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Avellino A, Peng CH, Lin MD. Cell Cycle Regulation by NF-YC in Drosophila Eye Imaginal Disc: Implications for Synchronization in the Non-Proliferative Region. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12203. [PMID: 37569581 PMCID: PMC10418845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle progression during development is meticulously coordinated with differentiation. This is particularly evident in the Drosophila 3rd instar eye imaginal disc, where the cell cycle is synchronized and arrests at the G1 phase in the non-proliferative region (NPR), setting the stage for photoreceptor cell differentiation. Here, we identify the transcription factor Nuclear Factor-YC (NF-YC) as a crucial player in this finely tuned progression, elucidating its specific role in the synchronized movement of the morphogenetic furrow. Depletion of NF-YC leads to extended expression of Cyclin A (CycA) and Cyclin B (CycB) from the FMW to the NPR. Notably, NF-YC knockdown resulted in decreased expression of Eyes absent (Eya) but did not affect Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Hedgehog (Hh). Our findings highlight the role of NF-YC in restricting the expression of CycA and CycB in the NPR, thereby facilitating cell-cycle synchronization. Moreover, we identify the transcriptional cofactor Eya as a downstream target of NF-YC, revealing a new regulatory pathway in Drosophila eye development. This study expands our understanding of NF-YC's role from cell cycle control to encompass developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Avellino
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, 701 Zhongyang Rd., Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Chen-Huan Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, 707 Zhongyang Rd., Sec. 3, Hualien 97002, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, 701 Zhongyang Rd., Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, 701 Zhongyang Rd., Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, 701 Zhongyang Rd., Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
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2
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Liu T, Nie J, Zhang X, Deng X, Fu B. The value of EYA1/3/4 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a study from multiple databases. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7442. [PMID: 37156847 PMCID: PMC10167363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is evidence from multiple studies that dysregulation of the Eyes Absent (EYA) protein plays multiple roles in many cancers. Despite this, little is known about the prognostic significance of the EYAs family in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). We systematically analyzed the value of EYAs in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Our analysis included examining transcriptional levels, mutations, methylated modifications, co-expression, protein-protein interactions (PPIs), immune infiltration, single-cell sequencing, drug sensitivity, and prognostic values. We based our analysis on data from several databases, including the Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA), the Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO), UALCAN, TIMER, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), STRING, cBioPortal and GSCALite. In patients with ccRCC, the EYA1 gene was significantly highly expressed, while the expression of EYA2/3/4 genes showed the opposite trend. The level of expression of the EYA1/3/4 gene was significantly correlated with the prognosis and clinicopathological parameters of ccRCC patients. Univariate and multifactorial Cox regression analyses revealed EYA1/3 as an independent prognostic factor for ccRCC, establishing nomogram line plots with good predictive power. Meanwhile, the number of mutations in EYAs was also significantly correlated with poor overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of patients with ccRCC. Mechanistically, EYAs genes play an essential role in a wide range of biological processes such as DNA metabolism and double-strand break repair in ccRCC. The majority of EYAs members were related to the infiltration of immune cells, drug sensitivity, and methylation levels. Furthermore, our experiment confirmed that EYA1 gene expression was upregulated, and EYA2/3/4 showed low expression in ccRCC. The increased expression of EYA1 might play an important role in ccRCC oncogenesis, and the decreased expression of EYA3/4 could function as a tumor suppressor, suggesting EYA1/3/4 might serve as valuable prognostic markers and potential new therapeutic targets for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taobin Liu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Yong Wai Zheng Street 17#, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiang Nie
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Yong Wai Zheng Street 17#, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Nanchang County People's Hospital, 199 Xiangyang Road, Liantang Town, Nanchang County, Nanchang City, 330200, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinxi Deng
- Department of Urology, Jiu Jiang NO.1 People's Hospital, Jiujiang, 332000, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Yong Wai Zheng Street 17#, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Tingaud-Sequeira A, Trimouille A, Salaria M, Stapleton R, Claverol S, Plaisant C, Bonneu M, Lopez E, Arveiler B, Lacombe D, Rooryck C. A recurrent missense variant in EYA3 gene is associated with oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum. Hum Genet 2021; 140:933-944. [PMID: 33475861 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Goldenhar syndrome or oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (OAVS) is a complex developmental disorder characterized by asymmetric ear anomalies, hemifacial microsomia, ocular and vertebral defects. We aimed at identifying and characterizing a new gene associated with OAVS. Two affected brothers with OAVS were analyzed by exome sequencing that revealed a missense variant (p.(Asn358Ser)) in the EYA3 gene. EYA3 screening was then performed in 122 OAVS patients that identified the same variant in one individual from an unrelated family. Segregation assessment in both families showed incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. We investigated this variant in cellular models to determine its pathogenicity and demonstrated an increased half-life of the mutated protein without impact on its ability to dephosphorylate H2AFX following DNA repair pathway induction. Proteomics performed on this cellular model revealed four significantly predicted upstream regulators which are PPARGC1B, YAP1, NFE2L2 and MYC. Moreover, eya3 knocked-down zebrafish embryos developed specific craniofacial abnormalities corroborating previous animal models and supporting its involvement in the OAVS. Additionally, EYA3 gene expression was deregulated in vitro by retinoic acid exposure. EYA3 is the second recurrent gene identified to be associated with OAVS. Moreover, based on protein interactions and related diseases, we suggest the DNA repair as a key molecular pathway involved in craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angèle Tingaud-Sequeira
- Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U 1211 INSERM, Univ. Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurélien Trimouille
- Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U 1211 INSERM, Univ. Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, CHU Pellegrin-Ecole des Sages-femmes, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Manju Salaria
