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Dort H, van der Bijl W, Wahlberg N, Nylin S, Wheat CW. Genome-Wide Gene Birth-Death Dynamics Are Associated with Diet Breadth Variation in Lepidoptera. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae095. [PMID: 38976568 PMCID: PMC11229701 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Comparative analyses of gene birth-death dynamics have the potential to reveal gene families that played an important role in the evolution of morphological, behavioral, or physiological variation. Here, we used whole genomes of 30 species of butterflies and moths to identify gene birth-death dynamics among the Lepidoptera that are associated with specialist or generalist feeding strategies. Our work advances this field using a uniform set of annotated proteins for all genomes, investigating associations while correcting for phylogeny, and assessing all gene families rather than a priori subsets. We discovered that the sizes of several important gene families (e.g. those associated with pesticide resistance, xenobiotic detoxification, and/or protein digestion) are significantly correlated with diet breadth. We also found 22 gene families showing significant shifts in gene birth-death dynamics at the butterfly (Papilionoidea) crown node, the most notable of which was a family of pheromone receptors that underwent a contraction potentially linked with a shift to visual-based mate recognition. Our findings highlight the importance of uniform annotations, phylogenetic corrections, and unbiased gene family analyses in generating a list of candidate genes that warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Dort
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wouter van der Bijl
- Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Peláez JN, Bernstein S, Okoro J, Rodas E, Liang I, Leipertz A, Marion-Poll F, Whiteman NK. Taste evolution in an herbivorous drosophilid. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.27.582299. [PMID: 38464294 PMCID: PMC10925181 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.27.582299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites pose a challenge for generalist herbivorous insects because they are not only potentially toxic, they also may trigger aversion. On the contrary, some highly specialized herbivorous insects evolved to use these same compounds as 'token stimuli' for unambiguous determination of their host plants. Two questions that emerge from these observations are how recently derived herbivores evolve to overcome this aversion to plant secondary metabolites and the extent to which they evolve increased attraction to these same compounds. In this study, we addressed these questions by focusing on the evolution of bitter taste preferences in the herbivorous drosophilid Scaptomyza flava, which is phylogenetically nested deep in the paraphyletic Drosophila. We measured behavioral and neural responses of S. flava and a set of non-herbivorous species representing a phylogenetic gradient (S. pallida, S. hsui, and D. melanogaster) towards host- and non-host derived bitter plant compounds. We observed that S. flava evolved a shift in bitter detection, rather than a narrow shift towards glucosinolates, the precursors of mustard-specific defense compounds. In a dye-based consumption assay, S. flava exhibited shifts in aversion toward the non-mustard bitter, plant-produced alkaloids caffeine and lobeline, and reduced aversion towards glucosinolates, whereas the non-herbivorous species each showed strong aversion to all bitter compounds tested. We then examined whether these changes in bitter preferences of S. flava could be explained by changes in sensitivity in the peripheral nervous system and compared electrophysiological responses from the labellar sensilla of S. flava, S. pallida, and D. melanogaster. Using scanning electron microscopy, we also created a map of labellar sensilla in S. flava and S. pallida. We assigned each sensillum to a functional sensilla class based on their morphology and initial response profiles to bitter and sweet compounds. Despite a high degree of conservation in the morphology and spatial placement of sensilla between S. flava and S. pallida, electrophysiological studies revealed that S. flava had reduced sensitivity to glucosinolates to varying degrees. We found this reduction only in I type sensilla. Finally, we speculate on the potential role that evolutionary genetic changes in gustatory receptors between S. pallida and S. flava may play in driving these patterns. Specifically, we hypothesize that the evolution of bitter receptors expressed in I type sensilla may have driven the reduced sensitivity observed in S. flava, and ultimately, its reduced bitter aversion. The S. flava system showcases the importance of reduced aversion to bitter defense compounds in relatively young herbivorous lineages, and how this may be achieved at the molecular and physiological level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne N. Peláez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Susan Bernstein
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Judith Okoro
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Esteban Rodas
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Irene Liang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anna Leipertz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Frédéric Marion-Poll
- Evolution, Genomes, Behaviour and Ecology, IDEEV, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, IRD, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Noah K. Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Shibata T, Shimoda M, Kobayashi T, Arai H, Owashi Y, Uehara T. High-quality genome of the zoophytophagous stink bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis, informs their food habit adaptation. