medicinal importance, as exemplified by the immunosuppressants FK506 and cyclosporin A. Using a yeast-based assay devised for the specific detection of Ca2+-signaling inhibitors, clausmarin A, a previously reported terpenoid coumarin, was identified as an active substance. Here, we investigated the likely mechanism of clausmarin A action in yeast and Jurkat T-cells. In the presence of 100 mM CaCl2 in the growth medium of Ca2+-sensitive Δzds1 strain yeast, clausmarin A exhibited a dose-dependent alleviation of various defects due to hyperactivation of Ca2+ signaling, such as growth inhibition, polarized bud growth and G2 phase cell-cycle arrest. Furthermore, clausmarin A inhibited the growth of Δmpk1 (lacking the Mpk1 MAP kinase pathway) but not Δcnb1 (lacking the calcineurin pathway) strain, suggesting that clausmarin A inhibited the calcineurin pathway as presumed from the synthetic lethality of these pathways. Furthermore, clausmarin A alleviated the serious defects of a strain expressing a constitutively active form of calcineurin. In the human Jurkat T-cell line, clausmarin A exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of IL-2 production and IL-2 gene transcription, as well as an inhibition of NFAT dephosphorylation. The effects of clausmarin A observed in both yeast and Jurkat cells are basically similar to those of FK506. Our study revealed that clausmarin A is an inhibitor of the calcineurin pathway, and that this is probably mediated via inhibition of calcineurin phosphatase activity. As such, clausmarin A is a potential immunosuppressant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pitipreya Suauam
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Boon-ek Yingyongnarongkul
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Ramkhamhaeng Road, Hua Mark, Bangkapi, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Tokichi Miyakawa
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 739–8530, Japan
| | - Chulee Yompakdee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Al-Zain A, Schroeder L, Sheglov A, Ikui AE. Cdc6 degradation requires phosphodegron created by GSK-3 and Cdk1 for SCFCdc4 recognition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 2015. [PMID: 25995377 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-07-1213/asset/images/large/mbc-26-2609-g005.jpeg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure genome integrity, DNA replication takes place only once per cell cycle and is tightly controlled by cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk1). Cdc6p is part of the prereplicative complex, which is essential for DNA replication. Cdc6 is phosphorylated by cyclin-Cdk1 to promote its degradation after origin firing to prevent DNA rereplication. We previously showed that a yeast GSK-3 homologue, Mck1 kinase, promotes Cdc6 degradation in a SCF(Cdc4)-dependent manner, therefore preventing rereplication. Here we present evidence that Mck1 directly phosphorylates a GSK-3 consensus site in the C-terminus of Cdc6. The Mck1-dependent Cdc6 phosphorylation required priming by cyclin/Cdk1 at an adjacent CDK consensus site. The sequential phosphorylation by Mck1 and Clb2/Cdk1 generated a Cdc4 E3 ubiquitin ligase-binding motif to promote Cdc6 degradation during mitosis. We further revealed that Cdc6 degradation triggered by Mck1 kinase was enhanced upon DNA damage caused by the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate and that the resulting degradation was mediated through Cdc4. Thus, Mck1 kinase ensures proper DNA replication, prevents DNA damage, and maintains genome integrity by inhibiting Cdc6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amr Al-Zain
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210
| | - Lea Schroeder
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210
| | - Alina Sheglov
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210
| | - Amy E Ikui
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Al-Zain A, Schroeder L, Sheglov A, Ikui AE. Cdc6 degradation requires phosphodegron created by GSK-3 and Cdk1 for SCFCdc4 recognition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2609-19. [PMID: 25995377 PMCID: PMC4501359 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-07-1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication has to be tightly regulated to ensure genome integrity such that DNA replication takes place only once per cell cycle. The Cdc6 sequential phosphorylation by GSK-3 and Cdk1 creates a binding site for Cdc4 ubiquitin ligase to promote Cdc6 degradation. To ensure genome integrity, DNA replication takes place only once per cell cycle and is tightly controlled by cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk1). Cdc6p is part of the prereplicative complex, which is essential for DNA replication. Cdc6 is phosphorylated by cyclin-Cdk1 to promote its degradation after origin firing to prevent DNA rereplication. We previously showed that a yeast GSK-3 homologue, Mck1 kinase, promotes Cdc6 degradation in a SCFCdc4-dependent manner, therefore preventing rereplication. Here we present evidence that Mck1 directly phosphorylates a GSK-3 consensus site in the C-terminus of Cdc6. The Mck1-dependent Cdc6 phosphorylation required priming by cyclin/Cdk1 at an adjacent CDK consensus site. The sequential phosphorylation by Mck1 and Clb2/Cdk1 generated a Cdc4 E3 ubiquitin ligase–binding motif to promote Cdc6 degradation during mitosis. We further revealed that Cdc6 degradation triggered by Mck1 kinase was enhanced upon DNA damage caused by the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate and that the resulting degradation was mediated through Cdc4. Thus, Mck1 kinase ensures proper DNA replication, prevents DNA damage, and maintains genome integrity by inhibiting Cdc6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amr Al-Zain
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210
| | - Lea Schroeder
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210
| | - Alina Sheglov
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210
| | - Amy E Ikui