- Genetic Health Service, Monash Health, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Wyndham Specialist Care Centre, 289 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
| | - Rachel Stapleton
- Genetic Health Service NZ-South Island Hub, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Stéphane Claverol
- Plateforme Protéome, Centre Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Claudio Plaisant
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, CHU Pellegrin-Ecole des Sages-femmes, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Marc Bonneu
- Plateforme Protéome, Centre Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Estelle Lopez
- Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U 1211 INSERM, Univ. Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoit Arveiler
- Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U 1211 INSERM, Univ. Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, CHU Pellegrin-Ecole des Sages-femmes, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U 1211 INSERM, Univ. Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, CHU Pellegrin-Ecole des Sages-femmes, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Caroline Rooryck
- Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U 1211 INSERM, Univ. Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France. .,CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, CHU Pellegrin-Ecole des Sages-femmes, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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4
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Tian K, Henderson RE, Parker R, Brown A, Johnson JE, Bateman JR. Two modes of transvection at the eyes absent gene of Drosophila demonstrate plasticity in transcriptional regulatory interactions in cis and in trans. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008152. [PMID: 31075100 PMCID: PMC6530868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
For many genes, proper gene expression requires coordinated and dynamic interactions between multiple regulatory elements, each of which can either promote or silence transcription. In Drosophila, the complexity of the regulatory landscape is further complicated by the tight physical pairing of homologous chromosomes, which can permit regulatory elements to interact in trans, a phenomenon known as transvection. To better understand how gene expression can be programmed through cis- and trans-regulatory interactions, we analyzed transvection effects for a collection of alleles of the eyes absent (eya) gene. We find that trans-activation of a promoter by the eya eye-specific enhancers is broadly supported in many allelic backgrounds, and that the availability of an enhancer to act in trans can be predicted based on the molecular lesion of an eya allele. Furthermore, by manipulating promoter availability in cis and in trans, we demonstrate that the eye-specific enhancers of eya show plasticity in their promoter preference between two different transcriptional start sites, which depends on promoter competition between the two potential targets. Finally, we show that certain alleles of eya demonstrate pairing-sensitive silencing resulting from trans-interactions between Polycomb Response Elements (PREs), and genetic and genomic data support a general role for PcG proteins in mediating transcriptional silencing at eya. Overall, our data highlight how eya gene regulation relies upon a complex but plastic interplay between multiple enhancers, promoters, and PREs. Gene regulation requires interactions between regions of DNA known as regulatory elements, which, in combination, determine where and when a gene will be active or silenced. Some genes use just a few regulatory elements, whereas others rely on highly complex interactions between many different elements that are poorly understood. While we typically imagine regulatory elements interacting with one another along the length of a single chromosome, in a curious phenomenon called transvection, elements can communicate between two different chromosomes that are held in close proximity. Here, we use the study of transvection to better understand how different regulatory elements contribute to the expression of eyes absent (eya), a gene required for proper eye development in Drosophila. Our data show that a class of elements that initiate eya gene expression, called promoters, will compete with one another for activation by eya’s enhancers, a second class of regulatory element, with the promoter that is closest to the enhancers being the favored target for activation. Furthermore, our study of transvection uncovers an important role for a silencing element, called a PRE, in opposing eya gene expression. Overall, our study sheds new light on how different elements combine to produce patterned expression of eya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Tian
- Biology Department, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, United States of America
| | - Rachel E. Henderson
- Biology Department, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, United States of America
| | - Reyna Parker
- Biology Department, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, United States of America
| | - Alexia Brown
- Biology Department, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, United States of America
| | - Justine E. Johnson
- Biology Department, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, United States of America
| | - Jack R. Bateman
- Biology Department, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Zhang L, Zhou H, Li X, Vartuli RL, Rowse M, Xing Y, Rudra P, Ghosh D, Zhao R, Ford HL. Eya3 partners with PP2A to induce c-Myc stabilization and tumor progression. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1047. [PMID: 29535359 PMCID: PMC5849647 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eya genes encode a unique family of multifunctional proteins that serve as transcriptional co-activators and as haloacid dehalogenase-family Tyr phosphatases. Intriguingly, the N-terminal domain of Eyas, which does not share sequence similarity to any known phosphatases, contains a separable Ser/Thr phosphatase activity. Here, we demonstrate that the Ser/Thr phosphatase activity of Eya is not intrinsic, but arises from its direct interaction with the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)-B55α holoenzyme. Importantly, Eya3 alters the regulation of c-Myc by PP2A, increasing c-Myc stability by enabling PP2A-B55α to dephosphorylate pT58, in direct contrast to the previously described PP2A-B56α-mediated dephosphorylation of pS62 and c-Myc destabilization. Furthermore, Eya3 and PP2A-B55α promote metastasis in a xenograft model of breast cancer, opposing the canonical tumor suppressive function of PP2A-B56α. Our study identifies Eya3 as a regulator of PP2A, a major cellular Ser/Thr phosphatase, and uncovers a mechanism of controlling the stability of a critical oncogene, c-Myc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingdi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Hengbo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Xueni Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Rebecca L Vartuli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Michael Rowse
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53705, WI, USA
| | - Yongna Xing
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53705, WI, USA
| | - Pratyaydipta Rudra
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA.
