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Cechin CDF, Carvalho GG, Kabuki DY. Occurrence, genetic characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility of Cronobacter spp. isolated from low water activity functional foods in Brazil. Food Microbiol 2024; 122:104570. [PMID: 38839229 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are bacterial pathogens isolated from a wide variety of foods. This study aims at evaluating the occurrence of Cronobacter spp. in low water activity functional food samples, detect the presence of virulence genes, and determine the antibiotic susceptibility of strains. From 105 samples, 38 (36.2%) were contaminated with Cronobacter spp. The species identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing analyses (rpoB and fusA genes, respectively) were C. sakazakii (60.3%), C. dublinensis (25.4%), C. turincensis (9.5%), and C. malonaticus (4.8%). Nineteen fusA alleles were identified, including four new alleles. The virulence genes were identified by PCR and all isolates were positive for ompX and sodA genes, 60.3% to cpa gene, and 58.7% to hly gene. Using the disk diffusion method, antibiotic susceptibility to twelve antibiotics was assessed twice, separated by a 19-month period. In the first test, the isolates showed diverse antibiotic susceptibility profiles, with nineteen isolates (30.2%) being multi-drug resistant (resistant to three or more antibiotic classes), in the second, the isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics. Cronobacter spp. in functional foods demonstrates the need for continued investigation of this pathogen in foods, and further research is needed to clarify the loss of resistance of Cronobacter strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine da Fonseca Cechin
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos e Nutrição, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Guimarães Carvalho
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos e Nutrição, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Dirce Yorika Kabuki
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos e Nutrição, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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2
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Cechin CDF, Carvalho GG, Bastos CP, Kabuki DY. Cronobacter spp. in foods of plant origin: occurrence, contamination routes, and pathogenic potential. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12398-12412. [PMID: 35866516 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter is an emerging bacterial pathogen associated with infections such as necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and meningitis in neonates and infants, related to the consumption of powdered infant formula. In addition, this bacterium can also cause infections in adults by the ingestion of other foods. Thus, this review article aims to report the occurrence and prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in foods of plant origin, as well as the possible sources and routes of contamination in these products, and the presence of pathogenic strains in these foods. Cronobacter was present in a wide variety of cereal-based foods, vegetables, herbs, spices, ready-to-eat foods, and foods from other categories. This pathogen was also found in cultivation environments, such as soils, compost, animal feces, rice and vegetable crops, as well as food processing industries, and domestic environments, thus demonstrating possible contamination routes. Furthermore, sequence types (ST) involved in clinical cases and isolates resistant to antibiotics were found in Cronobacter strains isolated from food of plant origin. The identification of Cronobacter spp. in plant-based foods is of great importance to better elucidate the vehicles and routes of contamination in the primary production chain and processing facility, until the final consumption of the food, to prevent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine da Fonseca Cechin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Guimarães Carvalho
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Peixoto Bastos
- Center of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Dirce Yorika Kabuki
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Virulence and DNA sequence analysis of Cronobacter spp. isolated from infant cereals. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 376:109745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Rehagel C, Akineden Ö, Usleber E. Microbiological and mycotoxicological analyses of processed cereal‐based complementary foods for infants and young children from the German market. J Food Sci 2022; 87:1810-1822. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Rehagel
- Dairy Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Food Science Justus‐Liebig University Giessen Giessen Germany
| | - Ömer Akineden
- Dairy Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Food Science Justus‐Liebig University Giessen Giessen Germany
| | - Ewald Usleber
- Dairy Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Food Science Justus‐Liebig University Giessen Giessen Germany
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5
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Wang L, Forsythe SJ, Yang X, Fu S, Man C, Jiang Y. Invited review: Stress resistance of Cronobacter spp. affecting control of its growth during food production. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11348-11367. [PMID: 34364644 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Cronobacter genus include food-borne pathogens that can cause infections in infants, with a mortality rate as high as 40 to 80%. The high fatality rate of Cronobacter and its isolation from numerous types of food, especially from powdered infant formula, demonstrate the serious nature of this organism. The source tracking of Cronobacter spp. and the analysis of high-frequency species from different sources are helpful for a more targeted control. Furthermore, the persistence during food processing and storage may be attributed to strong resistance of Cronobacter spp. to environment stresses such as heat, pH, and desiccation. There are many factors that support the survival of Cronobacter spp. in harsh environments, such as some genes, regulatory systems, and biofilms. Advanced detection technology is helpful for the strict monitoring of Cronobacter spp. In addition to the traditional heat treatment, many new control techniques have been developed, and the ability to control Cronobacter spp. has been demonstrated. The control of this bacteria is required not only during manufacture, but also through the selection of packaging methods to reduce postprocessing contamination. At the same time, the effect of inactivation methods on product quality and safety must be considered. This review considers the advances in our understanding of environmental stress response in Cronobacter spp. with special emphasis on its implications in food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
| | - Stephen J Forsythe
- Foodmicrobe.com, Adams Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham, United Kingdom, NG12 5GY
| | - Xinyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
| | - Shiqian Fu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
| | - Chaoxin Man
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030.
| | - Yujun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030.
