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Menezes KV, Duarte CEDS, Moreira MG, Moreno TDJC, Pereira VJDS, Ucella-Filho JGM, Otenio MH, Ignacchiti MDC, Resende JA. Enterobacteria in anaerobic digestion of dairy cattle wastewater: Assessing virulence and resistance for one health security. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 252:121192. [PMID: 38309066 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Samples from a dairy cattle waste-fed anaerobic digester were collected across seasons to assess sanitary safety for biofertilizer use. Isolated enterobacteria (suggestive of Escherichia coli) were tested for susceptibility to biocides, antimicrobials, and biofilm-forming capability. Results revealed a decrease in total bacteria, coliforms, and enterobacteria in biofertilizer compared to the effluent. Among 488 isolates, 98.12 % exhibited high biofilm formation. Biofertilizer isolates exhibited a similar biofilm formation capability as effluent isolates in summer, but greater propensity in winter. Resistance to biocides and antimicrobials varied, with tetracycline resistance reaching 19 %. Of the isolates, 25 were multidrug-resistant (MDR), with 64 % resistant to three drugs. Positive correlations were observed between MDR and increased biofilm formation capacity in both samples, while there was negative correlation between MDR and increased biocide resistance. A higher number of MDR bacteria were found in biofertilizer compared to the effluent, revealing the persistence of E. coli resistance, posing challenges to food safety and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kássia Vidal Menezes
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Center for Agricultural Sciences and Engineering - CCAE, Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, Alto Universitário, no number, Guararema, Alegre, ES 29500-000, Brazil
| | | | - Myleny Goularte Moreira
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, Alegre, ES 29500-000, Brazil
| | | | - Vitor José da Silva Pereira
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, Alegre, ES 29500-000, Brazil
| | - João Gilberto Meza Ucella-Filho
- Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, Jerônimo Monteiro, ES 29550-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliana Alves Resende
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Center for Agricultural Sciences and Engineering - CCAE, Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, Alto Universitário, no number, Guararema, Alegre, ES 29500-000, Brazil; Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, Alegre, ES 29500-000, Brazil.
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2
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Giraldo-Rubio V, Arango-Gil BS, Granobles-Velandia CV. First report of the prevalence of Shiga toxinproducing Escherichia coli in ground beef in Quindío, Colombia. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2023; 43:474-482. [PMID: 38109140 PMCID: PMC10781425 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.7004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a foodborne pathogen associated with clinical cases of diarrhea in humans. Its main virulence factors are the Shiga toxins (Stx1 and Stx2). Cattle are the main reservoir of STEC, and many outbreaks in humans have been related to the consumption of undercooked ground beef contaminated with this pathogen. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of STEC in ground beef commercialized in all the butcher shops of a township in the department of Quindío and to characterize the virulence genes of the strains found. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty ground beef samples were taken in three different times; stx genes and other STEC virulence factors (eae, ehxA, saa) were detected by multiplex PCR. RESULTS The overall prevalence of STEC was 33.33 % (10/30 positive samples). We isolated eight non-O157 (LEE-negative) strains with four different genetic profiles: stx2 / stx2-ehxA-saa / stx1-stx2-ehxA-saa / stx1-saa. CONCLUSION This is the first report on the prevalence of STEC in ground beef in a township in the department of Quindío.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Giraldo-Rubio
- Grupo de Inmunología Molecular (GYMOL), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia.
| | - Brayan Stiven Arango-Gil
- Grupo de Inmunología Molecular (GYMOL), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia.
