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Chen R, Zhang H, Tang B, Luo Y, Yang Y, Zhong X, Chen S, Xu X, Huang S, Liu C. Macrophages in cardiovascular diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:130. [PMID: 38816371 PMCID: PMC11139930 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune response holds a pivotal role in cardiovascular disease development. As multifunctional cells of the innate immune system, macrophages play an essential role in initial inflammatory response that occurs following cardiovascular injury, thereby inducing subsequent damage while also facilitating recovery. Meanwhile, the diverse phenotypes and phenotypic alterations of macrophages strongly associate with distinct types and severity of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease, valvular disease, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, atherosclerosis and aneurysm, which underscores the importance of investigating macrophage regulatory mechanisms within the context of specific diseases. Besides, recent strides in single-cell sequencing technologies have revealed macrophage heterogeneity, cell-cell interactions, and downstream mechanisms of therapeutic targets at a higher resolution, which brings new perspectives into macrophage-mediated mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases. Remarkably, myocardial fibrosis, a prevalent characteristic in most cardiac diseases, remains a formidable clinical challenge, necessitating a profound investigation into the impact of macrophages on myocardial fibrosis within the context of cardiac diseases. In this review, we systematically summarize the diverse phenotypic and functional plasticity of macrophages in regulatory mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases and unprecedented insights introduced by single-cell sequencing technologies, with a focus on different causes and characteristics of diseases, especially the relationship between inflammation and fibrosis in cardiac diseases (myocardial infarction, pressure overload, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy and cardiac aging) and the relationship between inflammation and vascular injury in vascular diseases (atherosclerosis and aneurysm). Finally, we also highlight the preclinical/clinical macrophage targeting strategies and translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runkai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Hongrui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Botao Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yukun Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yufei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Sifei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Xinjie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Shengkang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Canzhao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
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Palioura D, Mellidis K, Ioannidou-Kabouri K, Galatou E, Mouchtouri ET, Stamatiou R, Mavrommatis-Parasidis P, Panteris E, Varela A, Davos C, Drosatos K, Mavroidis M, Lazou A. PPARδ activation improves cardiac mitochondrial homeostasis in desmin deficient mice but does not alleviate systolic dysfunction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2023; 183:27-41. [PMID: 37603971 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) δ is a major transcriptional regulator of cardiac energy metabolism with pleiotropic properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and cardioprotective action. In this study, we sought to investigate whether pharmacological activation of PPARδ via intraperitoneal administration of the selective ligand GW0742 could ameliorate heart failure and mitochondrial dysfunction that have been previously reported in a characterized genetic model of heart failure, the desmin null mice (Des-/-). Our studies demonstrate that treatment of Des-/- mice with the PPARδ agonist attenuated cardiac inflammation, fibrosis and cardiac remodeling. In addition, PPARδ activation alleviated oxidative stress in the failing myocardium as evidenced by decreased ROS levels. Importantly, PPARδ activation stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis, prevented mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic reticulum vacuolar degeneration and improved the mitochondrial intracellular distribution. Finally, PPARδ activation alleviated the mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction, prevented energy depletion and alleviated excessive autophagy and mitophagy in Des-/- hearts. Nevertheless, improvement of all these parameters did not suffice to overcome the significant structural deficiencies that desmin deletion incurs in cardiomyocytes and cardiac function did not improve significantly. In conclusion, pharmacological PPARδ activation in Des-/- hearts exerts protective effects during myocardial degeneration and heart failure by preserving the function and quality of the mitochondrial network. These findings implicate PPARδ agonists as a supplemental constituent of heart failure medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Palioura
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Mellidis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Konstantina Ioannidou-Kabouri
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Galatou
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | | | - Rodopi Stamatiou
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | | | - Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Aimilia Varela
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Davos
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Drosatos
- Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Cardiovascular Center, Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Manolis Mavroidis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antigone Lazou
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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Chua CJ, Morrissette-McAlmon J, Tung L, Boheler KR. Understanding Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy: Advances through the Use of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Models. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1864. [PMID: 37895213 PMCID: PMC10606441 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathies (CMPs) represent a significant healthcare burden and are a major cause of heart failure leading to premature death. Several CMPs are now recognized to have a strong genetic basis, including arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), which predisposes patients to arrhythmic episodes. Variants in one of the five genes (PKP2, JUP, DSC2, DSG2, and DSP) encoding proteins of the desmosome are known to cause a subset of ACM, which we classify as desmosome-related ACM (dACM). Phenotypically, this disease may lead to sudden cardiac death in young athletes and, during late stages, is often accompanied by myocardial fibrofatty infiltrates. While the pathogenicity of the desmosome genes has been well established through animal studies and limited supplies of primary human cells, these systems have drawbacks that limit their utility and relevance to understanding human disease. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have emerged as a powerful tool for modeling ACM in vitro that can overcome these challenges, as they represent a reproducible and scalable source of cardiomyocytes (CMs) that recapitulate patient phenotypes. In this review, we provide an overview of dACM, summarize findings in other model systems linking desmosome proteins with this disease, and provide an up-to-date summary of the work that has been conducted in hiPSC-cardiomyocyte (hiPSC-CM) models of dACM. In the context of the hiPSC-CM model system, we highlight novel findings that have contributed to our understanding of disease and enumerate the limitations, prospects, and directions for research to consider towards future progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne J. Chua
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (C.J.C.); (J.M.-M.); (L.T.)
| | - Justin Morrissette-McAlmon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (C.J.C.); (J.M.-M.); (L.T.)
| | - Leslie Tung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (C.J.C.); (J.M.-M.); (L.T.)
| | - Kenneth R. Boheler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (C.J.C.); (J.M.-M.); (L.T.)
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Mamazhakypov A, Sartmyrzaeva M, Sarybaev AS, Schermuly R, Sydykov A. Clinical and Molecular Implications of Osteopontin in Heart Failure. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3573-3597. [PMID: 36005141 PMCID: PMC9406846 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44080245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The matricellular protein osteopontin modulates cell-matrix interactions during tissue injury and healing. A complex multidomain structure of osteopontin enables it not only to bind diverse cell receptors but also to interact with various partners, including other extracellular matrix proteins, cytokines, and growth factors. Numerous studies have implicated osteopontin in the development and progression of myocardial remodeling in diverse cardiac diseases. Osteopontin influences myocardial remodeling by regulating extracellular matrix production, the activity of matrix metalloproteinases and various growth factors, inflammatory cell recruitment, myofibroblast differentiation, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and myocardial vascularization. The exploitation of osteopontin loss- and gain-of-function approaches in rodent models provided an opportunity for assessment of the cell- and disease-specific contribution of osteopontin to myocardial remodeling. In this review, we summarize the recent knowledge on osteopontin regulation and its impact on various cardiac diseases, as well as delineate complex disease- and cell-specific roles of osteopontin in cardiac pathologies. We also discuss the current progress of therapeutics targeting osteopontin that may facilitate the development of a novel strategy for heart failure treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argen Mamazhakypov
- Department of Internal Medicine, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Meerim Sartmyrzaeva
- Department of Mountain and Sleep Medicine and Pulmonary Hypertension, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Bishkek 720040, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Akpay Sh. Sarybaev
- Department of Mountain and Sleep Medicine and Pulmonary Hypertension, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Bishkek 720040, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Ralph Schermuly
- Department of Internal Medicine, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Akylbek Sydykov
- Department of Internal Medicine, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Desmin deficiency affects the microenvironment of the cardiac side population and Sca1+ stem cell population of the adult heart and impairs their cardiomyogenic commitment. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 389:309-326. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Vlachou F, Varela A, Stathopoulou K, Ntatsoulis K, Synolaki E, Pratsinis H, Kletsas D, Sideras P, Davos CH, Capetanaki Y, Psarras S. Galectin-3 interferes with tissue repair and promotes cardiac dysfunction and comorbidities in a genetic heart failure model. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:250. [PMID: 35441327 PMCID: PMC11072767 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3, a biomarker for heart failure (HF), has been associated with myocardial fibrosis. However, its causal involvement in HF pathogenesis has been questioned in certain models of cardiac injury-induced HF. To address this, we used desmin-deficient mice (des-/-), a model of progressive HF characterized by cardiomyocyte death, spontaneous inflammatory responses sustaining fibrosis, and galectin-3 overexpression. Genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of galectin-3 led to improvement of cardiac function and adverse remodeling features including fibrosis. Over the course of development of des-/- cardiomyopathy, monitored for a period of 12 months, galectin-3 deficiency specifically ameliorated the decline in systolic function accompanying the acute inflammatory phase (4-week-old mice), whereas a more pronounced protective effect was observed in older mice, including the preservation of diastolic function. Interestingly, the cardiac repair activities during the early inflammatory phase were restored under galectin-3 deficiency by increasing the proliferation potential and decreasing apoptosis of fibroblasts, while galectin-3 absence modulated macrophage-fibroblast coupled functions and suppressed both pro-fibrotic activation of cardiac fibroblasts and pro-fibrotic gene expression in the des-/- heart. In addition, galectin-3 also affected the emphysema-like comorbid pathology observed in the des-/- mice, as its absence partially normalized lung compliance. Collectively galectin-3 was found to be causally involved in cardiac adverse remodeling, inflammation, and failure by affecting functions of cardiac fibroblasts and macrophages. In concordance with this role, the effectiveness of pharmacological inhibition in ameliorating cardiac pathology features establishes galectin-3 as a valid intervention target for HF, with additive benefits for treatment of associated comorbidities, such as pulmonary defects. Schematic illustrating top to bottom, the detrimental role of galectin-3 (Gal3) in heart failure progression: desmin deficiency-associated spontaneous myocardial inflammation accompanying cardiac cell death (reddish dashed border) is characterized by infiltration of macrophages (round cells) and up-regulation of Lgals3 (encoding secretable galectin-3, green) and detrimental macrophage-related genes (Ccr2 and Arg1). In this galectin-3-enriched milieu, the early up-regulation of profibrotic gene expression (Tgfb1, Acta2, Col1a1), in parallel to the suppression of proliferative activities and a potential of senescence induction by cardiac fibroblasts (spindle-like cells), collectively promote des-/- cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction establishing heart failure (left panel). Additionally, galectin-3+ macrophage-enrichment accompanies the development of emphysema-like lung comorbidities. In the absence of galectin-3 (right panel), the effect of macrophage-fibroblast dipole and associated events are modulated (grey color depicts reduced expression or activities) leading to attenuated cardiac pathology in the des-/-Lgals3-/- mice. Pulmonary comorbidities are also limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Vlachou
