Complementary and alternative medicine use in patients with chronic diseases in primary care is associated with perceived quality of care and cultural beliefs

A cross sectional study of role of technology in health for middle-aged and older adults in Singapore

Telemedicine has gained popularity due to the increasing use of technology in our lives. However, no studies have explored the demographic factors affecting acceptability, desirability and adherence (ADA) to telemedicine in Singapore. Our study aims to evaluate the level of ADA of telemedicine services within demographic factors and to explore the association of potential demographic factors with the degree of acceptability, desirability and adherence of telemedicine among older adults in Singapore. A cross-sectional study was conducted with Singapore citizens or permanent residents aged 40-99 years, who were able to provide informed consent. Interviewers conducted door-to-door surveys in 67 Blocks of Housing & Development Board flats in Singapore, offering a self-administered electronic questionnaire available in four languages. Random sampling without replacement determined the order of blocks, floors and units visited. The questionnaire utilised Qtelemediab scoring and covered sociodemographic data, usage of telemedicine, as well as ADA towards telemedicine. A total of 324 valid responses were analysed. Increased age was associated with a significant decrease across all three domains of ADA namely acceptability (β = - 0.02, 95%CI - 0.03; - 0.02, p-value = 0.002), desirability (β = - 0.02, 95%CI - 0.02; - 0.02, p-value < 0.001) and adherence (β = - 0.02, 95%CI - 0.03; - 0.0.02, p-value < 0.001). Additionally, lower education was associated with a decrease in all domains of ADA. Conversely, employment and increased household income were associated with higher ADA scores across all three domains. These associations were independent of gender, chronic health conditions and smoking history. Older participants with lower income and lesser education demonstrated lower levels of acceptability, desirability and adherence towards telemedicine. Our study highlights the importance of considering these factors in the implementation and promotion of telemedicine solutions.

Prevalence and associated factors of herbal medicine use among patients living with chronic disease in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Complementary use of medicinal plants with prescribed drugs is becoming more widespread concern among people with chronic disease like cancer, HIV/AIDS, diabetes and hypertension. Consequently, the purpose of this review was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of herbal medicine use among patients suffering from chronic disease.

Methods

This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted by searching articles from Cochrane library, Google scholar, PubMed and African journal online. Data was extracted using Microsoft excel format and imported in to Stata software version 11 (Stata Corp LLC, TX, USA) for analysis. Statistical heterogeneity across the studies was investigated using Cochran's Q chi-square test at the significance level of <0.05 and the I2 index. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of herbal medicine use.

Results

Our systematic search yielded a total of 17,665 records from four databases (Google scholar (12,800), PubMed (3835), Cochrane library (30) and African journal online (12). The pooled estimate of herbal medicine use among patients with chronic disease in Ethiopia is found to be 56.94% (95% CI: 49.75, 64.12, P < 0.001). Being female (POR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.55, 2.75, I2 = 10.0%), rural residence (POR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.42, 5.52, I2 = 89.1%), duration of the disease greater than 5 years (POR = 6.42, 95% CI = 4.188, 9.84, I2 = 48.3%) and having complication (POR = 4.65, 95% CI = 3.75, 5.77, I2 = 0.0%) were factors associated with herbal medicine use among patients living with chronic disease.

Conclusion

The study found a high prevalence of herbal medicine use among patients living with chronic disease. Being female, rural residence, duration of disease greater than 5 years and having complication were factors that are significantly associated with herbal medicine use. The prevalence of herbal medicine use among persons with chronic disease in Ethiopia presents significant implications for healthcare practice. Healthcare professionals need to adopt a patient-centered strategy that promotes open, judgment-free discussions about herbal medicine usage.

Prospero registration

CRD42024498817.

Demographic and psychometric predictors associated with engagement in risk-associated alternative healthcare behaviours

This paper builds on prior work exploring the use of risk-associated alternative healthcare (RAAH) in Canada. RAAH uptake was surveyed to explore the characteristics of adult RAAH users and the value of established psychometric instruments previously used in alternative healthcare studies in predicting RAAH behaviours: the Control Beliefs Inventory (CBI), the Reward Responsiveness Behavioural Activation System (RBAS) scale, the Positive Attitudes to Science (PAS) scale, the Satisfaction with Orthodox Medicine (SOM) scale, and the brief version of the Susceptibility to Persuasion-II (StP-II-B) scale. Findings suggest RAAH is influenced by gender, age, income, education, employment, chronic illness status, and ethnicity. Engagement in some form of RAAH was common (around 40%) and the most common types of RAAH use reported were physical manipulation and herbal/nutritional supplement use. Other higher-risk AH activities (such as use of toxins and physically invasive procedures) were also reported by about 5% of respondents. The StP-II-B and PAS instruments were predictive of the likelihood of engagement in RAAH behaviours, as illustrated by higher risk tolerance, desire for novelty, positive attitude to advertising and social influence, and positive beliefs about science. The CBI, RBAS, and SOM instruments were not predictive overall. However, the CBI and SOM instruments were predictive of engagement with physical manipulative RAAH activities, while the RBAS was predictive of herbal/nutritional RAAH engagement. These findings can help inform health professionals' understanding of public health-seeking behaviours with respect to risk.

The Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine among Peritoneal Dialysis Patients at a Second-Level Hospital in Yucatán Mexico

BACKGROUND

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is widely used for multiple reasons such as treatment of diseases and their symptoms, empowerment, self-care, disease prevention, dissatisfaction, adverse effects or cost of conventional medicine, perception of compatibility with beliefs, and idiosyncrasy. This study investigated CAM use in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD).

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey study was conducted with 240 eligible patients with CKD in the PD program. By applying the I-CAM-Q-questionnaire, the frequency, level of satisfaction, and reasons for CAM use were explored, and the demographic and clinical data of users and non-users were analyzed. Data analysis included descriptive analysis, Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U, chi-square, and Fisher tests.

RESULTS

The main types of CAM used were herbal medicine, and chamomile was the most commonly used. To improve the state of well-being was the main reason for use, the attributable benefit of CAM was high, and only a low percentage of users reported side effects. Only 31.8% of the users informed their physicians.

CONCLUSION

The use of CAM is popular among renal patients, and physicians are not adequately informed; in particular, the CAM type ingested represents a risk for drug interactions and toxicity.

Capturing What Matters with Patients' Bypass Behavior? Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Study in China

BACKGROUND

In China, bypassing is becoming increasingly prevalent. Such behavior, as going directly to upper-level health-care facilities without a primary care provider (PCP) referral when facing non-critical diseases, contrasts to "expanding the role of PCPs as the first-contact of care", may cause unneglectable damage to the healthcare system and people's physical health.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the relationship between patient experience in primary health-care clinics (PHCs) and their bypass behavior.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was designed for data collection. From July 2021 to August 2021, we conducted a questionnaire survey nationally. Fifty-three investigators were dispatched to 212 pre-chosen PHCs, around which 1060 interviewees were selected to gather information, using a convenience sampling. The primary independent variable was scores measured by Chinese Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT-C) to quantify patients' experience at PHCs. The dependent variable was a binary variable measured by a self-developed instrument to identify whether participants actually practiced bypassing. Covariates were well-screened determinants of patients' bypass behavior including socio-demographic factors, policy factors, and health-care suppliers. Binary logistic regression analysis was employed to evaluate the association of patients' experience with their bypass behavior.

FINDINGS

A total of 928 qualified questionnaires were obtained. The first contact dimension (OR 0.961 [95% CI 0.934 to 0.988], P = 0.005) and continuity dimension (OR 1.034 [95% CI 1.000 to 1.068], P = 0.047) of patients' experience were significantly associated with patients' bypass behavior (P < 0.05). In addition, age (OR 1.072, [95% CI 1.015-1.132], P = 0.013) and gender (OR 2.044, [95% CI 1.139-3.670], P = 0.017) also made a statistically significant difference.

CONCLUSION

Enhancement in patient experience at PHCs may help reduce their bypass behavior. Specifically, efforts are needed to improve primary care accessibility and utilization. The positive correlation between bypassing rates and continuity scores may require more attention on strengthening PCPs' technical quality besides the quality of interpersonal interactions.

Knowledge, attitude, perceived effectiveness and self-practice of complementary and alternative medicine: a cross-sectional comparison between medical and non-medical students of Bangladesh

BACKGROUND

Bangladesh's population commonly utilizes Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to treat their health issues. Despite the increasing interest in CAM, it has been excluded from conventional medical training in Bangladesh for many years. Therefore, this study assessed and compared the knowledge level, attitude, perceived effectiveness, and self-practice of CAM among undergraduate students of Bangladesh.