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3
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Cui Q, Zhong Y, Shang W, Deng F, Wang B, Wu J, Wang P, Wan L, Wang K, Fang L, Dai R, Zhang H, Ledesma-Amaro R, Zhang Y, Huang J. Fluorescent Probe Combined with Photoelectric Analysis Technology for Detection of Escherichia coli. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:150. [PMID: 36831916 PMCID: PMC9953772 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Food safety is facing great challenges in preventing foodborne diseases caused by pathogenic pollution, especially in resource-limited areas. The rapid detection technique of microorganisms, such as immunological methods and molecular biological methods, plays a crucial key in timely bioanalysis and disease treatment strategies. However, it is difficult for these methods to simultaneously meet the criteria of simple operation, high specificity, and sensitivity, as well as low cost. Coconut water is known as the "water of life" in Hainan. It is a refreshing and nutritious beverage which is widely consumed due to its beneficial properties to health. Coconut water processing is an important pillar industry in Hainan. The detection of pathogenic microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, in coconut water has become an important factor which has restricted the upgrading and development of this industry. Based on the needs of industrial development, we developed a microbial photoelectric detection system which was composed of a fluorescent probe detection reagent and a photoelectric sensor detection device. This system combined microbial enzyme targets, selective fluorescent substrate metabolism characteristics, and a photoelectric sensor signal transduction mechanism, which produce a strong signal with a high signal-to-noise ratio. The microbial detection system developed here has a simple structure, simple and convenient operation, short detecting time (≥2 h), and high sensitivity (1 CFU/mL). This system may also enable early warning and monitoring programs for other pathogenic microorganisms in order to promote the overall competitiveness of the Hainan coconut water industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yongjie Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Wenkai Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Fuming Deng
- Coconut Research Center, Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science (CATAS), Haikou 570228, China
| | - Buhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiajia Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-Fouling Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Peng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-Fouling Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Liudang Wan
- Insititue of Biotechnology, ViewKr, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Keling Wang
- Insititue of Biotechnology, ViewKr, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Lingchen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Rui Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Department of Bioengineering and Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yunuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiaomei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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4
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Torres AG. The Challenge to Control Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in Virulent Escherichia coli Isolates in Latin America. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0150622. [PMID: 35762783 PMCID: PMC9430625 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01506-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Latin American Coalition for Escherichia coli Research (LACER) was created as a network of investigators using One Health approaches trying to understand infections caused by regional E. coli isolates and to sound the alarm due to the evolution of strains that are multiresistant to antibiotics (resistome) that also display different virulence profiles (virulome). After the COVID19 pandemic, a major concern by investigators has been the appearance of more virulent and resistant strains. Recently, a paper published in Microbiology Spectrum by Brazilian investigators (Fuga B., et al. Microbiol Spectr 10:e0125621, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01256-21) has used a genomic approach to demonstrate that during a period of 45 years, a wide resistome and virulome has converged, resulting in the appearance and persistence of high-risk clones affecting humans, animals and the environment, and its rapid dissemination is becoming an unattended international threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo G. Torres
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Galveston, Texas, USA
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5
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Oral Administration with Live Attenuated Citrobacter rodentium Protects Immunocompromised Mice from Lethal Infection. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0019822. [PMID: 35861565 PMCID: PMC9302154 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00198-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) are important causative agents for foodborne diseases worldwide. Besides antibiotic treatment, vaccination has been deemed as the most effective strategy for preventing EPEC- and EHEC-caused foodborne illnesses. Despite substantial progress made in identifying promising antigens and efficacious vaccines, no vaccines against EPEC or EHEC have yet been licensed. Mice are inherently resistant to EPEC and EHEC infections; infection with Citrobacter rodentium (CR), the murine equivalent of EPEC and EHEC, in mice has been widely used as a model to study bacterial pathogenesis and develop novel vaccine strategies. Mirroring the severe outcomes of EPEC and EHEC infections in immunocompromised populations, immunocompromised mouse strains such as interleukin-22 knockout (Il22-/-) are susceptible to CR infection with severe clinical symptoms and mortality. Live attenuated bacterial vaccine strategies have been scarcely investigated for EPEC and EHEC infections, in particular in immunocompromised populations associated with severe outcomes. Here we examined whether live attenuated CR strain with rational genetic manipulation generates protective immunity against lethal CR infection in the susceptible Il22-/- mice. Our results demonstrate that oral administration of live ΔespFΔushA strain promotes efficient systemic and humoral immunity against a wide range of CR virulence determinants, thus protecting otherwise lethal CR infection, even in immunocompromised Il22-/- mice. This provides a proof of concept of live attenuated vaccination strategy for preventing CR infection in immunocompromised hosts associated with more severe symptoms and lethality.