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Aimilia Varela
- Center of Clinical, Experimental and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Stathopoulou
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Ntatsoulis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Evgenia Synolaki
- Center of Clinical, Experimental and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Harris Pratsinis
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, NCSR Demokritos, 153 41, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, NCSR Demokritos, 153 41, Athens, Greece
| | - Paschalis Sideras
- Center of Clinical, Experimental and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos H Davos
- Center of Clinical, Experimental and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Yassemi Capetanaki
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Stelios Psarras
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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Lin YN, Mesquita T, Sanchez L, Chen YH, Liu W, Li C, Rogers R, Wang Y, Li X, Wu D, Zhang R, Ibrahim A, Marbán E, Cingolani E. Extracellular vesicles from immortalized cardiosphere-derived cells attenuate arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy in desmoglein-2 mutant mice. Eur Heart J 2021; 42:3558-3571. [PMID: 34345905 PMCID: PMC8442111 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is characterized by progressive loss of cardiomyocytes, and fibrofatty tissue replacement. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by cardiosphere-derived cells, immortalized, and engineered to express high levels of β-catenin, exert anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic effects. The aim of the current study was to assess efficacy of EVs in an ACM murine model. METHODS AND RESULTS Four-week-old homozygous knock-in mutant desmoglein-2 (Dsg2mt/mt) were randomized to receive weekly EVs or vehicle for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, DSG2mt/mt mice receiving EVs showed improved biventricular function (left, P < 0.0001; right, P = 0.0037) and less left ventricular dilation (P < 0.0179). Electrocardiography revealed abbreviated QRS duration (P = 0.0003) and QTc interval (P = 0.0006) in EV-treated DSG2mt/mt mice. Further electrophysiology testing in the EV group showed decreased burden (P = 0.0042) and inducibility of ventricular arrhythmias (P = 0.0037). Optical mapping demonstrated accelerated repolarization (P = 0.0290) and faster conduction (P = 0.0274) in Dsg2mt/mt mice receiving EVs. DSG2mt/mt hearts exhibited reduced fibrosis, less cell death, and preserved connexin 43 expression after EV treatment. Hearts of Dsg2mt/mt mice expressed markedly increased levels of inflammatory cytokines that were, in part, attenuated by EV therapy. The pan-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), the inflammasome sensor NLRP3, and the macrophage marker CD68 were all reduced in EV-treated animals. Blocking EV hsa-miR-4488 in vitro and in vivo reactivates NF-κB and blunts the beneficial effects of EVs. CONCLUSIONS Extracellular vesicle treatment improved cardiac function, reduced cardiac inflammation, and suppressed arrhythmogenesis in ACM. Further studies are needed prior to translating the present findings to human forms of this heterogenous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Nien Lin
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, 2, Yu-Der Road, North District, Taichung 40447, Taiwan; and
| | - Thassio Mesquita
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Lizbeth Sanchez
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yin-Huei Chen
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, 2, Yu-Der Road, North District, Taichung 40447, Taiwan; and
| | - Weixin Liu
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Chang Li
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Russell Rogers
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Genomics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xinling Li
- Genomics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Genomics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Eduardo Marbán
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Eugenio Cingolani
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Lin YN, Ibrahim A, Marbán E, Cingolani E. Pathogenesis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: role of inflammation. Basic Res Cardiol 2021; 116:39. [PMID: 34089132 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-021-00877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) is an inherited disease characterized by progressive breakdown of heart muscle, myocardial tissue death, and fibrofatty replacement. In most cases of AC, the primary lesion occurs in one of the genes encoding desmosomal proteins, disruption of which increases membrane fragility at the intercalated disc. Disrupted, exposed desmosomal proteins also serve as epitopes that can trigger an autoimmune reaction. Damage to cell membranes and autoimmunity provoke myocardial inflammation, a key feature in early stages of the disease. In several preclinical models, targeting inflammation has been shown to blunt disease progression, but translation to the clinic has been sparse. Here we review current understanding of inflammatory pathways and how they interact with injured tissue and the immune system in AC. We further discuss the potential role of immunomodulatory therapies in AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Nien Lin
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Institute, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Institute, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Eduardo Marbán
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Institute, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Eugenio Cingolani
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Institute, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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Myospryn deficiency leads to impaired cardiac structure and function and schizophrenia-associated symptoms. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 385:675-696. [PMID: 34037836 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The desmin-associated protein myospryn, encoded by the cardiomyopathy-associated gene 5 (CMYA5), is a TRIM-like protein associated to the BLOC-1 (Biogenesis of Lysosomes Related Organelles Complex 1) protein dysbindin. Human myospryn mutations are linked to both cardiomyopathy and schizophrenia; however, there is no evidence of a direct causative link of myospryn to these diseases. Therefore, we sought to unveil the role of myospryn in heart and brain. We have genetically inactivated the myospryn gene by homologous recombination and demonstrated that myospryn null hearts have dilated phenotype and compromised cardiac function. Ultrastructural analyses revealed that the sarcomere organization is not obviously affected; however, intercalated disk (ID) integrity is impaired, along with mislocalization of ID and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) protein components. Importantly, cardiac and skeletal muscles of myospryn null mice have severe mitochondrial defects with abnormal internal vacuoles and extensive cristolysis. In addition, swollen SR and T-tubules often accompany the mitochondrial defects, strongly implying a potential link of myospryn together with desmin to SR- mitochondrial physical and functional cross-talk. Furthermore, given the reported link of human myospryn mutations to schizophrenia, we performed behavioral studies, which demonstrated that myospryn-deficient male mice display disrupted startle reactivity and prepulse inhibition, asocial behavior, decreased exploratory behavior, and anhedonia. Brain neurochemical and ultrastructural analyses revealed prefrontal-striatal monoaminergic neurotransmitter defects and ultrastructural degenerative aberrations in cerebellar cytoarchitecture, respectively, in myospryn-deficient mice. In conclusion, myospryn is essential for both cardiac and brain structure and function and its deficiency leads to cardiomyopathy and schizophrenia-associated symptoms.
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Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Disorders Caused by Mutations in Genes Encoding Intermediate Filament Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084256. [PMID: 33923914 PMCID: PMC8073371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments are major components of the cytoskeleton. Desmin and synemin, cytoplasmic intermediate filament proteins and A-type lamins, nuclear intermediate filament proteins, play key roles in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Desmin, encoded by the DES gene (OMIM *125660) and A-type lamins by the LMNA gene (OMIM *150330), have been involved in striated muscle disorders. Diseases include desmin-related myopathy and cardiomyopathy (desminopathy), which can be manifested with dilated, restrictive, hypertrophic, arrhythmogenic, or even left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy, Emery–Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (EDMD2 and EDMD3, due to LMNA mutations), LMNA-related congenital Muscular Dystrophy (L-CMD) and LMNA-linked dilated cardiomyopathy with conduction system defects (CMD1A). Recently, mutations in synemin (SYNM gene, OMIM *606087) have been linked to cardiomyopathy. This review will summarize clinical and molecular aspects of desmin-, lamin- and synemin-related striated muscle disorders with focus on LMNA and DES-associated clinical entities and will suggest pathogenetic hypotheses based on the interplay of desmin and lamin A/C. In healthy muscle, such interplay is responsible for the involvement of this network in mechanosignaling, nuclear positioning and mitochondrial homeostasis, while in disease it is disturbed, leading to myocyte death and activation of inflammation and the associated secretome alterations.
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11
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Ren J, Tsilafakis K, Chen L, Lekkos K, Kostavasili I, Varela A, Cokkinos DV, Davos CH, Sun X, Song J, Mavroidis M. Crosstalk between coagulation and complement activation promotes cardiac dysfunction in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Theranostics 2021; 11:5939-5954. [PMID: 33897891 PMCID: PMC8058736 DOI: 10.7150/thno.58160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: We previously found that complement components are upregulated in the myocardium of patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), and inhibiting the complement receptor C5aR reduces disease severity in desmin knockout (Des-/- ) mice, a model for ARVC. Here, we examined the mechanism underlying complement activation in ARVC, revealing a potential new therapeutic target. Methods: First, immunostaining, RT-PCR and western blot were used to detect the expression levels of complement and coagulation factors. Second, we knocked out the central complement component C3 in Des-/- mice (ARVC model) by crossing Des-/- mice with C3-/- mice to explore whether complement system activation occurs independently of the conventional pathway. Then, we evaluated whether a targeted intervention to coagulation system is effective to reduce myocardium injury. Finally, the plasma sC5b9 level was assessed to investigate the role in predicting adverse cardiac events in the ARVC cohort. Results: The complement system is activated in the myocardium in ARVC. Autoantibodies against myocardial proteins provided a possible mechanism underlying. Moreover, we found increased levels of myocardial C5 and the serum C5a in Des-/-C3-/- mice compared to wild-type mice, indicating that C5 is activated independently from the conventional pathway, presumably via the coagulation system. Crosstalk between the complement and coagulation systems exacerbated the myocardial injury in ARVC mice, and this injury was reduced by using the thrombin inhibitor lepirudin. In addition, we found significantly elevated plasma levels of sC5b9 and thrombin in patients, and this increase was correlated with all-cause mortality. Conclusions: These results suggest that crosstalk between the coagulation and complement systems plays a pathogenic role in cardiac dysfunction in ARVC. Thus, understanding this crosstalk may have important clinical implications with respect to diagnosing and treating ARVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
| | | | - Liang Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Konstantinos Lekkos
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Kostavasili
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aimilia Varela
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dennis V. Cokkinos
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos H. Davos
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Xiaogang Sun
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Jiangping Song
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Manolis Mavroidis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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12
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Topf A, Mirna M, Ohnewein B, Jirak P, Kopp K, Fejzic D, Haslinger M, Motloch LJ, Hoppe UC, Berezin A, Lichtenauer M. The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Value of Multimarker Analysis in Heart Failure. An Approach to Biomarker-Targeted Therapy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:579567. [PMID: 33344515 PMCID: PMC7746655 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.579567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Heart failure is a pathophysiological state, which is still associated with high morbidity and mortality despite established therapies. Diverse well-known biomarkers fail to assess the variety of individual pathophysiology in the context of heart failure. Methods: An analysis of prospective, multimarker-specific therapeutic approaches to heart failure based on studies in current literature was performed. A total of 159 screened publications in the field of biomarkers in heart failure were hand-selected and found to be eligible for this study by a team of experts. Results: Established biomarkers of the inflammatory axis, matrix remodeling, fibrosis and oxidative stress axis, as well as potential therapeutic interventions were investigated. Interaction with end organs, such as cardio-hepatic, cardio-renal and cardio-gastrointestinal interactions show the complexity of the syndrome and could be of further therapeutic value. MicroRNAs are involved in a wide variety of physiologic and pathophysiologic processes in heart failure and could be useful in diagnostic as well as therapeutic setting. Conclusion: Based on our analysis by a biomarker-driven approach in heart failure therapy, patients could be treated more specifically in long term with a consideration of different aspects of heart failure. New studies evaluating a multimarker – based therapeutic approach could lead in a decrease in the morbidity and mortality of heart failure patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Topf