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkad289. [PMID: 38113473 PMCID: PMC10849345 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The zoophytophagous stink bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis, is a promising natural enemy of micro-pests such as whiteflies and thrips. This bug possesses both phytophagous and entomophagous food habits, enabling it to obtain nutrition from both plants and insects. This trait allows us to maintain its population density in agricultural fields by introducing insectary plants, even when the pest prey density is extremely low. However, if the bugs' population becomes too dense, they can sometimes damage crop plants. This dual character seems to arise from the food preferences and chemosensation of this predator. To understand the genomic landscape of N. tenuis, we examined the whole genome sequence of a commercially available Japanese strain. We used long-read sequencing and Hi-C analysis to assemble the genome at the chromosomal level. We then conducted a comparative analysis of the genome with previously reported genomes of phytophagous and hematophagous stink bugs to focus on the genetic factors contributing to this species' herbivorous and carnivorous tendencies. Our findings suggest that the gustatory gene set plays a pivotal role in adapting to food habits, making it a promising target for selective breeding. Furthermore, we identified the whole genomes of microorganisms symbiotic with this species through genomic analysis. We believe that our results shed light on the food habit adaptations of N. tenuis and will accelerate breeding efforts based on new breeding techniques for natural enemy insects, including genomics and genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Shibata
- Division of Insect Advanced Technology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masami Shimoda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kobayashi
- Division of Insect Advanced Technology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arai
- Division of Insect Advanced Technology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Yuta Owashi
- Division of Insect Advanced Technology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Takuya Uehara
- Division of Insect Advanced Technology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
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Ahn JE, Amrein H. Opposing chemosensory functions of closely related gustatory receptors. eLife 2023; 12:RP89795. [PMID: 38060294 PMCID: PMC10703443 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, gustatory sensory neurons express taste receptors that are tuned to distinct groups of chemicals, thereby activating neural ensembles that elicit either feeding or avoidance behavior. Members of a family of ligand -gated receptor channels, the Gustatory receptors (Grs), play a central role in these behaviors. In general, closely related, evolutionarily conserved Gr proteins are co-expressed in the same type of taste neurons, tuned to chemically related compounds, and therefore triggering the same behavioral response. Here, we report that members of the Gr28 subfamily are expressed in largely non-overlapping sets of taste neurons in Drosophila larvae, detect chemicals of different valence, and trigger opposing feeding behaviors. We determined the intrinsic properties of Gr28 neurons by expressing the mammalian Vanilloid Receptor 1 (VR1), which is activated by capsaicin, a chemical to which wild-type Drosophila larvae do not respond. When VR1 is expressed in Gr28a neurons, larvae become attracted to capsaicin, consistent with reports showing that Gr28a itself encodes a receptor for nutritious RNA. In contrast, expression of VR1 in two pairs of Gr28b.c neurons triggers avoidance to capsaicin. Moreover, neuronal inactivation experiments show that the Gr28b.c neurons are necessary for avoidance of several bitter compounds. Lastly, behavioral experiments of Gr28 deficient larvae and live Ca2+ imaging studies of Gr28b.c neurons revealed that denatonium benzoate, a synthetic bitter compound that shares structural similarities with natural bitter chemicals, is a ligand for a receptor complex containing a Gr28b.c or Gr28b.a subunit. Thus, the Gr28 proteins, which have been evolutionarily conserved over 260 million years in insects, represent the first taste receptor subfamily in which specific members mediate behavior with opposite valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Ahn
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M UniversityBryanUnited States
| | - Hubert Amrein
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M UniversityBryanUnited States
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5
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Ahn JE, Amrein H. Opposing chemosensory functions of closely related gustatory receptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.20.545761. [PMID: 37905057 PMCID: PMC10614748 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.20.545761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Most animals have functionally distinct populations of taste cells, expressing receptors that are tuned to compounds of different valence. This organizational feature allows for discrimination between chemicals associated with specific taste modalities and facilitates differentiating between unadulterated foods and foods contaminated with toxic substances. In the fruit fly D. melanogaster , primary sensory neurons express taste receptors that are tuned to distinct groups of chemicals, thereby activating neural ensembles that elicit either feeding or avoidance behavior. Members of a family of ligand gated receptor channels, the Gustatory receptors (Grs), play a central role in these behaviors. In general, closely related, evolutionarily conserved Gr proteins are co-expressed in the same type of taste neurons, tuned to chemically related compounds, and therefore triggering the same behavioral response. Here, we report that members of the Gr28 subfamily are expressed in largely non-overlapping sets of taste neurons in Drosophila larvae, detect chemicals of different valence and trigger opposing feeding behaviors. We determined the intrinsic properties of Gr28 neurons by expressing the mammalian Vanilloid Receptor (VR1), which is activated by capsaicin, a chemical to which wildtype Drosophila larvae do not respond. When VR1 is expressed in Gr28a neurons, larvae become attracted to capsaicin, consistent with reports showing that Gr28a itself encodes a receptor for nutritious RNA. In contrast, expression of VR1 in two pairs of Gr28b.c neurons triggers avoidance to capsaicin. Moreover, neuronal inactivation experiments show that the Gr28b.c neurons are necessary for avoidance of several bitter compounds. Lastly, behavioral experiments of Gr28 deficient larvae and live Ca 2+ imaging studies of Gr28b.c neurons revealed that denatonium benzoate, a synthetic bitter compound that shares structural similarities with natural bitter chemicals, is a ligand for a receptor complex containing a Gr28b.c or Gr28b.a subunit. Thus, the Gr28 proteins, which have been evolutionarily conserved over 260 million years in insects, represent the first taste receptor subfamily in which specific members mediate behavior with opposite valence.
