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Elemam NM, Bouzid A, Alsafar H, Ahmed SBM, Hafezi S, Venkatachalam T, Eldohaji L, Al Hamidi T, Gerges PH, Halabi N, Hadj-Kacem H, Talaat IM, Taneera J, Sulaiman N, Maghazachi AA, Hamid Q, Hamoudi R, Saber-Ayad M. Association of specific ACE2 and TMPRSS2 variants with circulatory cytokines of COVID-19 Emirati patients. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1348229. [PMID: 38855114 PMCID: PMC11157456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1348229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic represented one of the most significant challenges to researchers and healthcare providers. Several factors determine the disease severity, whereas none alone can explain the tremendous variability. The Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease type-2 (TMPRSS2) genes affect the virus entry and are considered possible risk factors for COVID-19. Methods We compiled a panel of gene variants from both genes and used in-silico analysis to predict their significance. We performed biological validation to assess their capacity to alter the ACE2 interaction with the virus spike protein. Subsequently, we conducted a retrospective comparative genome analysis on those variants in the Emirati patients with different disease severity (total of 96) along with 69 healthy control subjects. Results Our results showed that the Emirati population lacks the variants that were previously reported as associated with disease severity, whereas a new variant in ACE2 "Chr X:g.15584534" was associated with disease severity specifically among female patients. In-silico analysis revealed that the new variant can determine the ACE2 gene transcription. Several cytokines (GM-CSF and IL-6) and chemokines (MCP-1/CCL2, IL-8/CXCL8, and IP-10/CXCL10) were markedly increased in COVID-19 patients with a significant correlation with disease severity. The newly reported genetic variant of ACE2 showed a positive correlation with CD40L, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-15, and IL-17A in COVID-19 patients. Conclusion Whereas COVID-19 represents now a past pandemic, our study underscores the importance of genetic factors specific to a population, which can influence both the susceptibility to viral infections and the level of severity; subsequently expected required preparedness in different areas of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M. Elemam
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amal Bouzid
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Habiba Alsafar
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Emirates Bio-Research Centre, Ministry of Interior, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samrein BM Ahmed
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Shirin Hafezi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thenmozhi Venkatachalam
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Physiology and Immunology College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Leen Eldohaji
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tasneem Al Hamidi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Peter Habib Gerges
- School of Information Technology and Computer Science (ITCS), Nile University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nour Halabi
- Al Jalila Genomics Center of Excellence, Al Jalila Children’s Specialty Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hassen Hadj-Kacem
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Iman M. Talaat
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Jalal Taneera
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nabil Sulaiman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Azzam A. Maghazachi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maha Saber-Ayad
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Khan N, Kurnik-Łucka M, Latacz G, Gil K. Systematic-Narrative Hybrid Literature Review: Crosstalk between Gastrointestinal Renin-Angiotensin and Dopaminergic Systems in the Regulation of Intestinal Permeability by Tight Junctions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5566. [PMID: 38791603 PMCID: PMC11122119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In the first part of this article, the role of intestinal epithelial tight junctions (TJs), together with gastrointestinal dopaminergic and renin-angiotensin systems, are narratively reviewed to provide sufficient background. In the second part, the current experimental data on the interplay between gastrointestinal (GI) dopaminergic and renin-angiotensin systems in the regulation of intestinal epithelial permeability are reviewed in a systematic manner using the PRISMA methodology. Experimental data confirmed the copresence of DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in human and rodent enterocytes. The intestinal barrier structure and integrity can be altered by angiotensin (1-7) and dopamine (DA). Both renin-angiotensin and dopaminergic systems influence intestinal Na+/K+-ATPase activity, thus maintaining electrolyte and nutritional homeostasis. The colocalization of B0AT1 and ACE2 indicates the direct role of the renin-angiotensin system in amino acid absorption. Yet, more studies are needed to thoroughly define the structural and functional interaction between TJ-associated proteins and GI renin-angiotensin and dopaminergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Khan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Krakow, Poland
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kurnik-Łucka
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Krakow, Poland
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gil
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Krakow, Poland