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Jarquin C, Morales O, McCracken JP, Lopez MR, Lopez B, Reyes L, Gómez GA, Bryan JP, Peruski LF, Pattabiraman V, Parsons MB. Burden of Diarrheagenic
Escherichia coli
in Santa Rosa, Guatemala in active health‐services surveillance during 2008‐2009 and 2014‐2015. Trop Med Int Health 2022; 27:408-417. [DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jarquin
- Center for Health Studies Universidad del Valle de Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemala
| | - Oneida Morales
- Center for Health Studies Universidad del Valle de Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemala
| | - John P. McCracken
- Center for Health Studies Universidad del Valle de Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemala
| | - Maria R. Lopez
- Center for Health Studies Universidad del Valle de Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemala
| | - Beatriz Lopez
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Central America Regional Office Center for Global Health Guatemala
| | - Lisette Reyes
- Guatemalan Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare Guatemala
| | - Gerardo A. Gómez
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta USA
| | - Joe P. Bryan
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Central America Regional Office Center for Global Health Guatemala
| | - Leonard F. Peruski
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Central America Regional Office Center for Global Health Guatemala
| | - Vaishnavi Pattabiraman
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta USA
| | - Michele B. Parsons
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta USA
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Mitotic Arrest-Deficient 2 Like 2 (MAD2L2) Interacts with Escherichia coli Effector Protein EspF. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090971. [PMID: 34575120 PMCID: PMC8469580 DOI: 10.3390/life11090971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic (EPEC) and Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) Escherichia coli are considered emerging zoonotic pathogens of worldwide distribution. The pathogenicity of the bacteria is conferred by multiple virulence determinants, including the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island, which encodes a type III secretion system (T3SS) and effector proteins, including the multifunctional secreted effector protein (EspF). EspF sequences differ between EPEC and EHEC serotypes in terms of the number and residues of SH3-binding polyproline-rich repeats and N-terminal localization sequence. The aim of this study was to discover additional cellular interactions of EspF that may play important roles in E. coli colonization using the Yeast two-hybrid screening system (Y2H). Y2H screening identified the anaphase-promoting complex inhibitor Mitotic Arrest-Deficient 2 Like 2 (MAD2L2) as a host protein that interacts with EspF. Using LUMIER assays, MAD2L2 was shown to interact with EspF variants from EHEC O157:H7 and O26:H11 as well as EPEC O127:H6. MAD2L2 is targeted by the non-homologous Shigella effector protein invasion plasmid antigen B (IpaB) to halt the cell cycle and limit epithelial cell turnover. Therefore, we postulate that interactions between EspF and MAD2L2 serve a similar function in promoting EPEC and EHEC colonization, since cellular turnover is a key method for bacteria removal from the epithelium. Future work should investigate the biological importance of this interaction that could promote the colonization of EPEC and EHEC E. coli in the host.