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Moritz Mirna
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernhard Ohnewein
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Jirak
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Kristen Kopp
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dzeneta Fejzic
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Haslinger
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lukas J Motloch
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Uta C Hoppe
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexander Berezin
- Internal Medicine Department, State Medical University, Zaporozhye, Ukraine
| | - Michael Lichtenauer
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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13
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Maniatis K, Siasos G, Oikonomou E, Vavuranakis M, Zaromytidou M, Mourouzis K, Paraskevopoulos T, Charalambous G, Papavassiliou AG, Tousoulis D. Osteoprotegerin and Osteopontin Serum Levels are Associated with Vascular Function and Inflammation in Coronary Artery Disease Patients. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:523-530. [PMID: 31642412 DOI: 10.2174/1570161117666191022095246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoprotegerin and osteopontin have recently emerged as key factors in both vascular remodelling and atherosclerosis progression. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an inflammatory cytokine with a key role in atherosclerosis. The relationship of osteoprotegerin, osteopontin, and IL-6 serum levels with endothelial function and arterial stiffness was evaluated in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS We enrolled 219 patients with stable CAD and 112 control subjects. Osteoprotegerin, osteopontin and IL-6 serum levels were measured using an ELISA assay. Endothelial function was evaluated by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the brachial artery and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured as an index of aortic stiffness. RESULTS There was no significant difference between control subjects and CAD patients according to age and sex. Compared with control subjects, CAD patients had significantly impaired FMD (p<0.001) and increased PWV (p=0.009). CAD patients also had significantly higher levels of osteoprotegerin (p<0.001), osteopontin (p<0.001) and IL-6 (p=0.03), compared with control subjects. Moreover, IL-6 levels were correlated with osteoprotegerin (r=0.17, p=0.01) and osteopontin (r=0.30, p<0.001) levels. FMD was correlated with osteoprotegerin levels independent of possible confounders [b coefficient= - 0.79, 95% CI (-1.54, -0.05), p=0.04]. CONCLUSION CAD patients have increased osteoprotegerin, osteopontin and IL-6 levels. Moreover, there is a consistent association between osteoprotegerin and osteopontin serum levels, vascular function and inflammation in CAD patients. These findings suggest another possible mechanism linking osteoprotegerin and osteopontin serum levels with CAD progression through arterial wall stiffening and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Maniatis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Manolis Vavuranakis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Zaromytidou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Mourouzis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Thodoros Paraskevopoulos
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Charalambous
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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14
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Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis, the expansion of the cardiac interstitium through deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, is a common pathophysiologic companion of many different myocardial conditions. Fibrosis may reflect activation of reparative or maladaptive processes. Activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are the central cellular effectors in cardiac fibrosis, serving as the main source of matrix proteins. Immune cells, vascular cells and cardiomyocytes may also acquire a fibrogenic phenotype under conditions of stress, activating fibroblast populations. Fibrogenic growth factors (such as transforming growth factor-β and platelet-derived growth factors), cytokines [including tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-4], and neurohumoral pathways trigger fibrogenic signalling cascades through binding to surface receptors, and activation of downstream signalling cascades. In addition, matricellular macromolecules are deposited in the remodelling myocardium and regulate matrix assembly, while modulating signal transduction cascades and protease or growth factor activity. Cardiac fibroblasts can also sense mechanical stress through mechanosensitive receptors, ion channels and integrins, activating intracellular fibrogenic cascades that contribute to fibrosis in response to pressure overload. Although subpopulations of fibroblast-like cells may exert important protective actions in both reparative and interstitial/perivascular fibrosis, ultimately fibrotic changes perturb systolic and diastolic function, and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of arrhythmias. This review article discusses the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis in various myocardial diseases, including myocardial infarction, heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction, genetic cardiomyopathies, and diabetic heart disease. Development of fibrosis-targeting therapies for patients with myocardial diseases will require not only understanding of the functional pluralism of cardiac fibroblasts and dissection of the molecular basis for fibrotic remodelling, but also appreciation of the pathophysiologic heterogeneity of fibrosis-associated myocardial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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15
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Gerull B, Brodehl A. Genetic Animal Models for Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. Front Physiol 2020; 11:624. [PMID: 32670084 PMCID: PMC7327121 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy has been clinically defined since the 1980s and causes right or biventricular cardiomyopathy associated with ventricular arrhythmia. Although it is a rare cardiac disease, it is responsible for a significant proportion of sudden cardiac deaths, especially in athletes. The majority of patients with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy carry one or more genetic variants in desmosomal genes. In the 1990s, several knockout mouse models of genes encoding for desmosomal proteins involved in cell-cell adhesion revealed for the first time embryonic lethality due to cardiac defects. Influenced by these initial discoveries in mice, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy received an increasing interest in human cardiovascular genetics, leading to the discovery of mutations initially in desmosomal genes and later on in more than 25 different genes. Of note, even in the clinic, routine genetic diagnostics are important for risk prediction of patients and their relatives with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Based on improvements in genetic animal engineering, different transgenic, knock-in, or cardiac-specific knockout animal models for desmosomal and nondesmosomal proteins have been generated, leading to important discoveries in this field. Here, we present an overview about the existing animal models of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy with a focus on the underlying pathomechanism and its importance for understanding of this disease. Prospectively, novel mechanistic insights gained from the whole animal, organ, tissue, cellular, and molecular levels will lead to the development of efficient personalized therapies for treatment of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Gerull
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Andreas Brodehl
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Development, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospitals of the Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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16
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Long F, Wang Q, Yang D, Zhu M, Wang J, Zhu Y, Liu X. Targeting JMJD3 histone demethylase mediates cardiac fibrosis and cardiac function following myocardial infarction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 528:671-677. [PMID: 32513540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis is the pathological consequence of injury-induced fibroblastto-myofibroblast transition, resulting in increased stiffness and diminished cardiac function. Histone modification has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis. Here, we identified H3K27me3 demethylase JMJD3/KDM6B promotes cardiac fibrosis via regulation of fibrogenic pathways. Using neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts (NRCF), we show that the expression of endogenous JMJD3 is induced by angiotensin II (Ang II), while the principle extracellular matrix (ECM) such as fibronectin, CTGF, collagen I and III are increased. We find that JMJD3 inhibition markedly enhances the suppressive mark (H3K27me3) at the beta (β)-catenin promoter in activated cardiac fibroblasts, and then substantially decreases expression of fibrogenic gene. Both inhibition of β-catenin-mediated transcription with ICG-001 and genetic loss of β-catenin can prevent Ang II-induced ECM deposition. Most importantly, in vivo inhibition of JMJD3 rescues myocardial ischemia-induced cardiac fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction. Collectively, our findings are the first to report a novel role of histone demethylase JMJD3 in the pro-fibrotic cardiac fibroblast phenotype, pharmacological targeting of JMJD3 might represent a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of human cardiac fibrosis and other fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Long
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Menglin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Jinghuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - YiZhun Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, PR China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
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17
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Rios FJ, Zou ZG, Harvey AP, Harvey KY, Nosalski R, Anyfanti P, Camargo LL, Lacchini S, Ryazanov AG, Ryazanova L, McGrath S, Guzik TJ, Goodyear CS, Montezano AC, Touyz RM. Chanzyme TRPM7 protects against cardiovascular inflammation and fibrosis. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:721-735. [PMID: 31250885 PMCID: PMC7252442 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7 (TRPM7) cation channel is a chanzyme (channel + kinase) that influences cellular Mg2+ homeostasis and vascular signalling. However, the pathophysiological significance of TRPM7 in the cardiovascular system is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of this chanzyme in the cardiovascular system focusing on inflammation and fibrosis. METHODS AND RESULTS TRPM7-deficient mice with deletion of the kinase domain (TRPM7+/Δkinase) were studied and molecular mechanisms investigated in TRPM7+/Δkinase bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and co-culture systems with cardiac fibroblasts. TRPM7-deficient mice had significant cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation. Cardiac collagen and fibronectin content, expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (SMAD3, TGFβ) and cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12, tumour necrosis factor-α] and phosphorylation of the pro-inflammatory signalling molecule Stat1, were increased in TRPM7+/Δkinase mice. These processes were associated with infiltration of inflammatory cells (F4/80+CD206+ cardiac macrophages) and increased galectin-3 expression. Cardiac [Mg2+]i, but not [Ca2+]i, was reduced in TRPM7+/Δkinase mice. Calpain, a downstream TRPM7 target, was upregulated (increased expression and activation) in TRPM7+/Δkinase hearts. Vascular functional and inflammatory responses, assessed in vivo by intra-vital microscopy, demonstrated impaired neutrophil rolling, increased neutrophil: endothelial attachment and transmigration of leucocytes in TRPM7+/Δkinase mice. TRPM7+/Δkinase BMDMs had increased levels of galectin-3, IL-10, and IL-6. In co-culture systems, TRPM7+/Δkinase macrophages increased expression of fibronectin, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and TGFβ in cardiac fibroblasts from wild-type mice, effects ameliorated by MgCl2 treatment. CONCLUSIONS We identify a novel anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic role for TRPM7 and suggest that its protective effects are mediated, in part, through Mg2+-sensitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Zhi-Guo Zou
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Adam P Harvey
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Katie Y Harvey
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Ryszard Nosalski
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Panagiota Anyfanti
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Livia L Camargo
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Silvia Lacchini
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexey G Ryazanov