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Olson DK, Fröhlich F, Christiano R, Hannibal-Bach HK, Ejsing CS, Walther TC. Rom2-dependent phosphorylation of Elo2 controls the abundance of very long-chain fatty acids. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:4238-47. [PMID: 25519905 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.629279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are essential components of eukaryotic membranes, where they serve to maintain membrane integrity. They are important components of membrane trafficking and function in signaling as messenger molecules. Sphingolipids are synthesized de novo from very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) and sphingoid long-chain bases, which are amide linked to form ceramide and further processed by addition of various headgroups. Little is known concerning the regulation of VLCFA levels and how cells coordinate their synthesis with the availability of long-chain bases for sphingolipid synthesis. Here we show that Elo2, a key enzyme of VLCFA synthesis, is controlled by signaling of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Rom2, initiating at the plasma membrane. This pathway controls Elo2 phosphorylation state and VLCFA synthesis. Our data identify a regulatory mechanism for coordinating VLCFA synthesis with sphingolipid metabolism and link signal transduction pathways from the plasma membrane to the regulation of lipids for membrane homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Olson
- From the Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, the Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06150
| | - Florian Fröhlich
- From the Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Romain Christiano
- From the Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Hans K Hannibal-Bach
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 0230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Christer S Ejsing
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 0230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Tobias C Walther
- From the Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Christov NK, Christova PK, Kato H, Liu Y, Sasaki K, Imai R. TaSK5, an abiotic stress-inducible GSK3/shaggy-like kinase from wheat, confers salt and drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 84:251-260. [PMID: 25306528 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel cold-inducible GSK3/shaggy-like kinase, TaSK5, was isolated from winter wheat using a macroarray-based differential screening approach. TaSK5 showed high similarity to Arabidopsis subgroup I GSK3/shaggy-like kinases ASK-alpha, AtSK-gamma and ASK-epsilon. RNA gel blot analyses revealed TaSK5 induction by cold and NaCl treatments and to a lesser extent by drought treatment. TaSK5 functionally complemented the cold- and salt-sensitive phenotypes of a yeast GSK3/shaggy-like kinase mutant, △mck1. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing TaSK5 cDNA showed enhanced tolerance to salt and drought stresses. By contrast, the tolerance of the transgenic plants to freezing stress was not altered. Microarray analysis revealed that a number of abiotic stress-inducible genes were constitutively induced in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants, suggesting that TaSK5 may function in a novel signal transduction pathway that appears to be unrelated to DREB1/CBF regulon and may involve crosstalk between abiotic and hormonal signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Kirilov Christov
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Hitsujigaoka 1, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan; AgroBioInstitute, Dragan Tsankov 8, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Petya Koeva Christova
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Hitsujigaoka 1, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan; AgroBioInstitute, Dragan Tsankov 8, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Hideki Kato
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Hitsujigaoka 1, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan
| | - Yuelin Liu
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Hitsujigaoka 1, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kentaro Sasaki
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Hitsujigaoka 1, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan
| | - Ryozo Imai
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Hitsujigaoka 1, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hayes BME, Anderson MA, Traven A, van der Weerden NL, Bleackley MR. Activation of stress signalling pathways enhances tolerance of fungi to chemical fungicides and antifungal proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2651-66. [PMID: 24526056 PMCID: PMC11113482 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fungal disease is an increasing problem in both agriculture and human health. Treatment of human fungal disease involves the use of chemical fungicides, which generally target the integrity of the fungal plasma membrane or cell wall. Chemical fungicides used for the treatment of plant disease, have more diverse mechanisms of action including inhibition of sterol biosynthesis, microtubule assembly and the mitochondrial respiratory chain. However, these treatments have limitations, including toxicity and the emergence of resistance. This has led to increased interest in the use of antimicrobial peptides for the treatment of fungal disease in both plants and humans. Antimicrobial peptides are a diverse group of molecules with differing mechanisms of action, many of which remain poorly understood. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly apparent that stress response pathways are involved in the tolerance of fungi to both chemical fungicides and antimicrobial peptides. These signalling pathways such as the cell wall integrity and high-osmolarity glycerol pathway are triggered by stimuli, such as cell wall instability, changes in osmolarity and production of reactive oxygen species. Here we review stress signalling induced by treatment of fungi with chemical fungicides and antifungal peptides. Study of these pathways gives insight into how these molecules exert their antifungal effect and also into the mechanisms used by fungi to tolerate sub-lethal treatment by these molecules. Inactivation of stress response pathways represents a potential method of increasing the efficacy of antifungal molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte M. E. Hayes