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Arslan S, Ertürk HG. Occurrence, Virulence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Cronobacter spp. from Ready-to-Eat Foods. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3403-3416. [PMID: 34241669 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02585-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. can cause foodborne diseases in infants, but Cronobacter infections in healthy adults and vulnerable people have also been reported. These bacteria have ubiquitous nature and can contaminate various foods. Therefore, we assessed the presence of Cronobacter spp. in popularly consumed ready-to-eat (RTE) food products. In the present study, 51 (15%) of the 340 RTE food samples were contaminated with Cronobacter spp The highest contamination rates were found in spices (46.7%), meat-free cig koftes (44.4%), desserts (23.3%), cereals (23.1%), doners (12.2%), and ice cream (11.1%). Phenotypic and molecular methods, including 16S rRNA, gluA, rpoB, cgcA genes, and fusA allele sequencing were tested to identify Cronobacter species. Of the 51 contaminated samples, 54 isolates were identified as C. sakazakii (n = 43), C. malonaticus (n = 7), C. muytjensii (n = 3) and C. turicensis (n = 1) using fusA analysis. These isolates were assigned to 15 different fusA alleles, two of which (191 and 192) were new alleles. Putative virulence factors such as the ompA and zpx gene, biofilms, and siderophores were detected in most of the Cronobacter isolates (> 85%). Cronobacter isolates were resistant to cephalothin (85.2%), cefoxitin (33.3%), cefotaxime (14.8%), ampicillin (11.1%), cefepime (5.6%), aztreonam (5.6%), and piperacillin (1.9%). The multidrug resistance (against three or more classes of antimicrobial agents) was 7.4%. The results indicated presence of Cronobacter spp. in RTE foods, which may be a risk to human health. It is important to adopt rigorous hygiene and sanitization practices to ensure the microbiological safety of these foods consuming without any processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seza Arslan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy, 14030, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Hafize Gizem Ertürk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy, 14030, Bolu, Turkey
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7
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Costa PV, Vasconcellos L, Forsythe SJ, Brandão MLL. Diversity of Cronobacter genus isolated between 1970 and 2019 on the American continent and genotyped using multi-locus sequence typing. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6156629. [PMID: 33677554 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the Cronobacter spp. strains isolated on the American continent and characterized using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) available in the PubMLST database and current literature. From 465 Cronobacter spp. strains, the majority (n = 267, 57.4%) was from North America, mainly from USA (n = 234) and 198 (42.6%) were from South America, mainly from Brazil (n = 196). A total of 232 (49.9%) were isolated from foods, 102 (21.9%) from environmental, 87 (18.7%) from clinical, 27 (5.8%) from PIF, one from water (0.2%) and 16 (3.5%) from unknown sources. A total of five species were represented: Cronobacter sakazakii (374, 80.4%), Cronobacter malonaticus (41, 8.8%), Cronobacter dublinensis (29, 6.2%), Cronobacter turicensis (16, 3.5%) and Cronobacter muytjensii (5, 1.1%). The strains with complete MLST profile (n = 345) were assigned to 98 STs, a ratio of 3.5 strain by ST found and the calculated Simpson`s index was 0.93. The strains showed a high diversity and after eBURST analysis, 30 STs (n = 189) formed 12 single and/or double-locus variant clonal complexes (CC). A total of 38 STs (38.7%) were associated with clinical cases of infection, including well established C. sakazakii CC 1, 4, 8 and 83; C. malonaticus ST60, 307, 394 and 440; and C. sakazakii ST 12 and 494.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiza Vasconcellos
- Department of Quality Control, Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil n.º 4365, Brazil
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Costa PV, de Siqueira RM, Rosa Guimarães AC, Vasconcellos L, Midlej V, Silva da Conceição GM, Forsythe SJ, Lima Brandão ML. Cytotoxicity profile of Cronobacter species isolated from food and clinical specimens in Brazil. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1758-1769. [PMID: 33090617 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of Cronobacter strains isolated from foods (n = 50) and clinical samples (n = 6) in Brazil and genotype selected strains (n = 18) using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) METHODS AND RESULTS: The cytotoxic activity of C. sakazakii (n = 29), C. dublinensis (n = 13), C. malonaticus (n = 6), C. turicensis (n = 6) and C. muytjensii (n = 2) was screened using Vero, RK13, Hep2c, NCTC clone 929 and BHK-21 cell lines. Selected Cronobacter strains were assigned to C. sakazakii ST 21, C. turicensis ST 252, C. sakazakii ST 647, and three newly assigned STs: C. turicensis STs 738-740. The maximum death caused by non-heat-treated filtrates was 20·4, 86·2, 47·0 and 84·0%, in Vero, RK13, Hep2c and NCTC clone 929 cells, respectively. These were caused by C. sakazakii strains C291 and C292 (ST 494) which had been isolated during neonatal Cronobacter meningitis infection, and C110 (ST 395) isolated from flaxseed flour. Thermal treatment (100°C/20 min) significantly reduced the cytotoxicity activity in NCTC clone 929 and Vero cells (P ≤ 2 × 10-6 ), but not in RK13 (P = 0·12) and Hep2c (P = 0·85), indicating the cytotoxin(s) were probably proteinaceous. Electron microscopy revealed that cytotoxic compounds from C. sakazakii induced several cell death characteristics, including loss of cell-cell contact, microvilli reduction and cellular lysis. Autophagic vacuoles and mitochondrial damage were the most common ultrastructural features observed. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that Cronobacter strains, especially C. sakazakii, could produce heat-labile cytotoxic compounds in cell filtrates. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study providing insights into the pathogenesis of the Cronobacter genus. Cytotoxins were identified in excreted filtrates of C. sakazakii strains isolated from food and clinical specimens. The presence of Cronobacter strains that can produce cytotoxins in foods can be a potential threat to human health and highlight the need for high levels of hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Costa
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Food and Sanitizes, INCQS/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R M de Siqueira
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccines, Biopharmaceutics, and Cell Culture, INCQS/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A C Rosa Guimarães
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccines, Biopharmaceutics, and Cell Culture, INCQS/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L Vasconcellos
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Food and Sanitizes, INCQS/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - V Midlej
- Laboratory of Cellular Ultrastructure, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - S J Forsythe
- Foodmicrobe.com, Adams Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - M L Lima Brandão
- Laboratory of Microbiology Control, Biomanguinhos/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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9
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Jang H, Chase HR, Gangiredla J, Grim CJ, Patel IR, Kothary MH, Jackson SA, Mammel MK, Carter L, Negrete F, Finkelstein S, Weinstein L, Yan Q, Iversen C, Pagotto F, Stephan R, Lehner A, Eshwar AK, Fanning S, Farber J, Gopinath GR, Tall BD, Pava-Ripoll M. Analysis of the Molecular Diversity Among Cronobacter Species Isolated From Filth Flies Using Targeted PCR, Pan Genomic DNA Microarray, and Whole Genome Sequencing Analyses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:561204. [PMID: 33101235 PMCID: PMC7545074 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.561204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter species are opportunistic pathogens capable of causing life-threatening infections in humans, with serious complications arising in neonates, infants, immuno-compromised individuals, and elderly adults. The genus is comprised of seven species: Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter malonaticus, Cronobacter turicensis, Cronobacter muytjensii, Cronobacter dublinensis, Cronobacter universalis, and Cronobacter condimenti. Despite a multiplicity of genomic data for the genus, little is known about likely transmission vectors. Using DNA microarray analysis, in parallel with whole genome sequencing, and targeted PCR analyses, the total gene content of two C. malonaticus, three C. turicensis, and 14 C. sakazaki isolated from various filth flies was assessed. Phylogenetic relatedness among these and other strains obtained during surveillance and outbreak investigations were comparatively assessed. Specifically, microarray analysis (MA) demonstrated its utility to cluster strains according to species-specific and sequence type (ST) phylogenetic relatedness, and that the fly strains clustered among strains obtained from clinical, food and environmental sources from United States, Europe, and Southeast Asia. This combinatorial approach was useful in data mining for virulence factor genes, and phage genes and gene clusters. In addition, results of plasmidotyping were in agreement with the species identity for each strain as determined by species-specific PCR assays, MA, and whole genome sequencing. Microarray and BLAST analyses of Cronobacter fly sequence datasets were corroborative and showed that the presence and absence of virulence factors followed species and ST evolutionary lines even though such genes were orthologous. Additionally, zebrafish infectivity studies showed that these pathotypes were as virulent to zebrafish embryos as other clinical strains. In summary, these findings support a striking phylogeny amongst fly, clinical, and surveillance strains isolated during 2010–2015, suggesting that flies are capable vectors for transmission of virulent Cronobacter spp.; they continue to circulate among United States and European populations, environments, and that this “pattern of circulation” has continued over decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Jang
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Hannah R Chase
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Christopher J Grim
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Isha R Patel
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Mahendra H Kothary
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Scott A Jackson
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Mark K Mammel
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Laurenda Carter
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Flavia Negrete
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Samantha Finkelstein
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Leah Weinstein
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - QiongQiong Yan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carol Iversen