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Chen L, Yu XY, Xue XF, Zhang F, Guo LX, Zhang HM, Hoffmann AA, Hong XY, Sun JT. The genome sequence of a spider mite, Tetranychus truncatus, provides insights into interspecific host range variation and the genetic basis of adaptation to a low-quality host plant. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:1208-1228. [PMID: 37279769 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The phytophagous mite Tetranychus truncatus is a serious pest in East Asia but has a relatively narrower host range than the pest mite Tetranychus urticae, which can feed on over 1200 plant species. Here, we generated a high-quality chromosomal level genome of T. truncatus and compared it with that of T. urticae, with an emphasis on the genes related to detoxification and chemoreception, to explore the genomic basis underlying the evolution of host range. We also conducted population genetics analyses (in 86 females from 10 populations) and host transfer experiments (in 4 populations) to investigate transcription changes following transfer to a low-quality host (Solanum melongena, eggplant), and we established possible connections between fitness on eggplant and genes related to detoxification and chemoreception. We found that T. truncatus has fewer genes related to detoxification, transport, and chemoreception than T. urticae, with a particularly strong reduction in gustatory receptor (GR) genes. We also found widespread transcriptional variation among T. truncatus populations, which varied in fitness on eggplant. We characterized selection on detoxification-related genes through ω values and found a negative correlation between expression levels and ω values. Based on the transcription results, as well as the fitness and genetic differences among populations, we identified genes potentially involved in adaptation to eggplant in T. truncatus. Our work provides a genomic resource for this pest mite and new insights into mechanisms underlying the adaptation of herbivorous mites to host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin-Yue Yu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Xue
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Xue Guo
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua-Meng Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Bio21 Institute, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing-Tao Sun
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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7
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Vertacnik KL, Herrig DK, Godfrey RK, Hill T, Geib SM, Unckless RL, Nelson DR, Linnen CR. Evolution of five environmentally responsive gene families in a pine-feeding sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae). Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10506. [PMID: 37791292 PMCID: PMC10542623 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A central goal in evolutionary biology is to determine the predictability of adaptive genetic changes. Despite many documented cases of convergent evolution at individual loci, little is known about the repeatability of gene family expansions and contractions. To address this void, we examined gene family evolution in the redheaded pine sawfly Neodiprion lecontei, a noneusocial hymenopteran and exemplar of a pine-specialized lineage evolved from angiosperm-feeding ancestors. After assembling and annotating a draft genome, we manually annotated multiple gene families with chemosensory, detoxification, or immunity functions before characterizing their genomic distributions and molecular evolution. We find evidence of recent expansions of bitter gustatory receptor, clan 3 cytochrome P450, olfactory receptor, and antimicrobial peptide subfamilies, with strong evidence of positive selection among paralogs in a clade of gustatory receptors possibly involved in the detection of bitter compounds. In contrast, these gene families had little evidence of recent contraction via pseudogenization. Overall, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that in response to novel selection pressures, gene families that mediate ecological interactions may expand and contract predictably. Testing this hypothesis will require the comparative analysis of high-quality annotation data from phylogenetically and ecologically diverse insect species and functionally diverse gene families. To this end, increasing sampling in under-sampled hymenopteran lineages and environmentally responsive gene families and standardizing manual annotation methods should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L. Vertacnik
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | | | - R. Keating Godfrey
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Tom Hill
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Scott M. Geib
- Tropical Crop and Commodity Protection Research UnitUnited States Department of Agriculture: Agriculture Research Service Pacific Basin Agricultural Research CenterHiloHawaiiUSA
| | - Robert L. Unckless
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansasUSA
| | - David R. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and BiochemistryUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
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8
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Peláez JN, Gloss AD, Goldman-Huertas B, Kim B, Lapoint RT, Pimentel-Solorio G, Verster KI, Aguilar JM, Nelson Dittrich AC, Singhal M, Suzuki HC, Matsunaga T, Armstrong EE, Charboneau JLM, Groen SC, Hembry DH, Ochoa CJ, O’Connor TK, Prost S, Zaaijer S, Nabity PD, Wang J, Rodas E, Liang I, Whiteman NK. Evolution of chemosensory and detoxification gene families across herbivorous Drosophilidae. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad133. [PMID: 37317982 PMCID: PMC10411586 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Herbivorous insects are exceptionally diverse, accounting for a quarter of all known eukaryotic species, but the genomic basis of adaptations that enabled this dietary transition remains poorly understood. Many studies have suggested that expansions and contractions of chemosensory and detoxification gene families-genes directly mediating interactions with plant chemical defenses-underlie successful plant colonization. However, this hypothesis has been challenging to test because the origins of herbivory in many insect lineages are ancient (>150 million years ago (mya)), obscuring genomic evolutionary patterns. Here, we characterized chemosensory and detoxification gene family evolution across Scaptomyza, a genus nested within Drosophila that includes a recently derived (<15 mya) herbivore lineage of mustard (Brassicales) specialists and carnation (Caryophyllaceae) specialists, and several nonherbivorous species. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that herbivorous Scaptomyza has among the smallest chemosensory and detoxification gene repertoires across 12 drosophilid species surveyed. Rates of gene turnover averaged across the herbivore clade were significantly higher than background rates in over half of the surveyed gene families. However, gene turnover was more limited along the ancestral herbivore branch, with only gustatory receptors and odorant-binding proteins experiencing strong losses. The genes most significantly impacted by gene loss, duplication, or changes in selective constraint were those involved in detecting compounds associated with feeding on living plants (bitter or electrophilic phytotoxins) or their ancestral diet (fermenting plant volatiles). These results provide insight into the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms of plant-feeding adaptations and highlight gene candidates that have also been linked to other dietary transitions in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne N Peláez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Andrew D Gloss