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA.
| | - Heide L Ford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA.
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA.
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA.
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6
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Davis TL, Rebay I. Pleiotropy in Drosophila organogenesis: Mechanistic insights from Combgap and the retinal determination gene network. Fly (Austin) 2018; 12:62-70. [PMID: 29125381 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2017.1402994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Master regulatory transcription factors cooperate in networks to shepherd cells through organogenesis. In the Drosophila eye, a collection of master control proteins known as the retinal determination gene network (RDGN) switches the direction and targets of its output to choreograph developmental transitions, but the molecular partners that enable such regulatory flexibility are not known. We recently showed that two RDGN members, Eyes absent (Eya) and Sine oculis (So), promote exit from the terminal cell cycle known as the second mitotic wave (SMW) to permit differentiation. A search for co-factors identified the ubiquitously expressed Combgap (Cg) as a novel transcriptional partner that impedes cell cycle exit and interferes with Eya-So activity specifically in this context. Here, we argue that Cg acts as a flexible transcriptional platform that contributes to numerous gene expression outcomes by a variety of mechanisms. For example, Cg provides repressive activities that dampen Eya-So output, but not by recruiting Polycomb chromatin-remodeling complexes as it does in other contexts. We propose that master regulators depend on both specifically expressed co-factors that assemble the combinatorial code and broadly expressed partners like Cg that recruit the diverse molecular activities needed to appropriately regulate their target enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor L Davis
- a Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology , University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Ilaria Rebay
- a Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology , University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Ben May Department for Cancer Research , University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
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7
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Mutations that impair Eyes absent tyrosine phosphatase activity in vitro reduce robustness of retinal determination gene network output in Drosophila. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187546. [PMID: 29108015 PMCID: PMC5673202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A limited collection of signaling networks and transcriptional effectors directs the full spectrum of cellular behaviors that comprise development. One mechanism to diversify regulatory potential is to combine multiple biochemical activities into the same protein. Exemplifying this principle of modularity, Eyes absent (Eya), originally identified as a transcriptional co-activator within the retinal determination gene network (RDGN), also harbors tyrosine and threonine phosphatase activities. Although mounting evidence argues for the importance of Eya’s phosphatase activities to mammalian biology, genetic rescue experiments in Drosophila have shown that the tyrosine phosphatase function is dispensable for normal development. In this study, we repeated these rescue experiments in genetically sensitized backgrounds in which the dose of one or more RDGN factor was reduced. Heterozygosity for sine oculis or dachshund, both core RDGN members, compromised the ability of phosphatase-dead eya, but not of the control wild type eya transgene, to rescue the retinal defects and reduced viability associated with eya loss. We speculate that Eya’s tyrosine phosphatase activity, although non-essential, confers robustness to RDGN output.
