1
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Peng Y, Chen B. Role of cell membrane homeostasis in the pathogenicity of pathogenic filamentous fungi. Virulence 2024; 15:2299183. [PMID: 38156783 PMCID: PMC10761126 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2299183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane forms a fundamental part of all living cells and participates in a variety of physiological processes, such as material exchange, stress response, cell recognition, signal transduction, cellular immunity, apoptosis, and pathogenicity. Here, we review the mechanisms and functions of the membrane structure (lipid components of the membrane and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids), membrane proteins (transmembrane proteins and proteins contributing to membrane curvature), transcriptional regulation, and cell wall components that influence the virulence and pathogenicity of filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejin Peng
- Yunnan State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Yunnan State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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2
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Tancer R, Pawar S, Wang Y, Ventura CR, Wiedman G, Xue C. Improved Broad Spectrum Antifungal Drug Synergies with Cryptomycin, a Cdc50-Inspired Antifungal Peptide. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:3973-3993. [PMID: 39475550 PMCID: PMC11555678 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2024] [Revised: 10/15/2024] [Accepted: 10/22/2024] [Indexed: 11/09/2024]
Abstract
Fungal infections in humans are difficult to treat, with very limited drug options. Due to a confluence of factors, there is an urgent need for innovation in the antifungal drug space, particularly to combat increasing antifungal drug resistance. Our previous studies showed that Cdc50, a subunit of fungal lipid translocase (flippase), is essential for Cryptococcus neoformans virulence and required for antifungal drug resistance, suggesting that fungal lipid flippase could be a novel drug target. Here, we characterized an antifungal peptide, Cryptomycinamide (KKOO-NH2), derived from a 9-amino acid segment of the C. neoformans Cdc50 protein. A fungal killing assay indicated that KKOO-NH2 is fungicidal against C. neoformans. The peptide has antifungal activity against multiple major fungal pathogens with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 8 μg/mL against C. neoformans and Candida glabrata, 16 μg/mL against Candida albicans and C. auris, and 32 μg/mL against Aspergillus fumigatus. The peptide has low cytotoxicity against host cells based on our hemolysis assays and vesicle leakage assays. Strikingly, the peptide exhibits strong drug synergy with multiple antifungal drugs, including amphotericin B, itraconazole, and caspofungin, depending on the specific species on which the combinations were assayed. The fluorescently labeled peptide was detected to localize to the plasma membrane, likely inhibiting key interactions of Cdc50 with membrane proteins such as P4 ATPases. Cryptococcus cells exposed to sub-MIC of peptide showed increased reactive oxygen species production and intracellular calcium levels, indicating a peptide-induced stress response. Decreased intracellular proliferation within macrophages was observed after 30 min of peptide exposure and 24 h coincubation with macrophages, providing a potential translational mechanism to explore further in vivo. In aggregate, the synergistic activity of our KKOO-NH2 peptide may offer a potential novel candidate for combination therapy with existing antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert
J. Tancer
- Public
Health Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry,
and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical
School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Siddhi Pawar
- Public
Health Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry,
and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical
School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Yina Wang
- Public
Health Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry,
and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical
School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Cristina R. Ventura
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall
University, South
Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
| | - Gregory Wiedman
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall
University, South
Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Public
Health Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry,
and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical
School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
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Rakhmanova TI, Gessler NN, Isakova EP, Klein OI, Deryabina YI, Popova TN. The Key Enzymes of Carbon Metabolism and the Glutathione Antioxidant System Protect Yarrowia lipolytica Yeast Against pH-Induced Stress. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:747. [PMID: 39590666 PMCID: PMC11595425 DOI: 10.3390/jof10110747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2024] [Revised: 10/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/25/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we first thoroughly assayed the response of the key enzymes of energy metabolism and the antioxidant system in Yarrowia lipolytica yeast at extreme pH. The activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, namely NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, aconitate hydratase, NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase, and fumarate hydratase, NADPH-producing enzymes of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase and NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, and the enzymes of the glutathione system was assessed. All the enzymes that were tested showed a significant induction contrary to some decrease in the aconitate hydratase activity with acidic and alkaline stress. It is probable that a change in the enzyme activity in the mitochondria matrix is involved in the regulation of the cellular metabolism of Y. lipolytica, which allows the species to prosper at an extreme ambient pH. It distinguishes it from any other type of ascomycete. A close relationship between the induction of the Krebs cycle enzymes and the key enzymes of the glutathione system accompanied by an increased level of reduced glutathione was shown. The assumption that the increased activity of the Krebs cycle dehydrogenases and promotion of the pentose phosphate pathway at pH stress launches a set of events determining the adaptive response of Y. lipolytica yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana I. Rakhmanova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biology and Soil Science Faculty, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya pl., 1, 394000 Voronezh, Russia; (T.I.R.); (T.N.P.)
| | - Natalia N. Gessler
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Leninsky Ave. 33/2, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (N.N.G.); (O.I.K.); (Y.I.D.)
| | - Elena P. Isakova
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Leninsky Ave. 33/2, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (N.N.G.); (O.I.K.); (Y.I.D.)
| | - Olga I. Klein
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Leninsky Ave. 33/2, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (N.N.G.); (O.I.K.); (Y.I.D.)
| | - Yulia I. Deryabina
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Leninsky Ave. 33/2, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (N.N.G.); (O.I.K.); (Y.I.D.)
| | - Tatyana N. Popova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biology and Soil Science Faculty, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya pl., 1, 394000 Voronezh, Russia; (T.I.R.); (T.N.P.)
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4
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Mondal S, Zahumensky J, Vesela P, Malinsky J. Conserved mechanism of Xrn1 regulation by glycolytic flux and protein aggregation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e38786. [PMID: 39416838 PMCID: PMC11481674 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes relies largely on the action of exoribonucleases, evolutionarily conserved enzymes that digest decapped messenger RNAs in the 5'-3' direction. The activity of Xrn1, the major yeast exoribonuclease, is regulated by targeted changes in its cellular localisation in direct response to the cell's metabolic state. When fermentable carbon sources are available, active Xrn1 is diffusely localised in the cytosol. Upon depletion of these sources, Xrn1 is sequestered at the plasma membrane-associated protein complex, the eisosome, and becomes inactive. Although this phenomenon has been described previously, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes remain unknown. We report that the binding of Xrn1 to the plasma membrane is subject to glycolytic flux, rather than the availability of a fermentable carbon source, is independent of TORC1 activity and requires the core eisosomal proteins Pil1 and Lsp1. We identify the SH3-like domain of the Xrn1 protein as a putative interaction domain. In addition, we show that when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the human orthologue of Xrn1 mirrors its yeast counterpart, i.e., it segregates to the eisosome under conditions of halted glycolysis. Our results not only advance our understanding of Xrn1 regulation but also indicate that this regulatory principle is conserved from yeast to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyendra Mondal
- Department of Functional Organization of Biomembranes, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Zahumensky
- Department of Functional Organization of Biomembranes, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Vesela
- Department of Functional Organization of Biomembranes, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Malinsky
- Department of Functional Organization of Biomembranes, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
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5
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Petrisková L, Kodedová M, Balážová M, Sychrová H, Valachovič M. Lipid droplets control the negative effect of non-yeast sterols in membranes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under hypoxic stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159523. [PMID: 38866087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The effectivity of utilization of exogenous sterols in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to hypoxic stress is dependent on the sterol structure. The highly imported sterols include animal cholesterol or plant sitosterol, while ergosterol, typical of yeasts, is imported to a lesser extent. An elevated utilization of non-yeast sterols is associated with their high esterification and relocalization to lipid droplets (LDs). Here we present data showing that LDs and sterol esterification play a critical role in the regulation of the accumulation of non-yeast sterols in membranes. Failure to form LDs during anaerobic growth in media supplemented with cholesterol or sitosterol resulted in an extremely long lag phase, in contrast to normal growth in media with ergosterol or plant stigmasterol. Moreover, in hem1∆, which mimics anaerobiosis, neither cholesterol nor sitosterol supported the growth in an LD-less background. The incorporation of non-ergosterol sterols into the membranes affected fundamental membrane characteristics such as relative membrane potential, permeability, tolerance to osmotic stress and the formation of membrane domains. Our findings reveal that LDs assume an important role in scenarios wherein cells are dependent on the utilization of exogenous lipids, particularly under anoxia. Given the diverse lipid structures present in yeast niches, LDs fulfil a protective role, mitigating the risk of excessive accumulation of potentially toxic steroids and fatty acids in the membranes. Finally, we present a novel function for sterols in a model eukaryotic cell - alleviation of the lipotoxicity of unsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Petrisková
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marie Kodedová
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Balážová
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Hana Sychrová
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Valachovič
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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6
