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Genovese G, Rockweiler NB, Gorman BR, Bigdeli TB, Pato MT, Pato CN, Ichihara K, McCarroll SA. BCFtools/liftover: an accurate and comprehensive tool to convert genetic variants across genome assemblies. Bioinformatics 2024; 40:btae038. [PMID: 38261650 PMCID: PMC10832354 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btae038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Many genetics studies report results tied to genomic coordinates of a legacy genome assembly. However, as assemblies are updated and improved, researchers are faced with either realigning raw sequence data using the updated coordinate system or converting legacy datasets to the updated coordinate system to be able to combine results with newer datasets. Currently available tools to perform the conversion of genetic variants have numerous shortcomings, including poor support for indels and multi-allelic variants, that lead to a higher rate of variants being dropped or incorrectly converted. As a result, many researchers continue to work with and publish using legacy genomic coordinates. RESULTS Here we present BCFtools/liftover, a tool to convert genomic coordinates across genome assemblies for variants encoded in the variant call format with improved support for indels represented by different reference alleles across genome assemblies and full support for multi-allelic variants. It further supports variant annotation fields updates whenever the reference allele changes across genome assemblies. The tool has the lowest rate of variants being dropped with an order of magnitude less indels dropped or incorrectly converted and is an order of magnitude faster than other tools typically used for the same task. It is particularly suited for converting variant callsets from large cohorts to novel telomere-to-telomere assemblies as well as summary statistics from genome-wide association studies tied to legacy genome assemblies. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The tool is written in C and freely available under the MIT open source license as a BCFtools plugin available at http://github.com/freeseek/score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Genovese
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
- Stanley Center, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Nicole B Rockweiler
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
- Stanley Center, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Bryan R Gorman
- Center for Data and Computational Sciences, VA Boston HealthCare System, Boston, MA 02130, United States
- Booz Allen Hamilton Inc, McLean, VA 22102, United States
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
- Institute for Genomics in Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
- Cooperative Studies Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY 11209, United States
| | - Michelle T Pato
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Carlos N Pato
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Kiku Ichihara
- Stanley Center, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
- Stanley Center, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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4
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Rhie A, Nurk S, Cechova M, Hoyt SJ, Taylor DJ, Altemose N, Hook PW, Koren S, Rautiainen M, Alexandrov IA, Allen J, Asri M, Bzikadze AV, Chen NC, Chin CS, Diekhans M, Flicek P, Formenti G, Fungtammasan A, Garcia Giron C, Garrison E, Gershman A, Gerton JL, Grady PGS, Guarracino A, Haggerty L, Halabian R, Hansen NF, Harris R, Hartley GA, Harvey WT, Haukness M, Heinz J, Hourlier T, Hubley RM, Hunt SE, Hwang S, Jain M, Kesharwani RK, Lewis AP, Li H, Logsdon GA, Lucas JK, Makalowski W, Markovic C, Martin FJ, Mc Cartney AM, McCoy RC, McDaniel J, McNulty BM, Medvedev P, Mikheenko A, Munson KM, Murphy TD, Olsen HE, Olson ND, Paulin LF, Porubsky D, Potapova T, Ryabov F, Salzberg SL, Sauria MEG, Sedlazeck FJ, Shafin K, Shepelev VA, Shumate A, Storer JM, Surapaneni L, Taravella Oill AM, Thibaud-Nissen F, Timp W, Tomaszkiewicz M, Vollger MR, Walenz BP, Watwood AC, Weissensteiner MH, Wenger AM, Wilson MA, Zarate S, Zhu Y, Zook JM, Eichler EE, O'Neill RJ, Schatz MC, Miga KH, Makova KD, Phillippy AM. The complete sequence of a human Y chromosome. Nature 2023; 621:344-354. [PMID: 37612512 PMCID: PMC10752217 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06457-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The human Y chromosome has been notoriously difficult to sequence and assemble because of its complex repeat structure that includes long palindromes, tandem repeats and segmental duplications1-3. As a result, more than half of the Y chromosome is missing from the GRCh38 reference sequence and it remains the last human chromosome to be finished4,5. Here, the Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) consortium presents the complete 62,460,029-base-pair sequence of a human Y chromosome from the HG002 genome (T2T-Y) that corrects multiple errors in GRCh38-Y and adds over 30 million base pairs of sequence to the reference, showing the complete ampliconic structures of gene families TSPY, DAZ and RBMY; 41 additional protein-coding genes, mostly from the TSPY family; and an alternating pattern of human satellite 1 and 3 blocks in the heterochromatic Yq12 region. We have combined T2T-Y with a previous assembly of the CHM13 genome4 and mapped available population variation, clinical variants and functional genomics data to produce a complete and comprehensive reference sequence for all 24 human chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arang Rhie
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sergey Nurk
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Oxford Nanopore Technologies Inc., Oxford, UK
| | - Monika Cechova
- Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Savannah J Hoyt
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Dylan J Taylor
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicolas Altemose
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Paul W Hook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sergey Koren
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mikko Rautiainen
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ivan A Alexandrov
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Algorithmic Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology and Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Jamie Allen
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mobin Asri
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Andrey V Bzikadze
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nae-Chyun Chen
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chen-Shan Chin
- GeneDX Holdings Corp, Stamford, CT, USA
- Foundation of Biological Data Science, Belmont, CA, USA
| | - Mark Diekhans
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Paul Flicek
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Carlos Garcia Giron
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erik Garrison
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ariel Gershman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer L Gerton
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Patrick G S Grady
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Andrea Guarracino
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Genomics Research Centre, Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
| | - Leanne Haggerty
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Reza Halabian
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nancy F Hansen
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert Harris
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Gabrielle A Hartley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - William T Harvey
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marina Haukness
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Jakob Heinz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thibaut Hourlier
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sarah E Hunt
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Hwang
- XDBio Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Miten Jain
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rupesh K Kesharwani
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra P Lewis
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Glennis A Logsdon
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julian K Lucas
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Wojciech Makalowski
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christopher Markovic
- Genome Technology Access Center at the McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fergal J Martin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ann M Mc Cartney
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rajiv C McCoy
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer McDaniel
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Brandy M McNulty
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Paul Medvedev
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Alla Mikheenko
- Center for Algorithmic Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Katherine M Munson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Terence D Murphy
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hugh E Olsen
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Nathan D Olson
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Luis F Paulin
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Porubsky
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tamara Potapova
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Fedor Ryabov
- Masters Program in National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Steven L Salzberg
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Computer Science, and Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Fritz J Sedlazeck
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Alaina Shumate
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Likhitha Surapaneni
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angela M Taravella Oill
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Françoise Thibaud-Nissen
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Winston Timp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marta Tomaszkiewicz
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Mitchell R Vollger
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian P Walenz
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allison C Watwood
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Melissa A Wilson
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Samantha Zarate
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yiming Zhu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Justin M Zook
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rachel J O'Neill
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Michael C Schatz
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen H Miga
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Kateryna D Makova
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Adam M Phillippy
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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