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Collatuzzo G, Malvezzi M, Mangiaterra S, Di Maso M, Turati F, Parazzini F, Pelucchi C, Alicandro G, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Boffetta P. Cancers attributable to tobacco smoking in Italy in 2020. Cancer Epidemiol 2024; 92:102623. [PMID: 39018889 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2024.102623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoking is still frequent in Italy and a major cause of cancer globally. We estimated the burden of smoking-related cancer in Italy. METHODS To calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF), we adopted a counterfactual scenario for which all individuals never smoked. The PAF of current and former smoking and second-hand smoke (SHS) was estimated for cancers associated with these habits according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Relative risk estimates and prevalence of exposure were derived from large-scale studies and national surveys, respectively. A 20-year latency period between exposure and cancer was considered. Cancer incidence data for 2020 and mortality data for 2017 were obtained from the Italian Association of Cancer Registries. RESULTS Tobacco smoking caused, in men and women respectively, 90.0 % and 58.3 % of lung; 67.8 % and 53.5 % of pharyngeal; 47.0 % and 32.2 % of bladder; 45.9 % and 31.7 % of oral; 36.6 % and 23.6 % of esophageal; 23.0 % and 14.0 % of pancreatic cancer and lower percentages of cancers at other sites. Tobacco smoking accounted for 23.9 % and 7.7 % of new cancer cases in 2020, and 32.1 % and 11.3 % of cancer deaths in 2017 in men and women, respectively, corresponding to 17.3 % of cases and 24.5 % of cancer deaths overall. The PAF of lung cancer due to SHS in never smoking women married with smokers was 13.0 %. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco smoking is a primary cause of cancer in Italy in both sexes. Tobacco control policies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Collatuzzo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Malvezzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Mangiaterra
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Di Maso
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan
| | - Federica Turati
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan
| | - Fabio Parazzini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan
| | - Claudio Pelucchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan
| | - Gianfranco Alicandro
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Negri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Lachi A, Viscardi C, Cereda G, Carreras G, Baccini M. A compartmental model for smoking dynamics in Italy: a pipeline for inference, validation, and forecasting under hypothetical scenarios. BMC Med Res Methodol 2024; 24:148. [PMID: 39003462 PMCID: PMC11245805 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-024-02271-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
We propose a compartmental model for investigating smoking dynamics in an Italian region (Tuscany). Calibrating the model on local data from 1993 to 2019, we estimate the probabilities of starting and quitting smoking and the probability of smoking relapse. Then, we forecast the evolution of smoking prevalence until 2043 and assess the impact on mortality in terms of attributable deaths. We introduce elements of novelty with respect to previous studies in this field, including a formal definition of the equations governing the model dynamics and a flexible modelling of smoking probabilities based on cubic regression splines. We estimate model parameters by defining a two-step procedure and quantify the sampling variability via a parametric bootstrap. We propose the implementation of cross-validation on a rolling basis and variance-based Global Sensitivity Analysis to check the robustness of the results and support our findings. Our results suggest a decrease in smoking prevalence among males and stability among females, over the next two decades. We estimate that, in 2023, 18% of deaths among males and 8% among females are due to smoking. We test the use of the model in assessing the impact on smoking prevalence and mortality of different tobacco control policies, including the tobacco-free generation ban recently introduced in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Lachi
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications "Giuseppe Parenti" (DiSIA), University of Florence, Viale Giovanni Battista Morgagni 59/65, Florence, 50134, Italy.
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology of the Italian National Research Council (IFC-CNR), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Viscardi
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications "Giuseppe Parenti" (DiSIA), University of Florence, Viale Giovanni Battista Morgagni 59/65, Florence, 50134, Italy
- Florence Center for Data Science, University of Florence, Viale Giovanni Battista Morgagni 59, Florence, 50134, Italy
| | - Giulia Cereda
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications "Giuseppe Parenti" (DiSIA), University of Florence, Viale Giovanni Battista Morgagni 59/65, Florence, 50134, Italy
- Florence Center for Data Science, University of Florence, Viale Giovanni Battista Morgagni 59, Florence, 50134, Italy
| | - Giulia Carreras
- Oncologic Network, Prevention and Research Institute (ISPRO), Servizio Sanitario della Toscana, Via Cosimo il Vecchio 2, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Michela Baccini
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications "Giuseppe Parenti" (DiSIA), University of Florence, Viale Giovanni Battista Morgagni 59/65, Florence, 50134, Italy.
- Florence Center for Data Science, University of Florence, Viale Giovanni Battista Morgagni 59, Florence, 50134, Italy.