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Kodedová M, Valachovič M, Sychrová H. The replacement of ergosterol with alternative sterols affects the physiological function of the yeast plasma membrane, including its H +-ATPase activity and resistance to antifungal drugs. Microbes Infect 2024:105409. [PMID: 39187062 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Sterols perform essential structural and signalling functions in living organisms. Ergosterol contributes to the fluidity, permeability, microdomain formation and functionality of proteins in the yeast membrane. In our study, desmosterol was the most successful at compensating for the lack of ergosterol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, besides stigmasterol and sitosterol. These three sterols supported cell growth without causing severe morphological defects, unlike cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, lathosterol, cholestanol or lanosterol. Together with ergosterol, they were also able to bring the plasma membrane potential of hem1Δ cells closer to the level of the wild type. In addition, desmosterol conferred even higher thermotolerance to yeast than ergosterol. Some sterols counteracted the antifungal toxicity of polyenes, azoles and terbinafine to hem1Δ cells. Plant sterols (stigmasterol, sitosterol) and desmosterol ensured the glucose-induced activation of H+-ATPase in hem1Δ cells analogously to ergosterol, whereas cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol were less effective. Exogenous ergosterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, desmosterol and cholesterol also improved the growth of Candida glabrata and Candida albicans in the presence of inhibitory concentration of fluconazole. The proper incorporation of exogenous sterols into the membrane with minimal adverse side effects on membrane functions was mainly influenced by the structure of the sterol acyl chain, and less by their ring structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kodedová
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Valachovič
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Hana Sychrová
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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7
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Diehl C, Pinzan CF, de Castro PA, Delbaje E, García Carnero LC, Sánchez-León E, Bhalla K, Kronstad JW, Kim DG, Doering TL, Alkhazraji S, Mishra NN, Ibrahim AS, Yoshimura M, Vega Isuhuaylas LA, Pham LTK, Yashiroda Y, Boone C, dos Reis TF, Goldman GH. Brilacidin, a novel antifungal agent against Cryptococcus neoformans. mBio 2024; 15:e0103124. [PMID: 38916308 PMCID: PMC11253610 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01031-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans causes cryptococcosis, one of the most prevalent fungal diseases, generally characterized by meningitis. There is a limited and not very effective number of drugs available to combat this disease. In this manuscript, we show the host defense peptide mimetic brilacidin (BRI) as a promising antifungal drug against C. neoformans. BRI can affect the organization of the cell membrane, increasing the fungal cell permeability. We also investigated the effects of BRI against the model system Saccharomyces cerevisiae by analyzing libraries of mutants grown in the presence of BRI. In S. cerevisiae, BRI also affects the cell membrane organization, but in addition the cell wall integrity pathway and calcium metabolism. In vivo experiments show BRI significantly reduces C. neoformans survival inside macrophages and partially clears C. neoformans lung infection in an immunocompetent murine model of invasive pulmonary cryptococcosis. We also observed that BRI interacts with caspofungin (CAS) and amphotericin (AmB), potentiating their mechanism of action against C. neoformans. BRI + CAS affects endocytic movement, calcineurin, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Our results indicate that BRI is a novel antifungal drug against cryptococcosis. IMPORTANCE Invasive fungal infections have a high mortality rate causing more deaths annually than tuberculosis or malaria. Cryptococcosis, one of the most prevalent fungal diseases, is generally characterized by meningitis and is mainly caused by two closely related species of basidiomycetous yeasts, Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. There are few therapeutic options for treating cryptococcosis, and searching for new antifungal agents against this disease is very important. Here, we present brilacidin (BRI) as a potential antifungal agent against C. neoformans. BRI is a small molecule host defense peptide mimetic that has previously exhibited broad-spectrum immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory activity against bacteria and viruses. BRI alone was shown to inhibit the growth of C. neoformans, acting as a fungicidal drug, but surprisingly also potentiated the activity of caspofungin (CAS) against this species. We investigated the mechanism of action of BRI and BRI + CAS against C. neoformans. We propose BRI as a new antifungal agent against cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Diehl
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila Figueiredo Pinzan
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Alves de Castro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Endrews Delbaje
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Laura C. García Carnero
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Eddy Sánchez-León
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kabir Bhalla
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James W. Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dong-gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tamara L. Doering
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sondus Alkhazraji
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Nagendra N. Mishra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ashraf S. Ibrahim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mami Yoshimura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoko Yashiroda
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Charles Boone
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thaila Fernanda dos Reis
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H. Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Human Pathogenic Fungi, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Xelhuantzi MSC, Ghete D, Milburn A, Ioannou S, Mudd P, Calder G, Ramos J, O'Toole PJ, Genever PG, MacDonald C. High-resolution live cell imaging to define ultrastructural and dynamic features of the halotolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060519. [PMID: 39078271 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Although some budding yeasts have proved tractable and intensely studied models, others are more recalcitrant. Debaryomyces hansenii, an important yeast species in food and biotechnological industries with curious physiological characteristics, has proved difficult to manipulate genetically and remains poorly defined. To remedy this, we have combined live cell fluorescent dyes with high-resolution imaging techniques to define the sub-cellular features of D. hansenii, such as the mitochondria, nuclei, vacuoles and the cell wall. Using these tools, we define biological processes like the cell cycle, organelle inheritance and various membrane trafficking pathways of D. hansenii for the first time. Beyond this, reagents designed to study Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins were used to access proteomic information about D. hansenii. Finally, we optimised the use of label-free holotomography to image yeast, defining the physical parameters and visualising sub-cellular features like membranes and vacuoles. Not only does this work shed light on D. hansenii but this combinatorial approach serves as a template for how other cell biological systems, which are not amenable to standard genetic procedures, can be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha S C Xelhuantzi
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD,UK
| | - Daniel Ghete
- Bioscience Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD,UK
| | - Amy Milburn
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD,UK
| | - Savvas Ioannou
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD,UK
| | - Phoebe Mudd
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD,UK
| | - Grant Calder
- Bioscience Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD,UK
| | - José Ramos
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Edaphology and Microbiology, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Peter J O'Toole
- Bioscience Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD,UK
| | - Paul G Genever
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD,UK
| | - Chris MacDonald
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD,UK
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9
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Lanze CE, Konopka JB. Sur7 mediates a novel pathway for PI 4,5P 2 regulation in C. albicans that promotes stress resistance and cell wall morphogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar99. [PMID: 38776129 PMCID: PMC11244165 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-08-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The human fungal pathogen Candida albicans can cause lethal systemic infections due to its ability to resist stress from the host and to undergo invasive hyphal growth. Previous studies showed that plasma membrane MCC/eisosome domains were important for virulence by promoting the ability of Sur7 to mediate normal cell wall morphogenesis and stress resistance. The sur7Δ mutant displayed abnormal clusters of PI4,5P2, suggesting that misregulation of this lipid underlies the sur7Δ phenotype. To test this, we increased PI4,5P2 levels by deleting combinations of the three PI4,5P2 5' phosphatase genes (INP51, INP52, and INP54) and found that some combinations, such as inp51Δ inp52Δ, gave phenotypes similar the sur7Δ mutant. In contrast, deleting one copy of MSS4, the gene that encodes the 5' kinase needed to create PI4,5P2, reduced the abnormal PI4,5P2 clusters and also decreased the abnormal cell wall and stress sensitive phenotypes of the sur7Δ mutant. Additional studies support a model that the abnormal PI4,5P2 patches recruit septin proteins, which in turn promote aberrant cell wall growth. These results identify Sur7 as a novel regulator of PI4,5P2 and highlight the critical role of PI4,5P2 in the regulation of C. albicans virulence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla E. Lanze
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5222
| | - James B. Konopka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5222
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10
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Nomura W, Inoue Y. Activation of the cell wall integrity pathway negatively regulates TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling through blocking eisosome disassembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Commun Biol 2024; 7:722. [PMID: 38862688 PMCID: PMC11166964 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin complex 2 (TORC2) signaling is associated with plasma membrane (PM) integrity. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling controls sphingolipid biosynthesis, and Ypk1/2 phosphorylation by TORC2 under PM stress conditions is increased in a Slm1/2-dependent manner, under which Slm1 is known to be released from an eisosome, a furrow-like invagination PM structure. However, it remains unsolved how the activation machinery of TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling is regulated. Here we show that edelfosine, a synthetic lysophospholipid analog, inhibits the activation of TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling, and the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway is involved in this inhibitory effect. The activation of CWI pathway blocked the eisosome disassembly promoted by PM stress and the release of Slm1 from eisosomes. Constitutive activation of TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling exhibited increased sensitivity to cell wall stress. We propose that the CWI pathway negatively regulates the TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling, which is involved in the regulatory mechanism to ensure the proper stress response to cell wall damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, the Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
| | - Yoshiharu Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
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11
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Shang Y, Jin Q, Li G, Yan H, Yu M, Hu Z. Functional study of two ER localized sterol C-14 reductases in Aspergillus oryzae. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:136. [PMID: 38682096 PMCID: PMC11045682 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03988-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Ergosterol is an important component of fungal cell membrane. Ergosterol biosynthesis involves sterol C-14 reductase, a key enzyme in ergosterol biosynthesis, which has been well studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, little studies about this important enzyme in Aspergillus oryzae. In this study, two sterol C-14 reductases named AoErg24A and AoErg24B were identified in A. oryzae using bioinformatics analysis. Through phylogenetic tree, expression pattern, subcellular localization, and yeast functional complementation analyses, we discovered that both AoErg24A and AoErg24B are conserved and localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Both enzymes can partially restore the temperature sensitivity phenotype of a S. cerevisiae erg24 weak mutant. Overexpression of AoErg24A in A. oryzae increased 1.6 times of ergosterol content, while overexpression of AoErg24B led to a slight decrease of ergosterol. Both genes affect the sporulation of A. oryzae. These results uncovered that the two genes function differently in ergosterol biosynthesis. Thus, this study further enhances our understanding of ergosterol biosynthesis in A. oryzae and lays a good foundation for A. oryzae to be used in industrial ergosterol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Shang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Qi Jin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Ganghua Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, 435002 China