METHODS

This cross-sectional group comparison study was conducted among undergraduate (both medical and non-medical) students of Bangladesh between November and December 2021. Data was collected using a self-reported pretested semi-structured online questionnaire. The questionnaire contained questions regarding background information, knowledge regarding CAM, source of CAM knowledge, attitude towards CAM, interest in attaining CAM knowledge, perceived effectiveness of CAM, perceived adverse effects of CAM, self-practice of CAM, and whether would they refer CAM to others. A total of 576 students responded and the data gathered allowed for the following: (1) an overview of the study groups, (2) respondents' general perception and knowledge regarding CAM, and (3) a comparison of respondents' CAM knowledge, general perception, and usage by area of study. Data were analyzed using STATA (v.16) and descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney U test were performed.

RESULTS

A total of 329 medical students and 247 non-medical students participated in the study. The mean age of the participants was 21.57 ± 1.8 years and 56.2% of them were male. The most known CAM among medical (M) students was homeopathy (44.6%) and among non-medical (NM) students were herbal medicine (45.7%). Non-medical students had significantly better knowledge about nine out of twelve CAM modalities included in the study, and no significant differences were present for the rest of the modalities. Medical (81.1%) and non-medical students (86.2%) perceived traditional Chinese medicine and homeopathy to be the most effective respectively. "Incorporating CAM with conventional medicine would result in increased patient satisfaction" showed the most statistically significant (p = 0.0002) difference among both groups. Yoga was the most often practiced modality among medical students and homeopathy among non-medical students.

CONCLUSION

Medical students have a lacking of knowledge and a positive attitude towards CAM, despite its very common practice among the people of Bangladesh. Therefore, emphasis should be put on the inclusion of CAM modules in medical training.

Satisfaction of patients with diabetic kidney disease with traditional chinese medicine physician visits

Background

Patient-centred care is an important part of quality healthcare and patient satisfaction has been shown to be associated with improved clinical outcomes. We aim to explore the satisfaction of patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) with their visits to the TCM physician and its association with patients' socio-economic characteristics.

Methods

A questionnaire survey was conducted among patients aged >21 years with DKD. Participants' demographic, socioeconomic characteristics and satisfaction scores measured with the self-administered Medical Interview Satisfaction Scale (MISS) were collected after they visited the TCM physician. MISS is a 26-item questionnaire consisting of three domains - cognitive, affective and behavioural which was developed to assess patient satisfaction with medical consultation. Independent samples t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyse the data.

Results

137 participants completed the questionnaires and were included in the analysis. The mean satisfaction score was 3.1 out of 5, with the cognitive domain being significantly higher compared to the affective and behavioural domains. The mean satisfaction score of the cognitive domain differed significantly among participants staying in different types of housing and those with previous TCM encounters. The mean satisfaction score of the behavioural domain differed significantly among participants of different ethnicities. The mean satisfaction scores of all the domains were also significantly different among participants with different duration of follow-up with their TCM physicians.

Conclusion

We found that ethnicity, types of housing, previous TCM experience and the duration of follow-up with the TCM physician may affect the satisfaction scores of patients with DKD.

Complementary and alternative medicine for glycemic control of diabetes mellitus: A systematic review

The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is increasingly popular for the management of diabetes mellitus (DM). The aim of this study was to conduct systematic review of any types of complementary and alternative medicine for glycemic control of diabetes mellitus. Four databases was used in this study, the CINAHL, PUBMED, SCOPUS, and ProQUEST. The systematic review were reported according to the PRISMA guidelines. The keywords were used according to medical subject headings (MeSH) in this study were diabetes mellitus AND complementary and alternative medicine AND blood glucose levels or blood sugar or blood glucose. Articles were limited to 2015–2021 and only in English language. We obtained 231 articles from these databases: CINAHL six articles, PUBMED 85 articles, SCOPUS 66 articles, PROQUEST 74 articles. Then, the final results recorded 17 articles. The results of a systematic review showed the effectiveness of natural products as CAM for glycemic control of DM, namely Berberis aristata/Silybum marianum, fenugreek seed, bitter melon, cinnamon or whortleberry supplements, a combination of herbal plants (C. spinosa, R. canina, and S. securigera), Nigella sativa, Mulberry juice, chicory, chamomile tea, and bell pepper juice combined with an integrated approach of yoga therapy. Mind body practices such as auditory guided imagery (AGI), qigong and tai chi exercises, and relaxation. Whole system approach, such as acupressure. Health care providers consider CAM for DM management.

Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Adherence to Medication Therapy Among Stroke Patients: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review

Purpose: To identify the use patterns of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and its impact on medication adherence among patients with stroke.

Method: A systematic search through Science Direct, Google Scholar, and PubMed was performed to identify potential studies up to June 2021.The primary outcome was CAM use, and the secondary outcome was medication adherence among patients with stroke. Articles included in the review met the following criteria: 1) patients with stroke ≥18 years old on prescribed medications, and 2) medication adherence reported status. Meta-analyses were conducted to estimate the pooled prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine and adherence in stroke patients using a random-effects model.

Results: A total of 1,330 studies were screened, of which 22 were included in the final analysis. The type of studies included were cross-sectional surveys, cohort studies, retrospective studies and prospective survey. The pooled prevalence of CAM usage was at 38% (29–48% CI) and medication non-adherence among stroke patients was at 29% (20–48% CI). The most common reason for inadequate stroke therapy and higher dependence on CAM was the patients’ lack of knowledge and the regimen complexity of the medication. Other factors for medication non-adherence were forgetfulness, side effects, cost, and lack of doctor-patient communication.

Conclusion: A low prevalence of CAM usage and non-adherence to medications was observed among patients with stroke. Studies investigating the association between CAM usage and medication adherence among patients with stroke are scarce and future researches are needed to explore the influence of CAM use on stroke medication adherence.

Prevalence and determinants of using complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of chronic illnesses: A multicenter study in Bangladesh

BACKGROUND

While conventional medicine (CM) is commonly used to treat non-communicable diseases (NCDs), complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is gaining popularity as a healthcare option in Bangladesh. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with using CAM solely and using CAM in conjunction with CM for chronic illness treatment among NCD patients in Bangladesh.

METHODS

A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted, including 549 adults with a confirmed chronic illness diagnosis from three tertiary care hospitals in Dhaka city. Interviews were used to gather socio-demographic data, while medical records were used to get information on chronic illnesses. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to determine the associated factors of utilizing CAM primarily and CAM use in conjunction with CM to manage the chronic disease.

RESULTS

Out of 549 NCD patients (282 women [51.4%], mean [standard deviation] age 45.4 [12.8] years), 180 (32.8%) ever used CAM for the treatment of chronic illness. Also, 15.3% of patients exclusively used CAM among the NCD patients, while 17.5% used CAM in conjunction with CM. Homeopathy medicine was the most prevalent type of treatment among CAM users (52.2%). Furthermore, 55.5% of CAM users said they used it due to its less adverse effects, and 41.6% trusted its effectiveness for chronic illness. Elderly patients (≥60 years) preferred CAM in complementary with CM, but they did not rely only on CAM. According to the multinomial regression analysis, unmarried patients, predominantly in the younger age group, adopted CAM significantly for chronic illness treatment (Relative risk ratio, RRR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.12-0.71, reference = Unmarried). Patients in the high-income group used CAM in conjunction with CM (RRR = 6.26, 95% CI = 1.35-18.90, reference: low-income), whereas patients in the high-income group did not rely on CAM alone (RRR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.34-2.85).

CONCLUSION

Although CM remains the mainstream of health care in Bangladesh, CAM services play an essential role in people's health care, particularly in treating chronic illnesses. Physicians of Bangladesh should be aware that their patients may be using other services and be prepared to ask and answer questions regarding the risks and benefits of using CAM in addition to regular medical care. Thus, clinicians required to follow best-practice guidelines, which are currently not practiced in Bangladesh, when disseminating information regarding integrative techniques that combine CM and CAM approaches.