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Kukułowicz J, Pietrzak-Lichwa K, Klimończyk K, Idlin N, Bajda M. The SLC6A15-SLC6A20 Neutral Amino Acid Transporter Subfamily: Functions, Diseases, and Their Therapeutic Relevance. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 76:142-193. [PMID: 37940347 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The neutral amino acid transporter subfamily that consists of six members, consecutively SLC6A15-SLC620, also called orphan transporters, represents membrane, sodium-dependent symporter proteins that belong to the family of solute carrier 6 (SLC6). Primarily, they mediate the transport of neutral amino acids from the extracellular milieu toward cell or storage vesicles utilizing an electric membrane potential as the driving force. Orphan transporters are widely distributed throughout the body, covering many systems; for instance, the central nervous, renal, or intestinal system, supplying cells into molecules used in biochemical, signaling, and building pathways afterward. They are responsible for intestinal absorption and renal reabsorption of amino acids. In the central nervous system, orphan transporters constitute a significant medium for the provision of neurotransmitter precursors. Diseases related with aforementioned transporters highlight their significance; SLC6A19 mutations are associated with metabolic Hartnup disorder, whereas altered expression of SLC6A15 has been associated with a depression/stress-related disorders. Mutations of SLC6A18-SLCA20 cause iminoglycinuria and/or hyperglycinuria. SLC6A18-SLC6A20 to reach the cellular membrane require an ancillary unit ACE2 that is a molecular target for the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. SLC6A19 has been proposed as a molecular target for the treatment of metabolic disorders resembling gastric surgery bypass. Inhibition of SLC6A15 appears to have a promising outcome in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. SLC6A19 and SLC6A20 have been suggested as potential targets in the treatment of COVID-19. In this review, we gathered recent advances on orphan transporters, their structure, functions, related disorders, and diseases, and in particular their relevance as therapeutic targets. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The following review systematizes current knowledge about the SLC6A15-SLCA20 neutral amino acid transporter subfamily and their therapeutic relevance in the treatment of different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jędrzej Kukułowicz
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pietrzak-Lichwa
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Klimończyk
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Nathalie Idlin
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Li Z, Zhu G, Lei X, Tang L, Kong G, Shen M, Zhang L, Song L. Genetic support of the causal association between gut microbiome and COVID-19: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1217615. [PMID: 37483615 PMCID: PMC10360131 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1217615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The association between gut microbiome and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has attracted much attention, but its causality remains unclear and requires more direct evidence. Methods In this study, we conducted the bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to assess the causal association between gut microbiome and COVID-19 based on the summary statistics data of genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Over 1.8 million individuals with three COVID-19 phenotypes (severity, hospitalization and infection) were included. And 196 bacterial taxa from phylum to genus were analyzed. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) analysis was chosen as the primary method. Besides, false discovery rate (FDR) correction of p-value was used. To test the robustness of the causal relationships with p-FDR < 0.05, sensitivity analyses including the secondary MR analyses, horizontal pleiotropy test, outliers test, and "leave-one-out" analysis were conducted. Results In the forward MR, we found that 3, 8, and 10 bacterial taxa had suggestive effects on COVID-19 severity, hospitalization and infection, respectively. The genus Alloprevotella [odds ratio (OR) = 1.67; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.32-2.11; p = 1.69×10-5, p-FDR = 2.01×10-3] was causally associated with a higher COVID-19 severity risk. In the reverse MR, COVID-19 severity, hospitalization and infection had suggestive effects on the abundance of 4, 8 and 10 bacterial taxa, respectively. COVID-19 hospitalization causally increased the abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes (OR = 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04-1.22; p = 3.02×10-3; p-FDR = 2.72×10-2). However, secondary MR analyses indicated that the result of COVID-19 hospitalization on the phylum Bacteroidetes required careful consideration. Conclusion Our study revealed the causal association between gut microbiome and COVID-19 and highlighted the role of "gut-lung axis" in the progression of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengbin Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Guixian Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiangye Lei
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Liqiong Tang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Guangyao Kong
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Mingwang Shen
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lingqin Song
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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El-Arabey AA, Abdalla M, Rashad Abd-Allah A, Marenga H, Modafer Y, Aloufi AS. Molecular dynamic and bioinformatic studies of metformin-induced ACE2 phosphorylation in the presence of different SARS-CoV-2 S protein mutations. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103699. [PMID: 37292255 PMCID: PMC10238124 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 infection activates host kinases and causes high phosphorylation in both the host and the virus. There were around 70 phosphorylation sites found in SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins. Besides, almost 15,000 host phosphorylation sites were found in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. COVID-19 is thought to enter cells via the well-known receptor Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the serine protease TMPRSS2. Substantially, the COVID-19 infection doesn't induce phosphorylation of the ACE2 receptor at Serin-680(s680). Metformin's numerous pleiotropic properties and extensive use in medicine including COVID-19, have inspired experts to call it the "aspirin of the twenty-first century". Metformin's impact on COVID-19 has been verified in clinical investigations via ACE2 receptor phosphorylation at s680. In the infection of COVID-19, sodium-dependent transporters including the major neutral amino acid (B0AT1) is regulated by ACE2. The structure of B0AT1 complexing with the COVID-19 receptor ACE2 enabled significant progress in the creation of mRNA vaccines. We aimed to study the impact of the interaction of the phosphorylation form of ACE2-s680 with wild-type (WT) and different mutations of SARS-CoV-2 infection such as delta, omicron, and gamma (γ) on their entrance of host cells as well as the regulation of B0AT1by the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2. Interestingly, compared to WT SARS-CoV-2, ACE2 receptor phosphorylation at s680 produces conformational alterations in all types of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, our results showed for the first time that this phosphorylation significantly influences ACE2 sites K625, K676, and R678, which are key mediators for ACE2-B0AT1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Ahmed El-Arabey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11751, Egypt