| | - Huanhuan Yan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Mingquan Yu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China
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12
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Santos TADO, Soares LW, Oliveira LN, Moraes D, Mendes MS, Soares CMDA, Bailão AM, Bailão MGS. Zinc Starvation Induces Cell Wall Remodeling and Activates the Antioxidant Defense System in Fonsecaea pedrosoi. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:118. [PMID: 38392790 PMCID: PMC10890210 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The survival of pathogenic fungi in the host after invasion depends on their ability to obtain nutrients, which include the transition metal zinc. This essential micronutrient is required to maintain the structure and function of various proteins and, therefore, plays a critical role in various biological processes. The host's nutritional immunity limits the availability of zinc to pathogenic fungi mainly by the action of calprotectin, a component of neutrophil extracellular traps. Here we investigated the adaptive responses of Fonsecaea pedrosoi to zinc-limiting conditions. This black fungus is the main etiological agent of chromoblastomycosis, a chronic neglected tropical disease that affects subcutaneous tissues. Following exposure to a zinc-limited environment, F. pedrosoi induces a high-affinity zinc uptake machinery, composed of zinc transporters and the zincophore Pra1. A proteomic approach was used to define proteins regulated by zinc deprivation. Cell wall remodeling, changes in neutral lipids homeostasis, and activation of the antioxidant system were the main strategies for survival in the hostile environment. Furthermore, the downregulation of enzymes required for sulfate assimilation was evident. Together, the adaptive responses allow fungal growth and development and reveals molecules that may be related to fungal persistence in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Weba Soares
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lucas Nojosa Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
| | - Dayane Moraes
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
| | - Millena Silva Mendes
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Melo Bailão
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
| | - Mirelle Garcia Silva Bailão
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
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13
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Bhagat N, Vakhlu J. Effects of biocontrol Bacillus sp. strain D5 on the pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum R1 at the microscopic and molecular level in Crocus sativus L. (saffron) corm. FEMS MICROBES 2024; 5:xtad025. [PMID: 38250179 PMCID: PMC10799715 DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Corm rot of saffron caused by Fusarium oxysporum is a major threat to saffron cultivation the world over. To minimize the ill effects of chemical fungicides, attention has been shifted to the use of biocontrol agents for disease management in a sustainable way. In saffron, various biocontrol agents against corm rot disease have been reported and characterized but no study has been done so far to understand their interaction at the molecular level. The present study was conducted to unravel the mechanism of action of an already characterized native biocontrol agent i.e. Bacillus sp. strain D5 (Bar D5) against F. oxsporum R1 (Fox R1) in the saffron corm. The growth inhibition of Fox R1 was observed in vitro and in planta (saffron corm) by real time imaging. Bacillus sp. strain D5 reduced Fox R1 load in infected corms by 50% as quantified by q-PCR and the colony-forming unit method. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed upregulation and downregulation of various Fox R1 genes in presence of Bar D5. The genes related to carbon metabolism, cell wall and membrane synthesis, and growth of Fox R1 were significantly downregulated in Bar D5-primed and Fox R1-inoculated corms as compared to only Fox R1-inoculated corms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Bhagat
- Metagenomics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Jyoti Vakhlu
- Metagenomics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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14
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Megarioti AH, Esch BM, Athanasopoulos A, Koulouris D, Makridakis M, Lygirou V, Samiotaki M, Zoidakis J, Sophianopoulou V, André B, Fröhlich F, Gournas C. Ferroptosis-protective membrane domains in quiescence. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113561. [PMID: 38096056 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Quiescence is a common cellular state, required for stem cell maintenance and microorganismal survival under stress conditions or starvation. However, the mechanisms promoting quiescence maintenance remain poorly known. Plasma membrane components segregate into distinct microdomains, yet the role of this compartmentalization in quiescence remains unexplored. Here, we show that flavodoxin-like proteins (FLPs), ubiquinone reductases of the yeast eisosome membrane compartment, protect quiescent cells from lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. Eisosomes and FLPs expand specifically in respiratory-active quiescent cells, and mutants lacking either show accelerated aging and defective quiescence maintenance and accumulate peroxidized phospholipids with monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). FLPs are essential for the extramitochondrial regeneration of the lipophilic antioxidant ubiquinol. FLPs, alongside the Gpx1/2/3 glutathione peroxidases, prevent iron-driven, PUFA-dependent ferroptotic cell death. Our work describes ferroptosis-protective mechanisms in yeast and introduces plasma membrane compartmentalization as an important factor in the long-term survival of quiescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia H Megarioti
- Microbial Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos," 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Greece; Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Bianca M Esch
- Bioanalytical Chemistry Section, Department of Biology/Chemistry, Osnabrück University, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Alexandros Athanasopoulos
- Microbial Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos," 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Koulouris
- Microbial Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos," 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Manousos Makridakis
- Biotechnology Division, Systems Biology Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Lygirou
- Biotechnology Division, Systems Biology Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," 16672 Vari, Greece
| | - Jerome Zoidakis
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15784 Athens, Greece; Biotechnology Division, Systems Biology Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Vicky Sophianopoulou
- Microbial Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos," 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Bruno André
- Molecular Physiology of the Cell Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), IBMM, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Florian Fröhlich
- Bioanalytical Chemistry Section, Department of Biology/Chemistry, Osnabrück University, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; Center for Cellular Nanoanalytic Osnabrück (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Christos Gournas
- Microbial Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos," 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Greece.
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15
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Luginina A, Maslov I, Khorn P, Volkov O, Khnykin A, Kuzmichev P, Shevtsov M, Belousov A, Kapranov I, Dashevskii D, Kornilov D, Bestsennaia E, Hofkens J, Hendrix J, Gensch T, Cherezov V, Ivanovich V, Mishin A, Borshchevskiy V. Functional GPCR Expression in Eukaryotic LEXSY System. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168310. [PMID: 37806553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) form the largest superfamily of membrane proteins in the human genome, and represent one of the most important classes of drug targets. Their structural studies facilitate rational drug discovery. However, atomic structures of only about 20% of human GPCRs have been solved to date. Recombinant production of GPCRs for structural studies at a large scale is challenging due to their low expression levels and stability. Therefore, in this study, we explored the efficacy of the eukaryotic system LEXSY (Leishmania tarentolae) for GPCR production. We selected the human A2A adenosine receptor (A2AAR), as a model protein, expressed it in LEXSY, purified it, and compared with the same receptor produced in insect cells, which is the most popular expression system for structural studies of GPCRs. The A2AAR purified from both expression systems showed similar purity, stability, ligand-induced conformational changes and structural dynamics, with a remarkably higher protein yield in the case of LEXSY expression. Overall, our results suggest that LEXSY is a promising platform for large-scale production of GPCRs for structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Luginina
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Ivan Maslov
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia; Dynamic Bioimaging Lab, Advanced Optical Microscopy Centre, Biomedical Research Institute, Agoralaan C (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Division for Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Polina Khorn
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | | | - Andrey Khnykin
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Pavel Kuzmichev
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Mikhail Shevtsov
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Anatoliy Belousov
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Ivan Kapranov
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Dmitrii Dashevskii
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Daniil Kornilov
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Bestsennaia
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Division for Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jelle Hendrix
- Dynamic Bioimaging Lab, Advanced Optical Microscopy Centre, Biomedical Research Institute, Agoralaan C (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Division for Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Gensch
- Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Division for Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Bridge Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Valentin Ivanovich
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexey Mishin
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Valentin Borshchevskiy
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia.
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16
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Lv X, Jin K, Yi Y, Song L, Xiu X, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Chen J, Liu L. Analysis of acid-tolerance mechanism based on membrane microdomains in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:180. [PMID: 37700284 PMCID: PMC10498586 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02195-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used in the biosynthesis of acid products such as organic acids owing to its acid tolerance. Improving the acid tolerance of S. cerevisiae is beneficial for expanding its application range. Our previous study isolated the TAMC strain that was tolerant to a pH 2.3 through adaptive laboratory evolution; however, its mechanism underlying tolerance to low pH environment remains unclear. RESULTS In this study, through visual observation and order analysis of plasma membrane and membrane microdomains, we revealed that the membrane microdomains of TAMC strain play an indispensable role in acid tolerance. Transcriptomic analysis showed an increase in the expression of genes related to key components of membrane microdomains in TAMC strain. Furthermore, an obvious reduction was observed in the acid tolerance of the strain with sterol C-24 methyltransferase encoding gene ERG6 knockout for inhibiting membrane microdomain formation. Finally, colocalization analysis of H+-ATPase PMA1 and plasma membrane protein PMP1 showed that disruption of membrane microdomains could inhibit the formation of the H+-ATPase complex. CONCLUSIONS Membrane microdomains could provide a platform for forming H+-ATPase complexes to facilitate intracellular H+ homeostasis, and thereby improve cell acid resistance. This study proposed a novel acid tolerance mechanism, providing a new direction for the rational engineering of acid-tolerant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Yixing Institute of Food Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Ke Jin
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Yixing Institute of Food Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Yu Yi
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Lingang Song
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiang Xiu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Yixing Institute of Food Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- Yixing Institute of Food Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China.