Traditional and complementary medicine (TCM) usage and its association with Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) among individuals with metabolic syndrome in primary care

Background

Traditional and Complementary Medicine (TCM) is widely used particularly among patients with chronic diseases in primary care. However, evidence is lacking regarding TCM use among patients with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and its association with patients’ experience on chronic disease conventional care that they receive. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence and pattern of TCM use, compare the patients’ experience of chronic disease care using the Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care - Malay version (PACIC-M) questionnaire between TCM users and non-users and determine the factors associated with TCM use among patients with MetS in primary care.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study was conducted at a university primary care clinic. Patients aged 18 to 80 years old with MetS were recruited. Socio-demographic characteristic, clinical characteristics and information on TCM use and its pattern were recorded in a proforma. Patient’s experience of chronic disease conventional care was measured using PACIC-M questionnaire. The comparison of PACIC-M mean score between TCM users and non-users was measured using independent t-test. The factors associated with TCM use were determined by simple logistic regression (SLogR), followed by multiple logistic regression (MLogR).

Results

Out of 394 participants, 381 (96.7%) were included in the final analysis. Of the 381 participants, 255 (66.9%) were TCM users (95% CI 62.7, 71.7). Only 36.9% of users disclosed about TCM use to their health care providers (HCP). The overall mean PACIC-M score was 2.91 (SD ± 0.04). TCM users had significantly higher mean PACIC-M score compared to non-users (2.98 ± 0.74 vs 2.75 ± 0.72, p = 0.01). The independent factors associated with TCM use were being female (Adj. OR 2.50, 95% CI 1.55, 4.06), having high education level (Adj. OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.37, 3.41) and having high overall PACIC-M mean score (Adj. OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.10, 2.03).

Conclusion

TCM use was highly prevalent in this primary care clinic. However, the disclosure rate of TCM use to HCP was low. Females, those with high education and high PACIC-M mean score were more likely to use TCM. Further research should explore the reasons for their TCM use, despite having good experience in conventional chronic disease care.

Complementary and alternative medicine use and its associated factors among hypertensive patients in Debre Tabor General Hospital, Ethiopia

BACKGROUND

Hypertensive patients have been using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to meet their primary healthcare needs within Ethiopia. The use of plant-based medicine is not only common rather it is also a culturally accredited practice, among the people of Ethiopia. However, studies conducted on the prevalence and correlates of herbal medicine (HM) use among hypertensive patients are lacking. Thus, this study aimed to assess CAM use and its associated factors among hypertensive patients.

METHODS

An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 450 hypertensive patients, visiting the hypertensive care service of Debre Tabor General Hospital from November 1 to December 28, 2020. Interview-guided self-administered questionnaires were used for data collection. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 24.0 was used for data analysis. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was computed to identify associated factors of CAM use (age, sex, religion, residence, marital status, educational level, monthly income, presence of HTN complication, duration of HTN, and family history of HTN).

RESULTS

Out of the 450 hypertensive patients, 275 (67.8%) participants used complementary and alternative medicine. Herbal medicines used among hypertensive patients were M. stenoptela 105 (62.9%), O. lamiifolium 81 (48.5%), C. aurea 62 (37.1%), R. nepalensis 44 (26.3%), M. piperata 36 (21.6%), H. abyssinica 24 (14.4%), T. schimperi 19 (11.4%), R. abyssinicus 15 (9.0%), and T. foenumgraecum 9 (5.4%). Majority of CAM users 202 (73.5) did not discuss with health professionals about their CAM use. Families and friends 91 (33.1%) were the frontline source of information about CAM use. In a multivariate analysis, female gender patients over 45 years old, rural residence, higher educational level, high average monthly income, presence of complications, greater than 5 years duration of hypertension (HTN), and having a family history of HTN were the independent predictors of CAM use.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of CAM use among hypertensive patients was high 275 (67.8%). Factors associated with CAM use are similar to those observed in previous studies, but further research is required to further clarify the opportunities and challenges correlated to CAM use in Ethiopia.

Use of and attitudes towards herbal medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in Vietnam

Introduction

Herbal medicine has a long and rich history of practice in Vietnam. The use and attitudes towards herbal medicine, during the COVID-19 pandemic was explored in this study. The aims were to examine (1) the prevalence and indications for herbal medicine use, (2) the factors associated with herbal medicine use, and (3) Vietnamese peoples' attitudes towards herbal medicine.

Methods

A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in Vietnamese adults aged 18 years and older, distributed equally across the Northern, Central, and Southern regions of Vietnam, between September and October 2020. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to achieve the study objectives.

Results

Nearly half of the respondents reported using herbal medicine for common illnesses during the COVID-19 pandemic. The prevalence was strongly associated with marital status, urbanicity, monthly income, and health status perception. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.), honey (Mel), garlic (Allium sativum L.), and perilla (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.) were the most commonly used herbal medicines, mainly for the treatment of sore throat, cough, nasal congestion, and fever. Nearly 70% of the participants believed herbal medicines to be safe, to have less side effects than conventional medicines, and to be effective for minor health conditions.

Conclusion

The use of herbal medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic was a common practice among Vietnamese people. These findings may have implications for future medical research in Vietnam, and for policy-makers and those in the pharmaceutical industry with regard to future regulations and product development.

Relationship between different anti-rheumatic drug therapies and complementary and alternative medicine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: an interview based cross-sectional study

Objectives

The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is highly prevalent. The relationship of these remedies with disease therapy are not fully studied. We aimed to explore the relationship between different anti-rheumatic drug therapy and CAM use in RA patients.

Methods

The study used an interview-based cross-sectional survey in two major referral centres in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Patients were adults with confirmed RA that attended rheumatology clinics. Information on the utilization of CAM, RA duration, drug therapy, and laboratory parameters were obtained. Descriptive statistics as well as adjusted odds ratio using bivariate logistic regression were used to explore the different factors related to CAM use, including drug therapy.

Results

A total of 438 adult patients with RA were included. The mean (±SD) age of the patients was 49 (±15.0) years. The majority were women 393 (89.7%). Two hundred and ninety-two patients (66.7%) had used CAM. The CAM users who had a longer disease duration (AOR 1.041 [95% CI: 1.011, 1.073]; p = 0.008) were more likely to be female (AOR 2.068 [95% CI: 1.098, 3.896]; p = 0.024), and use methotrexate (AOR 1.918 [95% CI: 1.249, 2.946]; p = 0.003) as opposed to celecoxib (AOR 0.509 [95% CI: 0.307, 0.844]; p = 0.009) and biologic monotherapy (AOR 0.443 [95% CI: 0.224, 0.876]; p = 0.019). Other factors related to CAM were meloxicam use (AOR 2.342 [95% CI: 1.341, 4.089]; p = 0.003) and traditional therapy (AOR 2.989 [95% CI: 1.647, 5.425]; p = 0.000). The remaining factors were not significant.

Conclusion

CAM use is prevalent in patients with RA. Understanding patients and disease related factors associated with higher use of CAM is warranted to improve RA management and provide more rational use of these remedies.

Chronic conditions, multimorbidity, and quality of life among patients attending monk healers and primary care clinics in Thailand

Background

The study aimed to assess chronic diseases, multimorbidity, and QoL among patients attending two different treatment settings in Thailand.

Methods

In all, 1409 attendees of three monk healer or three health centres were assessed with self-reported measures on chronic conditions and Quality of Life (QoL).

Results

Results indicate that the most common chronic conditions were common mental disorder (25.2%), followed by hypertension (22.8%), high blood cholesterol (18.0%), fatigue disorder (14.4%), diabetes (14.0%), migraine headaches (13.7%), sleeping problem (12.2%), and ulcer (11.0%). In all, 40.6% had multimorbidity (two or more chronic conditions) (42.4% in the monk healer and 38.9% in the primary care setting). In ANCOVA analysis, adjusted for sex, age, employment status, marital status, education, economic status, comorbidity, and health care setting, the poorest overall QoL was found among clients with common mental disorders (58.5 mean score), followed by emphysema or asthma (60.2), sleeping problem (61.5), migraine headaches (62.7), fatigue disorder (63.3), substance use disorder (63.6) and ulcer (64.3). The overall QoL was poorer among monk healer clients (66.5) than primary care patients (68.8). In adjusted logistical regression analysis, being a monk healer attendee, older age (55–93 years), and high debt were positively, and being employed and better overall quality of life were negatively associated with multimorbidity, overall, for the monk healer and primary care setting. In adjusted linear regression analyses, primary health care attenders, older age, were employed and post-secondary education increased the odds of better overall QoL.