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Marilyn A. Anderson
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Ana Traven
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | | | - Mark R. Bleackley
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Miyakawa T, Mizunuma M. Physiological Roles of Calcineurin inSaccharomyces cerevisiaewith Special Emphasis on Its Roles in G2/M Cell-Cycle Regulation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:633-45. [PMID: 17341827 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin, a highly conserved Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent protein phosphatase, plays key regulatory roles in diverse biological processes from yeast to humans. Genetic and molecular analyses of the yeast model system have proved successful in dissecting complex regulatory pathways mediated by calcineurin. Saccharomyces cerevisiae calcineurin is not essential for growth under laboratory conditions, but becomes essential for survival under certain stress conditions, and is required for stress-induced expression of the genes for ion transporters and cell-wall synthesis. Yeast calcineurin, in collaboration with a Mpk1 MAP kinase cascade, is also important in G(2) cell-cycle regulation due to its action in a checkpoint-like mechanism. Genetic and molecular analysis of the Ca(2+)-dependent cell-cycle regulation has revealed an elaborate mechanism for the calcineurin-dependent regulation of the G(2)/M transition, in which calcineurin multilaterally activates Swe1, a negative regulator of the Cdc28/Clb complex, at the transcriptional, posttranslational, and degradation levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tokichi Miyakawa
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kubota S, Takeo I, Kume K, Kanai M, Shitamukai A, Mizunuma M, Miyakawa T, Shimoi H, Iefuji H, Hirata D. Effect of Ethanol on Cell Growth of Budding Yeast: Genes That Are Important for Cell Growth in the Presence of Ethanol. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 68:968-72. [PMID: 15118337 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.68.968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used in the fermentation of various kinds of alcoholic beverages. But the effect of ethanol on the cell growth of this yeast is poorly understood. This study shows that the addition of ethanol causes a cell-cycle delay associated with a transient dispersion of F-actin cytoskeleton, resulting in an increase in cell size. We found that the tyrosine kinase Swe1, the negative regulator of Cdc28-Clb kinase, is related to the regulation of cell growth in the presence of ethanol. Indeed, the increase in cell size due to ethanol was partially abolished in the SWE1-deleted cells, and the amount of Swe1 protein increased transiently in the presence of ethanol. These results indicated that Swe1 is involved in cell size control in the presence of ethanol, and that a signal produced by ethanol causes a transient up-regulation of Swe1. Further we investigated comprehensively the ethanol-sensitive strains in the complete set of 4847 non-essential gene deletions and identified at least 256 genes that are important for cell growth in the presence of ethanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kubota
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yabuki Y, Kodama Y, Katayama M, Sakamoto A, Kanemaru H, Wan K, Mizuta K. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 is involved in regulation of ribosome biogenesis in yeast. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:800-5. [PMID: 25035982 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.905183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Secretory defects cause transcriptional repression of both ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Rrs1, a trans-acting factor that participates in ribosome biogenesis, is involved in the signaling pathway induced by secretory defects. Here, we found that Rrs1 interacts with two homologs of the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), Rim11, and Mrk1. Rrs1 possesses a repetitive consensus amino acid sequence for phosphorylation by GSK-3, and mutation of this sequence abolished the interaction of Rrs1 with Rim11 and Mrk1. Although this mutation did not affect vegetative cell growth or secretory response, disruption of all four genes encoding GSK-3 homologs, especially Mck1, diminished the transcriptional repression of ribosomal protein genes in response to secretory defects. Among the four GSK-3 kinases, Mck1 appears to be the primary mediator of this response, while the other GSK-3 kinases contribute redundantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Yabuki
- a Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology , Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hst3 is turned over by a replication stress-responsive SCF(Cdc4) phospho-degron. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:5962-7. [PMID: 24715726 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1315325111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hst3 is the histone deacetylase that removes histone H3K56 acetylation. H3K56 acetylation is a cell-cycle- and damage-regulated chromatin marker, and proper regulation of H3K56 acetylation is important for replication, genomic stability, chromatin assembly, and the response to and recovery from DNA damage. Understanding the regulation of enzymes that regulate H3K56 acetylation is of great interest, because the loss of H3K56 acetylation leads to genomic instability. HST3 is controlled at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional level. Here, we show that Hst3 is targeted for turnover by the ubiquitin ligase SCF(Cdc4) after phosphorylation of a multisite degron. In addition, we find that Hst3 turnover increases in response to replication stress in a Rad53-dependent way. Turnover of Hst3 is promoted by Mck1 activity in both conditions. The Hst3 degron contains two canonical Cdc4 phospho-degrons, and the phosphorylation of each of these is required for efficient turnover both in an unperturbed cell cycle and in response to replication stress.