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lillia Ryazanova
- Lewis Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sarah McGrath
- Centre of Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Carl S Goodyear
- Centre of Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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18
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Abdelaziz Mohamed I, Gadeau AP, Hasan A, Abdulrahman N, Mraiche F. Osteopontin: A Promising Therapeutic Target in Cardiac Fibrosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121558. [PMID: 31816901 PMCID: PMC6952988 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is recognized for its significant roles in both physiological and pathological processes. Initially, OPN was recognized as a cytokine with pro-inflammatory actions. More recently, OPN has emerged as a matricellular protein of the extracellular matrix (ECM). OPN is also known to be a substrate for proteolytic cleavage by several proteases that form an integral part of the ECM. In the adult heart under physiological conditions, basal levels of OPN are expressed. Increased expression of OPN has been correlated with the progression of cardiac remodeling and fibrosis to heart failure and the severity of the condition. The intricate process by which OPN mediates its effects include the coordination of intracellular signals necessary for the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, promoting angiogenesis, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. In this review, we discuss the role of OPN in contributing to the development of cardiac fibrosis and its suitability as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Abdelaziz Mohamed
- Visiting Scholar, Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th of October City, P.O. Box 12588 Giza Governorate, Egypt;
| | - Alain-Pierre Gadeau
- INSERM, Biology of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Bordeaux, U1034 Pessac, France;
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar;
- Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Nabeel Abdulrahman
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050 Doha, Qatar;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Fatima Mraiche
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
- Correspondence:
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19
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Klymkowsky MW. Filaments and phenotypes: cellular roles and orphan effects associated with mutations in cytoplasmic intermediate filament proteins. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31602295 PMCID: PMC6774051 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19950.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic intermediate filaments (IFs) surround the nucleus and are often anchored at membrane sites to form effectively transcellular networks. Mutations in IF proteins (IFps) have revealed mechanical roles in epidermis, muscle, liver, and neurons. At the same time, there have been phenotypic surprises, illustrated by the ability to generate viable and fertile mice null for a number of IFp-encoding genes, including vimentin. Yet in humans, the vimentin ( VIM) gene displays a high probability of intolerance to loss-of-function mutations, indicating an essential role. A number of subtle and not so subtle IF-associated phenotypes have been identified, often linked to mechanical or metabolic stresses, some of which have been found to be ameliorated by the over-expression of molecular chaperones, suggesting that such phenotypes arise from what might be termed "orphan" effects as opposed to the absence of the IF network per se, an idea originally suggested by Toivola et al. and Pekny and Lane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Klymkowsky
- Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
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20
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Shirakawa K, Endo J, Kataoka M, Katsumata Y, Yoshida N, Yamamoto T, Isobe S, Moriyama H, Goto S, Kitakata H, Hiraide T, Fukuda K, Sano M. IL (Interleukin)-10-STAT3-Galectin-3 Axis Is Essential for Osteopontin-Producing Reparative Macrophage Polarization After Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 2019; 138:2021-2035. [PMID: 29967195 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.035047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both osteopontin (OPN) and galectin-3 have been implicated in phagocytic clearance of dead cells and reparative fibrosis during wound healing. CD206+ macrophages are involved in tissue repair through phagocytosis and fibrosis after myocardial infarction (MI). However, the relationship among OPN, galectin-3, and macrophage polarization in the context of MI remains unclear. METHODS The time course of Spp1 (encoding OPN) expression in the heart after MI showed a strong activation of Spp1 on day 3 after MI. To identify where in the body and in which cells the transcriptional activity of Spp1 increased after MI, we analyzed EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein)- Spp1 knockin reporter mice on day 3 after MI. RESULTS The transcriptional activity of Spp1 increased only in CD206+ macrophages in the infarct myocardium, and most of CD206+ macrophages have strong transcriptional activation of Spp1 after MI. The temporal expression pattern of Lgal3 (encoding galectin-3) in cardiac macrophages after MI was similar to that of Spp1, and OPN is almost exclusively produced by galectin-3hiCD206+ macrophages. Although both interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 were reported to promote CD206+ macrophage-mediated cardiac repair after MI, IL-10- but not IL-4-stimulated CD11b+Ly6G- cells could differentiate into OPN-producing galectin-3hiCD206+ macrophages and showed enhanced phagocytic ability. Inhibition of STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation suppressed IL-10-induced expression of intracellular galectin-3 and transcriptional activation of Spp1. Knockdown of galectin-3 suppressed their ability to differentiate into OPN-producing cells, but not STAT3 activation. The tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 and the appearance rate of galectin-3hiCD206+ cells on cardiac CD11b+Ly6G- cells in Spp1 knockout mice were the same as those in wild-type mice. Spp1 knockout mice showed vulnerability to developing post-MI left ventricular chamber dilatation and the terminal deoxynucleo-tidyltransferase 2'-Deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells in the infarcted myocardium after MI remained higher in number in Spp1 knockout mice than in wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS OPN is almost exclusively produced by galectin-3hiCD206+ macrophages, which specifically appear in the infarct myocardium after MI. The IL-10-STAT3-galectin-3 axis is essential for OPN-producing reparative macrophage polarization after myocardial infarction, and these macrophages contribute to tissue repair by promoting fibrosis and clearance of apoptotic cells. These results suggest that galectin-3 may contribute to reparative fibrosis in the infarct myocardium by controlling OPN levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Shirakawa
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., J.E., M.K., Y.K., N.Y., T.Y., S.I., H.M., S.G., H.K., T.H., K.F., M.S.)
| | - Jin Endo
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., J.E., M.K., Y.K., N.Y., T.Y., S.I., H.M., S.G., H.K., T.H., K.F., M.S.)
| | - Masaharu Kataoka
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., J.E., M.K., Y.K., N.Y., T.Y., S.I., H.M., S.G., H.K., T.H., K.F., M.S.)
| | - Yoshinori Katsumata
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., J.E., M.K., Y.K., N.Y., T.Y., S.I., H.M., S.G., H.K., T.H., K.F., M.S.)
| | - Naohiro Yoshida
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., J.E., M.K., Y.K., N.Y., T.Y., S.I., H.M., S.G., H.K., T.H., K.F., M.S.).,Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Tsunehisa Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., J.E., M.K., Y.K., N.Y., T.Y., S.I., H.M., S.G., H.K., T.H., K.F., M.S.)
| | - Sarasa Isobe
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., J.E., M.K., Y.K., N.Y., T.Y., S.I., H.M., S.G., H.K., T.H., K.F., M.S.)
| | - Hidenori Moriyama
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., J.E., M.K., Y.K., N.Y., T.Y., S.I., H.M., S.G., H.K., T.H., K.F., M.S.)
| | - Shinichi Goto
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., J.E., M.K., Y.K., N.Y., T.Y., S.I., H.M., S.G., H.K., T.H., K.F., M.S.)
| | - Hiroki Kitakata
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., J.E., M.K., Y.K., N.Y., T.Y., S.I., H.M., S.G., H.K., T.H., K.F., M.S.)
| | - Takahiro Hiraide
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., J.E., M.K., Y.K., N.Y., T.Y., S.I., H.M., S.G., H.K., T.H., K.F., M.S.)
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., J.E., M.K., Y.K., N.Y., T.Y., S.I., H.M., S.G., H.K., T.H., K.F., M.S.)
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., J.E., M.K., Y.K., N.Y., T.Y., S.I., H.M., S.G., H.K., T.H., K.F., M.S.).,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan (M.S.)
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21
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Wang C, He M, Peng J, Li S, Long M, Chen W, Liu D, Yang G, Zhang L. Increased plasma osteopontin levels are associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cytokine 2019; 125:154837. [PMID: 31514105 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) commonly occurs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional protein with pleiotropic physiological functions. This study aimed to investigate the interrelation between circulating OPN and NAFLD in T2DM patients. Overall, 249 subjects were classified into 4 groups: 53 patients with NAFLD and T2DM; 57 with newly diagnosed T2DM; 59 with NAFLD; and 80 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. Serum OPN was measured by ELISA. The OPN distribution in the pooled data was divided into quartiles; significant trends across increasing quartiles were estimated by the Cochran-Armitage trend test. Compared with the controls, circulating OPN concentrations were significantly elevated in NAFLD patients and T2DM patients with or without NAFLD. Serum OPN levels were higher in the overweight/obese group than that in the lean group. Circulating OPN levels were positively correlated with CRP, age, BMI, SBP, DBP, HbA1c, UA, TGs, WBCs, neutrophils, FBG, and HOMA-IR and negatively correlated with ADP, albumin and HDL. Age, albumin, HbA1c, HDL and hsCRP were independently related to circulating OPN. The relative risks for NAFLD, T2DM and T2DM with NAFLD increased significantly along with increasing OPN quartiles based on the Cochran-Armitage trend test. OPN is an optimal predictor in the diagnosis of T2DM with NAFLD and T2DM and may contribute to the aggravation of the metabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Jiajia Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Shengbing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Min Long
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Gangyi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China.
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22
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Goenka L, Jha D, Sharma M, Dhandapani VE, George M. Factors which Influence the Levels of ST-2, Galectin-3 and MMP-9 in Acute Coronary Syndrome. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2019; 20:64-73. [PMID: 31438834 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x19666190719104005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several cardiac biomarkers are being studied to explore their potential in the prognostication of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). However, there are limited studies exploring the relationship between these biomarkers and clinical, laboratory and demographic characteristics. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the factors which influence the concentration of novel cardiac biomarkers such as Galectin-3, suppression of tumorigenicity-2 (ST-2) and Matrix Metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) in patients with ACS. METHODS A total of 122 patients with ACS were enrolled in the study. The study patients were categorized into two groups namely: STEMI (n=58) and NSTEMI/UA (n=64). Plasma samples were used to determine the level of biomarkers, Galectin-3 and ST-2, and serum samples were used to determine the levels of MMP-9 using the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The association between the plasma and serum levels of biomarkers and, demographic, clinical and laboratory variables were determined. Statistical analyses for the study were performed using SPSS 16.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). RESULTS Elderly aged [0.107 (0.012-0.969); p=0.047] patients had higher ST-2. Galectin-3 was higher among female patients [3.693(1.253-10.887); p=0.018] and patients with low left ventricular ejection fraction [2.882 (1.041-7.978); p=0.042]. Patients with lower body mass index [3.385 (1.241-9.231); p=0.017], diabetes [3.650 (1.302-10.237); p=0.014] and high total leukocyte count [2.900 (1.114-7.551; p=0.029] had higher MMP-9 levels. CONCLUSION The concentration of galectin-3, ST-2 and MMP-9 are independently influenced by demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics. It is estimated that these factors should be accounted for when interpreting the results of the biomarker assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxitaa Goenka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, SRM MCH & RC, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Durga Jha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, SRM MCH & RC, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Masum Sharma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, SRM MCH & RC, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - V E Dhandapani
- Department of Cardiology, SRM MCH & RC, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Melvin George
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, SRM MCH & RC, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
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23
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Abstract