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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17
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Huang J, Zheng X, Tian M, Zhang K. Ammonia and Nematode Ascaroside Are Synergistic in Trap Formation in Arthrobotrys oligospora. Pathogens 2023; 12:1114. [PMID: 37764922 PMCID: PMC10536950 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nematode-trapping (NT) fungi are natural predators of the soil living nematodes. Diverse external signals mediate the generation of predatory devices of NT fungi. Among these, broad ascarosides and nitrogenous ammonia are highly efficient inducers for trap structure initiation. However, the overlay effect of ammonia and ascaroside on the trap morphogenesis remains unclear. This study demonstrated that the combination of nitrogenous substances with nematode-derived ascarosides led to higher trap production compared to the single inducing cues; notably, ammonia and Ascr#18 had the most synergistic effect on the trap in A. oligospora. Further, the deletion of ammonia transceptor Amt43 blocked trap formation against ammonia addition in A. oligospora but not for the ascaroside Ascr#18 induction. Moreover, ammonia addition could promote plasma endocytosis in the process of trap formation. In contrast, ascaroside addition would facilitate the stability of intracellular organization away from endocytosis. Therefore, there is a synergistic effect on trap induction from different nitrogenous and ascaroside signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (J.H.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (J.H.); (X.Z.)
| | - Mengqing Tian
- Key Laboratory for Potato Biology of Yunnan Province, The CAAS-YNNU-YINMORE Joint Academy of Potato Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650091, China;
| | - Keqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (J.H.); (X.Z.)
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18
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Paweletz LC, Holtbrügge SL, Löb M, De Vecchis D, Schäfer LV, Günther Pomorski T, Justesen BH. Anionic Phospholipids Stimulate the Proton Pumping Activity of the Plant Plasma Membrane P-Type H +-ATPase. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13106. [PMID: 37685912 PMCID: PMC10488199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of membrane proteins depends strongly on the surrounding lipid environment. Here, we characterize the lipid stimulation of the plant plasma membrane H+-ATPase Arabidopsis thaliana H+-ATPase isoform 2 (AHA2) upon purification and reconstitution into liposomes of defined lipid compositions. We show that the proton pumping activity of AHA2 is stimulated by anionic phospholipids, especially by phosphatidylserine. This activation was independent of the cytoplasmic C-terminal regulatory domain of the pump. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed several preferential contact sites for anionic phospholipids in the transmembrane domain of AHA2. These contact sites are partially conserved in functionally different P-type ATPases from different organisms, suggesting a general regulation mechanism by the membrane lipid environment. Our findings highlight the fact that anionic lipids play an important role in the control of H+-ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Paweletz
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; (L.C.P.); (M.L.); (T.G.P.)
| | - Simon L. Holtbrügge
- Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; (S.L.H.); (D.D.V.)
| | - Malina Löb
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; (L.C.P.); (M.L.); (T.G.P.)
| | - Dario De Vecchis
- Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; (S.L.H.); (D.D.V.)
| | - Lars V. Schäfer
- Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; (S.L.H.); (D.D.V.)
| | - Thomas Günther Pomorski
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; (L.C.P.); (M.L.); (T.G.P.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bo Højen Justesen
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; (L.C.P.); (M.L.); (T.G.P.)
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19
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Paine KM, Laidlaw KME, Evans GJO, MacDonald C. The phosphatase Glc7 controls the eisosomal response to starvation via post-translational modification of Pil1. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260505. [PMID: 37387118 PMCID: PMC10399984 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) plasma membrane (PM) is organised into specific subdomains that regulate surface membrane proteins. Surface transporters actively uptake nutrients in particular regions of the PM where they are also susceptible to substrate-induced endocytosis. However, transporters also diffuse into distinct subdomains termed eisosomes, where they are protected from endocytosis. Although most nutrient transporter populations are downregulated in the vacuole following glucose starvation, a small pool is retained in eisosomes to provide efficient recovery from starvation. We find the core eisosome subunit Pil1, a Bin, Amphiphysin and Rvs (BAR) domain protein required for eisosome biogenesis, is phosphorylated primarily by the kinase Pkh2. In response to acute glucose starvation, Pil1 is rapidly dephosphorylated. Enzyme localisation and activity screens suggest that the phosphatase Glc7 is the primary enzyme responsible for Pil1 dephosphorylation. Defects in Pil1 phosphorylation, achieved by depletion of GLC7 or expression of phospho-ablative or phospho-mimetic mutants, correlate with reduced retention of transporters in eisosomes and inefficient starvation recovery. We propose that precise post-translational control of Pil1 modulates nutrient transporter retention within eisosomes, depending on extracellular nutrient levels, to maximise recovery following starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Paine
- York Biomedical Research Institute. University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Kamilla M. E. Laidlaw
- York Biomedical Research Institute. University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Gareth J. O. Evans
- York Biomedical Research Institute. University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Chris MacDonald
- York Biomedical Research Institute. University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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Bailey MLP, Pratt SE, Hinrichsen M, Zhang Y, Bewersdorf J, Regan LJ, Mochrie SGJ. Uncovering diffusive states of the yeast membrane protein, Pma1, and how labeling method can change diffusive behavior. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2023; 46:42. [PMID: 37294385 PMCID: PMC10369454 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-023-00301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present and analyze video-microscopy-based single-particle-tracking measurements of the budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) membrane protein, Pma1, fluorescently labeled either by direct fusion to the switchable fluorescent protein, mEos3.2, or by a novel, light-touch, labeling scheme, in which a 5 amino acid tag is directly fused to the C-terminus of Pma1, which then binds mEos3.2. The track diffusivity distributions of these two populations of single-particle tracks differ significantly, demonstrating that labeling method can be an important determinant of diffusive behavior. We also applied perturbation expectation maximization (pEMv2) (Koo and Mochrie in Phys Rev E 94(5):052412, 2016), which sorts trajectories into the statistically optimum number of diffusive states. For both TRAP-labeled Pma1 and Pma1-mEos3.2, pEMv2 sorts the tracks into two diffusive states: an essentially immobile state and a more mobile state. However, the mobile fraction of Pma1-mEos3.2 tracks is much smaller ([Formula: see text]) than the mobile fraction of TRAP-labeled Pma1 tracks ([Formula: see text]). In addition, the diffusivity of Pma1-mEos3.2's mobile state is several times smaller than the diffusivity of TRAP-labeled Pma1's mobile state. Thus, the two different labeling methods give rise to very different overall diffusive behaviors. To critically assess pEMv2's performance, we compare the diffusivity and covariance distributions of the experimental pEMv2-sorted populations to corresponding theoretical distributions, assuming that Pma1 displacements realize a Gaussian random process. The experiment-theory comparisons for both the TRAP-labeled Pma1 and Pma1-mEos3.2 reveal good agreement, bolstering the pEMv2 approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lou P Bailey
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Susan E Pratt
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | - Yongdeng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Joerg Bewersdorf
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Lynne J Regan
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 06511, UK
| | - Simon G J Mochrie
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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21
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Singewar K, Fladung M. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) technology to control forest insect pests and fungal pathogens: challenges and opportunities. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:185. [PMID: 37243792 PMCID: PMC10220346 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Climate change alters the seasonal synchronization between plants and respective pests plus pathogens. The geographical infiltration helps to shift their hosts, resulting in novel outbreaks that damage forests and ecology. Traditional management schemes are unable to control such outbreaks, therefore unconventional and competitive governance is needed to manage forest pests and pathogens. RNA interference (RNAi) mediated double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) treatment method can be implemented to protect forest trees. Exogenous dsRNA triggers the RNAi-mediated gene silencing of a vital gene, and suspends protein production, resulting in the death of targeted pathogens and pests. The dsRNA treatment method is successful for many crop insects and fungi, however, studies of dsRNA against forest pests and pathogens are depleting. Pesticides and fungicides based on dsRNA could be used to combat pathogens that caused outbreaks in different parts of the world. Although the dsRNA has proved its potential, the crucial dilemma and risks including species-specific gene selection, and dsRNA delivery methods cannot be overlooked. Here, we summarized the major fungi pathogens and insect pests that have caused outbreaks, their genomic information, and studies on dsRNA fungi-and pesticides. Current challenges and opportunities in dsRNA target decision, delivery using nanoparticles, direct applications, and a new method using mycorrhiza for forest tree protection are discussed. The importance of affordable next-generation sequencing to minimize the impact on non-target species is discussed. We suggest that collaborative research among forest genomics and pathology institutes could develop necessary dsRNA strategies to protect forest tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Singewar
- Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, 22927, Großhansdorf, Germany.
| | - Matthias Fladung
- Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, 22927, Großhansdorf, Germany.