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Benjamin Goldman-Huertas
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Bernard Kim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Richard T Lapoint
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | | | - Kirsten I Verster
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jessica M Aguilar
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anna C Nelson Dittrich
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Malvika Singhal
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Hiromu C Suzuki
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Teruyuki Matsunaga
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ellie E Armstrong
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph L M Charboneau
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Simon C Groen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - David H Hembry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Permian Basin, Odessa, TX 79762, USA
| | - Christopher J Ochoa
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Timothy K O’Connor
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stefan Prost
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sophie Zaaijer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Jacobs Institute, Cornell Tech, New York, NY 10044, USA
- FIND Genomics, New York, NY 10044, USA
| | - Paul D Nabity
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jiarui Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Esteban Rodas
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Irene Liang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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9
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Hu QL, Ye ZX, Zhuo JC, Li JM, Zhang CX. A chromosome-level genome assembly of Stenchaetothrips biformis and comparative genomic analysis highlights distinct host adaptations among thrips. Commun Biol 2023; 6:813. [PMID: 37542124 PMCID: PMC10403496 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects have a limited host range due to genomic adaptation. Thysanoptera, commonly known as thrips, occupies distinct feeding habitats, but there is a lack of comparative genomic analyses and limited genomic resources available. In this study, the chromosome-level genome of Stenchaetothrips biformis, an oligophagous pest of rice, is assembled using multiple sequencing technologies, including PacBio, Illumina short-reads, and Hi-C technology. A 338.86 Mb genome is obtained, consisting of 1269 contigs with a contig N50 size of 381 kb and a scaffold N50 size of 18.21 Mb. Thereafter, 17,167 protein-coding genes and 36.25% repetitive elements are annotated. Comparative genomic analyses with two other polyphagous thrips, revealing contracted chemosensory-related and expanded stress response and detoxification gene families in S. biformis, potentially facilitating rice adaptation. In the polyphagous thrips species Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips palmi, expanded gene families are enriched in metabolism of aromatic and anthocyanin-containing compounds, immunity against viruses, and detoxification enzymes. These expansion gene families play crucial roles not only in adapting to hosts but also in development of pesticide resistance, as evidenced by transcriptome results after insecticides treatment. This study provides a chromosome-level genome assembly and lays the foundation for further studies on thrips evolution and pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ling Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhuang-Xin Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Ji-Chong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jun-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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10
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Pelaez JN, Gloss AD, Goldman-Huertas B, Kim B, Lapoint RT, Pimentel-Solorio G, Verster KI, Aguilar JM, Dittrich ACN, Singhal M, Suzuki HC, Matsunaga T, Armstrong EE, Charboneau JL, Groen SC, Hembry DH, Ochoa CJ, O’Connor TK, Prost S, Zaaijer S, Nabity PD, Wang J, Rodas E, Liang I, Whiteman NK. Evolution of chemosensory and detoxification gene families across herbivorous Drosophilidae. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.16.532987. [PMID: 36993186 PMCID: PMC10055167 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.16.532987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Herbivorous insects are exceptionally diverse, accounting for a quarter of all known eukaryotic species, but the genetic basis of adaptations that enabled this dietary transition remains poorly understood. Many studies have suggested that expansions and contractions of chemosensory and detoxification gene families - genes directly mediating interactions with plant chemical defenses - underlie successful plant colonization. However, this hypothesis has been challenging to test because the origins of herbivory in many lineages are ancient (>150 million years ago [mya]), obscuring genomic evolutionary patterns. Here, we characterized chemosensory and detoxification gene family evolution across Scaptomyza, a genus nested within Drosophila that includes a recently derived (<15 mya) herbivore lineage of mustard (Brassicales) specialists and carnation (Caryophyllaceae) specialists, and several non-herbivorous species. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that herbivorous Scaptomyza have among the smallest chemosensory and detoxification gene repertoires across 12 drosophilid species surveyed. Rates of gene turnover averaged across the herbivore clade were significantly higher than background rates in over half of the surveyed gene families. However, gene turnover was more limited along the ancestral herbivore branch, with only gustatory receptors and odorant binding proteins experiencing strong losses. The genes most significantly impacted by gene loss, duplication, or changes in selective constraint were those involved in detecting compounds associated with feeding on plants (bitter or electrophilic phytotoxins) or their ancestral diet (yeast and fruit volatiles). These results provide insight into the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms of plant-feeding adaptations and highlight strong gene candidates that have also been linked to other dietary transitions in Drosophila .