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Ngalesoni F, Ruhago G, Mayige M, Oliveira TC, Robberstad B, Norheim OF, Higashi H. Cost-effectiveness analysis of population-based tobacco control strategies in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in Tanzania. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182113. [PMID: 28767722 PMCID: PMC5540531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco consumption contributes significantly to the global burden of disease. The prevalence of smoking is estimated to be increasing in many low-income countries, including Tanzania, especially among women and youth. Even so, the implementation of tobacco control measures has been discouraging in the country. Efforts to foster investment in tobacco control are hindered by lack of evidence on what works and at what cost. AIMS We aim to estimate the cost and cost-effectiveness of population-based tobacco control strategies in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Tanzania. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed using an Excel-based Markov model, from a governmental perspective. We employed an ingredient approach and step-down methodologies in the costing exercise following a government perspective. Epidemiological data and efficacy inputs were derived from the literature. We used disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted as the outcome measure. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was carried out with Ersatz to incorporate uncertainties in the model parameters. RESULTS Our model results showed that all five tobacco control strategies were very cost-effective since they fell below the ceiling ratio of one GDP per capita suggested by the WHO. Increase in tobacco taxes was the most cost-effective strategy, while a workplace smoking ban was the least cost-effective option, with a cost-effectiveness ratio of US$5 and US$267, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Even though all five interventions are deemed very cost-effective in the prevention of CVD in Tanzania, more research on budget impact analysis is required to further assess the government's ability to implement these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Ngalesoni
- Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - George Ruhago
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Mary Mayige
- Tanzania National Institute of Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Tiago Cravo Oliveira
- Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bjarne Robberstad
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole Frithjof Norheim
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Paci E, Puliti D, Lopes Pegna A, Carrozzi L, Picozzi G, Falaschi F, Pistelli F, Aquilini F, Ocello C, Zappa M, Carozzi FM, Mascalchi M. Mortality, survival and incidence rates in the ITALUNG randomised lung cancer screening trial. Thorax 2017; 72:825-831. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Feirman SP, Donaldson E, Glasser AM, Pearson JL, Niaura R, Rose SW, Abrams DB, Villanti AC. Mathematical Modeling in Tobacco Control Research: Initial Results From a Systematic Review. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:229-42. [PMID: 25977409 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The US Food and Drug Administration has expressed interest in using mathematical models to evaluate potential tobacco policies. The goal of this systematic review was to synthesize data from tobacco control studies that employ mathematical models. METHODS We searched five electronic databases on July 1, 2013 to identify published studies that used a mathematical model to project a tobacco-related outcome and developed a data extraction form based on the ISPOR-SMDM Modeling Good Research Practices. We developed an organizational framework to categorize these studies and identify models employed across multiple papers. We synthesized results qualitatively, providing a descriptive synthesis of included studies. RESULTS The 263 studies in this review were heterogeneous with regard to their methodologies and aims. We used the organizational framework to categorize each study according to its objective and map the objective to a model outcome. We identified two types of study objectives (trend and policy/intervention) and three types of model outcomes (change in tobacco use behavior, change in tobacco-related morbidity or mortality, and economic impact). Eighteen models were used across 118 studies. CONCLUSIONS This paper extends conventional systematic review methods to characterize a body of literature on mathematical modeling in tobacco control. The findings of this synthesis can inform the development of new models and the improvement of existing models, strengthening the ability of researchers to accurately project future tobacco-related trends and evaluate potential tobacco control policies and interventions. These findings can also help decision-makers to identify and become oriented with models relevant to their work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shari P Feirman
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Elisabeth Donaldson
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Allison M Glasser
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC
| | - Jennifer L Pearson
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ray Niaura
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Shyanika W Rose
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC
| | - David B Abrams
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Andrea C Villanti
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD;
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Carrozzi L, Falcone F, Carreras G, Pistelli F, Gorini G, Martini A, Viegi G. Life gain in Italian smokers who quit. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:2395-406. [PMID: 24577282 PMCID: PMC3986982 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110302395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to estimate the number of life years gained with quitting smoking in Italian smokers of both sexes, by number of cigarettes smoked per day (cig/day) and age at cessation. All-cause mortality tables by age, sex and smoking status were computed, based on Italian smoking data, and the survival curves of former and current smokers were compared. The more cig/day a man/woman smokes, and the younger his/her age of quitting smoking, the more years of life he/she gains with cessation. In fact, cessation at age 30, 40, 50, or 60 years gained, respectively, about 7, 7, 6, or 5, and 5, 5, 4, or 3 years of life, respectively, for men and women that smoked 10–19 cig/day. The gain in life years was higher for heavy smokers (9 years for >20 cig/day) and lower for light smokers (4 years for 1–9 cig/day). Consistently with prospective studies conducted worldwide, quitting smoking increases life expectancy regardless of age, gender and number of cig/day. The estimates of the number of years of life that could be gained by quitting smoking, when computed specifically for a single smoker, could be used by physicians and health professionals to promote a quit attempt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carrozzi
- Pulmonary Unit, CardioThoracic and Vascular Department, University Hospital of Pisa, via Paradisa 2, Cisanello, Pisa 56124, Italy.
| | - Franco Falcone
- Italian Association of Hospital Pulmonologists (AIPO) Research,Via Antonio Da Recanate, 2, Milan 20124, Italy.
| | - Giulia Carreras
- Unit of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute (ISPO), via delle Oblate 2, Florence 50139, Italy.
| | - Francesco Pistelli
- Pulmonary Unit, CardioThoracic and Vascular Department, University Hospital of Pisa, via Paradisa 2, Cisanello, Pisa 56124, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Gorini
- Unit of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute (ISPO), via delle Oblate 2, Florence 50139, Italy.
| | - Andrea Martini
- Unit of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute (ISPO), via delle Oblate 2, Florence 50139, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Viegi
- Unit of Pulmonary Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italian National Research Council (IFC-CNR), via Trieste 41, Pisa 56126, Italy.