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22
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Li C, Lu J, Yan XJ, Li CW, Lin LC, Xiao DG, Zhang CY. The eisosomes contribute to acid tolerance of yeast by maintaining cell membrane integrity. Food Microbiol 2023; 110:104157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Steigenberger J, Mergen C, De Roo V, Geudens N, Martins JC, Heerklotz H. The effect of membrane thickness on the membrane permeabilizing activity of the cyclic lipopeptide tolaasin II. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1064742. [PMID: 36619163 PMCID: PMC9817028 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1064742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolaasin II is an amphiphilic, membrane-active, cyclic lipopeptide produced by Pseudomonas tolaasii and is responsible for brown blotch disease in mushroom. To better understand the mode of action and membrane selectivity of tolaasin II and related lipopeptides, its permeabilizing effect on liposomes of different membrane thickness was characterized. An equi-activity analysis served to distinguish between the effects of membrane partitioning and the intrinsic activity of the membrane-bound peptide. It was found that thicker membranes require higher local peptide concentrations to become leaky. More specifically, the mole ratio of membrane-bound peptide per lipid needed to induce 50% leakage of calcein within 1 h, Re 50, increased monotonically with membrane thickness from 0.0016 for the 14:1 to 0.0070 for the 20:1 lipid-chains. Moreover, fast but limited leakage kinetics in the low-lipid regime were observed implying a mode of action based on membrane asymmetry stress in this time and concentration window. While the assembly of the peptide to oligomeric pores of defined length along the bilayer z-axis can in principle explain inhibition by increasing membrane thickness, it cannot account for the observed limited leakage. Therefore, reduced intrinsic membrane-permeabilizing activity with increasing membrane thickness is attributed here to the increased mechanical strength and order of thicker membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Steigenberger
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,*Correspondence: Jessica Steigenberger, ; Heiko Heerklotz,
| | - Catherine Mergen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vic De Roo
- NMR and Structure Analysis Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Niels Geudens
- NMR and Structure Analysis Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - José C. Martins
- NMR and Structure Analysis Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Heiko Heerklotz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,*Correspondence: Jessica Steigenberger, ; Heiko Heerklotz,
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24
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Blomberg A. Yeast osmoregulation - glycerol still in pole position. FEMS Yeast Res 2022; 22:6655991. [PMID: 35927716 PMCID: PMC9428294 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to osmotic dehydration cells sense, signal, alter gene expression, and metabolically counterbalance osmotic differences. The main compatible solute/osmolyte that accumulates in yeast cells is glycerol, which is produced from the glycolytic intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate. This review covers recent advancements in understanding mechanisms involved in sensing, signaling, cell-cycle delays, transcriptional responses as well as post-translational modifications on key proteins in osmoregulation. The protein kinase Hog1 is a key-player in many of these events, however, there is also a growing body of evidence for important Hog1-independent mechanisms playing vital roles. Several missing links in our understanding of osmoregulation will be discussed and future avenues for research proposed. The review highlights that this rather simple experimental system—salt/sorbitol and yeast—has developed into an enormously potent model system unravelling important fundamental aspects in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Blomberg
- Dept. of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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25
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Coronas-Serna JM, del Val E, Kagan JC, Molina M, Cid VJ. Heterologous Expression and Assembly of Human TLR Signaling Components in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1737. [PMID: 34827735 PMCID: PMC8615643 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is key to detect pathogens and initiating inflammation. Ligand recognition triggers the assembly of supramolecular organizing centers (SMOCs) consisting of large complexes composed of multiple subunits. Building such signaling hubs relies on Toll Interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR) and Death Domain (DD) protein-protein interaction domains. We have expressed TIR domain-containing components of the human myddosome (TIRAP and MyD88) and triffosome (TRAM and TRIF) SMOCs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as a platform for their study. Interactions between the TLR4 TIR domain, TIRAP, and MyD88 were recapitulated in yeast. Human TIRAP decorated the yeast plasma membrane (PM), except for the bud neck, whereas MyD88 was found at cytoplasmic spots, which were consistent with endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria junctions, as evidenced by co-localization with Mmm1 and Mdm34, components of the ER and Mitochondria Encounter Structures (ERMES). The formation of MyD88-TIRAP foci at the yeast PM was reinforced by co-expression of a membrane-bound TLR4 TIR domain. Mutations in essential residues of their TIR domains aborted MyD88 recruitment by TIRAP, but their respective subcellular localizations were unaltered. TRAM and TRIF, however, did not co-localize in yeast. TRAM assembled long PM-bound filaments that were disrupted by co-expression of the TLR4 TIR domain. Our results evidence that the yeast model can be exploited to study the interactions and subcellular localization of human SMOC components in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia María Coronas-Serna
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRyCIS), Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.C.-S.); (E.d.V.)
| | - Elba del Val
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRyCIS), Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.C.-S.); (E.d.V.)
| | - Jonathan C. Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - María Molina
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRyCIS), Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.C.-S.); (E.d.V.)
| | - Víctor J. Cid
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRyCIS), Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.C.-S.); (E.d.V.)
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26
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Hajdu T, Szabó K, Jakab Á, Pócsi I, Dombrádi V, Nagy P. Biophysical experiments reveal a protective role of protein phosphatase Z1 against oxidative damage of the cell membrane in Candida albicans. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:222-227. [PMID: 34582996 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase Z1 (Ppz1) has been shown to take part in important physiological functions in fungi including a contribution to virulence of Candida albicans. Although its involvement in the oxidative stress response has also been documented, the exact mechanism of action of its protective effect against oxidative damage remains unknown. By developing a pipeline to analyze the biophysical properties of the cell membrane in fungi, we demonstrate that the plasma membrane of Ppz1-KO Candida albicans displays increased sensitivity to tert-butyl-hydroperoxide-induced oxidative damage. In particular, the response to the oxidizing agent, characterized by increased lipid peroxidation, reduced lipid order, and inhibited lateral mobility of plasma membrane components, is significantly more pronounced in the Ppz1-KO C. albicans strain than in the wild-type counterpart. Remarkably, membrane constituents became almost completely immobile in the phosphatase deletion mutant exposed to oxidative stress. Furthermore, moderately elevated membrane lipid peroxidation accompanied by the aforementioned changes in the biophysical characteristics of the plasma membrane are already detectable in untreated Ppz1-KO cells indicating latent membrane damage even in the absence of oxidative stress. In conclusion, the hypersensitivity of cells lacking Ppz1 to oxidative damage establishes that potential Ppz1 inhibitors may synergize with oxidizing agents in prospective anti-fungal combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tímea Hajdu
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Szabó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Jakab
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktor Dombrádi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Peter Nagy
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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27
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Sá-Correia I, Godinho CP. Exploring the biological function of efflux pumps for the development of superior industrial yeasts. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 74:32-41. [PMID: 34781103 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Among the mechanisms used by yeasts to overcome the deleterious effects of chemical and other environmental stresses is the activity of plasma membrane efflux pumps involved in multidrug resistance (MDR), a role on the focus of intensive research for years in pathogenic yeasts. More recently, these active transporters belonging to the MFS (Drug: H+ antiporters) or the ABC superfamily have been involved in resistance to xenobiotic compounds and in the transport of substrates with a clear physiological role. This review paper focuses on these putative efflux pumps concerning their tolerance phenotypes towards bioprocess-specific multiple stress factors, expression levels, physiological roles, and mechanisms by which they may lead to multistress resistance. Their association with the increased secretion of metabolites and other bioproducts and in the development of more robust superior strains for Yeast Chemical Biotechnology is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Sá-Correia
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy i4HB at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia P Godinho
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy i4HB at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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28
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Zhao P, Zhao C, Chen D, Yun C, Li H, Bai L. Structure and activation mechanism of the hexameric plasma membrane H +-ATPase. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6439. [PMID: 34750373 PMCID: PMC8575881 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The S. cerevisiae plasma membrane H+-ATPase, Pma1, is a P3A-type ATPase and the primary protein component of the membrane compartment of Pma1 (MCP). Like other plasma membrane H+-ATPases, Pma1 assembles and functions as a hexamer, a property unique to this subfamily among the larger family of P-type ATPases. It has been unclear how Pma1 organizes the yeast membrane into MCP microdomains, or why it is that Pma1 needs to assemble into a hexamer to establish the membrane electrochemical proton gradient. Here we report a high-resolution cryo-EM study of native Pma1 hexamers embedded in endogenous lipids. Remarkably, we found that the Pma1 hexamer encircles a liquid-crystalline membrane domain composed of 57 ordered lipid molecules. The Pma1-encircled lipid patch structure likely serves as the building block of the MCP. At pH 7.4, the carboxyl-terminal regulatory α-helix binds to the phosphorylation domains of two neighboring Pma1 subunits, locking the hexamer in the autoinhibited state. The regulatory helix becomes disordered at lower pH, leading to activation of the Pma1 hexamer. The activation process is accompanied by a 6.7 Å downward shift and a 40° rotation of transmembrane helices 1 and 2 that line the proton translocation path. The conformational changes have enabled us to propose a detailed mechanism for ATP-hydrolysis-driven proton pumping across the plasma membrane. Our structures will facilitate the development of antifungal drugs that target this essential protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoran Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Caihong Yun
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | - Lin Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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29
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Lanze CE, Zhou S, Konopka JB. The Sur7 cytoplasmic C terminus regulates morphogenesis and stress responses in Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:1201-1215. [PMID: 34465004 PMCID: PMC8541923 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
MCC/eisosome subdomains of the plasma membrane promote proper cell wall morphogenesis that is critical for the fungal pathogen Candida albicans to grow invasively and resist stressful environments in the host. Sur7 localizes to MCC/eisosomes and is needed for their function, so in this work, the role of this tetraspan membrane protein was studied by mutagenesis. Deletion mutant analysis showed that the N-terminal region containing the four transmembrane domains mediates Sur7 localization to MCC/eisosomes. Mutation of 32 conserved residues in the N-terminal region indicated that extracellular loop 1 is important, although these mutants generally displayed weak phenotypes. Surprisingly, two Cys residues in a conserved motif in extracellular loop 1 were not important. However, deletion of the entire 15 amino acid motif revealed that it was needed for proper membrane trafficking of Sur7. Deletion and substitution mutagenesis showed that the C terminus is important for resisting cell wall stress. This is significant as it indicates Sur7 carries out an important role in the cytoplasm. Altogether, these results indicate that the N-terminal region localizes Sur7 to MCC/eisosomes and that the C-terminal domain promotes responses in the cytoplasm needed for cell wall morphogenesis and stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James B. Konopka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5222
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30
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Megarioti AH, Primo C, Kapetanakis GC, Athanasopoulos A, Sophianopoulou V, André B, Gournas C. The Bul1/2 Alpha-Arrestins Promote Ubiquitylation and Endocytosis of the Can1 Permease upon Cycloheximide-Induced TORC1-Hyperactivation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10208. [PMID: 34638549 PMCID: PMC8508209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective endocytosis followed by degradation is a major mechanism for downregulating plasma membrane transporters in response to specific environmental cues. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this endocytosis is promoted by ubiquitylation catalyzed by the Rsp5 ubiquitin-ligase, targeted to transporters via adaptors of the alpha-arrestin family. However, the molecular mechanisms of this targeting and their control according to conditions remain incompletely understood. In this work, we dissect the molecular mechanisms eliciting the endocytosis of Can1, the arginine permease, in response to cycloheximide-induced TORC1 hyperactivation. We show that cycloheximide promotes Rsp5-dependent Can1 ubiquitylation and endocytosis in a manner dependent on the Bul1/2 alpha-arrestins. Also crucial for this downregulation is a short acidic patch sequence in the N-terminus of Can1 likely acting as a binding site for Bul1/2. The previously reported inhibition by cycloheximide of transporter recycling, from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, seems to additionally contribute to efficient Can1 downregulation. Our results also indicate that, contrary to the previously described substrate-transport elicited Can1 endocytosis mediated by the Art1 alpha-arrestin, Bul1/2-mediated Can1 ubiquitylation occurs independently of the conformation of the transporter. This study provides further insights into how distinct alpha-arrestins control the ubiquitin-dependent downregulation of a specific amino acid transporter under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia H. Megarioti
- Microbial Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patr. Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos St., 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Greece; (A.H.M.); (A.A.); (V.S.)