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Potential Zoonotic Pathovars of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Detected in Lambs for Human Consumption from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081710. [PMID: 34442790 PMCID: PMC8401499 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) pathovars impact childhood health. The southern region of Argentina shows the highest incidence of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in children of the country. The big island of Tierra del Fuego (TDF) in Argentina registered an incidence of five cases/100,000 inhabitants of HUS in 2019. This work aimed to establish the prevalence of STEC, EPEC, and EAEC in lambs slaughtered in abattoirs from TDF as well as to characterize the phenotypes and the genotypes of the isolated pathogens. The prevalence was 26.6% for stx+, 5.7% for eae+, and 0.27% for aagR+/aaiC+. Twelve STEC isolates were obtained and belonged to the following serotypes: O70:HNT, O81:H21, O81:HNT, O102:H6, O128ab:H2, O174:H8, and O174:HNT. Their genotypic profiles were stx1c (2), stx1c/ehxA (3), stx2b/ehxA (1), stx1c/stx2b (2), and stx1c/stx2/ehxA (4). Six EPEC isolates were obtained and corresponded to five serotypes: O2:H40, O32:H8, O56:H6, O108:H21, and O177:H25. All the EPEC isolates were bfpA- and two were ehxA+. By XbaI-PFGE of 17 isolates, two clusters were identified. By antimicrobial susceptibility tests, 8/12 STEC and 5/6 EPEC were resistant to at least one antibiotic. This work provides new data to understand the ecology of DEC in TDF and confirms that ovine are an important carrier of these pathogens in the region.
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9
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Seasonal effect on Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157:H7 and non-O157 in the beef industry in Colombia, South America. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07547. [PMID: 34345734 PMCID: PMC8319524 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This research investigated the variations in the occurrence of Salmonella, STEC O157:H7 and non-O157 in the beef production chain in Colombia affected by seasons, hypothesizing that pathogen prevalence will be highest in the rainy season owing to soil moisture promoting bacteria multiplication and transfer between animals. To test this hypothesis, samples were obtained from five abattoirs, which represent 50% of the beef production in this country. A total of 1017 samples were collected, from which 606 were bovine feces, 206 were hide swabs, and 205 corresponded to carcass post-intervention. From the 1017 samples, 49.9% (n = 507) were collected during dry season, while 50.1% (n = 510) during rainy season. All samples (n = 1017) underwent screening for E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella, while only a proportion of fecal samples (n = 339) were screened for the big six STEC serogroups and their virulence markers. The effect of season, age of animal and sex of animal were correlated with the prevalence results. A total of 84.7% of fecal samples carried virulence genes associated to STEC (stx or eae), suggesting that testing and control should be increased for the big-six STEC compared to E. coli O157:H7. Pathogen prevalence in feces was found to be 8.3%, 5.0%, and 51.0% for Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7 and STEC non-O157, respectively. Hides had a prevalence of 15.0% and 6.8% of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. Carcasses post-intervention were found to have 4.4% and 2.5% prevalence of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. A seasonal effect was found for fecal samples. E. coli O157 and non-O157 STEC shedding were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) during rainy season compared to dry season. In contrast, hides and carcasses were more likely to present lower incidence of pathogens during rainy months compared to dry season; however, it was significant only for Salmonella on carcasses with estimated odds of detection almost six times higher in the dry season relative to the rainy season (OR = 5.90, 95% CI 1.18-29.57).
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10
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Ageorges V, Monteiro R, Leroy S, Burgess CM, Pizza M, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Desvaux M. Molecular determinants of surface colonisation in diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC): from bacterial adhesion to biofilm formation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:314-350. [PMID: 32239203 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is primarily known as a commensal colonising the gastrointestinal tract of infants very early in life but some strains being responsible for diarrhoea, which can be especially severe in young children. Intestinal pathogenic E. coli include six pathotypes of diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC), namely, the (i) enterotoxigenic E. coli, (ii) enteroaggregative E. coli, (iii) enteropathogenic E. coli, (iv) enterohemorragic E. coli, (v) enteroinvasive E. coli and (vi) diffusely adherent E. coli. Prior to human infection, DEC can be found in natural environments, animal reservoirs, food processing environments and contaminated food matrices. From an ecophysiological point of view, DEC thus deal with very different biotopes and biocoenoses all along the food chain. In this context, this review focuses on the wide range of surface molecular determinants acting as surface colonisation factors (SCFs) in DEC. In the first instance, SCFs can be broadly discriminated into (i) extracellular polysaccharides, (ii) extracellular DNA and (iii) surface proteins. Surface proteins constitute the most diverse group of SCFs broadly discriminated into (i) monomeric SCFs, such as autotransporter (AT) adhesins, inverted ATs, heat-resistant agglutinins or some moonlighting proteins, (ii) oligomeric SCFs, namely, the trimeric ATs and (iii) supramolecular SCFs, including flagella and numerous pili, e.g. the injectisome, type 4 pili, curli chaperone-usher pili or conjugative pili. This review also details the gene regulatory network of these numerous SCFs at the various stages as it occurs from pre-transcriptional to post-translocational levels, which remains to be fully elucidated in many cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Ageorges