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne N. Pelaez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Andrew D. Gloss
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Benjamin Goldman-Huertas
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Bernard Kim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Richard T. Lapoint
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | | | - Kirsten I. Verster
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jessica M. Aguilar
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anna C. Nelson Dittrich
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Malvika Singhal
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oregon, OR, CA 97403, USA
| | - Hiromu C. Suzuki
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Teruyuki Matsunaga
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Joseph L.M. Charboneau
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Simon C. Groen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Department of Nematology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - David H. Hembry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Permian Basin, Odessa, TX 79762, USA
| | - Christopher J. Ochoa
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Timothy K. O’Connor
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stefan Prost
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sophie Zaaijer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Jacobs Institute, Cornell Tech, New York, NY 10044, USA
- FIND Genomics, New York, NY 10044, USA
| | - Paul D. Nabity
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jiarui Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Esteban Rodas
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Irene Liang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Noah K. Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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11
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Matignon L, Lo MM, Monpierre M, Correia MV, Valencia DP, Palmeira-Mello MV, Sylvestre MN, Pruneau L, Sylvestre M, Domenech A, Benfodda Z, Meffre P, Cebrián-Torrejón G. Phytochemical and Biological Study of Trophic Interaction between Pseudosphinx Tetrio L. Larvae and Allamanda Cathartica L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:520. [PMID: 36771605 PMCID: PMC9921458 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we propose to explore the chemical interaction between Pseudosphinx tetrio L. and Allamanda cathartica L. using different analytical methods, including an innovative electrochemical approach (called electrochemical ecology) and multivariate analysis, and we investigate the potential antimicrobial effects (antibacterial and antifungal activities) of this interaction in order to gain a better understanding of their specific interaction. The analytical study presents a similar chemical profile between the leaves of healthy and herbivorous A. cathartica and the excretions of the caterpillars. The similar analytical profile of the leaves of A. cathartica and the excretions of P. tetrio, and the difference with the caterpillar bodies, suggests a selective excretion of compounds by the caterpillar. The measured antimicrobial activities support the physicochemical tests. The natural products found selectively in the excretions (rather than in the body) could explain the ability of P. tetrio to feed on this toxic Apocynaceae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Matignon
- COVACHIM-M2E Laboratory EA 3592, Department of Chemistry, Fouillole Campus, University of the French West Indies, UFR SEN, CEDEX, 97157 Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Mame Marietou Lo
- CHROME Laboratory, EA7352, University of Nîmes, CEDEX 1, 30021 Nîmes, France
| | - Magneric Monpierre
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Department of Chemistry, Fouillole Campus, University of the French West Indies, UFR SEN, CEDEX, 97157 Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Mauro Vicentini Correia
- Instituto de Química, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Drochss Pettry Valencia
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana sede Cali, Calle 18 No. 118-250, Cali 760031, Colombia
| | - Marcos V. Palmeira-Mello
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro S. João Batista S/N, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Marie-Noëlle Sylvestre
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Department of Chemistry, Fouillole Campus, University of the French West Indies, UFR SEN, CEDEX, 97157 Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Ludovic Pruneau
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Department of Chemistry, Fouillole Campus, University of the French West Indies, UFR SEN, CEDEX, 97157 Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Muriel Sylvestre
- COVACHIM-M2E Laboratory EA 3592, Department of Chemistry, Fouillole Campus, University of the French West Indies, UFR SEN, CEDEX, 97157 Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Antonio Domenech
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Zohra Benfodda
- CHROME Laboratory, EA7352, University of Nîmes, CEDEX 1, 30021 Nîmes, France
| | - Patrick Meffre
- CHROME Laboratory, EA7352, University of Nîmes, CEDEX 1, 30021 Nîmes, France
| | - Gerardo Cebrián-Torrejón
- COVACHIM-M2E Laboratory EA 3592, Department of Chemistry, Fouillole Campus, University of the French West Indies, UFR SEN, CEDEX, 97157 Pointe-à-Pitre, France
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12
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Yin NN, Yang AJ, Wu C, Xiao HY, Guo YR, Liu NY. Genome-Wide Analysis of Odorant-Binding Proteins in Papilio xuthus with Focus on the Perception of Two PxutGOBPs to Host Odorants and Insecticides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10747-10761. [PMID: 36002911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we annotated 49 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) in Papilio xuthus, with four novel genes and seven improved sequences. Expression profiles identified numerous OBPs in antennae or reproductive tissues. Using two antenna-enriched general OBPs (PxutGOBP1 and PxutGOBP2) as targets, we screened three key compounds by a reverse chemical ecology strategy. Of these, an oviposition stimulant vicenin-2 could strongly interact with PxutGOBP1, representing a dissociation constant (Ki) value of 10.34 ± 0.07 μM. Molecular simulations and site-directed mutagenesis revealed the importance of His66, Thr73, and Phe118 between PxutGOBP1 and vicenin-2 interactions. Two other compounds, an ordinary floral scent β-ionone and a widely used insecticide chlorpyrifos, exhibited high affinities to PxutGOBPs (Ki < 13 μM). Furthermore, two mutations His66Ala and Thr73Ala of PxutGOBP1 significantly reduced the binding to chlorpyrifos. Our study provides insights into the putative roles of PxutGOBPs in odorant perception and identifies key binding sites of PxutGOBP1 to vicenin-2 and chlorpyrifos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Na Yin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - An-Jin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Chun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Hai-Yan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yu-Ruo Guo
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Nai-Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
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13