The ECM (extracellular matrix) network plays a crucial role in cardiac homeostasis, not only by providing structural support, but also by facilitating force transmission, and by transducing key signals to cardiomyocytes, vascular cells, and interstitial cells. Changes in the profile and biochemistry of the ECM may be critically implicated in the pathogenesis of both heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. The patterns of molecular and biochemical ECM alterations in failing hearts are dependent on the type of underlying injury. Pressure overload triggers early activation of a matrix-synthetic program in cardiac fibroblasts, inducing myofibroblast conversion, and stimulating synthesis of both structural and matricellular ECM proteins. Expansion of the cardiac ECM may increase myocardial stiffness promoting diastolic dysfunction. Cardiomyocytes, vascular cells and immune cells, activated through mechanosensitive pathways or neurohumoral mediators may play a critical role in fibroblast activation through secretion of cytokines and growth factors. Sustained pressure overload leads to dilative remodeling and systolic dysfunction that may be mediated by changes in the interstitial protease/antiprotease balance. On the other hand, ischemic injury causes dynamic changes in the cardiac ECM that contribute to regulation of inflammation and repair and may mediate adverse cardiac remodeling. In other pathophysiologic conditions, such as volume overload, diabetes mellitus, and obesity, the cell biological effectors mediating ECM remodeling are poorly understood and the molecular links between the primary insult and the changes in the matrix environment are unknown. This review article discusses the role of ECM macromolecules in heart failure, focusing on both structural ECM proteins (such as fibrillar and nonfibrillar collagens), and specialized injury-associated matrix macromolecules (such as fibronectin and matricellular proteins). Understanding the role of the ECM in heart failure may identify therapeutic targets to reduce geometric remodeling, to attenuate cardiomyocyte dysfunction, and even to promote myocardial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- From the Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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24
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Psarras S, Beis D, Nikouli S, Tsikitis M, Capetanaki Y. Three in a Box: Understanding Cardiomyocyte, Fibroblast, and Innate Immune Cell Interactions to Orchestrate Cardiac Repair Processes. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:32. [PMID: 31001541 PMCID: PMC6454035 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following an insult by both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, complex cellular, and molecular interactions determine a successful recovery or inadequate repair of damaged tissue. The efficiency of this process is particularly important in the heart, an organ characterized by very limited regenerative and repair capacity in higher adult vertebrates. Cardiac insult is characteristically associated with fibrosis and heart failure, as a result of cardiomyocyte death, myocardial degeneration, and adverse remodeling. Recent evidence implies that resident non-cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts but also macrophages -pillars of the innate immunity- form part of the inflammatory response and decisively affect the repair process following a cardiac insult. Multiple studies in model organisms (mouse, zebrafish) of various developmental stages (adult and neonatal) combined with genetically engineered cell plasticity and differentiation intervention protocols -mainly targeting cardiac fibroblasts or progenitor cells-reveal particular roles of resident and recruited innate immune cells and their secretome in the coordination of cardiac repair. The interplay of innate immune cells with cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes is emerging as a crucial platform to help our understanding and, importantly, to allow the development of effective interventions sufficient to minimize cardiac damage and dysfunction after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelios Psarras
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Nikouli
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mary Tsikitis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Yassemi Capetanaki
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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25
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Li S, Li S, Hao X, Zhang Y, Deng W. Perindopril and a Galectin-3 Inhibitor Improve Ischemic Heart Failure in Rabbits by Reducing Gal-3 Expression and Myocardial Fibrosis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:267. [PMID: 30967790 PMCID: PMC6438875 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Ventricular remodeling is considered the basis of heart failure and is involved in myocardial fibrosis. This study aimed to assess perindopril and a galectin-3 inhibitor (modified citrus pectin, MCP) for their effects on ventricular remodeling and myocardial fibrosis in rabbits with ischemic heart failure. Methods: Rabbits were divided into sham, heart failure (model), MCP, and perindopril groups, respectively. A rabbit model of ischemic heart failure was established by ligating the anterior descending coronary artery. Then, the rabbits were orally administered MCP, perindopril, or saline (all at 2 ml/kg/d) for 4 weeks. Sham animals only underwent open heart surgery without further treatment. After 4 weeks, cardiac function was examined by ultrasound, and myocardial Gal-3, collagen type I, and collagen type III expression was assessed, at the gene and protein levels, by real-time PCR and Western-Blot, respectively; serum Gal-3 was detected by ELISA, and fibrosis in the infarct zone was evaluated by H&E and Masson staining. Results: In model animals, myocardial Gal-3, collagen type I, and collagen type III gene and protein expression levels were increased compared with control values, as well as serum Gal-3 amounts. Treatment with perindopril and MCP significantly alleviated the above effects, with no significant differences between the treatment groups. Pathological analyses showed that compared with model animals, treatment with MCP or perindopril resulted in relatively neatly arranged myocardial cells in the infarct zone, with significantly decreased fibrosis. Conclusion: Perindopril and the galectin-3 inhibitor MCP comparably improve ischemic heart failure in rabbits, by downregulating Gal-3 and reducing myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- Department of Examination Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shuren Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Division 1, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiao Hao
- Department of Cardiovascular Division 1, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuehua Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Division 1, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenhao Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Division 1, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
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26
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Pietraszkiewicz A, Hampton C, Caplash S, Lei L, Capetanaki Y, Tadvalkar G, Pal-Ghosh S, Stepp MA, Bargagna-Mohan P, Mohan R. Desmin deficiency is not sufficient to prevent corneal fibrosis. Exp Eye Res 2019; 180:155-163. [PMID: 30590024 PMCID: PMC6389382 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The type III intermediate filament (IF) proteins vimentin and desmin are sequentially overexpressed in stromal myofibroblasts over the period when fibrosis sets in after corneal injury. Prior findings have revealed vimentin-deficient mice are significantly protected from corneal fibrosis after alkali injury, which has implicated this IF protein as an important regulator of corneal fibrosis. It has remained as yet unproven whether desmin contributes in any significant manner to corneal fibrosis. Here we have employed desmin-deficient (Des KO) mice in the corneal alkali injury model and show that injured Des KO mice develop fibrosis and show similar levels of corneal opacity at 14 days post-injury as wild type (WT) mice and retain this phenotype even at 30d post injury. Des KO corneas from injured mice show upregulation of vimentin and alpha-smooth muscle actin expression to equivalent levels as WT corneas, illuminating that desmin deficiency does not interfere with myofibrobast differentiation. Employing the small molecule withaferin A (WFA), an inhibitor of vimentin, we show that WFA treatment causes the decrease in steady state levels of vimentin and serine 38 phosphorylated vimentin, the latter a biomarker associated with corneal fibrosis, and improved corneal clarity through blockade of myofibroblast differentiation. To investigate further the mechanism of fibrosis in desmin deficiency, we examined keratin 8 expression in the epithelium, and found reduced levels of this cytokeratin in injured Des KO corneas compared to WT corneas. This finding also corroborates the decrease of cell proliferation in injured Des KO corneas compared to that in WT corneas. The fibrotic phenotype of Des KO corneas also features abundant vascularization, further exemplifying the magnitude of corneal pathology. Together, these findings illuminate that desmin does not contribute significantly to corneal fibrosis in this injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Hampton
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Sonny Caplash
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Ling Lei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Yassemi Capetanaki
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gauri Tadvalkar
- Department of Ophthalmology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sonali Pal-Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mary Ann Stepp
- Department of Ophthalmology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paola Bargagna-Mohan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Royce Mohan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
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27
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Elkhateb L, Zohdy A, Atalla SS, Moussa MH, Hamam GG, Zahra FAEA. Comparative Study on Acellular Dermal Graft Versus Propylene Mesh Both Either Loaded or Unloaded with BM-MSCs in Healing of Skull Bone Defect in Rats: Histological and Immunohistochemical Study. Int J Stem Cells 2018; 11:216-226. [PMID: 30049024 PMCID: PMC6285295 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc18019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone defect occurs as a consequence of many conditions. Diseased bones don’t heal properly and defects in face area need proper bone reconstruction to avoid psychological and social problems. Tissue engineering is an emerging new modality of treatment. We thought to study different methods to fill skull bone defect in rats in order to find the most safe and effective method. So, this study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of acellular dermal graft (ADM) versus propylene mesh both either loaded or unloaded with bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in healing of skull bone defect of a 5 mm diameter. The study included 36 adult male Wistar albino rats that were divided into three groups according to the way of filling skull bone defect. Group I: Ia (sham control), Ib (negative control). Group II: IIa (unseeded propylene), IIb (seeded propylene) and Group III: IIIa (unseeded ADM), IIIb (seeded ADM). The trephine operation was done on the left parietal bone. Specimens were collected four weeks postoperative and processed for H&E, osteopontin immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscope. Morphometric and statistical analysis were also performed. After studying the results of the experiment, we found that propylene mesh and ADM were suitable scaffolds that could support new bone formation in clavarial bone defect. Healing of skull bone defect was better in rats that received seeded scaffolds more than rats with unseeded scaffolds. The seeded ADM showed significant increase in bone forming activity as confirmed by histomorphometric and statistical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lobna Elkhateb
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Adel Zohdy
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Suzi Sobhy Atalla
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manal Hassan Moussa
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada Galal Hamam
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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28
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Systems Genetics Approach to Biomarker Discovery: GPNMB and Heart Failure in Mice and Humans. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:3499-3506. [PMID: 30201759 PMCID: PMC6222577 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple bioinformatics method for biomarker discovery that is based on the analysis of global transcript levels in a population of inbred mouse strains showing variation for disease-related traits. This method has advantages such as controlled environment and accessibility to heart and plasma tissue in the preclinical selection stage. We illustrate the approach by identifying candidate heart failure (HF) biomarkers by overlaying mouse transcriptome and clinical traits from 91 Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel (HMDP) inbred strains and human HF transcriptome from the Myocardial Applied Genomics Network (MAGNet) consortium. We found that some of the top differentially expressed genes correlated with known human HF biomarkers, such as galectin-3 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1. Using ELISA assays, we investigated one novel candidate, Glycoprotein NMB, in a mouse model of chronic β-adrenergic stimulation by isoproterenol (ISO) induced HF. We observed significantly lower GPNMB plasma levels in the ISO model compared to the control group (p-value = 0.007). In addition, we assessed GPNMB plasma levels among 389 HF cases and controls from the METabolic Syndrome In Men (METSIM) study. Lower levels of GPNMB were also observed in patients with HF from the METSIM study compared to non-HF controls (p-value < 0.0001). In summary, we have identified several candidate biomarkers for HF using the cardiac transcriptome data in a population of mice that may be directly relevant and applicable to human populations.