| | - Mohnad Abdalla
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Adel Rashad Abd-Allah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11751, Egypt
| | - Hanin.S. Marenga
- Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry, College of pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yosra Modafer
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jazan university, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer S. Aloufi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Nydegger DT, Pujol-Giménez J, Kandasamy P, Vogt B, Hediger MA. Applications of the Microscale Thermophoresis Binding Assay in COVID-19 Research. Viruses 2023; 15:1432. [PMID: 37515120 PMCID: PMC10386446 DOI: 10.3390/v15071432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic progresses, new variants of SARS-CoV-2 continue to emerge. This underscores the need to develop optimized tools to study such variants, along with new coronaviruses that may arise in the future. Such tools will also be instrumental in the development of new antiviral drugs. Here, we introduce microscale thermophoresis (MST) as a reliable and versatile tool for coronavirus research, which we demonstrate through three different applications described in this report: (1) binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD) to peptides as a strategy to prevent virus entry, (2) binding of the RBD to the viral receptor ACE2, and (3) binding of the RBD to ACE2 in complex with the amino acid transporter SLC6A20/SIT1 or its allelic variant rs61731475 (p.Ile529Val). Our results demonstrate that MST is a highly precise approach to studying protein-protein and/or protein-ligand interactions in coronavirus research, making it an ideal tool for studying viral variants and developing antiviral agents. Moreover, as shown in our results, a unique advantage of the MST assay over other available binding assays is the ability to measure interactions with membrane proteins in their near-native plasma membrane environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian T Nydegger
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, University of Bern, Kinderklinik, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Kinderklinik, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jonai Pujol-Giménez
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, University of Bern, Kinderklinik, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Kinderklinik, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Palanivel Kandasamy
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, University of Bern, Kinderklinik, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Kinderklinik, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Vogt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, University of Bern, Kinderklinik, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Kinderklinik, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias A Hediger
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, University of Bern, Kinderklinik, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Kinderklinik, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Garrett RE, Palacio CH, Bar-Or D. Long COVID: Is there a kidney link? Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1138644. [PMID: 37077670 PMCID: PMC10106649 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1138644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic causes such as altered bioenergetics and amino acid metabolism may play a major role in Long COVID. Renal-metabolic regulation is an integral part of these pathways but has not been systematically or routinely investigated in Long COVID. Here we discuss the biochemistry of renal tubular injury as it may contribute to Long COVID symptoms. We propose three potential mechanisms that could be involved in Long COVID namely creatine phosphate metabolism, un-reclaimed glomerular filtrate and COVID specific proximal tubule cells (PTC) injury-a tryptophan paradigm. This approach is intended to allow for improved diagnostics and therapy for the long-haul sufferers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E. Garrett
- Swedish Medical Center, Trauma Research Dept., Englewood, CO, United States
| | - Carlos H. Palacio
- South Texas Health System, Trauma Research Dept., McAllen, TX, United States
| | - David Bar-Or
- Swedish Medical Center, Trauma Research Dept., Englewood, CO, United States
- South Texas Health System, Trauma Research Dept., McAllen, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: David Bar-Or,
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Decoding the bidirectional relationship between gut microbiota and COVID-19. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13801. [PMID: 36811017 PMCID: PMC9936796 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
From late 2019, whole world has been facing COVID-19 pandemic which is caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus. This virus primarily attacks the respiratory tract and enter host cell by binding with angiotensin 2 converting enzyme receptors present on alveoli of the lungs. Despite its binding in the lungs, many patients have reported gastrointestinal symptoms and indeed, RNA of the virus have been found in faecal sample of patients. This observation gave a clue of the involvement of gut-lung axis in this disease development and progression. From several studies reported in past two years, intestinal microbiome has shown to have bidirectional link with lungs i.e., gut dysbiosis increases the tendency of infection with COVID-19 and coronavirus can also cause perturbations in intestinal microbial composition. Thus, in this review we have tried to figure out the mechanisms by which disturbances in the gut composition can increase the susceptibility to COVID-19. Understanding these mechanisms can play a crucial role in decreasing the disease outcomes by manipulating the gut microbiome using prebiotics, probiotics, or combination of two. Even, faecal microbiota transplantation can also show better results, but intensive clinical trials need to be done first.