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Yin N, Xiao H, Yang A, Wu C, Liu N. Genome-Wide Analysis of Odorant and Gustatory Receptors in Six Papilio Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:779. [PMID: 36135480 PMCID: PMC9500883 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The chemical interactions of insects and host plants are shaping the evolution of chemosensory receptor gene families. However, the correlation between host range and chemoreceptor gene repertoire sizes is still elusive in Papilionidae. Here, we addressed the issue of whether host plant diversities are correlated with the expansions of odorant (ORs) or gustatory (GRs) receptors in six Papilio butterflies. By combining genomics, transcriptomics and bioinformatics approaches, 381 ORs and 328 GRs were annotated in the genomes of a generalist P. glaucus and five specialists, P. xuthus, P. polytes, P. memnon, P. machaon and P. dardanus. Orthologous ORs or GRs in Papilio had highly conserved gene structure. Five Papilio specialists exhibited a similar frequency of intron lengths for ORs or GRs, but which was different from those in the generalist. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 60 orthologous OR groups, 45 of which shared one-to-one relationships. Such a single gene in each butterfly also occurred in 26 GR groups. Intriguingly, bitter GRs had fewer introns than other GRs and clustered into a large clade. Focusing on the two chemoreceptor gene families in P. xuthus, most PxutORs (52/58) were expressed in antennae and 31 genes in reproductive tissues. Eleven out of 28 foretarsus-expressed PxutGRs were female-biased genes, as strong candidates for sensing oviposition stimulants. These results indicate that the host range may not shape the large-scale expansions of ORs and GRs in Papilio butterflies and identify important molecular targets involved in olfaction, oviposition or reproduction in P. xuthus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Naiyong Liu
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-871-63862665
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14
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Ai D, Dong C, Yang B, Yu C, Wang G. A fructose receptor gene influences development and feed intake in Helicoverpa armigera. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:993-1005. [PMID: 34780113 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gustatory receptors (GRs) are critical for multiple life activities of insects. Owing to the rapid development of genome and transcriptome sequencing, numerous insect GRs have been identified. However, the expression patterns and functions of these receptors are poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the expression pattern of GRs in Helicoverpa armigera and found that the fructose receptor HarmGR9 was highly expressed in the foregut and abdomen. The function of HarmGR9 was identified using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system. Knockout of the HarmGR9 gene shortened the developmental period of the larval stages and increased food consumption in both larvae and adults. This study revealed the tissue distribution of sugar-sense-related receptors in H. armigera and thereby expanded the understanding of insect feeding regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ai
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caihong Yu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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15
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Meslin C, Mainet P, Montagné N, Robin S, Legeai F, Bretaudeau A, Johnston JS, Koutroumpa F, Persyn E, Monsempès C, François MC, Jacquin-Joly E. Spodoptera littoralis genome mining brings insights on the dynamic of expansion of gustatory receptors in polyphagous noctuidae. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:6598846. [PMID: 35652787 PMCID: PMC9339325 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The bitter taste, triggered via gustatory receptors, serves as an important natural defense against the ingestion of poisonous foods in animals, and the increased host breadth is usually linked to an increase in the number of gustatory receptor genes. This has been especially observed in polyphagous insect species, such as noctuid species from the Spodoptera genus. However, the dynamic and physical mechanisms leading to these gene expansions and the evolutionary pressures behind them remain elusive. Among major drivers of genome dynamics are the transposable elements but, surprisingly, their potential role in insect gustatory receptor expansion has not been considered yet. In this work, we hypothesized that transposable elements and possibly positive selection would be involved in the highly dynamic evolution of gustatory receptor in Spodoptera spp. We first sequenced de novo the full 465 Mb genome of S. littoralis, and manually annotated the main chemosensory genes, including a large repertoire of 373 gustatory receptor genes (including 19 pseudogenes). We also improved the completeness of S. frugiperda and S. litura gustatory receptor gene repertoires. Then, we annotated transposable elements and revealed that a particular category of class I retrotransposons, the SINE transposons, was significantly enriched in the vicinity of gustatory receptor gene clusters, suggesting a transposon-mediated mechanism for the formation of these clusters. Selection pressure analyses indicated that positive selection within the gustatory receptor gene family is cryptic, only 7 receptors being identified as positively selected. Altogether, our data provide a new good quality Spodoptera genome, pinpoint interesting gustatory receptor candidates for further functional studies and bring valuable genomic information on the mechanisms of gustatory receptor expansions in polyphagous insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Meslin
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Pauline Mainet
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Stéphanie Robin
- INRAE, UMR Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), BioInformatics Platform for Agroecosystems Arthropods (BIPAA), Campus Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France.,INRIA, IRISA, GenOuest Core Facility, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes 5042, France
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- INRAE, UMR Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), BioInformatics Platform for Agroecosystems Arthropods (BIPAA), Campus Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France.,INRIA, IRISA, GenOuest Core Facility, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes 5042, France
| | - Anthony Bretaudeau
- INRAE, UMR Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), BioInformatics Platform for Agroecosystems Arthropods (BIPAA), Campus Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France.,INRIA, IRISA, GenOuest Core Facility, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes 5042, France
| | - J Spencer Johnston
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Fotini Koutroumpa
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), 78026 Versailles, France.,Present address: INRAE, Université Tours, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP), 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Emma Persyn
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), 78026 Versailles, France.,CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Réunion, France
| | - Christelle Monsempès
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Marie-Christine François
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), 78026 Versailles, France
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16