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29
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Tsikitis M, Galata Z, Mavroidis M, Psarras S, Capetanaki Y. Intermediate filaments in cardiomyopathy. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1007-1031. [PMID: 30027462 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filament (IF) proteins are critical regulators in health and disease. The discovery of hundreds of mutations in IF genes and posttranslational modifications has been linked to a plethora of human diseases, including, among others, cardiomyopathies, muscular dystrophies, progeria, blistering diseases of the epidermis, and neurodegenerative diseases. The major IF proteins that have been linked to cardiomyopathies and heart failure are the muscle-specific cytoskeletal IF protein desmin and the nuclear IF protein lamin, as a subgroup of the known desminopathies and laminopathies, respectively. The studies so far, both with healthy and diseased heart, have demonstrated the importance of these IF protein networks in intracellular and intercellular integration of structure and function, mechanotransduction and gene activation, cardiomyocyte differentiation and survival, mitochondrial homeostasis, and regulation of metabolism. The high coordination of all these processes is obviously of great importance for the maintenance of proper, life-lasting, and continuous contraction of this highly organized cardiac striated muscle and consequently a healthy heart. In this review, we will cover most known information on the role of IFs in the above processes and how their deficiency or disruption leads to cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Tsikitis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephesiou, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Zoi Galata
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephesiou, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Manolis Mavroidis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephesiou, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Stelios Psarras
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephesiou, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Yassemi Capetanaki
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephesiou, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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30
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Brodehl A, Gaertner-Rommel A, Milting H. Molecular insights into cardiomyopathies associated with desmin (DES) mutations. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:983-1006. [PMID: 29926427 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing usage of next-generation sequencing techniques pushed during the last decade cardiogenetic diagnostics leading to the identification of a huge number of genetic variants in about 170 genes associated with cardiomyopathies, channelopathies, or syndromes with cardiac involvement. Because of the biochemical and cellular complexity, it is challenging to understand the clinical meaning or even the relevant pathomechanisms of the majority of genetic sequence variants. However, detailed knowledge about the associated molecular pathomechanism is essential for the development of efficient therapeutic strategies in future and genetic counseling. Mutations in DES, encoding the muscle-specific intermediate filament protein desmin, have been identified in different kinds of cardiac and skeletal myopathies. Here, we review the functions of desmin in health and disease with a focus on cardiomyopathies. In addition, we will summarize the genetic and clinical literature about DES mutations and will explain relevant cell and animal models. Moreover, we discuss upcoming perspectives and consequences of novel experimental approaches like genome editing technology, which might open a novel research field contributing to the development of efficient and mutation-specific treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brodehl
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research & Development, Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Anna Gaertner-Rommel
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research & Development, Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Milting
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research & Development, Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
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31
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Nguyen MN, Su Y, Kiriazis H, Yang Y, Gao XM, McMullen JR, Dart AM, Du XJ. Upregulated galectin-3 is not a critical disease mediator of cardiomyopathy induced by β2-adrenoceptor overexpression. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H1169-H1178. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00337.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies have demonstrated that anti-galectin-3 (Gal-3) interventions are effective in attenuating cardiac remodeling, fibrosis, and dysfunction. We determined, in a transgenic (TG) mouse model of fibrotic cardiomyopathy, whether Gal-3 expression was elevated and whether Gal-3 played a critical role in disease development. We studied mice with fibrotic cardiomyopathy attributable to cardiac overexpression of human β2-adrenoceptors (β2-TG). Cardiac expression levels of Gal-3 and fibrotic or inflammatory genes were determined. The effect of Gal-3 inhibition in β2-TG mice was studied by treatment with Gal-3 inhibitors ( N-acetyllactosamine and modified citrus pectin) or by deletion of Gal-3 through crossing β2-TG and Gal-3 knockout mice. Changes in cardiomyopathy phenotypes were assessed by echocardiography and biochemical assays. In β2-TG mice at 3, 6, and 9 mo of age, upregulation of Gal-3 expression was observed at mRNA (~6- to 15-fold) and protein (~4- to 8-fold) levels. Treatment of β2-TG mice with N-acetyllactosamine (3 wk) or modified citrus pectin (3 mo) did not reverse cardiac fibrosis, inflammation, and cardiomyopathy. Similarly, Gal-3 gene deletion in β2-TG mice aged 3 and 9 mo did not rescue the cardiomyopathy phenotype. In conclusion, the β2-TG model of cardiomyopathy showed a robust upregulation of Gal-3 that correlated with disease severity, but Gal-3 inhibitors or Gal-3 gene deletion had no effect in halting myocardial fibrosis, remodeling, and dysfunction. Gal-3 may not be critical for cardiac fibrogenesis and remodeling in this cardiomyopathy model. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We showed a robust upregulation of cardiac galectin-3 (Gal-3) expression in a mouse model of cardiomyopathy attributable to cardiomyocyte-restricted transgenic activation of β2-adrenoceptors. However, pharmacological and genetic inhibition of Gal-3 did not confer benefit in this model, implying that Gal-3 may not be a critical disease mediator of cardiac remodeling in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- My-Nhan Nguyen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yidan Su
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Kiriazis
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yan Yang
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Alfred Heart Centre, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie R. McMullen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony M. Dart
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Alfred Heart Centre, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiao-Jun Du
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Argyros O, Karampelas T, Varela A, Asvos X, Papakyriakou A, Agalou A, Beis D, Davos CH, Fokas D, Tamvakopoulos C. Targeting of the breast cancer microenvironment with a potent and linkable oxindole based antiangiogenic small molecule. Oncotarget 2018; 8:37250-37262. [PMID: 28422745 PMCID: PMC5514907 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical efficacy of antiangiogenic small molecules (e.g., sunitinib) in breast carcinoma has largely failed with substantial off-target toxicity. We rationally designed and evaluated preclinically a novel sunitinib analogue, SAP, with favourable pharmacological properties and the ability to be readily conjugated to a targeting peptide or antibody for active tumour targeting. SAP was evaluated in silico and in vitro in order to verify target engagement (e.g., VEGFR2). Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution parameters were determined in mice using LC-MS/MS. SAP efficacy was tested in two breast cancer xenograft and two syngeneic animal models and pharmacodynamic evaluation was accomplished using phosphokinase assays and immunohistochemistry. Cardiac and blood toxicity of SAP were also monitored. SAP retained the antiangiogenic and cytotoxic properties of the parental molecule with an increased blood exposure and tumor accumulation compared to sunitinib. SAP proved efficacious in all animal models. Tumors from SAP treated animals had significantly decreased Ki-67 and CD31 markers and reduced levels of phosphorylated AKT, ERK and S6 compared to vehicle treated animals. In mice dosed with SAP there was negligible hematotoxicity, while cardiac function measurements showed a reduction in the percentage left ventricular fractional shortening compared to vehicle treated animals. In conclusion, SAP is a novel rationally designed conjugatable small antiangiogenic molecule, efficacious in preclinical models of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis Argyros
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Theodoros Karampelas
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Aimilia Varela
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Xenophon Asvos
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Athanasios Papakyriakou
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products and Designed Molecules, Institute of Physical Chemistry, N.C.S.R "Demokritos", Athens, 15310, Greece
| | - Adamantia Agalou
- Developmental Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Developmental Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Constantinos H Davos
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Demosthenes Fokas
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Constantin Tamvakopoulos
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece
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Nielsen SH, Mouton AJ, DeLeon-Pennell KY, Genovese F, Karsdal M, Lindsey ML. Understanding cardiac extracellular matrix remodeling to develop biomarkers of myocardial infarction outcomes. Matrix Biol 2017; 75-76:43-57. [PMID: 29247693 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the most common cause of death in industrialized countries, and myocardial infarction (MI) is a major CVD with significant morbidity and mortality. Following MI, the left ventricle (LV) undergoes a wound healing response to ischemia that results in extracellular matrix (ECM) scar formation to replace necrotic myocytes. While ECM accumulation following MI is termed cardiac fibrosis, this is a generic term that does not differentiate between ECM accumulation that occurs in the infarct region to form a scar that is structurally necessary to preserve left ventricle (LV) wall integrity and ECM accumulation that increases LV wall stiffness to exacerbate dilation and stimulate the progression to heart failure. This review focuses on post-MI LV ECM remodeling, targeting the discussion on ECM biomarkers that could be useful for predicting MI outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Holm Nielsen
- Fibrosis Biology and Biomarkers, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark; Disease Systems Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alan J Mouton
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Kristine Y DeLeon-Pennell
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Morten Karsdal
- Fibrosis Biology and Biomarkers, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
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Hol EM, Capetanaki Y. Type III Intermediate Filaments Desmin, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), Vimentin, and Peripherin. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:9/12/a021642. [PMID: 29196434 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SummaryType III intermediate filament (IF) proteins assemble into cytoplasmic homopolymeric and heteropolymeric filaments with other type III and some type IV IFs. These highly dynamic structures form an integral component of the cytoskeleton of muscle, brain, and mesenchymal cells. Here, we review the current ideas on the role of type III IFs in health and disease. It turns out that they not only offer resilience to mechanical strains, but, most importantly, they facilitate very efficiently the integration of cell structure and function, thus providing the necessary scaffolds for optimal cellular responses upon biochemical stresses and protecting against cell death, disease, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yassemi Capetanaki
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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Rapti K, Diokmetzidou A, Kloukina I, Milner DJ, Varela A, Davos CH, Capetanaki Y. Opposite effects of catalase and MnSOD ectopic expression on stress induced defects and mortality in the desmin deficient cardiomyopathy model. Free Radic Biol Med 2017. [PMID: 28629836 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been linked strongly to cell death and cardiac remodeling processes, all hallmarks of heart failure. Mice deficient for desmin (des-/-), the major muscle specific intermediate filament protein, develop dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure characterized by mitochondrial defects and cardiomyocyte death. The cellular and biochemical alterations in the hearts of these mice strongly suggest that oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of the phenotype. Recently, we showed that indeed the desmin deficient cardiomyocytes are under increased oxidative stress. In order to verify these findings in vivo, we generated transgenic animals overexpressing SOD2 (MnSOD) and/or catalase in the heart and crossed them with des-/- mice, thus allowing us to evaluate the contribution of oxidative injury in inherited cardiomyopathies, as well as the therapeutic potential of antioxidant strategies. Moderate MnSOD and/or catalase overexpression in des-/- hearts leads to a marked decrease in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), ameliorates mitochondrial and other ultrastructural defects, minimizes myocardial degeneration and leads to a significant improvement of cardiac function. Importantly, catalase overexpression increased the 50% survival rate of des-/- mice in an obligatory exercise to 100%. In contrast, MnSOD overexpression enhanced the lethality of des-/- mice, underscoring the importance of a fine balanced cellular redox status. Overall, the present study supports the contribution of oxidative stress in the development of des-/- cardiomyopathy and points to a well-considered antioxidant treatment as therapeutic for cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleopatra Rapti
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Antigoni Diokmetzidou
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Ismini Kloukina
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Derek J Milner
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Aimilia Varela
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Constantinos H Davos
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Yassemi Capetanaki
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece.