Conclusion

Multimorbidity was higher among clients attending monk healers than those attending primary care facilities and QoL was poorer among clients seeking care from monk healers than those attending primary care. High multimorbidity was found and major chronic conditions were found to have poor QoL. Determinants of multimorbidity and QoL in two different treatment settings provide information to improve the management of chronic conditions.

Association of pharmacy students' cultural beliefs with perceived knowledge, beliefs, confidence, and experience with complementary medicine

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Culture has been shown to inform patients' acceptance and use of complementary medicine (CM) treatment. It is unknown how a pharmacist or pharmacy student's culture may be associated with perceptions of CM relating to patient care. Gaining a better understanding of this concept within student populations may inform educational needs for programs situated within culturally diverse settings. The purpose of this study was to explore how pharmacy students' cultural beliefs influence perceived knowledge, confidence, and practice with respect to CM.

EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING

A cross-sectional survey was distributed to all undergraduate pharmacy (professional years 1-4) and postgraduate doctor of pharmacy students. Results from the item "CM is an important aspect of my culture" were correlated with all other items using Spearman's correlation coefficient.

FINDINGS

Senior students who had completed a two-credit hour course appeared to be more confident in their practice skills relating to CM and showed positive correlations with culture and effectiveness of CM. Senior students acknowledged the importance of CM knowledge as a student and within pharmacy practice. Junior students showed a positive correlation with culture and past use.

SUMMARY

Pharmacy students in the Ccollege of pharmacy were positive towards the use of CM, with culture playing an important role. Students who perceived CM as an important aspect of their culture were more confident in their practice skills relating to CM. Future research is required to assess impact of students' cultural beliefs on practice.

The prevalence and correlates of substance use disorders among patients of two different treatment settings in Thailand

Background

Monk healers provide an accessible and popular service in Southeast Asia, but little is known on the substance use status of their clients. This investigation intended to assess and compare the rate and correlates of substance use disorders in two different treatment settings (monk healers = MH and primary health care = PHC) in Thailand.

Methods

In a cross-sectional study, 1024 patients (591 of MH and 613 of PHC) responded to screening measures of the “World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test Lite”, and two common mental disorders (major depression and generalized anxiety disorder) from November 2018 to February 2019. Logistic regression was used to estimate the determinants of any substance use disorder in the MH and PHC setting.

Results

The prevalence of substance use disorder was higher in MH clients than PHC patients: any substance use disorder 11.7% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 9.3–14.5%) vs 5.4% (95% CI: 3.9–7.5%), tobacco use disorder 7.6% (95% CI: 5.7–9.9%) vs 2.5% (95% CI: 1.5–4.0%), alcohol use disorder 10.0% (95% CI: 8.4–13.6%) vs 4.3% (95% CI: 3.0–6.3%), any drug use disorder 4.2% (95% CI: 2.8–6.1%) vs 0.3% (95% CI: 0.08–1.3%), and any past three months drug use 8.2% (95% CI: 6.2–10.7%) vs 1.5, 95% CI: 0.8–2.8%). In adjusted logistic regression analysis, among MH clients, male sex (Adjusted Odds Ratio-AOR: 9.52, 95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.06–17.92) was positively, and were married (AOR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.16–0.61) and high social support (AOR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.16–0.99) were negatively associated with any substance use disorder. Among PHC patients, male sex (AOR: 7.05, 95% CI: 2.99–16.63) was positively and age (AOR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92–0.98) was negatively associated with any substance use disorder.

Conclusion

The proportion of substance use disorders among MH attendees was more than twice that of PHC attenders in Thailand, calling for collaboration in controlling substance use disorders between the two treatment systems.

Perception on the Traditional Korean Medicine According to the Existence of a Chronic Disease

Objectives

Chronic diseases (CDs) continue to increase due to advances in medicine and increase in lifespan, affecting quality of life and resulting in economic loss through treatment costs. This study addressed the perception characteristics of the effectiveness of Korean medicine (KM) based on the existence of a CD to determine the national preference for KM treatment.

Methods

Using data from the 2017 National Survey of KM Usage, we evaluated the perception on treatment effect of 16 diseases by dividing them into the CD group and the non-CD group. Response reliability was verified by applying the chi-square test (χ²-test) analysis method of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical program.

Results

The analysis of the perception on effectiveness of KM for patients with CD (n = 1,050, 21.0%) and for patients with non-CD (n = 3,950, 79.0%) showed an overall similar trend for all the 16 diseases. The response rates of having some treatment effect were high for nine diseases namely, disc-related disease (CD 70.7%, non-CD 73.1%), osteoarthritis (CD 72.3%, non-CD 72.4%), frozen shoulder and shoulder pain (CD 79.6%, non-CD 81.4%), back pain (CD 84.6%, non-CD 85.0%), sprain (CD 84.8%, non-CD 84.1%), facial nerve paralysis (CD 73.5%, non-CD 71.7%), stroke (CD 66.2%, non-CD 62.8%), digestive disease (CD 53.3%, non-CD 50.0%), and common cold and rhinitis (CD 44.7%, non-CD 44.8%).

Conclusion

The present results found that there was little difference in the perception on effectiveness of KM for each of the 16 diseases in patients with CD and non-CD, however, 70% or more of the respondents recognized some treatment effect on musculoskeletal disorders, regardless of the existence of CD. Preferential political support for KM treatment of chronic musculoskeletal disorders is recommended.

A study on the motivation of Indian patients to consult complementary and alternative medicine practitioners to treat coronary artery disease

BACKGROUND

In India, the use of traditional medicine for health problems is a part of the cultural discourse on treatment, but the introduction of Western medicines has adversely affected their popularity. However, with the rapid spread of chronic diseases like coronary artery disease (CAD), many Indians are reverting to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments. Although previous literature has identified several motivational factors underlying CAM usage, we know little from the perspective of its practitioners.

AIM

The aim of the present study was to investigate the motivations behind the use of CAM treatments among Indian patients with CAD.

METHOD

Using semi-structured interviews, we collected data from 15 CAM practitioners and 14 CAD patients utilising CAM treatments alongside conventional biomedical (BM) treatment. We used the Clarke and Braun (2006) method of thematic analysis.

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that the use of CAM treatments depends on various factors working at multiple levels viz., personal factors, disease' characteristics, perceived treatment characteristics (positive attributes of CAM and negative attributes of BM) and external facilitators. Furthermore, our analysis also identifies the role of two underlining forces-push and pull-in motivating CAD patients to choose CAM treatments. The push force comprises factors that participants found to have a repelling nature, whereas pull forces were regarded as advantageous for CAM usage. Although some reasons behind the usage of CAM treatments according to patients and practitioners were overlapping, both groups also provided many distinct insights into the studied health behaviour.

Stakeholder perspective on barrier to the implementation of Advance Care Planning in a traditionally paternalistic healthcare system

Background

Advance psychiatric agreements could guide medical teams in providing care consistent with the incapacitated service user’s wishes. However, these types of agreements are rarely completed in Asian settings. What challenges can a traditionally paternalistic healthcare system expect to encounter when attempting to implement psychiatric advance directives?

Methods

We answered this research question by exploring the cultural, administrative and logistical challenges that might impede the implementation of the system supporting the service. We interviewed key stakeholders, 28 service users and 22 service providers, to seek their views and interests in the implementation of directives. We structured our analyses along a literature-review-based framework designed to guide further implementation studies, proposed by Nicaise and colleagues (2013). Accordingly, we divided our inductively generated themes into four longitudinal categories: pre-development stage, development stage, implementation stage, post-implementation stage.

Results

Overall, the findings indicated that many service users and service providers are interested in advance care planning. They believed that foreseeable challenges could be overcome with appropriate measures. However, the multiple challenges of implementation led some service providers to be ambivalent about their implementation and led service users to dismiss them. Specifically, factors related to the local culture in Singapore necessitated adjustments to the content and structure of the directives. These include language barriers in a multicultural society, conflicting wishes in a collectivist society, taboos for speaking about undesirable outcomes in a traditionalist society, and time limitations in a fast-paced society.

Conclusion

While culture-specific changes may be required to enable service users in a small Asian country to employ existing advance psychiatric agreement approaches, service providers and service users see their benefits. However, service providers must be mindful not to assume that service users are willing to defer every decision to their physician.