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9
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Prasad R, Floyd JL, Dupont M, Harbour A, Adu-Agyeiwaah Y, Asare-Bediako B, Chakraborty D, Kichler K, Rohella A, Calzi SL, Lammendella R, Wright J, Boulton ME, Oudit GY, Raizada MK, Stevens BR, Li Q, Grant MB. Maintenance of Enteral ACE2 Prevents Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 1 Diabetes. Circ Res 2023; 132:e1-e21. [PMID: 36448480 PMCID: PMC9822874 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.322003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined components of systemic and intestinal renin-angiotensin system on gut barrier permeability, glucose homeostasis, systemic inflammation, and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in human subjects and mice with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS T1D individual with (n=18) and without (n=20) DR and controls (n=34) were examined for changes in gut-regulated components of the immune system, gut leakage markers (FABP2 [fatty acid binding protein 2] and peptidoglycan), and Ang II (angiotensin II); Akita mice were orally administered a Lactobacillus paracasei (LP) probiotic expressing humanized ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) protein (LP-ACE2) as either a prevention or an intervention. Akita mice with genetic overexpression of humanAce2 by small intestine epithelial cells (Vil-Cre.hAce2KI-Akita) were similarly examined. After 9 months of T1D, circulatory, enteral, and ocular end points were assessed. RESULTS T1D subjects exhibit elevations in gut-derived circulating immune cells (ILC1 cells) and higher gut leakage markers, which were positively correlated with plasma Ang II and DR severity. The LP-ACE2 prevention cohort and genetic overexpression of intestinal ACE2 preserved barrier integrity, reduced inflammatory response, improved hyperglycemia, and delayed development of DR. Improvements in glucose homeostasis were due to intestinal MasR activation, resulting in a GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta)/c-Myc (cellular myelocytomatosis oncogene)-mediated decrease in intestinal glucose transporter expression. In the LP-ACE2 intervention cohort, gut barrier integrity was improved and DR reversed, but no improvement in hyperglycemia was observed. These data support that the beneficial effects of LP-ACE2 on DR are due to the action of ACE2, not improved glucose homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Dysregulated systemic and intestinal renin-angiotensin system was associated with worsening gut barrier permeability, gut-derived immune cell activation, systemic inflammation, and progression of DR in human subjects. In Akita mice, maintaining intestinal ACE2 expression prevented and reversed DR, emphasizing the multifaceted role of the intestinal renin-angiotensin system in diabetes and DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Prasad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jason L. Floyd
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Mariana Dupont
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Angela Harbour
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Yvonne Adu-Agyeiwaah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Bright Asare-Bediako
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Dibyendu Chakraborty
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kara Kichler
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Aayush Rohella
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Sergio Li Calzi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | | | | | - Michael E. Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Gavin Y. Oudit
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Mohan K. Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Bruce R. Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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Shen Y, Wang J, Li Y, Zhang Y, Tian R, Yan R. Structures of ACE2–SIT1 recognized by Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2. Cell Discov 2022; 8:123. [PMCID: PMC9667838 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00488-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
Infection with SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, originated in China and quickly spread across the globe. Despite tremendous economic and healthcare devastation, research on this virus has contributed to a better understanding of numerous molecular pathways, including those involving γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), that will positively impact medical science, including neuropsychiatry, in the post-pandemic era. SARS-CoV-2 primarily enters the host cells through the renin–angiotensin system’s component named angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2). Among its many functions, this protein upregulates GABA, protecting not only the central nervous system but also the endothelia, the pancreas, and the gut microbiota. SARS-CoV-2 binding to ACE-2 usurps the neuronal and non-neuronal GABAergic systems, contributing to the high comorbidity of neuropsychiatric illness with gut dysbiosis and endothelial and metabolic dysfunctions. In this perspective article, we take a closer look at the pathology emerging from the viral hijacking of non-neuronal GABA and summarize potential interventions for restoring these systems.