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8
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Li X, Eberhardt A, Hansen JN, Bohmann D, Li H, Schor NF. Methylation of the phosphatase-transcription activator EYA1 by protein arginine methyltransferase 1: mechanistic, functional, and structural studies. FASEB J 2017; 31:2327-2339. [PMID: 28213359 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601050rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The eyes absent (EYA) family proteins are conserved transcriptional coactivators with intrinsic protein phosphatase activity. They play an essential role in the development of various organs in metazoans. These functions are associated with a unique combination of phosphatase and transactivation activities. However, it remains poorly understood how these activities and the consequent biologic functions of EYA are regulated. Here, we demonstrate that 2 conserved arginine residues, R304 and R306, of EYA1 are essential for its in vitro phosphatase activity and in vivo function during Drosophila eye development. EYA1 physically interacts with protein arginine methyltransferase 1, which methylates EYA1 at these residues both in vitro and in cultured mammalian and insect cells. Moreover, we show that wild-type, but not methylation-defective, EYA1 associates with γ-H2A.X in response to ionizing radiation. Taken together, our results identify the conserved arginine residues of EYA1 that play an important role for its activity, thus implicating arginine methylation as a novel regulatory mechanism of EYA function.-Li, X., Eberhardt, A., Hansen, J. N., Bohmann, D., Li, H., Schor, N. F. Methylation of the phosphatase-transcription activator EYA1 by protein arginine methyltransferase 1: mechanistic, functional, and structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguo Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA;
| | - Allison Eberhardt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jeanne N Hansen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Dirk Bohmann
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Haitao Li
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, and.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Nina F Schor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA;
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9
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Distinct Biochemical Activities of Eyes absent During Drosophila Eye Development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23228. [PMID: 26980695 PMCID: PMC4793267 DOI: 10.1038/srep23228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eyes absent (Eya) is a highly conserved transcriptional coactivator and protein phosphatase that plays vital roles in multiple developmental processes from Drosophila to humans. Eya proteins contain a PST (Proline-Serine-Threonine)-rich transactivation domain, a threonine phosphatase motif (TPM), and a tyrosine protein phosphatase domain. Using a genomic rescue system, we find that the PST domain is essential for Eya activity and Dac expression, and the TPM is required for full Eya function. We also find that the threonine phosphatase activity plays only a minor role during Drosophila eye development and the primary function of the PST and TPM domains is transactivation that can be largely substituted by the heterologous activation domain VP16. Along with our previous results that the tyrosine phosphatase activity of Eya is dispensable for normal Eya function in eye formation, we demonstrate that a primary function of Eya during Drosophila eye development is as a transcriptional coactivator. Moreover, the PST/TPM and the threonine phosphatase activity are not required for in vitro interaction between retinal determination factors. Finally, this work is the first report of an Eya-Ey physical interaction. These findings are particularly important because they highlight the need for an in vivo approach that accurately dissects protein function.
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10
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Williams T, Hundertmark M, Nordbeck P, Voll S, Arias-Loza PA, Oppelt D, Mühlfelder M, Schraut S, Elsner I, Czolbe M, Seidlmayer L, Heinze B, Hahner S, Heinze K, Schönberger J, Jakob P, Ritter O. Eya4 Induces Hypertrophy via Regulation of p27kip1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:752-64. [PMID: 26499333 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.115.001134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND E193, a heterozygous truncating mutation in the human transcription cofactor Eyes absent 4 (Eya4), causes hearing impairment followed by dilative cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we first show Eya4 and E193 alter the expression of p27(kip1) in vitro, suggesting Eya4 is a negative regulator of p27. Next, we generated transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of Eya4 or E193. Luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed Eya4 and E193 bind and regulate p27 expression in a contradictory manner. Activity and phosphorylation status of the downstream molecules casein kinase-2α and histone deacetylase 2 were significantly elevated in Eya4- but significantly reduced in E193-overexpressing animals compared with wild-type littermates. Magnetic resonance imaging and hemodynamic analysis indicate Eya4-overexpression results in an age-dependent development of hypertrophy already under baseline conditions with no obvious functional effects, whereas E193 animals develop onset of dilative cardiomyopathy as seen in human E193 patients. Both cardiac phenotypes were aggravated on pressure overload. Finally, we identified a new heterozygous truncating Eya4 mutation, E215, which leads to similar clinical features of disease and a stable myocardial expression of the mutant protein as seen with E193. CONCLUSIONS Our results implicate Eya4/Six1 regulates normal cardiac function via p27/casein kinase-2α/histone deacetylase 2 and indicate that mutations within this transcriptional complex and signaling cascade lead to the development of cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Williams
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Moritz Hundertmark
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Peter Nordbeck
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Sabine Voll
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Paula Anahi Arias-Loza
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Daniel Oppelt
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Melanie Mühlfelder
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Susanna Schraut
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Ines Elsner
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Martin Czolbe
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Lea Seidlmayer
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Britta Heinze
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Stefanie Hahner
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Katrin Heinze
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Jost Schönberger
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Peter Jakob
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.)
| | - Oliver Ritter
- From the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.H., P.N., P.A.A.-L., D.O., M.M., S.S., I.E., M.C., L.S., B.H., S.H., J.S., O.R.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.W., M.C., O.R.); Experimental Physics V, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.N., S.V., P.J.); DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (K.H.); and Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical University Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany (O.R.).