Gender Differences in Beliefs and Attitudes Towards Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among a Non-urban, Malaysian Population

The choice to take-up specific complimentary and alternative medicine (CAM) modalities is influenced by many factors including cultural background, experience and peer-participation. In this study we investigated the beliefs and attitudes that contributed to CAM choices in a non-urban Malaysian population (N = 700). We found significant differences in the beliefs held by men and women in this population. Specifically, women believed more strongly than men that CAM providers offered healthy lifestyle advice (p = 0.042) and that those who were averse to discomfort from conventional treatments were more likely to take up CAM (p = 0.016). In addition, those individuals who chose to use CAM more strongly believed that CAM products were more healthy than conventional treatments (p = 0.002), that their effects were well understood (p = 0.002) and that CAM products worked with the body (p = 0.017). The data obtained in this study emphasize the lessons that can be learned by conventional healthcare providers in communicating the benefits of treatments to their patients. CAM users also believed that CAM products never caused harm (p = 0.007), which is a concern given that the modes of action of some CAM modalities and their interaction with prescribed treatments are not always well understood.

Awareness, Self-Use, Perceptions, Beliefs, and Attitudes toward Complementary and Alternative Medicines (CAM) among Health Professional Students in King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Background

Around 75% of the world's population relies on the use of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) for their healthcare. Thus, we aimed at assessing the attitude and perception of health professional students about CAM and correlate the results with their demographical data.

Methods

An observational cross-sectional study was conducted at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, by enrolling 350 students. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was performed using SPSS.

Results

Results of our data suggested that majority of students were aware of the CAM modalities and considered prayers/spirituality (83.6%), massage (72.5%), nutritional supplements (74.1%), cupping (68.5%), herbal medicine (66.2), and yoga (61.6%) as most effective and least harmful CAM modalities. The students acquired more information about CAM from media (55%), books (56%), friends/relatives (59.7%), and other health professionals (58.4%), however, very little information from formal CAM courses or training (36.7%), which shows the lack of courses and trained health professional in the field of CAM. Despite utilizing nonreliable sources of CAM information, the majority of students had positive attitudes and perceptions about CAM usage. Majority of the students (75.8%) believe in the use of CAM for the mental and spiritual aspect of health and think that CAM providers give good information on maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The data also showed a significant (P < 0.05) association between awareness about CAM and gender. A significantly higher percentage of female students were using yoga and aromatherapy, while cupping was mostly used by male students. Similarly, a significant association was found among the different colleges and level of students in most of the CAM modalities. However, no association was found between the awareness and use of CAM with the educational level of parents or relatives in health sector except for acupuncture and cupping, where student's awareness about acupuncture and cupping was found to have a significant positive association with mother educational level. On the other hand, a significant inverse association was found between acupuncture, yoga, cupping, and aromatherapy with family income.

Conclusion

In conclusion, despite the lack of proper courses and professionally trained healthcare providers in the field of CAM, students demonstrated positive attitudes and beliefs toward the safety and effectiveness of CAM.

Complementary medicine mention and recommendations are limited across hypertension guidelines: A systematic review

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to determine the quantity of complementary medicine (CM) recommendations and their quality across clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the treatment and/or management of hypertension.

DESIGN/SETTING

A systematic review was conducted to identify hypertension CPGs. MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL were searched from 2008 to 2018, alongside the Guidelines International Network and the National Centre for Complementary and Integrative Health websites. Eligible articles were assessed with the Appraisal of Guidelines, Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II) instrument.

OUTCOME/RESULTS

From 1445 unique search results, 18 CPGs for the treatment and/or management of hypertension published in 2008 or later were eligible for review, though only 1 contained CM recommendations. This CPG was published by the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension, and made a recommendation regarding the Mediterranean diet. The scaled domain percentages of this CPG overall scored significantly better than the CM section across every domain, and were as follows: (overall, CM): scope and purpose (88.9 %, 66.7 %), clarity-of-presentation (88.9 %, 0.0 %), stakeholder involvement (66.7 %, 16.7 %), applicability (60.4 %, 0.0 %), rigor-of-development (35.4 %, 15.6 %), and editorial independence (4.2 %, 0.0 %).

CONCLUSION

A lack of CM treatment recommendations exists in CPGs for the treatment and/or management of hypertension. Given that it is known that a high proportion of patients with hypertension seek CM, current hypertension guidelines' lack of CM treatment and/or management recommendations reflects a large gap in guidance for both clinicians and patients.

Preference for complementary and alternative medicine among patients on long-term treatment in Jos university teaching hospital, Nigeria

Background:

The use of complementary and alternative medicines(CAM) is on the increase globally particularly among those with chronic medical conditions. Imperatively, the treatment outcomes of management of chronic illness is hinged on adherence to prescribed conventional treatment with little or no attention paid to the intent to use or concomitant use of alternative medicines in most treatment settings. Hence, this study assessed the preference for CAM and its predictors as among patients on long-term treatment in Jos University Teaching Hospital.

Methods:

This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 176 patients accessing treatment for chronic medical conditions in Jos University Teaching Hospital using quantitative method of data collection. Epi Info statistical software version 7 was used for data analysis with odds ratio and 95% confidence interval used as point and interval estimates respectively while a P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

The median age of respondents was 50 (IQR 30–84) years with 83 (47.2%) being 51 years and above. Preference for CAM was reported by 26 (14.8%) with absence of side effects (AOR = 11.3; 95% CI= 5.8299–15.1185) being the sole predictor of preference for CAM.

Conclusion:

This study has demonstrated some level of preference for CAM among patients on long term conventional treatment with perceived absence of side effects influencing this preference level.

The global use of diverse medical systems

In 1969, anthropologist Irwin Press introduced the concept of dual use in an attempt to lay to rest the idea that individuals in the real world must choose between allopathic and alternative systems. While providers of medical traditions have a vested interest in seeing the public use one system exclusively, individuals do not. Yet, utilization research generally follows a bifurcated research agenda. thwarting our understanding of how the population uses health care resources. Here, we frame a global analysis of individuals' yearly use of different medical systems. Using the Network Episode Model (NEM), we shift the focus to patterns of care and lay out seven hypotheses, testing whether socio-demographic, cultural, access and health factors are associated with use of one, another, or both system. Data from the 2011 International Social Survey Program's Health Module, reveals that the use of alternative systems alone has virtually disappeared as a pattern of care while dual use remains relevant. Using multilevel models to take into account country differences, we find that being older or younger (i.e., curvilinear effect), female, out-group member, employed, unsatisfied with last allopathic visit; or, reporting barriers to allopathic options, chronic illness, poor health, or positive assessment of alternative options are associated with dual use. Education, income, rural residence, or reporting sufficient insurance coverage are insignificant. Thus, nearly all hypotheses reveal the complexity of contemporary utilization behavior.

Use of complementary and alternative medicine in patients with inborn errors of metabolism: A single-center study

Background and Objectives

There is a paucity of information on the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in patients with inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). This study's objective was to evaluate the self-reported use and perceived effectiveness of CAM in adults and children with IEM.

Methods

Patients aged 0-70 years and caregivers seen at the London Health Sciences Centre Metabolic Clinic (London, Ontario, Canada) between July 2017 and August 2017 were recruited to complete a questionnaire regarding CAM use to help their IEM diagnosis and perceived effectiveness of these therapies. Survey responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics; age, sex, and education level associations among CAM users were tested using the Pearson χ ² test.

Results

Of 50 potential participants, 44 (88%) completed the questionnaire, including 21 adults (6 by caregivers) and 23 children (22 by caregivers). The most common IEM category was Aminoacidopathies and Small Molecule Disorders (50%). Twenty-seven (61%) participants reported CAM use to help their IEM diagnosis. The most common CAM therapies used were chiropractic manipulation, omega-3 fatty acids, probiotics, and aromatherapy/essential oils. Most CAM users and caregivers (74%) perceived their CAM therapies as effective overall. Among CAM users, 40% had not discussed CAM use with a health care professional (HCP). CAM use was similar when comparing age, sex and education level.

Conclusions

CAM is commonly used among patients with IEM. The safety and efficacy of CAM therapies for IEM should be further investigated. HCPs and patients should openly discuss CAM use in order to evaluate safety.

Medicinal plants’ use among patients with dyslipidemia: an Iranian cross-sectional survey

Background

Despite growing demand for medicinal plants, there is little data about their use by patients with dyslipidemia. We aimed to determine the prevalence, pattern, and associated factors for the use of medicinal plants among patients with dyslipidemia.