Collapse
|
29
|
Deng L, Baldissard S, Kettenbach AN, Gerber SA, Moseley JB. Dueling kinases regulate cell size at division through the SAD kinase Cdr2. Curr Biol 2014; 24:428-33. [PMID: 24508166 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell size control requires mechanisms that integrate cell growth and division. Key to this integration in fission yeast is the SAD family kinase Cdr2, which organizes a set of cortical nodes in the cell middle to promote mitotic entry through Wee1 and Cdk1. Cdr2 is inhibited by a spatial gradient of the DYRK kinase Pom1 emanating from cell tips in a cell-size-dependent manner, but how the Pom1 gradient inhibits Cdr2 activity during cell growth is unknown. Here, we show that Pom1 acts to prevent activation of Cdr2 kinase activity by the CaMKK Ssp1. We found that Ssp1 activates Cdr2 through phosphorylation of a conserved threonine residue (Thr166) in the activation loop of the Cdr2 N-terminal kinase domain both in vitro and in cells. The levels of this activating phosphorylation increased with cell-cycle progression, and genetic epistasis demonstrated that Ssp1 promotes mitotic entry through Cdr2. Intriguingly, Pom1 phosophorylated the C-terminal domain of Cdr2, and this modification reduced Cdr2-T166 phosphorylation by Ssp1. These findings show how activation of the conserved mitotic inducer Cdr2 is integrated with an inhibitory spatial gradient to ensure proper cell size control at mitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Deng
- Department of Biochemistry, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Suzanne Baldissard
- Department of Biochemistry, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Department of Genetics and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Scott A Gerber
- Department of Genetics and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - James B Moseley
- Department of Biochemistry, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lyons NA, Fonslow BR, Diedrich JK, Yates JR, Morgan DO. Sequential primed kinases create a damage-responsive phosphodegron on Eco1. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2013; 20:194-201. [PMID: 23314252 PMCID: PMC3565030 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sister-chromatid cohesion is established during S phase when Eco1 acetylates cohesin. In budding yeast, Eco1 activity falls after S phase due to Cdk1-dependent phosphorylation, which triggers ubiquitination by SCF(Cdc4). We show here that Eco1 degradation requires the sequential actions of Cdk1 and two additional kinases, Cdc7-Dbf4 and the GSK-3 homolog Mck1. These kinases recognize motifs primed by previous phosphorylation, resulting in an ordered sequence of three phosphorylation events on Eco1. Only the latter two phosphorylation sites are spaced correctly to bind Cdc4, resulting in strict discrimination between phosphates added by Cdk1 and by Cdc7. Inhibition of Cdc7 by the DNA damage response prevents Eco1 destruction, allowing establishment of cohesion after S phase. This elaborate regulatory system, involving three independent kinases and stringent substrate selection by a ubiquitin ligase, enables robust control of cohesion establishment during normal growth and after stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Lyons
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ikui AE, Rossio V, Schroeder L, Yoshida S. A yeast GSK-3 kinase Mck1 promotes Cdc6 degradation to inhibit DNA re-replication. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003099. [PMID: 23236290 PMCID: PMC3516531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc6p is an essential component of the pre-replicative complex (pre-RC), which binds to DNA replication origins to promote initiation of DNA replication. Only once per cell cycle does DNA replication take place. After initiation, the pre-RC components are disassembled in order to prevent re-replication. It has been shown that the N-terminal region of Cdc6p is targeted for degradation after phosphorylation by Cyclin Dependent Kinase (CDK). Here we show that Mck1p, a yeast homologue of GSK-3 kinase, is also required for Cdc6 degradation through a distinct mechanism. Cdc6 is an unstable protein and is accumulated in the nucleus only during G1 and early S-phase in wild-type cells. In mck1 deletion cells, CDC6p is stabilized and accumulates in the nucleus even in late S phase and mitosis. Overexpression of Mck1p induces rapid Cdc6p degradation in a manner dependent on Threonine-368, a GSK-3 phosphorylation consensus site, and SCF(CDC4). We show evidence that Mck1p-dependent degradation of Cdc6 is required for prevention of DNA re-replication. Loss of Mck1 activity results in synthetic lethality with other pre-RC mutants previously implicated in re-replication control, and these double mutant strains over-replicate DNA within a single cell cycle. These results suggest that a GSK3 family protein plays an unexpected role in preventing DNA over-replication through Cdc6 degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We propose that both CDK and Mck1 kinases are required for Cdc6 degradation to ensure a tight control of DNA replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Ikui
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
McQueen J, van Dyk D, Young B, Loewen C, Measday V. The Mck1 GSK-3 kinase inhibits the activity of Clb2-Cdk1 post-nuclear division. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:3421-32. [PMID: 22918234 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycogen synthase kinase-3 homolog, Mck1, has been implicated in many cellular functions, from sporulation to calcium stress response in budding yeast. Here, we report a novel function for Mck1 in the inhibition of Clb2-Cdk1 activity post nuclear division. Clb2-Cdk1, the major mitotic cyclin-Cdk complex in yeast, accumulates before anaphase and must be inhibited in telophase for cells to exit mitosis and enter into the next cell cycle. We show that the mck1Δ mutant is highly sensitive to increased Clb2-Cdk1 activity caused either by overexpression of Clb2 or the Cdk1-activating phosphatase Mih1. Deletion of the Cdk1 inhibitory kinase, SWE1, in combination with a mck1Δ mutant results in a synthetic growth defect, suggesting that Mck1 and Swe1 function in parallel pathways to inhibit Clb2-Cdk1. We find that mck1Δ strains have a delay in mitotic exit as well as elevated levels of Clb2-Cdk1 activity post-nuclear division. Using a co-immunoprecipitation assay, we identify a physical interaction between Mck1 and both Clb2 and Mih1. Finally, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of purified Clb2 by Cdk1 is inhibited by catalytically active Mck1 but not catalytically inactive Mck1 in vitro. We propose that Mck1 inhibits the activity of Clb2-Cdk1 via interaction with Clb2. The mammalian glycogen synthase kinase-3 homolog has been implicated in cyclin inhibition, suggesting a conserved cell cycle function for both yeast and mammalian glycogen synthase kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer McQueen