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Atkins M, Jiang Y, Sansores-Garcia L, Jusiak B, Halder G, Mardon G. Dynamic rewiring of the Drosophila retinal determination network switches its function from selector to differentiation. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003731. [PMID: 24009524 PMCID: PMC3757064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ development is directed by selector gene networks. Eye development in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is driven by the highly conserved selector gene network referred to as the “retinal determination gene network,” composed of approximately 20 factors, whose core comprises twin of eyeless (toy), eyeless (ey), sine oculis (so), dachshund (dac), and eyes absent (eya). These genes encode transcriptional regulators that are each necessary for normal eye development, and sufficient to direct ectopic eye development when misexpressed. While it is well documented that the downstream genes so, eya, and dac are necessary not only during early growth and determination stages but also during the differentiation phase of retinal development, it remains unknown how the retinal determination gene network terminates its functions in determination and begins to promote differentiation. Here, we identify a switch in the regulation of ey by the downstream retinal determination genes, which is essential for the transition from determination to differentiation. We found that central to the transition is a switch from positive regulation of ey transcription to negative regulation and that both types of regulation require so. Our results suggest a model in which the retinal determination gene network is rewired to end the growth and determination stage of eye development and trigger terminal differentiation. We conclude that changes in the regulatory relationships among members of the retinal determination gene network are a driving force for key transitions in retinal development. Animals develop by using different combinations of simple instructions. The highly conserved retinal determination (RD) network is an ancient set of instructions that evolved when multicellular animals first developed primitive eyes. Evidence suggests that this network is re-used throughout evolution to direct the development of organs that communicate with the brain, providing information about our internal and external world. This includes our eyes, ears, kidneys, and pancreas. An upstream member of the network named eyeless must be activated early to initiate eye development. Eyeless then activates the expression of downstream genes that maintain eyeless expression and define the eye field. Here, we show that eyeless must also be turned off for final steps of eye development. We investigated the mechanism by which eyeless is turned off and we find that feedback regulation by the downstream RD genes changes to repress Eyeless expression during late stages of development. This study shows that tight regulation of eyeless is important for normal development and provides a mechanism for its repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardelle Atkins
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven Belgium
| | - Yuwei Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Leticia Sansores-Garcia
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven Belgium
| | - Barbara Jusiak
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Georg Halder
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven Belgium
| | - Graeme Mardon
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jin M, Jusiak B, Bai Z, Mardon G. Eyes absent tyrosine phosphatase activity is not required for Drosophila development or survival. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58818. [PMID: 23554934 PMCID: PMC3595212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eyes absent (Eya) is an evolutionarily conserved transcriptional coactivator and protein phosphatase that regulates multiple developmental processes throughout the metazoans. Drosophila eya is necessary for survival as well as for the formation of the adult eye. Eya contains a tyrosine phosphatase domain, and mutations altering presumptive active-site residues lead to strongly reduced activities in ectopic eye induction, in vivo genetic rescue using the Gal4-UAS system, and in vitro phosphatase assays. However, these mutations have not been analyzed during normal development with the correct levels, timing, and patterns of endogenous eya expression. To investigate whether the tyrosine phosphatase activity of Eya plays a role in Drosophila survival or normal eye formation, we generated three eya genomic rescue (eyaGR) constructs that alter key active-site residues and tested them in vivo. In striking contrast to previous studies, all eyaGR constructs fully restore eye formation as well as viability in an eya null mutant background. We conclude that the tyrosine phosphatase activity of Eya is not required for normal eye development or survival in Drosophila. Our study suggests the need for a re-evaluation of the mechanism of Eya action and underscores the importance of studying genes in their native context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jin
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Barbara Jusiak
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zengliang Bai
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (GM); (ZB)
| | - Graeme Mardon
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GM); (ZB)
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Structure-function analyses of the human SIX1-EYA2 complex reveal insights into metastasis and BOR syndrome. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2013; 20:447-53. [PMID: 23435380 PMCID: PMC3618615 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SIX1 interacts with EYA to form a bipartite transcription factor essential for development. Loss of function of this complex causes branchio-oto-renal syndrome (BOR), while re-expression of SIX1 or EYA promotes metastasis. Here we describe the 2.0 Å structure of SIX1 bound to EYA2, which suggests a novel DNA binding mechanism for SIX1 and provides a rationale for the effect of BOR syndrome mutations. The structure also reveals that SIX1 uses predominantly a single helix to interact with EYA. Substitution of a single amino acid in this helix is sufficient to disrupt the SIX1–EYA interaction, SIX1-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in mouse models. Given that SIX1 and EYA are co-overexpressed in many tumor types, our data indicate that targeting the SIX1–EYA complex may be a potent approach to inhibit tumor progression in multiple cancer types.