Methods

A 17-item semi-structured questionnaire was filled out by 195 patients with dyslipidemia in a cross-sectional study carried out in two academic endocrinology clinics in Shiraz, Iran. The questionnaire comprised of three main domains of demographic data (6 questions), clinical data (2 of them), and data related to the use of medicinal plants (totally 9 questions).

Results

A total of 77.4% of patients took medicinal plants. The most common medicinal herbs used by dyslipidemic patients were Zataria multiflora, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Zingiber officinale. Duration of dyslipidemia was significantly longer in herbal users than non-herbal users (p=0.04). Patients believing that concomitant use of conventional drugs and herbal preparations had synergic positive effects in addition to those persuaded that herbal preparations possessed less side effects, were significantly more likely to use medicinal plants (p=0.008 and 0.005, respectively). Additionally, most of the medicinal herb users (87.4%) changed neither the pattern nor the dosage of their medications all during herbal preparations use.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated a high prevalence of medicinal plants’ use among patients with dyslipidemia, which was associated with the duration of dyslipidemia, patients’ viewpoints about herbal preparations’ synergic positive effects, and their fewer side effects.

Do sociodemographic characteristics associated with the use of CAM differ by chronic disease?

BACKGROUND

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is oftenused to alleviate the discomfort, disability and pain involved in many chronic diseases. Besides this, females, middle-aged and higher educated people are also known to use CAM the most. This study explores whether the sociodemographic characteristics associated with CAM use differ by type of disease.

METHODS

The following data were taken from the Belgian Health Interview Survey 2013 for the individuals aged 15+ years (n = 8942): sociodemographic characteristics, past 12-month diseases (using a list) and contact with a homeopath, chiropractor, acupuncturist and/or osteopath (CAM-therapists) in the past year. The association between CAM use and disease, controlled for gender, age, education and conventional medicine use, was assessed through logistic regressions. When interactions with the sociodemographic characteristics were found, stratified regressions were conducted.

RESULTS

People with musculoskeletal diseases [odds ratio (OR) = 2.6], allergy (OR = 1.4) and severe headache (OR = 1.5) had higher odds of using CAM in the past year with statistical significance. For musculoskeletal diseases, the odds of using CAM was higher, with statistical significance, for every sociodemographic subclass. For allergy, CAM use was higher among men, people aged 45+ years and lower educated people, while for severe headache CAM use was higher among women, people aged 45+ years and higher educated people, all with statistical significance.

CONCLUSIONS

Sociodemographic characteristics associated with CAM use differ by diseases. The role of CAM in disease management cannot be ignored. Making physicians aware for which disease CAM is used and by whom, may facilitate disease management.

The use of herbal medicines among chronic disease patients in Thailand: a cross-sectional survey

Background

The study aimed to assess the prevalence and correlates of herbal medicine use among chronic disease patients in health care settings in Thailand.

Methods

In a cross-sectional study, 1374 adult chronic disease patients (median age 60 years) were consecutively sampled from health care facilities in Thailand. Logistic regression was used to estimate the independent predictors of herbal medicine use in the past 12 months.

Results

The prevalence of herbal medicine use in the past 12 months was 35.9%. Of participants who were using herbal medicine in the past 12 month, 53.7% used it for treating a long-term health condition, 40.0% used herbal medicine in order to improve well-being and 6.3% for treating an acute illness. More than half of the herbal medicine users (57.2%) rated their herbal medicine use as very helpful, 33.3% as somewhat helpful and 6.5% not at all helpful or do not know. In adjusted logistic regression analysis, having Grade 6 to 12 education (Odds Ratio-OR: 1.71, Confidence Interval-CI: 1.04, 2.82), rural residence (OR: 0.76, CI: 0.60, 0.97), other religion (OR: 0.57, CI: 0.35, 0.97), anxiety (OR: 1.64, CI: 1.25, 2.16), low quality of life (OR: 0.42, CI: 0.31, 0.56) and having multiple chronic conditions (OR: 1.82, CI: 1.30, 2.56) were associated with past 12-month herbal medicine use. Further, in adjusted logistic regression analysis, having arthritis, asthma, cancer, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidaemia, gastrointestinal disease, dyslipidaemia were positively and hypertension negatively associated with past 12-month herbal medicine use.

Conclusions

The study found a high prevalence of herbal medicine use among chronic disease patients in Thailand. Several factors (education, rural residence, anxiety, low quality of life and multiple chronic conditions) associated with herbal medicine use were identified. This knowledge will support health care providers and policy makers in decision making on the use of herbal medicine.

A cross-sectional assessment of knowledge, attitudes and self-perceived effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine among pharmacy and non-pharmacy university students

Background

Traditional medicine has always been Pakistan’s cultural heritage, providing health care to a large part of its population. Thus, we aimed to assess and compare the knowledge, attitude, and perception about complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) between pharmacy and non-pharmacy students, the results of which may be helpful in devising national health-education policy.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted by enrolling 937 students, pharmacy (437) and non-pharmacy (500), of Punjab University, Lahore. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using SPSS. (IBM v22).

Results

Data suggested that majority of students knew about the use of traditional herbs and considered massage (P: 84.4%, NP: 82%, p = 0.099), homeopathy, herbs (P: 86.5%, NP: 81%, p = 0.064], yoga [P: 357 (81.7%), NP: 84%), p = 0.42] and spiritual healing (P: 85.6%, NP: 86.2%, p = 0.55) as effective and least harmful CAM modalities. The pharmacy students had better knowledge about CAM modalities compared to non-pharmacy students. Despite utilizing non-reliable sources of CAM information and their belief that CAM is practiced by quacks, the majority of students had positive attitudes and perceptions about CAM usage. Students also believed that CAM had a positive impact on health outcomes [P: 3.19 ± 1.04, NP: 3.02 ± 1.09, p = 0.008] and acceded to include CAM in the pharmacy curriculum. However, non-pharmacy students scored higher in their beliefs that CAM usage should be discouraged due to the non-scientific basis of CAM (P: 3.04 ± 0.97, NP: 3.17 ± 1.02, p = 0.028) and a possible threat to public health (P: 3.81 ± 1.74, NP: 4.06 ± 1.56, p = 0.02). On the other hand, pharmacy students believed that patients might get benefits from CAM modalities (P: 4.31 ± 1.48, NP: 4.12 ± 1.45, p = 0.02). Majority of students perceived that spiritual healing is the most useful and safer CAM modality, while acupuncture (P: 25.4%, NP: 21.8%, p = 0.0005), hypnosis (P: 26.8%, NP: 19.6%, p = 0.001) and chiropractic (P: 18.8%, NP: 11.6%, p = 0.0005) were among the harmful ones.

Conclusion

In conclusion, despite poor knowledge about CAM, students demonstrated positive attitudes and beliefs regarding CAM. They exhibited better awareness about yoga, spiritual healing/prayer, herbs, and massage. Students also showed willingness to advance their knowledge about CAM and favored its inclusion in the curriculum.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-019-2503-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Perception and use of complementary and alternative medicine for low back pain

PURPOSE

To determine the prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in patients with low back pain (LBP) and to identify its correlation with demographic factors, clinical condition and psychosocial factors.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted with 278 LBP patients. Use of CAM, demographic parameters and disease duration were determined. Self-reported health status and self-rated scales assessed the effect of disease on quality of life and emotional well-being, respectively. Satisfaction with orthopaedic care and belief partiality towards CAM were assessed.

RESULTS

In all, 72.3% patients sought CAM treatment. The most common choice of CAM was traditional Chinese medicine (TCM; n = 166), followed by massage therapy ( n = 114) and chiropractic treatment ( n = 45). Within TCM, acupuncture was the most popular treatment for LBP ( n = 127). Only 32.5% patients informed their doctors of their CAM use. In univariate analyses, factors positively associated with CAM use included duration of LBP (odds ratio (OR) = 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06-1.97), use of CAM in close social circles (OR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.15-3.43) and summary score for belief partiality towards CAM (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.13-1.23). Variables negatively and significantly associated with status of CAM use include age (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95-0.99) and summary score for satisfaction with orthopaedic care (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.88-0.99).

CONCLUSION

CAM use in patients with LBP is prevalent and largely unknown to their doctors. Personal beliefs and their satisfaction with conventional medical treatment both play a part in their decisions to use CAM. Future studies may aim at understanding the effect of CAM on patient adherence to conventional medical treatment and patients' perception of well-being and pain.