- Genetics Graduate Program; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Soriano-Carot M, Bañó MC, Igual JC. The yeast mitogen-activated protein kinase Slt2 is involved in the cellular response to genotoxic stress. Cell Div 2012; 7:1. [PMID: 22296825 PMCID: PMC3298782 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-7-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The maintenance of genomic integrity is essential for cell viability. Complex signalling pathways (DNA integrity checkpoints) mediate the response to genotoxic stresses. Identifying new functions involved in the cellular response to DNA-damage is crucial. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SLT2 gene encodes a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade whose main function is the maintenance of the cell wall integrity. However, different observations suggest that SLT2 may also have a role related to DNA metabolism. RESULTS This work consisted in a comprehensive study to connect the Slt2 protein to genome integrity maintenance in response to genotoxic stresses. The slt2 mutant strain was hypersensitive to a variety of genotoxic treatments, including incubation with hydroxyurea (HU), methylmetanosulfonate (MMS), phleomycin or UV irradiation. Furthermore, Slt2 was activated by all these treatments, which suggests that Slt2 plays a central role in the cellular response to genotoxic stresses. Activation of Slt2 was not dependent on the DNA integrity checkpoint. For MMS and UV, Slt2 activation required progression through the cell cycle. In contrast, HU also activated Slt2 in nocodazol-arrested cells, which suggests that Slt2 may respond to dNTP pools alterations. However, neither the protein level of the distinct ribonucleotide reductase subunits nor the dNTP pools were affected in a slt2 mutant strain. An analysis of the checkpoint function revealed that Slt2 was not required for either cell cycle arrest or the activation of the Rad53 checkpoint kinase in response to DNA damage. However, slt2 mutant cells showed an elongated bud and partially impaired Swe1 degradation after replicative stress, indicating that Slt2 could contribute, in parallel with Rad53, to bud morphogenesis control after genotoxic stresses. CONCLUSIONS Slt2 is activated by several genotoxic treatments and is required to properly cope with DNA damage. Slt2 function is important for bud morphogenesis and optimal Swe1 degradation under replicative stress. The MAPK Slt2 appears as a new player in the cellular response to genotoxic stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Soriano-Carot
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Searle JS, Wood MD, Kaur M, Tobin DV, Sanchez Y. Proteins in the nutrient-sensing and DNA damage checkpoint pathways cooperate to restrain mitotic progression following DNA damage. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002176. [PMID: 21779180 PMCID: PMC3136438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint pathways regulate genomic integrity in part by blocking anaphase until all chromosomes have been completely replicated, repaired, and correctly aligned on the spindle. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, DNA damage and mono-oriented or unattached kinetochores trigger checkpoint pathways that bifurcate to regulate both the metaphase to anaphase transition and mitotic exit. The sensor-associated kinase, Mec1, phosphorylates two downstream kinases, Chk1 and Rad53. Activation of Chk1 and Rad53 prevents anaphase and causes inhibition of the mitotic exit network. We have previously shown that the PKA pathway plays a role in blocking securin and Clb2 destruction following DNA damage. Here we show that the Mec1 DNA damage checkpoint regulates phosphorylation of the regulatory (R) subunit of PKA following DNA damage and that the phosphorylated R subunit has a role in restraining mitosis following DNA damage. In addition we found that proteins known to regulate PKA in response to nutrients and stress either by phosphorylation of the R subunit or regulating levels of cAMP are required for the role of PKA in the DNA damage checkpoint. Our data indicate that there is cross-talk between the DNA damage checkpoint and the proteins that integrate nutrient and stress signals to regulate PKA. Previous studies showed that phosphorylation of a subset of regulatory (R) subunits of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) occurred under conditions that down-regulate global PKA activity, including growth on non-fermentable carbon sources. However, the role of the phosphorylation sites has not been elucidated. Addition of glucose to cells growing on a non-fermentable carbon source causes a transient increase of cAMP and PKA activity, which drives cells into S phase. A second peak in cAMP was proposed to restrain mitosis if the daughter cell had not reached an appropriate size. We identified a role for PKA in restraining mitosis following DNA damage. Here we provide evidence of cross-talk between the DNA damage checkpoint and PKA by phosphorylation of the R subunit. The R subunit phosphorylation sites and cAMP are necessary for the role of PKA following DNA damage. We propose that activation of PKA in response to DNA damage occurs in two steps: the phosphorylation of a subset of R subunits, probably to allow localized activation of these complexes, and cAMP to activate PKA. Our work suggests that the checkpoint and nutrient-sensing pathways share a signaling node to restrain mitosis following nutrient-induced rapid transition through the cell cycle and DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Searle
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Wood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - David V. Tobin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Yolanda Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kaizu K, Ghosh S, Matsuoka Y, Moriya H, Shimizu-Yoshida Y, Kitano H. A comprehensive molecular interaction map of the budding yeast cell cycle. Mol Syst Biol 2011; 6:415. [PMID: 20865008 PMCID: PMC2964125 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2010.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the accumulation of data on complex molecular machineries coordinating cell-cycle dynamics, coupled with its central function in disease patho-physiologies, it is becoming increasingly important to collate the disparate knowledge sources into a comprehensive molecular network amenable to systems-level analyses. In this work, we present a comprehensive map of the budding yeast cell-cycle, curating reactions from ∼600 original papers. Toward leveraging the map as a framework to explore the underlying network architecture, we abstract the molecular components into three planes—signaling, cell-cycle core and structural planes. The planar view together with topological analyses facilitates network-centric identification of functions and control mechanisms. Further, we perform a comparative motif analysis to identify around 194 motifs including feed-forward, mutual inhibitory and feedback mechanisms contributing to cell-cycle robustness. We envisage the open access, comprehensive cell-cycle map to open roads toward community-based deeper understanding of cell-cycle dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Kaizu