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Graziussi DF, Suga H, Schmid V, Gehring WJ. The "eyes absent" (eya) gene in the eye-bearing hydrozoan jellyfish Cladonema radiatum: conservation of the retinal determination network. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2012; 318:257-67. [PMID: 22821862 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Eyes absent (Eya) is a member of the Retinal Determination Gene Network (RDGN), a set of genes responsible for eye specification in Drosophila. Eya is a dual function protein, working as a transcription factor in the nucleus and as a tyrosine phosphatase in the cytoplasm. It had been shown that Pax and Six family genes, main components of the RDGN, are present in the hydrozoan Cladonema radiatum and that they are expressed in the eye. However, nothing had been known about the Eya family in hydrozoan jellyfish. Here we report the presence of an Eya homologue (CrEya) in Cladonema. Real-time PCR analysis and in situ hybridization showed that CrEya is expressed in the eye. Furthermore, the comprehensive survey of eukaryote genomes revealed that the acquisition of the N-terminal transactivation domain, including the EYA Domain 2 and its adjacent sequence shared by all eumetazoans, happened early in evolution, before the separation of Cnidaria and Bilateria. Our results uncover the evolution of the two domains and show a conservation of the expression pattern of the Eya gene between Cnidaria and Bilateria, which, together with previous data, supports the hypothesis of the monophyletic origin of metazoans eyes. We additionally show that CrEya is also expressed in the oocytes, where two other members of the RDGN, CrPaxB, and Six4/5-Cr, are known to be expressed. These data suggest that several members of the RDGN have begun to be localized also into the different context of egg development early in the course of metazoan evolution.
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Tadjuidje E, Hegde RS. The Eyes Absent proteins in development and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:1897-913. [PMID: 22971774 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Eyes Absent (EYA) proteins, first described in the context of fly eye development, are now implicated in processes as disparate as organ development, innate immunity, DNA damage repair, photoperiodism, angiogenesis, and cancer metastasis. These functions are associated with an unusual combination of biochemical activities: tyrosine phosphatase and threonine phosphatase activities in separate domains, and transactivation potential when associated with a DNA-binding partner. EYA mutations are linked to multiorgan developmental disorders, as well as to adult diseases ranging from dilated cardiomyopathy to late-onset sensorineural hearing loss. With the growing understanding of EYA biochemical and cellular activity, biological function, and association with disease, comes the possibility that the EYA proteins are amenable to the design of targeted therapeutics. The availability of structural information, direct links to disease states, available animal models, and the fact that they utilize unconventional reaction mechanisms that could allow specificity, suggest that EYAs are well-positioned for drug discovery efforts. This review provides a summary of EYA structure, activity, and function, as they relate to development and disease, with particular emphasis on recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Tadjuidje
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Liu X, Sano T, Guan Y, Nagata S, Hoffmann JA, Fukuyama H. Drosophila EYA regulates the immune response against DNA through an evolutionarily conserved threonine phosphatase motif. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42725. [PMID: 22916150 PMCID: PMC3419738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses against DNA are essential to counter both pathogen infections and tissue damages. Mammalian EYAs were recently shown to play a role in regulating the innate immune responses against DNA. Here, we demonstrate that the unique Drosophila eya gene is also involved in the response specific to DNA. Haploinsufficiency of eya in mutants deficient for lysosomal DNase activity (DNaseII) reduces antimicrobial peptide gene expression, a hallmark for immune responses in flies. Like the mammalian orthologues, Drosophila EYA features a N-terminal threonine and C-terminal tyrosine phosphatase domain. Through the generation of a series of mutant EYA fly strains, we show that the threonine phosphatase domain, but not the tyrosine phosphatase domain, is responsible for the innate immune response against DNA. A similar role for the threonine phosphatase domain in mammalian EYA4 had been surmised on the basis of in vitro studies. Furthermore EYA associates with IKKβ and full-length RELISH, and the induction of the IMD pathway-dependent antimicrobial peptide gene is independent of SO. Our data provide the first in vivo demonstration for the immune function of EYA and point to their conserved immune function in response to endogenous DNA, throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- INSERM Equipe Avenir, CNRS UPR9022, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Teruyuki Sano
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Solution Oriented Research for Science and Technology, and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yongsheng Guan
- INSERM Equipe Avenir, CNRS UPR9022, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Solution Oriented Research for Science and Technology, and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (SN); (HF)
| | - Jules A. Hoffmann
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS UPR9022, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hidehiro Fukuyama
- INSERM Equipe Avenir, CNRS UPR9022, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail: (SN); (HF)