Prevalence of and factors associated with utilization of herbal medicines among outpatients in primary health centers in Cambodia

BACKGROUND

Traditional, complementary and alternative medicine (TCAM) is seen as a way to provide healthcare in both developed and developing countries across the world. In Cambodia, there is a long tradition of using TCAM. However, scant studies have been conducted on the extent of Cambodian TCAM use and how it interacts with allopathic health care to date. In this study, we examined the prevalence of and factors associated with utilization of herbal medicines among patients with chronic diseases in primary health care settings in Cambodia.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2015 with outpatients receiving treatment and care for chronic diseases in two urban and two rural primary health centers purposively selected from Phnom Penh, Kampong Cham and Siem Reap. Every eligible patient was randomly selected at the health centers using a systematic sampling procedure. I-CAM-Q was used to measure TCAM use. A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed to identify factors associated with herbal medicine use.

RESULTS

In total, 1602 patients were included in this study, of whom 77.7% were female, and 51.2% were recruited from urban primary health centers with a mean age of 46.5 years (SD = 15.2). Of total, 27.0% reported at least one consultation with a TCAM provider in the past 12 months. The most common modality of TCAM used was herbal medicine (89%). Herbs were obtained at drug or folk stores (36.9%), from herbalists directly (28.5%) or from their own gardens (18.6%). Of herb users, 55.2% reported that herbs were somewhat helpful. After adjustment, herb users were significantly more likely to be female (AOR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.12-2.67), have completed less schooling (AOR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.45-0.96), were unemployed or homemakers (AOR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.13-0.52) and have a gastrointestinal illness (AOR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.39-0.62).

CONCLUSIONS

Herbal medicines are broadly used among chronic disease patients in Cambodia. Understanding TCAM use in the general population will support health care practitioners and policy makers to make informed decisions about the use of TCAM. Integration of TCAM into the primary health system should be further explored.

Culturally embedded health beliefs, self-care and the use of anti-ageing medicine among Australian and Japanese older adults

Adopting Kleinman's and Lock's ideas that there are cultural variations in understandings of health care and the medicalisation of ageing bodies, this study compares and contrasts older adults' use of anti-ageing medicine in two cultural settings. Based on 42 interviews conducted in Australia and Japan with adults aged 60 and over, findings revealed distinct pathways to initiating anti-ageing medicine use between the two cohorts which reflect different attitudes to the medicalisation of ageing in the two settings. In Australia where consultation of medical doctors for major and minor ailments is routine for many older adults, supplement use was initiated on doctor's advice, or reactionary, in that dissatisfaction with doctors' advice was the impetus. By contrast, many Japanese elders did not seek the advice of medical practitioners for minor health issues, considering them instead to be part of a natural process of ageing, and viewed their supplement use as co-extensive with their use of Shokuji-ryohou or a traditional corrective diet. Despite these cultural differences, both the Australian and Japanese elders resisted more extreme manifestations of the biomedicalisation of ageing and took anti-ageing medicine to ward off the perceived danger of surgery in later life.

An Investigation of the Use of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Stroke Patients

This study aimed to investigate the use of traditional Chinese medicine and complementary and alternative medicine in stroke patients in Taiwan. Chinese herbal medicine, massage, acupuncture, natural products, and exercise were widely used among stroke patients. Integrating safe and effective traditional Chinese medicine and complementary and alternative medicine into conventional therapies is suggested.

Utilization of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine and mental health among patients with chronic diseases in primary health care settings in Cambodia

Background

Coping with chronic illnesses often involves major lifestyle changes that may lead to poor mental health. Furthermore, in order to treat the chronic conditions, many sufferers in Asia turn to traditional, complementary and alternative medicines (TCAM). This study explores prevalence of TCAM use and factors associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms among patients with chronic diseases in Cambodia.

Methods

In 2015, this cross-sectional study was conducted with outpatients receiving treatment and care for chronic diseases in two urban and two rural primary health centers. Every eligible patient was randomly selected at the health centers using a systematic sampling procedure. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were assessed by using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to explore factors associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms.

Results

The study participants included 1528 patients, of whom 77.2% were female, with a mean age of 46.5 years (SD = 15.3). After adjustment, patients with depressive symptoms remained significantly more likely to be in the age groups between 41 and 60 years old and to be married, separated/divorced or widowed compared to those without depressive symptoms. Regarding the use of TCAM, patients with depressive symptoms remained significantly more likely to report using an herbalist, practicing visualization and praying for own health, but less likely to report using vitamins or supplements in the past 12 months. For quality of life, patients with depressive symptoms remained significantly less likely to agree that they had enough energy for their everyday life and had enough money to meet their daily needs. Similar risk factors were also found to be significantly associated with anxiety symptoms.

Conclusions

Cambodian patients with chronic diseases who experienced symptoms of anxiety or depression were more likely to report reduced quality of life, greater chronic disease-related stigma and more TCAM use. Given the potential interaction of TCAM, mental health and other chronic conditions, a history of TCAM use and mental health should be elicited in clinical practices in primary health care settings, particularly in developing countries.

Steroids in traditional Chinese medicine: what is the evidence?

Local healthcare providers often question the possible steroidal activity of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbs or herbal products and implicate them as a cause for adrenal insufficiency or Cushing's syndrome in patients with a history of TCM intake. We conducted a comprehensive database search for evidence of potential glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, androgenic or oestrogenic activity of herbs or herbal products. Overall, there are not many herbs whose steroidal activity is well established; among these, most cases were based on preclinical studies. Liquorice root may cause pseudoaldosteronism through interference with the steroidogenesis pathway. Although ginseng and cordyceps have some in vitro glucocorticoid activities, the corroborating clinical data is lacking. Deer musk and deer antler contain androgenic steroids, while epimedium has oestrogenic activity. On the other hand, adulteration of herbal products with exogenous glucocorticoids is a recurrent problem encountered locally in illegal products masquerading as TCM. Healthcare providers should stay vigilant and report any suspicion to the relevant authorities for further investigations.

Multimorbidity in Chronic Conditions: Public Primary Care Patients in Four Greater Mekong Countries

The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence, pattern, and social determinants of chronic conditions multimorbidity among chronic disease primary care patients in four Greater Mekong countries (Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam). In a cross-sectional survey, chronic disease patients accessing primary care were recruited if they had been diagnosed with any of 21 chronic conditions in the past 12 months, and were interviewed with a structured questionnaire on anxiety, depression, alcohol use, tobacco use, dietary behaviour, physical activity, and quality of life. The sample included 6236 public primary care patients (32.8% men and 67.2% women), with a mean age of 53.0 years (SD = 16.8). From 21 chronic conditions, the three most common were hypertension (37.4%), depression (34.4%), and digestive diseases (32.0%). In all, 27.4% had one chronic condition, 28.6% had two, 22.4% had three, and 21.6% had four or more chronic conditions. The percentage with the highest comorbidity was depression (47.3%), hypertension (43.4%), and digestive diseases (34.1%). The highest mean multimorbidity reported was for mental illness (4.44), kidney disease (4.11), and Parkinson’s disease (4.10), and the lowest multimorbidity for epilepsy (2.43) and cancer (2.80). Compared to those who had only one chronic condition, being male, older age, lower education, and lower quality of life were associated with having two and three or more chronic conditions. Multimorbidity is a prevalent problem among chronic condition primary care patients—a finding with implications for health care delivery, management, and research.

Community pharmacists' knowledge, practices and beliefs about complementary and alternative medicine in Palestine: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) utilization is dramatically increasing among patients. As community pharmacies are a major provider of CAM products, community pharmacists need to have the sufficient knowledge and information to advice their patients, answer their inquiries and to be proactive in the healthcare process to ensure optimal therapy outputs and minimize both drug-drug and drug-herb interactions. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, beliefs, and practices of community pharmacists in Palestine about CAM.

METHODS

The study was conducted in a cross-sectional design in which a questionnaire was administered on a sample of licensed community pharmacists from Palestine. The questionnaire was of 5 sections: demographic and practice details of the participants, practice, beliefs, and knowledge about CAM. Mann-Whitney-U or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to comparison of different issues as appropriate. P-values of <0.05 were considered significant.

RESULTS

A total of 284 community pharmacists were surveyed, however, 281 were included in the analysis as they met inclusion criteria. Out of the 281, 149 (53.0%) of the participants were males and the rest were females. About 40% of the participants were between 20 to 29 years old. Pharmacists frequently recommended CAM modalities. Exercises (84.0%) and food supplements (82.6%) were the most commonly recommended modalities. In the last year, vitamin B₁₂ was the most frequently prescribed supplement. The median knowledge score was 5 out of 8 and the median beliefs about CAM score was 4.0 out of 7.0.