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ricardo Monteiro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sabine Leroy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Catherine M Burgess
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | | | - Frédérique Chaucheyras-Durand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Lallemand Animal Nutrition SAS, F-31702 Blagnac Cedex, France
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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11
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Saidenberg ABS, van Vliet AH, Brandão PE, de Sá LRM, Cunha MPV, La Ragione RM, Knöbl T. Genomic characterization of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) of avian origin and rabbit ileal loop response; a pet macaw ( Ara chloropterus) as a possible zoonotic reservoir. Vet Q 2020; 40:331-341. [PMID: 33269989 PMCID: PMC7717848 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1845916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) constitutes one of the main causes of mortality in children in low- to medium-income countries. Diverse animal species have been linked as reservoirs, including birds. The aim of this study was to describe the genomic and phylogenetic features of an EPEC recovered from a pet macaw and further characterizing the macro and microscopic lesion in a rabbit ileal loop experimental model. The isolate was whole-genome sequenced (WGS) obtaining its genotypic and phenotypic in silico characteristics and inoculated in a rabbit experimental model with subsequently evaluating the strain's pathogenicity by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histopathology. The isolate was characterized as O109:H21-B1-ST40 typical EPEC, harboring several virulence factors of diarrheagenic E. coli. The macaw EPEC genome was located in a monophyletic clade of human and animal ST40 EPEC sequences. In vivo inoculation demonstrated severe hemorrhage with SEM and histopathological analysis confirming these lesions to be associated with intra-epithelial lymphocytes. Therefore, the isolate not only shared several genotypic and phylogenetic similarities with EPEC that affects humans and animals, but was able to induce severe tissue injury in a mammal model. These findings highlight the underrated role of pet birds as zoonotic reservoirs and the diversity in virulence factors being unraveled by new WGS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnoud H.M. van Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Paulo Eduardo Brandão
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Roberto M. La Ragione
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Terezinha Knöbl
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Merino VR, Nakano V, Delannoy S, Fach P, Alberca GGF, Farfan MJ, Piazza RMF, Avila-Campos MJ. Prevalence of Enteropathogens and Virulence Traits in Brazilian Children With and Without Diarrhea. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:549919. [PMID: 33102252 PMCID: PMC7545120 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.549919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of molecular diagnostics for pathogen detection in epidemiological studies have allowed us to get a wider view of the pathogens associated with diarrhea, but the presence of enteropathogens in asymptomatic individuals has raised several challenges in understanding the etiology of diarrhea, and the use of these platforms in clinical diagnosis as well. To characterize the presence of the most relevant bacterial enteropathogens in diarrheal episodes, we evaluated here the prevalence of diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes, Salmonella spp., and Yersinia enterocolitica in stool samples of children with and without diarrhea using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). We found that the presence of genetic markers associated with bacterial pathogens was significantly higher in stool samples from the diarrhea group compared to the control (P < 0.001). Bacterial loads in samples positive for eae and aggR markers were also determined. Compared to samples from asymptomatic children, a significantly higher number of copies of the eae gene were found in diarrhea samples. Also, the presence of genetic markers associated with STEC strains with clinical significance was evaluated in eae-positive samples by high-throughput real-time PCR. The data presented herein demonstrated that asymptomatic children of an urban area in Brazil might be enteropathogen reservoirs, especially for STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor R Merino
- Laboratório de Anaeróbios, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viviane Nakano
- Laboratório de Anaeróbios, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabine Delannoy
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail, Food Safety Laboratory, Université Paris-Est, Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | - Patrick Fach
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail, Food Safety Laboratory, Université Paris-Est, Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | - Gabriela G F Alberca
- Laboratório de Anaeróbios, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauricio J Farfan
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil, Facultad de Medicina, Campus Oriente-Hospital Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Mario J Avila-Campos