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Frizzell KA, Rynearson SG, Metzstein MM. Drosophila mutants show NMD pathway activity is reduced, but not eliminated, in the absence of Smg6. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 18:1475-1486. [PMID: 22740637 PMCID: PMC3404369 DOI: 10.1261/rna.032821.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway is best known for targeting mutant mRNAs containing premature termination codons for rapid degradation, but it is also required for regulation of many endogenous transcripts. Components of the NMD pathway were originally identified by forward genetic screens in yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans. In other organisms, the NMD pathway has been investigated by studying the homologs of these genes. We present here the first unbiased genetic screen in Drosophila designed specifically to identify genes involved in NMD. By using a highly efficient genetic mosaic approach, we have screened ∼40% of the Drosophila genome and isolated more than 40 alleles of genes required for NMD. We focus on alleles we have obtained in two known NMD components: Upf2 and Smg6. Our analysis of multiple alleles of the core NMD component Upf2 reveals that the Upf2 requirement in NMD may be separate from its requirement for viability, indicating additional critical cellular roles for this protein. Our alleles of Smg6 are the first point mutations obtained in Drosophila, and we find that Smg6 has both endonucleolytic and nonendonucleolytic roles in NMD. Thus, our genetic screens have revealed that Drosophila NMD factors play distinct roles in target regulation, similar to what is found in mammals, but distinct from the relatively similar requirements for NMD genes observed in C. elegans and yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Frizzell
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Shawn G. Rynearson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Mark M. Metzstein
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Sano T, Nagata S. Characterization of the threonine-phosphatase of mouse eyes absent 3. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:2714-9. [PMID: 21821028 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Eyes absent (EYA) has tyrosine- and threonine-phosphatase activities in their C-terminal and N-terminal regions, respectively. Using various mutants of mouse EYA3, we showed that the 68-amino acid domain between positions 53 and 120 was necessary and sufficient for its threonine-phosphatase activity. Point mutations were then introduced, and residues Cys-56, Tyr-77, His-79, and Tyr-90 were essential for the EYA3s threonine-phosphatase. The 68-amino acid domain is not well conserved among the four mouse EYA members, but is evolutionally highly conserved in the orthologous EYA members of different species, suggesting that the threonine-phosphatase of EYA3 has a function distinct from that of the other EYAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyuki Sano
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Kyoto, Japan
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EYA1 mutations associated with the branchio-oto-renal syndrome result in defective otic development in Xenopus laevis. Biol Cell 2010; 102:277-92. [PMID: 19951260 PMCID: PMC2825735 DOI: 10.1042/bc20090098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background information. The BOR (branchio-oto-renal) syndrome is a dominant disorder most commonly caused by mutations in the EYA1 (Eyes Absent 1) gene. Symptoms commonly include deafness and renal anomalies. Results. We have used the embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis as an animal model for early ear development to examine the effects of different EYA1 mutations. Four eya1 mRNAs encoding proteins correlated with congenital anomalies in human were injected into early stage embryos. We show that the expression of mutations associated with BOR, even in the presence of normal levels of endogenous eya1 mRNA, leads to morphologically abnormal ear development as measured by overall otic vesicle size, establishment of sensory tissue and otic innervation. The molecular consequences of mutant eya1 expression were assessed by QPCR (quantitative PCR) analysis and in situ hybridization. Embryos expressing mutant eya1 showed altered levels of multiple genes (six1, dach, neuroD, ngnr-1 and nt3) important for normal ear development. Conclusions. These studies lend support to the hypothesis that dominant-negative effects of EYA1 mutations may have a role in the pathogenesis of BOR.
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21
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The retinal determination gene eyes absent is regulated by the EGF receptor pathway throughout development in Drosophila. Genetics 2009; 184:185-97. [PMID: 19884307 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.109.110122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Eyes absent (Eya) protein family play important roles in tissue specification and patterning by serving as both transcriptional activators and protein tyrosine phosphatases. These activities are often carried out in the context of complexes containing members of the Six and/or Dach families of DNA binding proteins. eyes absent, the founding member of the Eya family is expressed dynamically within several embryonic, larval, and adult tissues of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Loss-of-function mutations are known to result in disruptions of the embryonic head and central nervous system as well as the adult brain and visual system, including the compound eyes. In an effort to understand how eya is regulated during development, we have carried out a genetic screen designed to identify genes that lie upstream of eya and govern its expression. We have identified a large number of putative regulators, including members of several signaling pathways. Of particular interest is the identification of both yan/anterior open and pointed, two members of the EGF Receptor (EGFR) signaling cascade. The EGFR pathway is known to regulate the activity of Eya through phosphorylation via MAPK. Our findings suggest that this pathway is also used to influence eya transcriptional levels. Together these mechanisms provide a route for greater precision in regulating a factor that is critical for the formation of a wide range of diverse tissues.