- Department of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dagkessamanskaia A, El Azzouzi K, Kikuchi Y, Timmers T, Ohya Y, François JM, Martin-Yken H. Knr4 N-terminal domain controls its localization and function during sexual differentiation and vegetative growth. Yeast 2010; 27:563-74. [PMID: 20602333 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein Knr4 is composed of a globular central core flanked by two natively disordered regions. Although the central part of the protein holds most of its biological function, the N-terminal domain (amino acids 1-80) is essential in the absence of a functional CWI pathway. We show that this specific protein domain is required for the proper cellular localization of Knr4 at sites of polarized growth during vegetative growth and sexual differentiation (bud tip and 'shmoo' tip). Moreover, Knr4 N-terminal domain is also necessary for cell cycle arrest and shmoo formation in response to pheromone to occur at the correct speed. Thus, the presence of Knr4 at the incipient mating projection site seems important for the establishment of the following polarized growth. Cell wall integrity (CWI) and calcineurin pathways are known to share a common essential function, for which they can substitute for one another. Searching for Knr4 partners responsible for survival in a CWI-defective background, we found that the catalytic subunit of calcineurin Cna1 physically interacts with Knr4 in the yeast two-hybrid assay, in a manner dependent on the presence of the Knr4 N-terminal domain. In addition, we present evidence that Knr4 protein participates in the morphogenesis checkpoint, a safety mechanism that holds the cell cycle in response to bud formation defects or insults in cytoskeleton organization, and in which both the CWI pathway and calcineurin are involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adilia Dagkessamanskaia
- University of Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, INRA-UMR 792 and CNRS-UMR 5504, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et Procédés, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
HERMANSYAH. Intracellular Ca2+ Regulation in Calcium Sensitive Phenotype of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. HAYATI JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES 2010. [DOI: 10.4308/hjb.17.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
38
|
Attrapadung S, Yoshida J, Kimura KI, Mizunuma M, Miyakawa T, Thanomsub BW. Identification of ricinoleic acid as an inhibitor of Ca2+signal-mediated cell-cycle regulation in budding yeast. FEMS Yeast Res 2010; 10:38-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
39
|
Identification of protein kinase disruptions as suppressors of the calcium sensitivity of S. cerevisiae Δptp2 Δmsg5 protein phosphatase double disruptant. Arch Microbiol 2010; 192:157-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-009-0531-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
40
|
Nonapoptotic death of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells that is stimulated by Hsp90 and inhibited by calcineurin and Cmk2 in response to endoplasmic reticulum stresses. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2008; 7:2037-51. [PMID: 18806210 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00291-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can trigger apoptosis and necrosis in many types of mammalian cells. Previous studies in yeast found little or no cell death in response to the ER stressor tunicamycin, but a recent study suggested widespread apoptosis-like death. Here we show that wild-type laboratory Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells responding to tunicamycin die by nonapoptotic mechanisms in low-osmolyte culture media and survive for long periods of time in standard synthetic media. Survival requires calcineurin, a Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, but none of its known targets. The Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Cmk2 was identified as an indirect target of calcineurin that suppresses death of calcineurin-deficient cells. Death of Cmk2- and/or calcineurin-deficient S. cerevisiae cells was preceded by accumulation of reactive oxygen species but was not associated with hallmarks of apoptosis and was not dependent on Mca1, Aif1, Nuc1, or other factors implicated in apoptosis-like death. Cmk2 and calcineurin also independently suppressed the death of S. cerevisiae cells responding to dithiothreitol or miconazole, a common azole-class antifungal drug. Though inhibitors of Hsp90 have been shown to diminish calcineurin signaling in S. cerevisiae and to synergistically inhibit growth in combination with azoles, they did not stimulate death of S. cerevisiae cells in combination with miconazole or tunicamycin, and instead they prevented the death of calcineurin- and Cmk2-deficient cells. These findings reveal a novel prodeath role for Hsp90 and antideath roles for calcineurin and Cmk2 that extend the life span of S. cerevisiae cells responding to both natural and clinical antifungal compounds.
Collapse
|
41
|
Ogasawara Y, Yoshida J, Shiono Y, Miyakawa T, Kimura KI. New Eremophilane Sesquiterpenoid Compounds, Eremoxylarins A and B Directly Inhibit Calcineurin in a Manner Independent of Immunophilin. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2008; 61:496-502. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2008.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
42
|
Inhibition of Ca2+-signal-dependent growth regulation by radicicol in budding yeast. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2008; 72:132-8. [PMID: 18175893 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Compelled activation of Ca(2+) signaling by exposure of zds1Delta strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to external CaCl(2) leads to characteristic physiological consequences such as growth inhibition in the G(2) phase and polarized bud growth. Screening of microbial metabolites for activity alleviating the deleterious physiological effects of external CaCl(2) identified the Hsp90 inhibitor radicicol as an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-signal-dependent cell-cycle regulation in yeast. Radicicol alleviated analogous physiological effects due to the expression of a constitutively active form of calcineurin or overexpression of Swe1, the negative regulatory kinase of the Cdc28-Clb complex. Western blot analysis indicated that radicicol inhibited Ca(2+)-induced accumulation of Swe1 and Cln2.