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Varela A, Mavroidis M, Katsimpoulas M, Sfiroera I, Kappa N, Mesa A, Kostomitsopoulos NG, Cokkinos DV. The neuroprotective agent Rasagiline mesylate attenuates cardiac remodeling after experimental myocardial infarction. ESC Heart Fail 2017; 4:331-340. [PMID: 28772050 PMCID: PMC5542732 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Rasagiline mesylate (N-propargyl-1 (R)-aminoindan) (RG) is a selective, potent irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase-B with cardioprotective and anti-apoptotic properties. We investigated whether it could be cardioprotective in a rat model undergoing experimental myocardial infarction (MI) by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. METHODS AND RESULTS RG was administered, intraperitoneally, for 28 days (2 mg/kg) starting 24 h after MI induction. Echocardiography analysis revealed a significant reduction in left ventricular end-systolic and diastolic dimensions and preserved fractional shortening in RG-treated compared with normal saline group at 28 days post-MI (31.6 ± 2.3 vs. 19.6 ± 1.8, P < 0.0001), respectively. Treatment with RG prevented tissue fibrosis as indicated by interstitial collagen estimation by immunofluorescence staining and hydroxyproline content and attenuated the number of apoptotic myocytes in the border zone (65%) as indicated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Caspase 3 relative protein levels were significantly decreased in the non-infarcted myocardium. Markedly decreased malondialdehyde levels in the border zone indicate a reduction in tissue oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates a positive effect of RG in the post-MI period with a significant attenuation in cardiac remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimilia Varela
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Manolis Mavroidis
- Basic Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | | | - Irini Sfiroera
- Basic Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - Niki Kappa
- Basic Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - Angelica Mesa
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dennis V Cokkinos
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Athens, Greece
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Karpinsky G, Fatyga A, Krawczyk MA, Chamera M, Sande N, Szmyd D, Izycka-Swieszewska E, Bien E. Osteopontin: its potential role in cancer of children and young adults. Biomark Med 2017; 11:389-402. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2016-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Osteopontin (OPN) is aglyco-phosphoprotein, involved in tissue remodeling, inflammation and boneresorption. In various adult neoplasms OPN was shown to correlate with cancer progression, invasiveness and metastasis. Aim: to define the role of OPN in malignancies of children and young adults. Material and methods: a structured PubMed and Google Scholar literature analysis based on reports published in English between I'1995 and XII'2015. Results: 14 studies (four on hematological malignancies, four on bone tumors, three on CNS tumors, two on dendritic proliferative diseases and one on renal tumors) were identified. Higher levels of serum and cerebro-spinal fluid OPN protein, and high expressions of OPN mRNA and SPP1 gene were present in more aggressive and advanced childhood malignancies. In children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia with CNS involvement and with atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) and medulloblastoma, the serum and CSF OPN levels reflected tumor bulk and response to therapy, while in children with AT/RT and multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis with high-risk organs involvement, high OPN serum levels correlated with poorer survival. To the contrary, in osteosarcoma, high OPN mRNA and SPP1 gene expressions correlated with better survival and good response to chemotherapy. Conclusions: The literature review suggests that OPN may play important roles in the development and progression of selected cancers of children and young adults, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, malignant gliomas, AT/RT and Langerhans cell histiocytosis. However, limited number of published studies prevents from definite concluding on the clinical utility of OPN as a marker of diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring in these pediatric cancers. Further studies performed in more numerous groups of patients with particular types of cancers of children and young adults are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Karpinsky
- Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, 3901 Beaubien Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Aleksandra Fatyga
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology & Oncology, University Clinic Center, 7 Debinki Street, 80–952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Anna Krawczyk
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80–211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Madeleine Chamera
- The English Division Pediatric Oncology Scientific Circle, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80–211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Natalia Sande
- The English Division Pediatric Oncology Scientific Circle, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80–211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dagmara Szmyd
- Coronary Care Unit, Cardiology Department, West Cumberland Hospital, Whitehaven, United Kingdom
| | - Ewa Izycka-Swieszewska
- Department of Pathology & Neuropathology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki Street, 80–211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Bien
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80–211 Gdansk, Poland
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Galectin-3 as a marker for clinical prognosis and cardiac remodeling in acute heart failure. Herz 2017; 43:146-155. [PMID: 28235980 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-017-4538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-3 has been reported as a mediator of heart failure (HF) development and progression. Most studies, however, have been conducted on patients with chronic HF rather than acute HF (AHF). The aim of this study was to confirm galectin-3 as a prognostic marker in subjects with AHF and to investigate its possible relationship with left ventricular (LV) remodeling. METHODS A total of 69 patients hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of AHF were followed up for 18 months. Galectin-3 and echocardiographic parameters were measured at baseline and after 6 months. Survival analysis and exploratory analysis of LV remodeling were performed. RESULTS Patients with high baseline galectin-3 values (>16.5 ng/ml) had a significantly worse survival profile over the 18-month follow-up (log-rank test, p = 0.017), with Cox proportional hazards modeling showing a crude hazard ratio (HR) of 4.66 (95% CI = 1.16-18.67; likelihood-ratio test, p = 0.037) for all-cause mortality. Changes in galectin-3 levels (1 SD increase over 6 months) proved to be a significant explanatory factor for HF hospital re-admission in the short term when compared with quasi-stationary galectin-3 levels: worse Kaplan-Meier survival curves (log-rank test, p = 0.001) and a crude HR of 4.44 (95% CI = 1.76-11.18; likelihood-ratio test, p = 0.004). A significant association was found between the pathological evolution of relative wall thickness, LV end-diastolic diameter, LV end-diastolic volume, and increasing levels of galectin-3 in the short term (Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Galectin-3 can predict long-term mortality in patients with AHF. The results of our study suggest a possible relation between left ventricular remodeling and increasing galectin-3 levels.
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Galectin-3 in Children with Chronic Heart Failure with Normal and Reduced Ejection Fraction: Relationship to Disease Severity. Pediatr Cardiol 2017; 38:95-102. [PMID: 27833993 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-016-1488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) progression has not been studied in pediatric patients as well as HF in patients with a normal ejection fraction (HFNEF). We aimed to evaluate galactin-3 in children with HFNEF and reduced ejection fraction (HFREF) and its correlation to disease severity and progression. This cross-sectional study involved 45 chronic HF patients taking G1a (23 HFNEF children) and G1b (22 HFREF children) compared to 45 age- and sex-matched controls (G2) subjected to history taking, Ross functional HF classification, conventional and tissue Doppler echocardiographic systolic and diastolic function assessment (FS%, E/A, S m, E m/A m, E/E m) and laboratory investigations [glomerular filtration rate, serum galactin-3 level (ELISA)]. The results showed that serum galactin was increased in patients compared to controls (p > 0.001); a cutoff value of 3.5 ng/ml was estimated for HF diagnosis HFNEF patients who had higher galactin-3 levels than HFREF patients, but it did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.194). Galactin-3 levels positively correlated to the Ross HF classification (p = 0.01) and E/E m (p = 0.032) and negatively correlated to FS%, S m and E m/A m (p = 0.028, 0.022, 0.043). Galactin-3 levels were significantly reduced in patients receiving spironolactone (p = 0.049). Galactin-3 can be a tool for chronic HF diagnosis and a marker of disease severity and staging in children with HFNEF and HFREF. The role of spironolactone in reducing galactin-3 in pediatric HF requires further research.
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Järve A, Mühlstedt S, Qadri F, Nickl B, Schulz H, Hübner N, Özcelik C, Bader M. Adverse left ventricular remodeling by glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B in myocardial infarction. FASEB J 2016; 31:556-568. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600613r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Järve
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg School of Regenerative TherapiesBerlinGermany
| | - Silke Mühlstedt
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences IHumboldt‐University BerlinGermany
- Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | | | - Bernadette Nickl
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermany
- Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | | | | | | | - Michael Bader
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermany
- Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
- Charité‐University MedicineBerlinGermany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)BerlinGermany
- Institute for BiologyUniversity of LübeckLübeckGermany
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Tzanavari T, Varela A, Theocharis S, Ninou E, Kapelouzou A, Cokkinos DV, Kontaridis MI, Karalis KP. Metformin protects against infection-induced myocardial dysfunction. Metabolism 2016; 65:1447-58. [PMID: 27621180 PMCID: PMC5456263 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Metformin administration is associated with myocardial protection during ischemia and/or reperfusion, possibly via inhibition of inflammatory responses in the heart. Exposure to pathogens, in addition to the activation of the immune system and the associated metabolic dysfunction, often results in compromised myocardial function. We examined whether metformin administration could maintain the normal myocardial function in experimental moderate Gram negative infection, induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH 129xC57BL/6 mice were divided into control groups that received either vehicle or a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of low dose LPS (5mg/kg body wt), and metformin treated groups that received either daily metformin (4mg/kg/animal) i.p. injections for five days prior to LPS administration [Experiment 1], or a single metformin injection following same dose of LPS [Experiment 2]. KEY RESULTS LPS alone caused cardiac dysfunction, as confirmed by echocardiography, whereas metformin administration, either before or after LPS, rescued myocardial function. LPS caused marked reduction of the cardiac metabolism-related genes tested, including Prkaa2, Cpt1b, Ppargc1a and Ppargc1b; reduction of fatty acid oxidation, as reflected by the regulation of Ppara, Acaca and Acacb; increased glucose transport, as shown by Slc2a4 levels; reduction of ATP synthesis; significant increase of inflammatory markers, in particular IL6; and reduction of autophagy. Pretreatment with metformin normalized the levels of all these factors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We show for the first time that metformin protects the myocardium from LPS-associated myocardial dysfunction mainly by supporting its metabolic activity and allowing efficient energy utilization. Metformin can be a potential cardioprotective agent in individuals susceptible to exposure to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Tzanavari
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece.