- Laboratório de Anaeróbios, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Vélez MV, Colello R, Etcheverría AI, Vidal RM, Montero DA, Acuña P, Guillén Fretes RM, Toro M, Padola NL. Distribution of Locus of Adhesion and Autoaggregation and hes Gene in STEC Strains from Countries of Latin America. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:2111-2117. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Lopes HP, Costa GA, Pinto AC, Machado LS, Cunha NC, Nascimento ER, Pereira VL, Abreu DL. Detection of the mcr-1 gene in Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Shigatoxigenic E. coli (STEC) strains isolated from broilers. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Shigatoxigenic E. coli (STEC) strains are among the major pathotypes found in poultry and their products, which are capable of causing human enteric infections. Colistin has been claimed the drug of choice against diseases caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDRGN) in humans. The mcr-1 gene was the first plasmidial gene that has been described to be responsible for colistin resistance and has also been detected in birds and poultry products. Our study aimed to detect the mcr-1 gene in enteropathogenic strains of E. coli in order to evaluate the resistance to colistin in broilers. The material was obtained from 240 cloacal samples and 60 broiler carcasses. The strains were isolated by the conventional bacteriological method and by the virulence genes, which characterize the enteropathogenic strains and resistance, and the samples were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 213 isolated strains of E. coli, 57 (26.76%) were characterized as atypical EPEC and 35 (16.43%) as STEC. The mcr-1 gene was found in 3.5% (2/57) of the EPEC strains and 5.7% (2/35) of the STEC strains. In this study, it was possible to confirm that the mcr-1 resistance gene is already circulating in the broiler flocks studied and may be associated with the pathogenic strains.
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15
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Yasobant S, Bruchhausen W, Saxena D, Falkenberg T. One health collaboration for a resilient health system in India: Learnings from global initiatives. One Health 2019; 8:100096. [PMID: 31304229 PMCID: PMC6606562 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2019.100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-sectoral collaborations are now recognized as key importance for health system strengthening and health system integration, globally; however, its application in the domain of One Health remains unclear. Over time, as the complexity of the health system has increased within the domain of One Health approach, there is an urgent need for developing collaboration for successful implementation of the One Health. This review focuses on the global One Health collaboration strategies and discusses which type of collaboration might work for the health system of India. We conducted a review in the following three steps: identification of key One Health Collaboration strategies, documentation of the global initiatives and scoping into the initiatives of India in the domain of One Health. We found three major types of collaborations discussed in the One Health literature: level-based collaboration (individual, population or research), solution-based collaboration, and third-party-based collaboration. Twenty-five key global and six Indian One Health initiatives or collaboration strategies are documented in the present review. Although, many initiatives are being undertaken globally for disease prevention and control from the viewpoint of One Health; however, in India, solution-based approaches during emergencies and outbreaks and some sort of level-based collaborations are in place. It is high time to develop a sustainable level-based collaboration integrated with third-party based collaboration within the larger domain of One Health for a resilient health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandul Yasobant
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Walter Bruchhausen
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Germany.,Institute of History and Ethics of Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Timo Falkenberg
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Germany.,GeoHealth Centre, Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University of Bonn, Germany
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16
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Pérez-Corrales C, Leandro-Sandí K. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Costa Rican children: a 9-year retrospective study. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:297. [PMID: 31138269 PMCID: PMC6537439 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to estimate diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) prevalence among pediatric patients with diarrhea at the Costa Rican National Children’s Hospital-Social Security Service (Hospital Nacional de Niños-Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social; HNN-CCSS). DEC variations with respect to rainfall, presence of coinfections, and DEC antimicrobial resistance were also investigated. Results A retrospective observational study from January 2008 to December 2016 was conducted. A total of 12 247 gastroenteritis records were analyzed. Annual DEC prevalence ranged from 2.7% (2008) to 9.0% (2013). The most prevalent pathotypes were enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) [n = 189 (31%)], enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) [n = 145 (24%)] and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) [n = 91 (15%)]. A reduction in the probability of EAEC gastroenteritis was detected as rainfall rose above 200 mm/mo. [(Generalized Additive Model (GAM), p = 0.04)]. Coinfections were observed mainly between EPEC and Campylobacter spp. (10%). Antimicrobial resistance occurred in 0.6%, 29%, and 42% of DEC for ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and ampicillin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Pérez-Corrales
- División de Diagnóstico Molecular, Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera", Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica.