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Franco Pagotto
- Food Directorate, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Lehner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Athmanya K Eshwar
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Seamus Fanning
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jeffery Farber
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Gopal R Gopinath
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Ben D Tall
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Monica Pava-Ripoll
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
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Li C, Zeng H, Zhang J, Luo D, Chen M, Lei T, Yang X, Wu H, Cai S, Ye Y, Ding Y, Wang J, Wu Q. Cronobacter spp. isolated from aquatic products in China: Incidence, antibiotic resistance, molecular characteristic and CRISPR diversity. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 335:108857. [PMID: 32947144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter species (Cronobacter spp.) are important foodborne pathogens that can infect and cause serious life-threatening diseases in infants and immunocompromised elderly. This study aimed to acquire data on Cronobacter spp. contamination of aquatic products in China from 2011 to 2016. In total, 800 aquatic products were tested, and the overall contamination rate for Cronobacter spp. was 3.9% (31/800). The average contamination level of the positive samples was 2.05 MPN/g. Four species and nine serotypes were identified among 33 isolates, of which the C. sakazakii serogroup O1 (n = 9) was the primary serotype. The majority of Cronobacter spp. strains harbored highest resistance against cephalothin (84.8%), followed by tetracycline (6.1%), trimethoprim/sulfameth-oxazole (3.0%) and chloramphenicol (3.0%). Two isolates were resistant to three antibiotics. In total, 26 sequence types and 33 CRISPR types (including 6 new STs and 26 new CTs) were identified, which indicates the extremely high diversity of Cronobacter spp. in aquatic products. Pathogenic C. sakazakii ST4, ST1, and C. malonaticus ST7 were also observed. Overall, this large-scale study revealed the relatively low prevalence and high genetic diversity of Cronobacter spp. in aquatic products in China, and the findings provide valuable information that can guide the establishment of effective measures for the control and precaution of Cronobacter spp. in aquatic products during production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengsi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Dandan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Tao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Haoming Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Shuzhen Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yingwang Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science &Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
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11
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Costa PV, Vasconcellos L, da Silva IC, Medeiros VDM, Forsythe SJ, Brandão MLL. Multi-locus sequence typing and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Cronobacter sakazakii and Cronobacter malonaticus isolated from corn-based farinaceous foods commercialized in Brazil. Food Res Int 2020; 129:108805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Zeng H, Li C, He W, Zhang J, Chen M, Lei T, Wu H, Ling N, Cai S, Wang J, Ding Y, Wu Q. Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter malonaticus, and Cronobacter dublinensis Genotyping Based on CRISPR Locus Diversity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1989. [PMID: 31555228 PMCID: PMC6722223 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter strains harboring CRISPR-Cas systems are important foodborne pathogens that cause serious neonatal infections. CRISPR typing is a new molecular subtyping method to track the sources of pathogenic bacterial outbreaks and shows a promise in typing Cronobacter, however, this molecular typing procedure using routine PCR method has not been established. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish such methodology, 257 isolates of Cronobacter sakazakii, C. malonaticus, and C. dublinensis were used to verify the feasibility of the method. Results showed that 161 C. sakazakii strains could be divided into 129 CRISPR types (CTs), among which CT15 (n = 7) was the most prevalent CT followed by CT6 (n = 4). Further, 65 C. malonaticus strains were divided into 42 CTs and CT23 (n = 8) was the most prevalent followed by CT2, CT3, and CT13 (n = 4). Finally, 31 C. dublinensis strains belonged to 31 CTs. There was also a relationship among CT, sequence type (ST), food types, and serotype. Compared to multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), this new molecular method has greater power to distinguish similar strains and had better accordance with whole genome sequence typing (WGST). More importantly, some lineages were found to harbor conserved ancestral spacers ahead of their divergent specific spacer sequences; this can be exploited to infer the divergent evolution of Cronobacter and provide phylogenetic information reflecting common origins. Compared to WGST, CRISPR typing method is simpler and more affordable, it could be used to identify sources of Cronobacter food-borne outbreaks, from clinical cases to food sources and the production sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengsi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuzhen Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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