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Marchant A, Mougel F, Jacquin-Joly E, Almeida CE, Blanchet D, Bérenger JM, da Rosa JA, Harry M. Chemosensory Gene Expression for Two Closely Relative Species Rhodnius robustus and R. prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidade, Triatominae) Vectors of Chagas Disease. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.725504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two closely related species, Rhodnius prolixus and Rhodnius robustus, are the vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, which is the causative agent of Chagas disease, but clearly exhibit clear-cut differences in their ecological behavior. R. prolixus is considered as a domiciliated species, whereas R. robustus only sporadically visits human houses in Amazonia. We performed a chemosensory gene expression study via RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) for the two species and also included a laboratory introgressed R. robustus strain. We built an assembled transcriptome for each sample and for both sexes and compiled all in a reference transcriptome for a differential gene expression study. Because the genes specifically expressed in one condition and not expressed in another may also reflect differences in the adaptation of organisms, a comparative study of the presence/absence of transcripts was also performed for the chemosensory transcripts, namely chemosensory proteins (CSPs), odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), odorant receptors (ORs), gustatory receptors (GRs), and ionotropic receptors (IRs), as well as takeout (TO) transcripts because TO proteins have been proposed to be associated with chemosensory perception in both olfactory and taste systems. In this study, 12 novel TO transcripts from the R. prolixus genome were annotated. Among the 199 transcripts, out of interest, annotated in this study, 93% were conserved between R. prolixus and the sylvatic R. robustus. Moreover, 10 transcripts out of interest were specifically expressed in one sex and absent in another. Three chemosensory transcripts were found to be expressed only in the reared R. prolixus (CSP19, OBP9, and OR89) and only one in sylvatic R. robustus (OR22). A large set of transcripts were found to be differentially expressed (DE) between males and females (1,630), with a majority of them (83%) overexpressed in males. Between environmental conditions, 8,596 transcripts were DE, with most (67%) overexpressed in the sylvatic R. robustus samples, including 17 chemosensory transcripts (4 CSPs, 1 OBP, 5 ORs, 1 GR, 4 IR, and 2 TO), but 4 genes (OBP19, OR13, OR40, and OR79) were overexpressed in the reared samples.
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17
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Yohe LR, Leiser-Miller LB, Kaliszewska ZA, Donat P, Santana SE, Dávalos LM. Diversity in olfactory receptor repertoires is associated with dietary specialization in a genus of frugivorous bat. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab260. [PMID: 34568918 PMCID: PMC8473985 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian olfactory receptor genes (ORs) are a diverse family of genes encoding proteins that directly interact with environmental chemical cues. ORs evolve via gene duplication in a birth-death fashion, neofunctionalizing and pseudogenizing over time. Olfaction is a primary sense used for food detection in plant-visiting bats, but the relationship between dietary specialization and OR repertoire diversity is unclear. Within neotropical Leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae), many lineages are plant specialists, and some have a distinct OR repertoire compared to insectivorous species. Yet, whether specialization on particular plant genera is associated with the evolution of specialized, less diverse OR repertoires has never been tested. Using targeted sequence capture, we sequenced the OR repertoires of three sympatric species of short-tailed fruit bats (Carollia), which vary in their degree of specialization on the fruits of Piper plants. We characterized orthologous vs duplicated receptors among Carollia species, and explored the diversity and redundancy of the receptor gene repertoire. At the species level, the most dedicated Piper specialist, Carollia castanea, had lower OR diversity compared to the two generalists (C. sowelli and C. perspicillata), but we discovered a few unique sets of ORs within C. castanea with high redundancy of similar gene duplicates. These unique receptors potentially enable C. castanea to detect Piper fruit odorants better than its two congeners. Carollia perspicillata, the species with the most generalist diet, had a higher diversity of intact receptors, suggesting the ability to detect a wider range of odorant molecules. Variation among ORs may be a factor in the coexistence of these sympatric species, facilitating the exploitation of different plant resources. Our study sheds light on how gene duplication and changes in OR diversity may play a role in dietary adaptations and underlie ecological interactions between bats and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel R Yohe
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | | | | | - Paul Donat
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Liliana M Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Hafeez M, Li X, Ullah F, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Huang J, Khan MM, Chen L, Ren X, Zhou S, Fernández-Grandon GM, Zalucki MP, Lu Y. Behavioral and Physiological Plasticity Provides Insights into Molecular Based Adaptation Mechanism to Strain Shift in Spodoptera frugiperda. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10284. [PMID: 34638623 PMCID: PMC8508907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
How herbivorous insects adapt to host plants is a key question in ecological and evolutionary biology. The fall armyworm, (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), although polyphagous and a major pest on various crops, has been reported to have a rice and corn (maize) feeding strain in its native range in the Americas. The species is highly invasive and has recently established in China. We compared behavioral changes in larvae and adults of a corn population (Corn) when selected on rice (Rice) and the molecular basis of these adaptational changes in midgut and antennae based on a comparative transcriptome analysis. Larvae of S. frugiperda reared on rice plants continuously for 20 generations exhibited strong feeding preference for with higher larval performance and pupal weight on rice than on maize plants. Similarly, females from the rice selected population laid significantly more eggs on rice as compared to females from maize population. The most highly expressed DEGs were shown in the midgut of Rice vs. Corn. A total of 6430 DEGs were identified between the populations mostly in genes related to digestion and detoxification. These results suggest that potential adaptations for feeding on rice crops, may contribute to the current rapid spread of fall armyworm on rice crops in China and potentially elsewhere. Consistently, highly expressed DEGs were also shown in antennae; a total of 5125 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) s were identified related to the expansions of major chemosensory genes family in Rice compared to the Corn feeding population. These results not only provide valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms in host plants adaptation of S. frugiperda but may provide new gene targets for the management of this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hafeez
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.H.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.); (X.R.); (S.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.H.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.); (X.R.); (S.Z.)