CONCLUSIONS

CAM recommendations by pharmacists appear to be commonplace. Although their knowledge scores were fair to average, pharmacists still need more education and training about CAM in order to be more qualified to provide better pharmaceutical care and improve their patient's outcome.

Self-medication among people living with hypertension: a review

BACKGROUND

Self-medication is commonly practised by patients, underpinned by health beliefs that affect their adherence to medication regimens, and impacting on treatment outcomes.

OBJECTIVES

This review explores the scope of self-medication practices among people with hypertension, in terms of the scale of use, types of medication and influencing factors.

METHOD

A comprehensive search of English language, peer-reviewed literature published between 2000 and 2014 was performed. Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria; 22 of these focused on complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs).

RESULTS

Anti-hypertensive medications are listed among the 11% of products that patients reportedly obtain over-the-counter (OTC) for self-medication. On average, 25% of patients use CAMs, mostly herbs, to lower blood pressure. Recommendations by family, friends and neighbours are the most influential factors for self-medication with CAMs. Faith in treatment with CAMs, dissatisfaction with conventional medicine and the desire to reduce medication costs are also cited. Most (70%) patients with hypertension take OTC medicines to treat minor illnesses. The concurrent use of anti-hypertensive medications with analgesics and herbal medicines is commonly practised. The sociodemographic profile of patients engaging in self-medication differs markedly in the articles reviewed; self-medication practices cannot be attributed to a particular profile. Low disclosure of self-medication is consistently reported.

CONCLUSION

This review highlights a high proportion of people with hypertension practise self-medication. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of self-medication with OTC and anti-hypertensive medications on hypertension treatment. Health professionals involved in hypertension management should be mindful of any types of self-medication practices.

Who are the users of a traditional Chinese sanfu acupoint herbal patching therapy in China?: A cross-sectional survey

Sanfu acupoint herbal patching (SAHP) is a unique traditional Chinese medicine therapy, which has become popular for preventing acute attack of respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, in many regions of mainland China. However, the knowledge about its users is lacking, especially the characteristics of the users and their experience and perspectives.To investigate the demographics of users, conditions for its use and the previous experience of SAHP, as well as users' perspectives to provide baseline information for its practice.A cross-sectional consecutive-sample survey was conducted at outpatient departments from 3 traditional Chinese medicine hospitals in northern China. Each participant completed a questionnaire, after informed consent. Data description and analyses were done using SPSS 20.0.Among 949 SAHP users from 3 hospitals, female was predominant (n = 592; 62.4%), aged from 2 to 96 years (median = 52 years). 64.7% (380/587) of regular users have applied consecutively for 3 years or over, and the self-perceived satisfaction rates of respiratory diseases were from 45.9% to 77.7%. Positive attitude toward traditional Chinese medicine was the top reason for choosing SAHP. 42.4% of users held a motivation of being cured by SAHP and with great outcome expectancy on SAHP (70.8%).SAHP users were mainly female adults or elderly population; more than half were regular users, who predominantly used SAHP for various chronic respiratory diseases during their stable stage. The majority of users expressed satisfaction to previous SAHP for their respiratory diseases. 42.4% of users held a motivation of being cured by SAHP and with great outcome expectancy on SAHP (70.8%). The findings from this survey deserve further clinical trials for their clinical effectiveness.

Prevalence and Correlates of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use among Hypertensive Patients in Gondar Town, Ethiopia

Background. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies are being widely used by hypertensive patients worldwide. However, evidences regarding CAM use by hypertensive patients in Ethiopia are limited. This study aimed at assessing prevalence and correlates of CAM use among hypertensive patients attending ambulatory clinic at Gondar University Referral Hospital (GURH), Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was employed on 423 patients visiting GURH. Descriptive statistics and bivariate and multivariate logistic regression tools were used to analyze/come up with the prevalence and correlates of CAM use. Results. The prevalence of CAM use in our study was found to be 67.8% and herbal based medicine was the most commonly utilized CAM therapies. Majority of CAM users (70.2%) did not disclose CAM use for their physician. However, nearly half of CAM users (48.4%) were satisfied with the result of CAM use. Conclusions. The higher prevalence of CAM use among hypertensive patients coupled with a very low disclosure rate to their health care providers can have a marked potential to cause ineffective hypertensive management and adverse effects due to CAM use. Health care providers should be open to discussing the use of CAM with their patients as it will lead to better health outcome.

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among non-Hispanic white, Mexican American, and Vietnamese American patients with type 2 diabetes

PURPOSE

This study examines the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by ethnicity/race among patients with type 2 diabetes.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Four hundred and ten (410) patients with type 2 diabetes recruited from an academic-medical center completed a survey assessing CAM use, diabetes status, and sociodemographic characteristics.

RESULTS

Several significant ethnic/racial differences were observed in CAM use (both in the types of providers seen as well as in the herbs and dietary supplements used). Although White patients reported using CAM in addition to their diabetes medication (mean [SD] 4.9 [0.4] on a scale from 1=never to 5=always) more frequently than Mexican American patients (3.1 [1.6], p<.05), Mexican American patients (1.4 [1.1]) used CAM instead of their diabetes medications more frequently than non-Hispanic White patients (1.0 [0.1], p<.05). More Mexican American (66.7%) and Vietnamese American patients (73.7%) than non-Hispanic Whites (11.8%, p=.002) described CAM practitioners as being closer to their cultural traditions than Western practitioners, whereas Vietnamese [End Page 1941] patients were more likely to describe use of herbs and supplements as closer to their cultural traditions (84.5% versus 15.3% for White and 30.9% for Mexican American patients, p <.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Considering the variability and perceptions in CAM use, providers should discuss with their patients how their CAM use may influence diabetes management behaviors.

Anxiety and depressive features in chronic disease patients in Cambodia, Myanmar and Vietnam

Objective

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and relationship of anxiety and depressive features among patients diagnosed with a variety of chronic diseases in three Southeast Asian countries (Cambodia, Myanmar and Vietnam).

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2014 among 4803 adult patients with chronic diseases who were recruited cross-sectionally from health facilities. Anxiety and depression were assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.

Results

Overall, 17.0% of patients screened positive for anxiety disorder and 39.1% for depressive disorder. Patients with cancer (47.8%) had the highest rate of anxiety features, and those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (62.1%), kidney disease (55.5%), Parkinson’s disease (53.7%) and cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) (52.6%) the highest prevalence of depressive features. Stomach and intestinal diseases, CVDs, migraine or frequent headaches and kidney disease were positively associated with anxiety and depression after adjusting for sociodemographics and illness duration. In addition, cancer and Parkinson’s disease were positively associated with anxiety, and arthritis, diabetes, and COPD were positively associated with depression. In multivariate logistic regression, having two or more chronic conditions and poor quality of life was associated with anxiety and depression.

Conclusion

Considering the high rate of anxiety and depression among these patients with chronic disease, more efforts should directed to on the psychosocial management of these patients.

Medical students' knowledge and attitude towards complementary and alternative medicine - A survey in Ghana

Interest, use of and research into Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM; bǔ chōng yǔ tì dài yī xué) is on the increase in recent times even in developed countries. It may therefore be appropriate if medical students who would become future physicians possess adequate knowledge and better attitude towards CAMS. This study assessed medical students' knowledge of, attitude towards, and usage of CAM as well as their opinion about integrating CAMs into the medical curriculum. In a cross-sectional study, 203 medical students in 2nd, 3rd and 4th year classes completed a questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS 18 and GraphPad 5.01. Association between different variables was tested. The overall mean knowledge score was 19.6%. Students in higher years of study were significantly more knowledgeable in CAMs (p = 0.0006). The best known CAM was herbal medicine (63.6%), with relatives and friends being their main source of information. Students' attitude towards CAM was good (75.1%) with majority (71.5%) favouring introduction of CAM into the medical curriculum; preferably at the preclinical level (67.5%). Year of study, gender and locality where student grew up did not significantly affect attitude towards CAM use. Up to 117 (59.0%) of the students had ever used CAM especially herbal medicine. Although students in this study were deficient in knowledge on CAMs, their attitude and usage was good. Herbal medicine was the best known and used CAM. Majority of the students believed knowledge on CAM would be beneficial to their practice hence, desirous of its introduction into their medical curriculum.