| | - Cecilia Primo
- Molecular Physiology of the Cell Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), IBMM, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; (C.P.); (G.C.K.)
| | - George C. Kapetanakis
- Molecular Physiology of the Cell Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), IBMM, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; (C.P.); (G.C.K.)
| | - Alexandros Athanasopoulos
- Microbial Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patr. Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos St., 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Greece; (A.H.M.); (A.A.); (V.S.)
| | - Vicky Sophianopoulou
- Microbial Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patr. Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos St., 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Greece; (A.H.M.); (A.A.); (V.S.)
| | - Bruno André
- Molecular Physiology of the Cell Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), IBMM, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; (C.P.); (G.C.K.)
| | - Christos Gournas
- Microbial Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patr. Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos St., 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Greece; (A.H.M.); (A.A.); (V.S.)
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31
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Impact of Membrane Lipids on UapA and AzgA Transporter Subcellular Localization and Activity in Aspergillus nidulans. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7070514. [PMID: 34203131 PMCID: PMC8304608 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent biochemical and biophysical evidence have established that membrane lipids, namely phospholipids, sphingolipids and sterols, are critical for the function of eukaryotic plasma membrane transporters. Here, we study the effect of selected membrane lipid biosynthesis mutations and of the ergosterol-related antifungal itraconazole on the subcellular localization, stability and transport kinetics of two well-studied purine transporters, UapA and AzgA, in Aspergillus nidulans. We show that genetic reduction in biosynthesis of ergosterol, sphingolipids or phosphoinositides arrest A. nidulans growth after germling formation, but solely blocks in early steps of ergosterol (Erg11) or sphingolipid (BasA) synthesis have a negative effect on plasma membrane (PM) localization and stability of transporters before growth arrest. Surprisingly, the fraction of UapA or AzgA that reaches the PM in lipid biosynthesis mutants is shown to conserve normal apparent transport kinetics. We further show that turnover of UapA, which is the transporter mostly sensitive to membrane lipid content modification, occurs during its trafficking and by enhanced endocytosis, and is partly dependent on autophagy and Hect-type HulARsp5 ubiquitination. Our results point out that the role of specific membrane lipids on transporter biogenesis and function in vivo is complex, combinatorial and transporter-dependent.
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Šečić E, Kogel KH. Requirements for fungal uptake of dsRNA and gene silencing in RNAi-based crop protection strategies. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 70:136-142. [PMID: 34000482 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that RNAi is an effective control strategy for agronomically important fungi. To implement RNAi-based crop protection strategies, dsRNA molecules are either sprayed on foliage or generated by genetically engineered plants. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the mechanisms governing dsRNA uptake and RNAi-mediated gene silencing in fungi, as well as the factors that influence these phenomena. Of primary importance is dsRNA design, as identifying an appropriate gene for silencing and determining which region of the gene to target are critical for maximizing efficiency. Strategies for enhancing dsRNA uptake, potentially by using formulations and/or carriers that prevent dsRNA degradation by (a)biotic factors and possibly facilitate translocation, also are a key consideration. Finally, determining whether the fungal pathogen of interest contains a functional RNAi machinery is a major consideration. Integrated experimental confirmation of these important factors is necessary for the successful development of crop protection strategies against fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Šečić
- Institute of Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Kogel
- Institute of Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Hepowit NL, Macedo JKA, Young LEA, Liu K, Sun RC, MacGurn JA, Dickson RC. Enhancing lifespan of budding yeast by pharmacological lowering of amino acid pools. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:7846-7871. [PMID: 33744865 PMCID: PMC8034917 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of age-related diseases and resulting healthcare insecurity and emotional burden require novel treatment approaches. Several promising strategies seek to limit nutrients and promote healthy aging. Unfortunately, the human desire to consume food means this strategy is not practical for most people but pharmacological approaches might be a viable alternative. We previously showed that myriocin, which impairs sphingolipid synthesis, increases lifespan in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by modulating signaling pathways including the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1). Since TORC1 senses cellular amino acids, we analyzed amino acid pools and identified 17 that are lowered by myriocin treatment. Studying the methionine transporter, Mup1, we found that newly synthesized Mup1 traffics to the plasma membrane and is stable for several hours but is inactive in drug-treated cells. Activity can be restored by adding phytosphingosine to culture medium thereby bypassing drug inhibition, thus confirming a sphingolipid requirement for Mup1 activity. Importantly, genetic analysis of myriocin-induced longevity revealed a requirement for the Gtr1/2 (mammalian Rags) and Vps34-Pib2 amino acid sensing pathways upstream of TORC1, consistent with a mechanism of action involving decreased amino acid availability. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of pharmacologically inducing a state resembling amino acid restriction to promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel L. Hepowit
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jessica K. A. Macedo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Lyndsay E. A. Young
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ke Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Ramon C. Sun
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jason A. MacGurn
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Robert C. Dickson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Endocytosis of nutrient transporters in fungi: The ART of connecting signaling and trafficking. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:1713-1737. [PMID: 33897977 PMCID: PMC8050425 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane transporters play pivotal roles in the import of nutrients, including sugars, amino acids, nucleobases, carboxylic acids, and metal ions, that surround fungal cells. The selective removal of these transporters by endocytosis is one of the most important regulatory mechanisms that ensures a rapid adaptation of cells to the changing environment (e.g., nutrient fluctuations or different stresses). At the heart of this mechanism lies a network of proteins that includes the arrestin‐related trafficking adaptors (ARTs) which link the ubiquitin ligase Rsp5 to nutrient transporters and endocytic factors. Transporter conformational changes, as well as dynamic interactions between its cytosolic termini/loops and with lipids of the plasma membrane, are also critical during the endocytic process. Here, we review the current knowledge and recent findings on the molecular mechanisms involved in nutrient transporter endocytosis, both in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in some species of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus. We elaborate on the physiological importance of tightly regulated endocytosis for cellular fitness under dynamic conditions found in nature and highlight how further understanding and engineering of this process is essential to maximize titer, rate and yield (TRY)-values of engineered cell factories in industrial biotechnological processes.