| | - Kevin Leandro-Sandí
- División de Microbiología, Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera", Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica
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17
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Takahashi K, Hanamura Y, Tokunoh N, Kassai K, Matsunishi M, Watanabe S, Sugiyama T, Inoue N. Protective effects of oral immunization with formalin-inactivated whole-cell Citrobacter rodentium on Citrobacter rodentium infection in mice. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 159:62-68. [PMID: 30817947 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of the efficacy of vaccine candidates that prevent enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC/EHEC) infection in mouse models is difficult due to their limited pathogenicity in mice. Citrobacter rodentium, a murine pathogenic bacterium that shares its infection strategy and virulence genes with EPEC/EHEC, has been used as a model pathogen to develop novel vaccine strategies or platforms for these bacteria. However, there are few reports on the comparative effectiveness of novel vaccine platforms as no C. rodentium vaccines have yet been prepared by standard methods such as bacteria attenuation or inactivation. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of the oral administration of formalin-inactivated C. rodentium (Fo-CR) on C. rodentium infection in two mouse strains, C57BL/6 and C3H/HeN, as these strains have different degrees of susceptibility to infection. In C57BL/6 mice, administration of Fo-CR induced significant C. rodentium-specific mucosal and systemic antibody responses, promoted bacterial clearance from the gut and inhibited colonic hyperplasia. Furthermore, in C3H/HeN mice, the administration followed by lethal C. rodentium infection induced significantly high avidity serum IgG specific to C. rodentium and inhibited death, body weight loss, and bacterial invasion to visceral organs. In conclusion, the oral administration of Fo-CR resulted in the protection of mice from C. rodentium infection, indicating that it serves as a reference method for evaluating the efficacy of novel oral vaccine candidates or platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Yuki Hanamura
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Nagisa Tokunoh
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Kohei Kassai
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Masaru Matsunishi
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Shiori Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sugiyama
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Gifu University of Medical Science, Gifu 501-3892, Japan
| | - Naoki Inoue
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
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18
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Mosites E, Lujan E, Brook M, Brubaker M, Roehl D, Tcheripanoff M, Hennessy T. Environmental observation, social media, and One Health action: A description of the Local Environmental Observer (LEO) Network. One Health 2018; 6:29-33. [PMID: 30386813 PMCID: PMC6205347 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a result of the close relationships between Arctic residents and the environment, climate change has a disproportionate impact on Arctic communities. Despite the need for One Health responses to climate change, environmental monitoring is difficult to conduct in Arctic regions. The Local Environmental Observer (LEO) Network is a global social media network that recruits citizen scientists to collect environmental observations on social media. We examined the processes of the LEO Network, numbers of members and observations, and three case studies that depict One Health action enabled by the system. From February 2012 to July 2017, the LEO Network gained 1870 members in 35 countries. In this time period, 670 environmental observations were posted. Examples that resulted in One Health action include those involving food sources, wild fire smoke, and thawing permafrost. The LEO network is an example of a One Health resource that stimulates action to protect the health of communities around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Mosites
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - Erica Lujan
- Center for Climate and Health, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - Michael Brook
- Center for Climate and Health, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - Michael Brubaker
- Center for Climate and Health, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - Desirae Roehl
- Center for Climate and Health, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - Moses Tcheripanoff
- Center for Climate and Health, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - Thomas Hennessy
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, United States