Collapse
|
43
|
Rubenstein EM, Schmidt MC. Mechanisms regulating the protein kinases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2007; 6:571-83. [PMID: 17337635 PMCID: PMC1865659 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00026-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Rubenstein
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, W1247 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yokoyama H, Mizunuma M, Okamoto M, Yamamoto J, Hirata D, Miyakawa T. Involvement of calcineurin-dependent degradation of Yap1p in Ca2+-induced G2 cell-cycle regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO Rep 2006; 7:519-24. [PMID: 16485023 PMCID: PMC1479561 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ca2+-activated pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae induce a delay in the onset of mitosis through the activation of Swe1p, a negative regulatory kinase that inhibits the Cdc28p/Clb complex. We isolated the YAP1 gene as a multicopy suppressor of calcium sensitivity owing to the loss of ZDS1, a negative regulator of SWE1 and CLN2 gene expression. YAP1 deletion on a zds1delta background exacerbated the Ca2+-related phenotype. Yap1p was degraded in a calcineurin-dependent manner when cells were exposed to calcium. In yap1delta cells, the expression level of the RPN4 gene encoding a transcription factor for the subunits of the ubiquitin-proteasome system was diminished. The deletion of YAP1 gene or RPN4 gene led to the accumulation of Swe1p and Cln2p. Yap1p was a substrate of calcineurin in vivo and in vitro. The calcineurin-mediated Yap1p degradation seems to be a long adaptive response that assures a G2 delay in response to a stress that causes the activation of the calcium signalling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yokoyama
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Masaki Mizunuma
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Michiyo Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Josuke Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Dai Hirata
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Tokichi Miyakawa
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
- Tel: +81 82 424 7763; Fax: +81 82 424 7763; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Karababa M, Valentino E, Pardini G, Coste AT, Bille J, Sanglard D. CRZ1, a target of the calcineurin pathway inCandida albicans. Mol Microbiol 2006; 59:1429-51. [PMID: 16468987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.05037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin is a major player in calcium-dependent signal transduction pathways of eukaryotes. Calcineurin acts on transcription factors (e.g. CRZ1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and governs the expression of genes in a species-dependent fashion. In Candida albicans, the calcineurin pathway is involved in tolerance to antifungal agents, cation homeostasis and virulence. However, the components of the calcineurin pathway are still poorly investigated in this yeast species. Taking S. cerevisiae as a model to reconstitute this pathway, two CRZ1-like genes, CRZ1 and CRZ2 (for calcineurin-responsive zinc finger 1 and 2 genes), were found with C(2)H(2) zinc finger domains. Only CRZ1 was able to restore the calcium hypersusceptibility of a S. cerevisiae crz1Delta mutant and to mediate calcium-dependent gene expression in this yeast species. Several experiments showed that CRZ1 was dependent on calcineurin in C. albicans: (i) phenotypic analysis of a crz1Delta/Delta mutant showed impaired growth as compared with the wild type in the presence of cations (Ca(2+), Mn(2+)) as does a mutant lacking calcineurin subunit A (cnaDelta/Delta) and (ii) a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Crz1p fusion protein showed a calcium- and calcineurin-dependent nuclear localization. To further analyse the relationship between calcineurin and CRZ1, a comprehensive analysis of calcineurin/Crz1p-dependent gene expression following addition of Ca(2+) (200 mM) was performed. Among the expression of 264 genes altered by at least twofold, the upregulation of 60 genes was dependent on both calcineurin and CRZ1. Interestingly, a motif [5'-G(C/T)GGT-3'] with similarity to the target sequence of Crz1p (GNGGCG/TCA) from S. cerevisiae was identified as a putative regulatory sequence in the upstream regions of these calcineurin/Crz1p-dependent genes. However, additional experiments showed that calcineurin may have other targets in addition to CRZ1. First, CRZ1 was not involved in tolerance to antifungal agents (fluconazole, terbinafine) on the opposite to calcineurin. Second, CRZ1 was only moderately influencing virulence in a mice model of infection which is in sharp contrast to the strong avirulence of cnaDelta/Delta mutant in the same animal model. Even though this work establishes CRZ1 as a calcineurin target, further studies are needed to identify other calcineurin-dependent elements in C. albicans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahir Karababa
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mizunuma M, Hirata D, Miyakawa T. Implication of Pkc1p protein kinase C in sustaining Cln2p level and polarized bud growth in response to calcium signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:4219-29. [PMID: 16141237 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C, a highly conserved signaling molecule among eukaryotes, has been implicated in the regulation of cellular processes such as cell proliferation and polarized growth. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the unique protein kinase C Pkc1p is thought to have multiple functions, including the activation of the Mpk1p (Slt2p) MAP kinase pathway, which is essential for cell wall construction and bud emergence. However, little is known about the other functions of Pkc1p. In the course of screening for the mutants that suppress the Ca2+-sensitivity phenotype of the Ca2+-sensitive strain zdsDelta, we isolated a novel mutant allele (scz6/pkc1-834) of PKC1. Unlike the previously characterized PKC1 allele stt1-1, heat-shock-induced Mpk1p activation and cell-wall integrity were not impaired in the pkc1-834 mutant. By contrast, the mutant was defective in the maintenance of Ca2+-induced F-actin polarization in a manner independent of Mpk1p activation. This phenotype was caused by a decreased expression level of the G1 cyclin Cln2p. The Rho1 small G protein molecular switch was suggested to be involved in the novel Pkc1p function. The Pkc1p novel function was required for posttranscriptional upregulation of Cln2p and appeared to be important for the coordinated regulation of polar bud growth and the cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mizunuma