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Carreras G, Gorini G. Time trends of Italian former smokers 1980-2009 and 2010-2030 projections using a Bayesian age period cohort model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 11:1-12. [PMID: 24452251 PMCID: PMC3924433 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to describe past time trends of the prevalence of former smokers in Italy and to estimate prevalence projections using a Bayesian approach. An age-period-cohort (APC) analysis has been carried out in order to investigate the effect of the age, period and birth cohort on the prevalence of former smokers during 1980–2009. A Bayesian APC model with an autoregressive structure for the age, period and cohort parameters has been used to estimate future trends. Results showed that awareness of harm from smoking occurred at younger ages with each advancing cohort, and that women were more likely to attempt to stop smoking during pregnancies and breastfeeding, whereas men attempted to quit only when smoking-related diseases became evident. Projections of future trend recorded a further increase in the number of former smokers in future decades, showing an estimate of the “end of smoking” around years 2060 and 2055 in men and women, respectively. The application of the APC analysis to study the prevalence of former smokers turned out to be a useful method for the evaluation of past smoking trends, reflecting the effects of tobacco control policies on time and generations, and to make projections of future trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Carreras
- Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, via delle Oblate 2, Florence 50139, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Gorini
- Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, via delle Oblate 2, Florence 50139, Italy.
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Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity risk of carbon nanotubes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:2098-110. [PMID: 23751780 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Novel materials are often commercialized without a complete assessment of the risks they pose to human health because such assessments are costly and time-consuming; additionally, sometimes the methodology needed for such an assessment does not exist. Carbon nanotubes have the potential for widespread application in engineering, materials science and medicine. However, due to the needle-like shape and high durability of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), concerns have been raised that they may induce asbestos-like pathogenicity when inhaled. Indeed, experiments in rodents supported this hypothesis. Notably, the genetic alterations in MWCNT-induced rat malignant mesothelioma were similar to those induced by asbestos. Single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) cause mitotic disturbances in cultured cells, but thus far, there has been no report that SWCNTs are carcinogenic. This review summarizes the recent noteworthy publications on the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of CNTs and explains the possible molecular mechanisms responsible for this carcinogenicity. The nanoscale size and needle-like rigid structure of CNTs appear to be associated with their pathogenicity in mammalian cells, where carbon atoms are major components in the backbone of many biomolecules. Publishing adverse events associated with novel materials is critically important for alerting people exposed to such materials. CNTs still have a bright future with superb economic and medical merits. However, appropriate regulation of the production, distribution and secondary manufacturing processes is required, at least to protect the workers.
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Carreras G, Gallus S, Iannucci L, Gorini G. Estimating the probabilities of making a smoking quit attempt in Italy: stall in smoking cessation levels, 1986-2009. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:183. [PMID: 22410134 PMCID: PMC3378462 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background No data on annual smoking cessation probability (i.e., the probability of successfully quit in a given year) are available for Italy at a population level. Mathematical models typically used to estimate smoking cessation probabilities do not account for smoking relapse. In this paper, we developed a mathematical model to estimate annual quitting probabilities, taking into account smoking relapse and time since cessation. Methods We developed a dynamic model describing the evolution of current, former, and never smokers. We estimated probabilities of smoking cessation by fitting the model with observed smoking prevalence in Italy, 1986-2009. Results Annual cessation probabilities were higher than 5% only in elderly persons and in women aged < 30 years, while in adults aged 30-49 and 50-59 cessations were about 2% and 3-5%, respectively. Most of quit probabilities stalled from 1986 to 2009. Conclusions Over the last 20 years, cessation probabilities among Italian smokers, particularly for those aged 30-59 years, have been very low and stalled. Quitting in Italy is considered as a practicable strategy only by women in the age of pregnancy and by elderly persons, when it’s likely that symptoms of tobacco-related diseases have already appeared. In order to increase cessation probabilities, smoking cessation treatment policies (introducing total reimbursement of cessation treatments, with a further development of quitlines and smoking cessation services) should be empowered and a country-wide mass media campaign targeting smokers aged 30-59 years and focusing on promotion of quitting should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Carreras
- Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology Unit, ISPO Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Ponte Nuovo - via delle Oblate, 1-50141 Florence, Italy.
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