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12
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Zhang Y, Yan R, Zhou Q. ACE2, B 0AT1, and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Structural and functional implications. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 74:102388. [PMID: 35584583 PMCID: PMC9108414 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has emerged as a public health crisis and led to tremendous economic devastation. The spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 hijacks the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor for virus entry, representing the initial step of viral infection. S is one of the major targets for development of the antiviral drugs, antibodies, and vaccines. ACE2 is a peptidase that plays a physiologically important role in the renin-angiotensin system. Concurrently, it also forms dimer of heterodimer with the neutral amino acid transporter B0AT1 to regulate intestinal amino acid metabolism. The symptoms of COVID-19 are closely correlated with the physiological functions of ACE2. In this review, we summarize the functional and structural studies on ACE2, B0AT1, and their complex with S of SARS-CoV-2, providing insights into the various symptoms caused by viral infection and the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Renhong Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China,Corresponding author: Yan, Renhong
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China,Corresponding author: Zhou, Qiang
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13
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Niehues RV, Wozniak J, Wiersch F, Lilienthal E, Tacken N, Schumertl T, Garbers C, Ludwig A, Düsterhöft S. The collectrin-like part of the SARS-CoV-1 and -2 receptor ACE2 is shed by the metalloproteinases ADAM10 and ADAM17. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22234. [PMID: 35199397 PMCID: PMC9111296 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101521r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane protease angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a protective regulator within the renin angiotensin system and additionally represents the cellular receptor for SARS‐CoV. The release of soluble ACE2 (sACE2) from the cell surface is hence believed to be a crucial part of its (patho)physiological functions, as both, ACE2 protease activity and SARS‐CoV binding ability, are transferred from the cell membrane to body fluids. Yet, the molecular sources of sACE2 are still not completely investigated. In this study, we show different sources and prerequisites for the release of sACE2 from the cell membrane. By using inhibitors as well as CRISPR/Cas9‐derived cells, we demonstrated that, in addition to the metalloprotease ADAM17, also ADAM10 is an important novel shedding protease of ACE2. Moreover, we observed that ACE2 can also be released in extracellular vesicles. The degree of either ADAM10‐ or ADAM17‐mediated ACE2 shedding is dependent on stimulatory conditions and on the expression level of the pro‐inflammatory ADAM17 regulator iRhom2. Finally, by using structural analysis and in vitro verification, we determined for the first time that the susceptibility to ADAM10‐ and ADAM17‐mediated shedding is mediated by the collectrin‐like part of ACE2. Overall, our findings give novel insights into sACE2 release by several independent molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabea Victoria Niehues
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Justyna Wozniak
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian Wiersch
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva Lilienthal
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikola Tacken
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Schumertl
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Düsterhöft
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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14
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Abstract
Since it was discovered at the end of 2019; the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has made a serious public health threat worldwide, with over 175 million confirmed cases reported globally. Even when COVID-19 was initially considered a respiratory disease, it was actually known to be multisystemic, with gastrointestinal involvement a common clinical finding. Furthermore, COVID-19 may affect patients with gastrointestinal comorbidities, being the clinical intersectionality of utmost interest for gastroenterologists; critical care physicians and all the healthcare team taking care of COVID-19 patients. The present article presents a brief review of the reported gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID-19 disease in both previously healthy individuals and in patients with gastrointestinal comorbidities.
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15
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Loo DDF, Wright EM. Regulation of Neutral Amino Acid Transport By the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 2:zqab048. [PMID: 34642665 PMCID: PMC8499944 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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