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Morris C, Jalinot P. Silencing of human Int-6 impairs mitosis progression and inhibits cyclin B-Cdk1 activation. Oncogene 2005; 24:1203-11. [PMID: 15558017 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Int-6 protein has been originally identified as the product of a mouse gene being a frequent integration site of the mouse mammary tumour virus. Here, we show that reducing Int-6 expression by RNA interference in HeLa cells markedly alters mitosis progression. Defects in spindle formation, chromosome segregation and cytokinesis were observed. These abnormalities of mitosis completion are correlated with an inhibition of cyclin B-Cdk1 kinase activity, due to a prolonged inhibitory phosphorylated state of Cdk1. In line with this observation, the Wee1 tyrosine kinase that negatively controls Cdk1 was less efficiently inactivated during G2 in Int-6-depleted cells. These findings support the notion that the oncogenic properties associated with alteration of Int-6 originate from chromosomal instability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Morris
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, UMR5161-CNRS, IFR 128 Biosciences Lyon-Gerland, ENS de Lyon, 46, Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Regulated protein degradation has emerged as a key recurring theme in multiple aspects of cell-cycle regulation. Importantly, the irreversible nature of proteolysis makes it an invaluable complement to the intrinsically reversible regulation through phosphorylation and other post-translational modifications. Consequently, ubiquitin-protein ligases, the protagonists of regulated protein destruction, have gained prominence that compares to that of the cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) in driving the eukaryotic cell-cycle clock. This review will focus on the two main players, the related ubiquitin-protein ligases APC/C and SCF, and how they control cell-cycle progression. I will also try to delineate the regulation and interplay of these destruction mechanisms, which are intricately connected to the kinase network as well as to extrinsic signals. Moreover, cell-cycle ubiquitin-protein ligases are themselves subject to proteolytic control in cis as well as in trans. Finally, a careful comparison of the functions and regulation of APC/C and SCF shows that, in certain aspects, their logic of action is fundamentally different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut C Vodermaier
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mizunuma M, Miyamura K, Hirata D, Yokoyama H, Miyakawa T. Involvement of S-adenosylmethionine in G1 cell-cycle regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:6086-91. [PMID: 15073333 PMCID: PMC395927 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308314101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Accepted: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet) is a molecule central to general metabolism, serving as a principal methyl donor for methylation of various cellular constituents. The alteration in the availability of AdoMet has profound effect on cell growth. A mutant allele of Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene SAH1 encoding S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase, was isolated as a mutation that suppressed the Ca(2+)-sensitive phenotypes of the zds1Delta strain, such as the Ca(2+)-induced, Swe1p- and Cln2p-mediated G(2) cell-cycle arrest, and polarized bud growth. The mutation (sah1-1) led the cells to accumulate AdoMet besides AdoHcy, the substrate of Sah1p. The cells treated with exogenous AdoMet and AdoHcy had markedly decreased levels of SWE1 and CLN2 mRNA, providing the basis for the suppression of the Ca(2+) sensitivity by the sah1-1 mutation. Exogenous AdoMet transiently led the cells to G(1) cell-cycle delay whereas AdoHcy caused growth inhibition irrelevant to the cell cycle. The effect of AdoMet in inducing the cell-cycle delay was exerted in a manner independent of Met4p, an overall transcriptional activator for MET genes. Our observation provides an insight into the role played by AdoMet in cell cycle regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mizunuma
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hilioti Z, Gallagher DA, Low-Nam ST, Ramaswamy P, Gajer P, Kingsbury TJ, Birchwood CJ, Levchenko A, Cunningham KW. GSK-3 kinases enhance calcineurin signaling by phosphorylation of RCNs. Genes Dev 2004; 18:35-47. [PMID: 14701880 PMCID: PMC314273 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1159204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2003] [Accepted: 11/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The conserved RCN family of proteins can bind and directly regulate calcineurin, a Ca(2+)-activated protein phosphatase involved in immunity, heart growth, muscle development, learning, and other processes. Whereas high levels of RCNs can inhibit calcineurin signaling in fungal and animal cells, RCNs can also stimulate calcineurin signaling when expressed at endogenous levels. Here we show that the stimulatory effect of yeast Rcn1 involves phosphorylation of a conserved serine residue by Mck1, a member of the GSK-3 family of protein kinases. Mutations at the GSK-3 consensus site of Rcn1 and human DSCR1/MCIP1 abolish the stimulatory effects on calcineurin signaling. RCNs may therefore oscillate between stimulatory and inhibitory forms in vivo in a manner similar to the Inhibitor-2 regulators of type 1 protein phosphatase. Computational modeling indicates a biphasic response of calcineurin to increasing RCN concentration such that protein phosphatase activity is stimulated by low concentrations of phospho-RCN and inhibited by high concentrations of phospho- or dephospho-RCN. This prediction was verified experimentally in yeast cells expressing Rcn1 or DSCR1/MCIP1 at different concentrations. Through the phosphorylation of RCNs, GSK-3 kinases can potentially contribute to a positive feedback loop involving calcineurin-dependent up-regulation of RCN expression. Such feedback may help explain the large induction of DSCR1/MCIP1 observed in brain of Down syndrome individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Hilioti
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|