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Key Words
- AAs, amino acids
- ACT, amino Acid/Choline Transporter
- AP, adaptor protein
- APC, amino acid-polyamine-organocation
- Arg, arginine
- Arrestins
- Arts, arrestin‐related trafficking adaptors
- Asp, aspartic acid
- Aspergilli
- Biotechnology
- C, carbon
- C-terminus, carboxyl-terminus
- Cell factories
- Conformational changes
- Cu, copper
- DUBs, deubiquitinating enzymes
- EMCs, eisosome membrane compartments
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for transport
- Endocytic signals
- Endocytosis
- Fe, iron
- Fungi
- GAAC, general amino acid control
- Glu, glutamic acid
- H+, proton
- IF, inward-facing
- LAT, L-type Amino acid Transporter
- LID, loop Interaction Domain
- Lys, lysine
- MCCs, membrane compartments containing the arginine permease Can1
- MCCs/eisosomes
- MCPs, membrane compartments of Pma1
- MFS, major facilitator superfamily
- MVB, multi vesicular bodies
- Met, methionine
- Metabolism
- Mn, manganese
- N, nitrogen
- N-terminus, amino-terminus
- NAT, nucleobase Ascorbate Transporter
- NCS1, nucleobase/Cation Symporter 1
- NCS2, nucleobase cation symporter family 2
- NH4+, ammonium
- Nutrient transporters
- OF, outward-facing
- PEST, proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S), and threonine (T)
- PM, plasma membrane
- PVE, prevacuolar endosome
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- Signaling pathways
- Structure-function
- TGN, trans-Golgi network
- TMSs, transmembrane segments
- TORC1, target of rapamycin complex 1
- TRY, titer, rate and yield
- Trp, tryptophan
- Tyr, tyrosine
- Ub, ubiquitin
- Ubiquitylation
- VPS, vacuolar protein sorting
- W/V, weight per volume
- YAT, yeast Amino acid Transporter
- Zn, Zinc
- fAATs, fungal AA transporters
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Zhang LB, Qiu TT, Huang ZH, Ye XY, Guan Y. Transcriptomic analysis of Sur7-mediated response of Beauveria bassiana to different nutritional conditions. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6123717. [PMID: 33512422 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrity of the cell wall is requisite for fungal growth and function. Sur7 governs cell wall composition, and affects conidial sporulation and germination in Beauveria bassiana, a filamentous entomopathogenic fungus. The role of Sur7 in fungal growth on various nutrients remains unclear. We have previously reported that Sur7 deletion results in the attenuation of B. bassiana growth on supplemented Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDAY) and minimal Czapek-Dox agar (CDA) compared to wild type (WT). Here, we used transcriptomic analysis to compare WT and Sur7 mutant (ΔSur7) responses to CDA and SDAY. Growth on CDA, compared with that on SDAY, affected the expression of more genes in the WT than in the mutant. Differentially expressed genes were enriched for transportation process terms in the ΔSur7 mutant and metabolic process terms in the WT. Different processes were repressed in the ΔSur7 (metabolic process) and WT (ribosome synthesis) cells. Despite the shared enrichment of nitrogen metabolism genes, differentially expressed genes were enriched in distinct saccharide-energy metabolism terms in each strain. We conclude that Sur7 ensures the growth of B. bassiana in a minimal medium by influencing the expression of genes involved in the consumption of sucrose via specific energy metabolism pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Bin Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Ting-Ting Qiu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Huang
- Chemical Engineering Istitute, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Xiu-Yun Ye
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Yi Guan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
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Li Y, Dai M, Zhang Y, Lu L. The sterol C-14 reductase Erg24 is responsible for ergosterol biosynthesis and ion homeostasis in Aspergillus fumigatus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1253-1268. [PMID: 33475797 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ergosterol, a major lipid present in the fungal cell membrane, is considered as an effective antifungal drug target. A rational strategy for increasing drug reservoir relies on functionally validation of essential enzymes involved in fungal key biological pathway. Current knowledge regarding the essential genes in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway is still limited in the opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. In this study, we characterized two endoplasmic reticulum-localized sterol C-14 reductases encoded by both erg24A and erg24B homologs that are essential for the viability of A. fumigatus despite the fact that neither paralog is essential individually. Loss of one homolog of Erg24 impairs hyphal growth, conidiation, and virulence but has no effect on ergosterol biosynthesis. To investigate the functional significance of erg24, a conditional double mutant (Δerg24B niiA::erg24A) was constructed in the Δerg24B background. Strikingly, the conditional erg24 double mutant exhibited severe growth defects and accumulation of sterol intermediate. Moreover, the addition of metal ions and the overexpression of the corresponding ion transporters could rescue the growth defects of the erg24 double mutant in A. fumigatus, implying that the defective phenotype of the erg24 double mutant is tightly associated with dysregulation of ion homeostasis. Taken together, our results demonstrate the critical role of Erg24 in ergosterol biosynthesis and ion homeostasis in A. fumigatus, which may have important implications for antifungal discovery. KEY POINTS: • We characterized two endoplasmic reticulum-localized sterol C-14 reductases Erg24A and Erg24B in A. fumigatus. • Erg24A and Erg24B in combination, but not individually, are required for the viability of A. fumigatus. • Inactivation of Erg24 leads to the disruption of ion homeostasis and affects ergosterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengyao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ling Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
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37
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Fedoseeva EV, Danilova OA, Ianutsevich EA, Terekhova VA, Tereshina VM. Micromycete Lipids and Stress. Microbiology (Reading) 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261721010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Sousa C, Santos FC, Bento-Oliveira A, Mestre B, Silva LC, de Almeida RFM. Biophysical Analysis of Lipid Domains in Mammalian and Yeast Membranes by Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2187:247-269. [PMID: 32770511 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0814-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy to study sterol and sphingolipid-enriched lipid domains as diverse as the ones found in mammalian and fungal membranes is herein described. We first address how to prepare liposomes that mimic raft-containing membranes of mammalian cells and how to use fluorescence spectroscopy to characterize the biophysical properties of these membrane model systems. We further illustrate the application of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to study nanodomain reorganization upon interaction with small bioactive molecules, phenolic acids, an important group of phytochemical compounds. This methodology overcomes the resolution limits of conventional fluorescence microscopy allowing for the identification and characterization of lipid domains at the nanoscale.We continue by showing how to use fluorescence spectroscopy in the biophysical analysis of more complex biological systems, namely the plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells and the necessary adaptations to the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa , evaluating the global order of the membrane, sphingolipid-enriched domains rigidity and abundance, and ergosterol-dependent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Sousa
- Research Institute for medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipa C Santos
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Bento-Oliveira
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Mestre
- Research Institute for medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Liana C Silva
- Research Institute for medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo F M de Almeida
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Weichert M, Herzog S, Robson SA, Brandt R, Priegnitz BE, Brandt U, Schulz S, Fleißner A. Plasma Membrane Fusion Is Specifically Impacted by the Molecular Structure of Membrane Sterols During Vegetative Development of Neurospora crassa. Genetics 2020; 216:1103-1116. [PMID: 33046504 PMCID: PMC7768248 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell fusion is crucial for the development and propagation of most eukaryotic organisms. Despite this importance, the molecular mechanisms mediating this process are only poorly understood in biological systems. In particular, the step of plasma membrane merger and the contributing proteins and physicochemical factors remain mostly unknown. Earlier studies provided the first evidence of a role of membrane sterols in cell-to-cell fusion. By characterizing different ergosterol biosynthesis mutants of the fungus Neurospora crassa, which accumulate different ergosterol precursors, we show that the structure of the sterol ring system specifically affects plasma membrane merger during the fusion of vegetative spore germlings. Genetic analyses pinpoint this defect to an event prior to engagement of the fusion machinery. Strikingly, this effect is not observed during sexual fusion, suggesting that the specific sterol precursors do not generally block membrane merger, but rather impair subcellular processes exclusively mediating fusion of vegetative cells. At a colony-wide level, the altered structure of the sterol ring system affects a subset of differentiation processes, including vegetative sporulation and steps before and after fertilization during sexual propagation. Together, these observations corroborate the notion that the accumulation of particular sterol precursors has very specific effects on defined cellular processes rather than nonspecifically disturbing membrane functioning. Given the phenotypic similarities of the ergosterol biosynthesis mutants of N. crassa during vegetative fusion and of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells undergoing mating, our data support the idea that yeast mating is evolutionarily and mechanistically more closely related to vegetative than sexual fusion of filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Weichert
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Herzog
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sarah-Anne Robson
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Raphael Brandt
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bert-Ewald Priegnitz
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Brandt
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - André Fleißner
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Topolska M, Roelants FM, Si EP, Thorner J. TORC2-Dependent Ypk1-Mediated Phosphorylation of Lam2/Ltc4 Disrupts Its Association with the β-Propeller Protein Laf1 at Endoplasmic Reticulum-Plasma Membrane Contact Sites in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121598. [PMID: 33255682 PMCID: PMC7760575 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-tethered sterol-binding Lam/Ltc proteins localize at junctions between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and other organelles. Two of the six family members-Lam2/Ltc4 (initially Ysp2) and paralog Lam4/Ltc3-localize to ER-plasma membrane (PM) contact sites (CSs) and mediate retrograde ergosterol transport from the PM to the ER. Our prior work demonstrated that Lam2 and Lam4 are substrates of TORC2-regulated protein kinase Ypk1, that Ypk1-mediated phosphorylation inhibits their function in retrograde sterol transport, and that PM sterol retention bolsters cell survival under stressful conditions. At ER-PM CSs, Lam2 and Lam4 associate with Laf1/Ymr102c and Dgr2/Ykl121w (paralogous WD40 repeat-containing proteins) that reportedly bind sterol. Using fluorescent tags, we found that Lam2 and Lam4 remain at ER-PM CSs when Laf1 and Dgr2 are absent, whereas neither Laf1 nor Dgr2 remain at ER-PM CSs when Lam2 and Lam4 are absent. Loss of Laf1 (but not Dgr2) impedes retrograde ergosterol transport, and a laf1∆ mutation does not exacerbate the transport defect of lam2∆ lam4∆ cells, indicating a shared function. Lam2 and Lam4 bind Laf1 and Dgr2 in vitro in a pull-down assay, and the PH domain in Lam2 hinders its interaction with Laf1. Lam2 phosphorylated by Ypk1, and Lam2 with phosphomimetic (Glu) replacements at its Ypk1 sites, exhibited a marked reduction in Laf1 binding. Thus, phosphorylation prevents Lam2 interaction with Laf1 at ER-PM CSs, providing a mechanism by which Ypk1 action inhibits retrograde sterol transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Topolska
- Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202, USA; (M.T.); (F.M.R.); (E.P.S.)
- Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Françoise M. Roelants
- Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202, USA; (M.T.); (F.M.R.); (E.P.S.)
| | - Edward P. Si
- Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202, USA; (M.T.); (F.M.R.); (E.P.S.)
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, P.O. Box 1980, Norfolk, VA 23501-1980, USA
| | - Jeremy Thorner
- Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202, USA; (M.T.); (F.M.R.); (E.P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-510-642-2558; Fax: +1-510-642-6420
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41
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Plasma Membrane MCC/Eisosome Domains Promote Stress Resistance in Fungi. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:84/4/e00063-19. [PMID: 32938742 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00063-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing appreciation that the plasma membrane orchestrates a diverse array of functions by segregating different activities into specialized domains that vary in size, stability, and composition. Studies with the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have identified a novel type of plasma membrane domain known as the MCC (membrane compartment of Can1)/eisosomes that correspond to stable furrows in the plasma membrane. MCC/eisosomes maintain proteins at the cell surface, such as nutrient transporters like the Can1 arginine symporter, by protecting them from endocytosis and degradation. Recent studies from several fungal species are now revealing new functional roles for MCC/eisosomes that enable cells to respond to a wide range of stressors, including changes in membrane tension, nutrition, cell wall integrity, oxidation, and copper toxicity. The different MCC/eisosome functions are often intertwined through the roles of these domains in lipid homeostasis, which is important for proper plasma membrane architecture and cell signaling. Therefore, this review will emphasize the emerging models that explain how MCC/eisosomes act as hubs to coordinate cellular responses to stress. The importance of MCC/eisosomes is underscored by their roles in virulence for fungal pathogens of plants, animals, and humans, which also highlights the potential of these domains to act as novel therapeutic targets.
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42
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Dimou S, Diallinas G. Life and Death of Fungal Transporters under the Challenge of Polarity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155376. [PMID: 32751072 PMCID: PMC7432044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic plasma membrane (PM) transporters face critical challenges that are not widely present in prokaryotes. The two most important issues are proper subcellular traffic and targeting to the PM, and regulated endocytosis in response to physiological, developmental, or stress signals. Sorting of transporters from their site of synthesis, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), to the PM has been long thought, but not formally shown, to occur via the conventional Golgi-dependent vesicular secretory pathway. Endocytosis of specific eukaryotic transporters has been studied more systematically and shown to involve ubiquitination, internalization, and sorting to early endosomes, followed by turnover in the multivesicular bodies (MVB)/lysosomes/vacuole system. In specific cases, internalized transporters have been shown to recycle back to the PM. However, the mechanisms of transporter forward trafficking and turnover have been overturned recently through systematic work in the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans. In this review, we present evidence that shows that transporter traffic to the PM takes place through Golgi bypass and transporter endocytosis operates via a mechanism that is distinct from that of recycling membrane cargoes essential for fungal growth. We discuss these findings in relation to adaptation to challenges imposed by cell polarity in fungi as well as in other eukaryotes and provide a rationale of why transporters and possibly other housekeeping membrane proteins ‘avoid’ routes of polar trafficking.
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43
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Khmelinskaia A, Marquês JMT, Bastos AEP, Antunes CAC, Bento-Oliveira A, Scolari S, Lobo GMDS, Malhó R, Herrmann A, Marinho HS, de Almeida RFM. Liquid-Ordered Phase Formation by Mammalian and Yeast Sterols: A Common Feature With Organizational Differences. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:337. [PMID: 32596234 PMCID: PMC7304482 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, biophysical properties of membranes enriched in three metabolically related sterols are analyzed both in vitro and in vivo. Unlike cholesterol and ergosterol, the common metabolic precursor zymosterol is unable to induce the formation of a liquid ordered (l o) phase in model lipid membranes and can easily accommodate in a gel phase. As a result, Zym has a marginal ability to modulate the passive membrane permeability of lipid vesicles with different compositions, contrary to cholesterol and ergosterol. Using fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy of an aminostyryl dye in living mammalian and yeast cells we established a close parallel between sterol-dependent membrane biophysical properties in vivo and in vitro. This approach unraveled fundamental differences in yeast and mammalian plasma membrane organization. It is often suggested that, in eukaryotes, areas that are sterol-enriched are also rich in sphingolipids, constituting highly ordered membrane regions. Our results support that while cholesterol is able to interact with saturated lipids, ergosterol seems to interact preferentially with monounsaturated phosphatidylcholines. Taken together, we show that different eukaryotic kingdoms developed unique solutions for the formation of a sterol-rich plasma membrane, a common evolutionary trait that accounts for sterol structural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Khmelinskaia
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M T Marquês
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - André E P Bastos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina A C Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Bento-Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Silvia Scolari
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerson M da S Lobo
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Malhó
- Faculdade de Ciências, BioISI, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - H Susana Marinho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo F M de Almeida
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Bento-Oliveira A, Santos FC, Marquês JT, Paulo PMR, Korte T, Herrmann A, Marinho HS, de Almeida RFM. Yeast Sphingolipid-Enriched Domains and Membrane Compartments in the Absence of Mannosyldiinositolphosphorylceramide. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060871. [PMID: 32517183 PMCID: PMC7356636 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The relevance of mannosyldiinositolphosphorylceramide [M(IP)2C] synthesis, the terminal complex sphingolipid class in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for the lateral organization of the plasma membrane, and in particular for sphingolipid-enriched gel domains, was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy. We also addressed how changing the complex sphingolipid profile in the plasma membrane could influence the membrane compartments (MC) containing either the arginine/ H+ symporter Can1p (MCC) or the proton ATPase Pma1p (MCP). To achieve these goals, wild-type (wt) and ipt1Δ cells, which are unable to synthesize M(IP)2C accumulating mannosylinositolphosphorylceramide (MIPC), were compared. Living cells, isolated plasma membrane and giant unilamellar vesicles reconstituted from plasma membrane lipids were labelled with various fluorescent membrane probes that report the presence and organization of distinct lipid domains, global order, and dielectric properties. Can1p and Pma1p were tagged with GFP and mRFP, respectively, in both yeast strains, to evaluate their lateral organization using confocal fluorescence intensity and fluorescence lifetime imaging. The results show that IPT1 deletion strongly affects the rigidity of gel domains but not their relative abundance, whereas no significant alterations could be perceived in ergosterol-enriched domains. Moreover, in these cells lacking M(IP)2C, a clear alteration in Pma1p membrane distribution, but no significant changes in Can1p distribution, were observed. Thus, this work reinforces the notion that sphingolipid-enriched domains distinct from ergosterol-enriched regions are present in the S. cerevisiae plasma membrane and suggests that M(IP)2C is important for a proper hydrophobic chain packing of sphingolipids in the gel domains of wt cells. Furthermore, our results strongly support the involvement of sphingolipid domains in the formation and stability of the MCP, possibly being enriched in this compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Bento-Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.B.-O.); (F.C.S.); (J.T.M.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Filipa C. Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.B.-O.); (F.C.S.); (J.T.M.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Joaquim Trigo Marquês
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.B.-O.); (F.C.S.); (J.T.M.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Pedro M. R. Paulo
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Thomas Korte
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biophysics, IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (T.K.); (A.H.)
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biophysics, IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (T.K.); (A.H.)
| | - H. Susana Marinho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.B.-O.); (F.C.S.); (J.T.M.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Rodrigo F. M. de Almeida
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.B.-O.); (F.C.S.); (J.T.M.); (H.S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-217-500-925
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Amen T, Kaganovich D. Stress granules sense metabolic stress at the plasma membrane and potentiate recovery by storing active Pkc1. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/623/eaaz6339. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaz6339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As the physical barrier between the cell and the outside environment, the plasma membrane is well-positioned to be the first responder to stress. The membrane is also highly vulnerable to many types of perturbation, including heat, force, osmotic pressure, lipid shortage, and starvation. To determine whether the structural changes in the plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae brought about by nutrient stress can be communicated to regulatory networks within the cell, we identified proteins that interact with stress granules (SGs), subcellular structures composed of proteins, and nontranslated RNAs that form when cells are stressed. We found that SG proteins interacted with components of eisosomes, which are subcortical membrane structures with a distinct lipid and protein composition. In response to starvation-triggered phosphorylation of eisosome proteins, eisosomes clustered and recruited SG components, including active Pkc1. The absence of eisosomes impaired SG formation, resulting in delayed recovery from nutrient deprivation. Thus, eisosome clustering is an example of interdomain communication in response to stress and identifies a previously unknown mechanism of SG regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triana Amen
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Kaganovich
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- 1Base Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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