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Torres AG, Amaral MM, Bentancor L, Galli L, Goldstein J, Krüger A, Rojas-Lopez M. Recent Advances in Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Research in Latin America. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6040100. [PMID: 30274180 PMCID: PMC6313304 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6040100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Escherichia coli are known to be a common cause of diarrheal disease and a frequently occurring bacterial infection in children and adults in Latin America. Despite the effort to combat diarrheal infections, the south of the American continent remains a hot spot for infections and sequelae associated with the acquisition of one category of pathogenic E. coli, the Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). This review will focus on an overview of the prevalence of different STEC serotypes in human, animals and food products, focusing on recent reports from Latin America outlining the recent research progress achieved in this region to combat disease and endemicity in affected countries and to improve understanding on emerging serotypes and their virulence factors. Furthermore, this review will highlight the progress done in vaccine development and treatment and will also discuss the effort of the Latin American investigators to respond to the thread of STEC infections by establishing a multidisciplinary network of experts that are addressing STEC-associated animal, human and environmental health issues, while trying to reduce human disease. Regardless of the significant scientific contributions to understand and combat STEC infections worldwide, many significant challenges still exist and this review has focus in the Latin American efforts as an example of what can be accomplished when multiple groups have a common goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo G Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Maria M Amaral
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina.
| | - Leticia Bentancor
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic and Applied Microbiology, National University of Quilmes, Bernal, Buenos Aires 1876, Argentina.
| | - Lucia Galli
- Instituto de Genética Veterinaria Ing. Fernando N. Dulout (UNLP-CONICET, La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, La Plata 1900, Argentina.
| | - Jorge Goldstein
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Houssay, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina.
| | - Alejandra Krüger
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Tandil 7000, Argentina.
| | - Maricarmen Rojas-Lopez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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20
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Rojas-Lopez M, Monterio R, Pizza M, Desvaux M, Rosini R. Intestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli: Insights for Vaccine Development. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:440. [PMID: 29615989 PMCID: PMC5869917 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases are one of the major causes of mortality among children under five years old and intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (InPEC) plays a role as one of the large causative groups of these infections worldwide. InPECs contribute significantly to the burden of intestinal diseases, which are a critical issue in low- and middle-income countries (Asia, Africa and Latin America). Intestinal pathotypes such as enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) are mainly endemic in developing countries, while ETEC strains are the major cause of diarrhea in travelers to these countries. On the other hand, enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) are the cause of large outbreaks around the world, mainly affecting developed countries and responsible for not only diarrheal disease but also severe clinical complications like hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Overall, the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains, the annual cost increase in the health care system, the high incidence of traveler diarrhea and the increased number of HUS episodes have raised the need for effective preventive treatments. Although the use of antibiotics is still important in treating such infections, non-antibiotic strategies are either a crucial option to limit the increase in antibiotic resistant strains or absolutely necessary for diseases such as those caused by EHEC infections, for which antibiotic therapies are not recommended. Among non-antibiotic therapies, vaccine development is a strategy of choice but, to date, there is no effective licensed vaccine against InPEC infections. For several years, there has been a sustained effort to identify efficacious vaccine candidates able to reduce the burden of diarrheal disease. The aim of this review is to summarize recent milestones and insights in vaccine development against InPECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricarmen Rojas-Lopez
- GSK, Siena, Italy.,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR454 MEDiS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ricardo Monterio
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR454 MEDiS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR454 MEDiS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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21
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Torres AG. Maternal immunity, a way to confer protection against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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