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.H.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.); (X.R.); (S.Z.)
| | - Jinming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.H.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.); (X.R.); (S.Z.)
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.H.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.); (X.R.); (S.Z.)
| | - Muhammad Musa Khan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Limin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.H.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.); (X.R.); (S.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education & Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forest University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaoyun Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.H.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.); (X.R.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shuxing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.H.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.); (X.R.); (S.Z.)
| | | | - Myron P. Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Yaobin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.H.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.); (X.R.); (S.Z.)
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Ugajin A, Ozaki K. Coexpression of Three Odorant-Binding Protein Genes in the Foreleg Gustatory Sensilla of Swallowtail Butterfly Visualized by Multicolor FISH Analysis. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 1:696179. [PMID: 38468877 PMCID: PMC10926539 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2021.696179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Lepidopteran insects are mostly monophagous or oligophagous. Female butterflies distinguish their host plants by detecting a combination of specific phytochemicals through the gustatory sensilla densely distributed on their foreleg tarsi, thereby ensuring oviposition on appropriate host plants. In this study, to gain insight into the molecular mechanism underlying host plant recognition by the gustatory sensilla, using Asian swallowtail, Papilio xuthus, we focused on a family of small soluble ligand-binding molecules, odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), and found that three OBP genes showed enriched expression in the foreleg tarsus. Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses demonstrated the coexpression of these three OBP genes at the bases of the foreleg gustatory sensilla. Further analyses on other appendages revealed that PxutOBP3 was exclusively expressed in the tissues which could have direct contact with the leaf surface, suggesting that this OBP gene specifically plays an important role in phytochemicals perception.
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Jermy T, Szentesi Á. Why are there not more herbivorous insect species? ACTA ZOOL ACAD SCI H 2021. [DOI: 10.17109/azh.67.2.119.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect species richness is estimated to exceed three million species, of which roughly half is herbivorous. Despite the vast number of species and varied life histories, the proportion of herbivorous species among plant-consuming organisms is lower than it could be due to constraints that impose limits to their diversification. These include ecological factors, such as vague interspecific competition; anatomical and physiological limits, such as neural limits and inability of handling a wide range of plant allelochemicals; phylogenetic constraints, like niche conservatism; and most importantly, a low level of concerted genetic variation necessary to a phyletic conversion. It is suggested that diversification ultimately depends on what we call the intrinsic trend of diversification of the insect genome. In support of the above, we survey the major types of host-specificity, the mechanisms and constraints of host specialization, possible pathways of speciation, and hypotheses concerning insect diversification.
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Chen LH, Tian K, Wang GR, Xu XL, He KH, Liu W, Wu JX. The general odorant receptor GmolOR9 from Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is mainly tuned to eight host-plant volatiles. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:1233-1243. [PMID: 31529759 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Grapholita molesta is one of the most destructive fruit pests distributed worldwide. Odorant receptors (ORs) located on the dendritic membrane of chemosensory neurons are deemed to be key molecules for sensing exogenous chemical signals. In this study, GmolOR9, a general OR from G. molesta, was functionally characterized. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that GmolOR9 was more highly expressed in adults than in other stages, including eggs, larvae, and pupae. GmolOR9 expression was highly significantly more in the antennae of females than in those of males, and the highest level occurred in the antennae of 3-day-old female adults. GmolOR9 was broadly tuned to eight of 47 odorant components tested, including (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, butyl propionate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl heptanoate, 1-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexenol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and linalool, by in vitro heterologous expression. Furthermore, electroantennogram responses indicated that the effects of dsOR9-injected females to (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate dramatically decreased. These results suggested that GmolOR9 might be involved in detecting host-plant volatiles. Moreover, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate might serve as a potential attractant for the biological control of G. molesta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ke Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ke-Hang He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Xiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Baker E, Dupont S, Smith VS. Ecological interactions in the Scratchpads virtual research environment. Biodivers Data J 2019; 7:e47043. [PMID: 31824210 PMCID: PMC6892960 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.7.e47043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Natural History Museum, London has a number of online databases that describe interactions between species, including the HOSTS database of lepidopteran host plants (Robinson et al. 2010) and a database of Dipterocarp Seed Predators. These databases were generally bespoke software, which has increased the technical work necessary to sustain these resources. The decision was taken to migrate these to either the Scratchpads Virtual Research Environment (VRE) (Smith et al. 2011) or to the museum's Data Portal (Scott et al. 2019), depending on the complexity of the existing resource, as both are being sustained by the Informatics Group at the Natural History Museum, London. Resources that can be best represented as a single table were moved to the Data Portal, while those best represented in a relational model were transferred to Scratchpads. In addition, the Phthiraptera.info Scratchpad (Smith and Broom 2019), which already contained ecological interaction data, was migrated to the new system. New information This paper describes the implementation within the Scratchpads VRE of a new ecological interactions module that is capable of handling the needs of these projects, while at the same time is flexible to handle the needs of future projects with different data sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Baker
- The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom The Natural History Museum London United Kingdom
| | - Steen Dupont
- The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom The Natural History Museum London United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Stuart Smith
- The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom The Natural History Museum London United Kingdom
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