| | - Aimilia Varela
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Stamatis Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elpinickie Ninou
- Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Alkistis Kapelouzou
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Dennis V Cokkinos
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece; First Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria I Kontaridis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katia P Karalis
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece; Endocrine Division, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Diokmetzidou A, Soumaka E, Kloukina I, Tsikitis M, Makridakis M, Varela A, Davos CH, Georgopoulos S, Anesti V, Vlahou A, Capetanaki Y. Desmin and αB-crystallin interplay in the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis and cardiomyocyte survival. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3705-3720. [PMID: 27566162 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.192203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of desmin with the α-crystallin Β-chain (αΒ-crystallin; encoded by CRYAB), and the fact that mutations in either one of them leads to heart failure in humans and mice, suggests a potential compensatory interplay between the two in cardioprotection. To address this hypothesis, we investigated the consequences of αΒ-crystallin overexpression in the desmin-deficient (Des-/-) mouse model, which possesses a combination of the pathologies found in most cardiomyopathies, with mitochondrial defects as a hallmark. We demonstrated that cardiac-specific αΒ-crystallin overexpression ameliorates all these defects and improves cardiac function to almost wild-type levels. Protection by αΒ-crystallin overexpression is linked to maintenance of proper mitochondrial protein levels, inhibition of abnormal mitochondrial permeability transition pore activation and maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). Furthermore, we found that both desmin and αΒ-crystallin are localized at sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)-mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), where they interact with VDAC, Mic60 - the core component of mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex - and ATP synthase, suggesting that these associations could be crucial in mitoprotection at different levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antigoni Diokmetzidou
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Elisavet Soumaka
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Ismini Kloukina
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Mary Tsikitis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Manousos Makridakis
- Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Aimilia Varela
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Constantinos H Davos
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Spiros Georgopoulos
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Anesti
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Yassemi Capetanaki
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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Cabiati M, Svezia B, Matteucci M, Botta L, Pucci A, Rinaldi M, Caselli C, Lionetti V, Del Ry S. Myocardial Expression Analysis of Osteopontin and Its Splice Variants in Patients Affected by End-Stage Idiopathic or Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160110. [PMID: 27479215 PMCID: PMC4968805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a phosphoglycoprotein of cardiac extracellular matrix and it is still poorly defined whether its expression changes in failing heart of different origin. The full-length OPN-a and its isoforms (OPN-b, OPN-c) transcriptomic profile were evaluated in myocardium of patients with dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy (DCM n = 8; LVEF% = 17.5±3; ICM n = 8; LVEF% = 19.5±5.2) and in auricle of valvular patients (VLP n = 5; LVEF%≥50), by Real-time PCR analysis. OPN-a and thrombin mRNA levels resulted significantly higher in DCM compared to ICM patients (DCM:31.3±7.4, ICM:2.7±1.1, p = 0.0002; DCM:19.1±4.9, ICM:5.4±2.2, p = 0.007, respectively). Although both genes’ mRNA levels increased in patients with LVEF<50% (DCM+ICM) with respect to VLP with LVEF>50%, a significant increase in OPN (p = 0.0004) and thrombin (p = 0.001) expression was observed only in DCM. In addition, a correlation between OPN-a and thrombin was found in patients with LVEF<50% (r = 0.6; p = 0.003). The mRNA pattern was confirmed by OPN-a cardiac protein concentration (VLP:1.127±0.26; DCM:1.29±0.22; ICM:1.00±0.077 ng/ml). The OPN splice variants expression were detectable only in ICM (OPN-b: 0.357±0.273; OPN-c: 0.091±0.033) and not in DCM patients. A significant correlation was observed between collagen type I, evaluated by immunohistochemistry analysis, and both OPN-a mRNA expression (r = 0.87, p = 0.002) and OPN protein concentrations (r = 0.77, p = 0.016). Concluding, OPN-a and thrombin mRNA resulted dependent on the origin of heart failure while OPN-b and OPN-c highlighted a different expression for DCM and ICM patients, suggesting their correlation with different clinical-pathophysiological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benedetta Svezia
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
- Laboratory of Translational Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Matteucci
- Laboratory of Translational Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Botta
- Department of cardiac Surgery, Niguarda Ca’ Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Pucci
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Rinaldi
- Cardiac Surgery Department, Cardiothoracic Department, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Presidio Molinette, and University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Laboratory of Translational Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
- * E-mail: (SDR); (VL)
| | - Silvia Del Ry
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
- * E-mail: (SDR); (VL)
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45
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Lala RI, Darabantiu D, Pilat L, Puschita M. Galectin-3: A Link between Myocardial and Arterial Stiffening in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure? Arq Bras Cardiol 2016; 106:121-9. [PMID: 26760784 PMCID: PMC4765010 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20150149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure is accompanied by abnormalities in ventricular-vascular interaction due to increased myocardial and arterial stiffness. Galectin-3 is a recently discovered biomarker that plays an important role in myocardial and vascular fibrosis and heart failure progression. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine whether galectin-3 is correlated with arterial stiffening markers and impaired ventricular-arterial coupling in decompensated heart failure patients. METHODS A total of 79 inpatients with acute decompensated heart failure were evaluated. Serum galectin-3 was determined at baseline, and during admission, transthoracic echocardiography and measurements of vascular indices by Doppler ultrasonography were performed. RESULTS Elevated pulse wave velocity and low arterial carotid distensibility are associated with heart failure in patients with preserved ejection fraction (p = 0.04, p = 0.009). Pulse wave velocity, carotid distensibility and Young's modulus did not correlate with serum galectin-3 levels. Conversely, raised galectin-3 levels correlated with an increased ventricular-arterial coupling ratio (Ea/Elv) p = 0.047, OR = 1.9, 95% CI (1.0‑3.6). Increased galectin-3 levels were associated with lower rates of left ventricular pressure rise in early systole (dp/dt) (p=0.018) and raised pulmonary artery pressure (p = 0.046). High galectin-3 levels (p = 0.038, HR = 3.07) and arterial pulmonary pressure (p = 0.007, HR = 1.06) were found to be independent risk factors for all-cause mortality and readmissions. CONCLUSIONS This study showed no significant correlation between serum galectin-3 levels and arterial stiffening markers. Instead, high galectin-3 levels predicted impaired ventricular-arterial coupling. Galectin-3 may be predictive of raised pulmonary artery pressures. Elevated galectin-3 levels correlate with severe systolic dysfunction and together with pulmonary hypertension are independent markers of outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Ioan Lala
- "Vasile Goldis" West University Arad – Romania
- Arad County Emergency Clinical Hospital – Cardiology
Department – Romania
| | - Dan Darabantiu
- "Vasile Goldis" West University Arad – Romania
- Arad County Emergency Clinical Hospital – Cardiology
Department – Romania
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46
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Fuchs C, Gawlas S, Heher P, Nikouli S, Paar H, Ivankovic M, Schultheis M, Klammer J, Gottschamel T, Capetanaki Y, Weitzer G. Desmin enters the nucleus of cardiac stem cells and modulates Nkx2.5 expression by participating in transcription factor complexes that interact with the nkx2.5 gene. Biol Open 2016; 5:140-53. [PMID: 26787680 PMCID: PMC4823984 DOI: 10.1242/bio.014993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Nkx2.5 and the intermediate filament protein desmin are simultaneously expressed in cardiac progenitor cells during commitment of primitive mesoderm to the cardiomyogenic lineage. Up-regulation of Nkx2.5 expression by desmin suggests that desmin may contribute to cardiogenic commitment and myocardial differentiation by directly influencing the transcription of the nkx2.5 gene in cardiac progenitor cells. Here, we demonstrate that desmin activates transcription of nkx2.5 reporter genes, rescues nkx2.5 haploinsufficiency in cardiac progenitor cells, and is responsible for the proper expression of Nkx2.5 in adult cardiac side population stem cells. These effects are consistent with the temporary presence of desmin in the nuclei of differentiating cardiac progenitor cells and its physical interaction with transcription factor complexes bound to the enhancer and promoter elements of the nkx2.5 gene. These findings introduce desmin as a newly discovered and unexpected player in the regulatory network guiding cardiomyogenesis in cardiac stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Fuchs
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Sonja Gawlas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Philipp Heher
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Sofia Nikouli
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 115 27, Greece
| | - Hannah Paar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Mario Ivankovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Martina Schultheis
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Julia Klammer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Teresa Gottschamel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Yassemi Capetanaki
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 115 27, Greece
| | - Georg Weitzer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
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47
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Frara N, Abdelmagid SM, Tytell M, Amin M, Popoff SN, Safadi FF, Barbe MF. Growth and repair factors, osteoactivin, matrix metalloproteinase and heat shock protein 72, increase with resolution of inflammation in musculotendinous tissues in a rat model of repetitive grasping. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:34. [PMID: 26781840 PMCID: PMC4717665 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-0892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of the growth factor osteoactivin (OA) increases during tissue degeneration and regeneration, fracture repair and after denervation-induced disuse atrophy, concomitant with increased matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). However, OA's expression with repetitive overuse injuries is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate: 1) OA expression in an operant rat model of repetitive overuse; 2) expression of MMPs; 3) inflammatory cytokines indicative of injury or inflammation; and 4) the inducible form of heat shock protein 70 (HSPA1A/HSP72) as the latter is known to increase during metabolic stress and to be involved in cellular repair. Young adult female rats performed a high repetition negligible force (HRNF) food retrieval task for up to 6 weeks and were compared to control rats. METHODS Flexor digitorum muscles and tendons were collected from 22 young adult female rats performing a HRNF reaching task for 3 to 6 weeks, and 12 food restricted control (FRC) rats. OA mRNA levels were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). OA, MMP-1, -2, -3, and -13 and HSP72 protein expression was assayed using Western blotting. Immunohistochemistry and image analysis was used to evaluate OA and HSP72 expression. ELISA was performed for HSP72 and inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS Flexor digitorum muscles and tendons from 6-week HRNF rats showed increased OA mRNA and protein expression compared to FRC rats. MMP-1, -2 and -3 progressively increased in muscles whereas MMP-1 and -3 increased in tendons with HRNF task performance. HSP72 increased in 6-week HRNF muscles and tendons, compared to controls, and co-localized with OA in the myofiber sarcolemma. IL-1alpha and beta increased transiently in tendons or muscles in HRNF week 3 before resolving in week 6. CONCLUSION The simultaneous increases of OA with factors involved in tissue repair (MMPs and HSP72) supports a role of OA in tissue regeneration after repetitive overuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagat Frara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samir M Abdelmagid
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael Tytell
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mamta Amin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven N Popoff
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fayez F Safadi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Mary F Barbe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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48
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Argyros O, Karampelas T, Asvos X, Varela A, Sayyad N, Papakyriakou A, Davos CH, Tzakos AG, Fokas D, Tamvakopoulos C. Peptide–Drug Conjugate GnRH–Sunitinib Targets Angiogenesis Selectively at the Site of Action to Inhibit Tumor Growth. Cancer Res 2015; 76:1181-92. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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49
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Diokmetzidou A, Tsikitis M, Nikouli S, Kloukina I, Tsoupri E, Papathanasiou S, Psarras S, Mavroidis M, Capetanaki Y. Strategies to Study Desmin in Cardiac Muscle and Culture Systems. Methods Enzymol 2015; 568:427-59. [PMID: 26795479 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filament (IF) cytoskeleton comprises the fine-tuning cellular machinery regulating critical homeostatic mechanisms. In skeletal and cardiac muscle, deficiency or disturbance of the IF network leads to severe pathology, particularly in the latter. The three-dimensional scaffold of the muscle-specific IF protein desmin interconnects key features of the cardiac muscle cells, including the Z-disks, intercalated disks, plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and potentially sarcoplasmic reticulum. This is crucial for the highly organized striated muscle, in which effective energy production and transmission as well as mechanochemical signaling are tightly coordinated among the organelles and the contractile apparatus. The role of desmin and desmin-associated proteins in the biogenesis, trafficking, and organelle function, as well as the development, differentiation, and survival of the cardiac muscle begins to be enlightened, but the precise mechanisms remain elusive. We propose a set of experimental tools that can be used, in vivo and in vitro, to unravel crucial new pathways by which the IF cytoskeleton facilitates proper organelle function, homeostasis, and cytoprotection and further understand how its disturbance and deficiency lead to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antigoni Diokmetzidou
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mary Tsikitis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Nikouli
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ismini Kloukina
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elsa Tsoupri
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatis Papathanasiou
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stelios Psarras
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Manolis Mavroidis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Yassemi Capetanaki
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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50
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Tumor necrosis factor-α confers cardioprotection through ectopic expression of keratins K8 and K18. Nat Med 2015; 21:1076-84. [PMID: 26280121 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), one of the major stress-induced proinflammatory cytokines, is upregulated in the heart after tissue injury, and its sustained expression can contribute to the development of heart failure. Whether TNF-α also exerts cytoprotective effects in heart failure is not known. Here we provide evidence for a cardioprotective function of TNF-α in a genetic heart failure model, desmin-deficient mice. The cardioprotective effects of TNF-α are a consequence of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-mediated ectopic expression in cardiomyocytes of keratin 8 (K8) and keratin 18 (K18), two epithelial-specific intermediate filament proteins. In cardiomyocytes, K8 and K18 (K8/K18) formed an alternative cytoskeletal network that localized mainly at intercalated discs (IDs) and conferred cardioprotection by maintaining normal ID structure and mitochondrial integrity and function. Ectopic induction of K8/K18 expression in cardiomyocytes also occurred in other genetic and experimental models of heart failure. Loss of the K8/K18 network resulted in a maladaptive cardiac phenotype following transverse aortic constriction. In human failing myocardium, where TNF-α expression is upregulated, K8/K18 were also ectopically expressed and localized primarily at IDs, which did not contain detectable amounts of desmin. Thus, TNF-α- and NF-κB-mediated formation of an alternative, stress-induced intermediate filament cytoskeleton has cardioprotective function in mice and potentially in humans.
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