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Jung SK, Jeong DG, Chung SJ, Kim JH, Park BC, Tonks NK, Ryu SE, Kim SJ. Crystal structure of ED-Eya2: insight into dual roles as a protein tyrosine phosphatase and a transcription factor. FASEB J 2009; 24:560-9. [PMID: 19858093 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-143891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eya proteins are transcription factors that play pivotal roles in organ formation during development by mediating interactions between Sine Oculis (SO) and Dachshund (DAC). Remarkably, the transcriptional activity of Eya proteins is regulated by a dephosphorylating activity within its Eya domain (ED). However, the molecular basis for the link between catalytic and transcriptional activities remains unclear. Here we report the first description of the crystal structure of the ED of human Eya2 (ED-Eya2), determined at 2.4-A resolution. In stark contrast to other members of the haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) family to which ED-Eya2 belongs, the helix-bundle motif (HBM) is elongated along the back of the catalytic site. This not only results in a structure that accommodates large protein substrates but also positions the catalytic and the SO-interacting sites on opposite faces, which suggests that SO binding is not directly affected by catalytic function. Based on the observation that the DAC-binding site is located between the catalytic core and SO binding sites within ED-Eya2, we propose that catalytic activity can be translated to SO binding through DAC, which acts as a transcriptional switch. We also captured at two stages of reaction cycles-acyl-phosphate intermediate and transition state of hydrolysis step, which provided a detailed view of reaction mechanism. The ED-Eya2 structure defined here serves as a model for other members of the Eya family and provides a framework for understanding the role of Eya phosphatase mutations in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Kyeong Jung
- Medical Proteomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Eoeun-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-600, Korea
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Yang X, ZarinKamar N, Bao R, Friedrich M. Probing the Drosophila retinal determination gene network in Tribolium (I): The early retinal genes dachshund, eyes absent and sine oculis. Dev Biol 2009; 333:202-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Patrick AN, Schiemann BJ, Yang K, Zhao R, Ford HL. Biochemical and functional characterization of six SIX1 Branchio-oto-renal syndrome mutations. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:20781-90. [PMID: 19497856 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.016832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Branchio-oto-renal syndrome (BOR) is an autosomal dominant developmental disorder characterized by hearing loss, branchial arch defects, and renal anomalies. Recently, eight mutations in the SIX1 homeobox gene were discovered in BOR patients. To characterize the effect of SIX1 BOR mutations on the EYA-SIX1-DNA complex, we expressed and purified six of the eight mutants in Escherichia coli. We demonstrate that only the most N-terminal mutation in SIX1 (V17E) completely abolishes SIX1-EYA complex formation, whereas all of the other mutants are able to form a stable complex with EYA. We further show that only the V17E mutant fails to localize EYA to the nucleus and cannot be stabilized by EYA in the cell. The remaining five SIX1 mutants are instead all deficient in DNA binding. In contrast, V17E alone has a DNA binding affinity similar to that of wild type SIX1 in complex with the EYA co-factor. Finally, we show that all SIX1 BOR mutants are defective in transcriptional activation using luciferase reporter assays. Taken together, our experiments demonstrate that the SIX1 BOR mutations contribute to the pathology of the disease through at least two different mechanisms that involve: 1) abolishing the formation of the SIX1-EYA complex or 2) diminishing the ability of SIX1 to bind DNA. Furthermore, our data demonstrate for the first time that EYA: 1) requires the N-terminal region of the SIX1 Six domain for its interaction, 2) increases the level of the SIX1 protein within the cell, and 3) increases the DNA binding affinity of SIX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron N Patrick
- Program in Molecular Biology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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25
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Liu YH, Jakobsen JS, Valentin G, Amarantos I, Gilmour DT, Furlong EEM. A systematic analysis of Tinman function reveals Eya and JAK-STAT signaling as essential regulators of muscle development. Dev Cell 2009; 16:280-91. [PMID: 19217429 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nk-2 proteins are essential developmental regulators from flies to humans. In Drosophila, the family member tinman is the major regulator of cell fate within the dorsal mesoderm, including heart, visceral, and dorsal somatic muscle. To decipher Tinman's direct regulatory role, we performed a time course of ChIP-on-chip experiments, revealing a more prominent role in somatic muscle specification than previously anticipated. Through the combination of transgenic enhancer-reporter assays, colocalization studies, and phenotypic analyses, we uncovered two additional factors within this myogenic network: by activating eyes absent, Tinman's regulatory network extends beyond developmental stages and tissues where it is expressed; by regulating stat92E expression, Tinman modulates the transcriptional readout of JAK/STAT signaling. We show that this pathway is essential for somatic muscle development in Drosophila and for myotome morphogenesis in zebrafish. Taken together, these data uncover a conserved requirement for JAK/STAT signaling and an important component of the transcriptional network driving myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hsin Liu
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Christensen KL, Patrick AN, McCoy EL, Ford HL. The six family of homeobox genes in development and cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2009; 101:93-126. [PMID: 19055944 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)00405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The homeobox gene superfamily encodes transcription factors that act as master regulators of development through their ability to activate or repress a diverse range of downstream target genes. Numerous families exist within the homeobox gene superfamily, and are classified on the basis of conservation of their homeodomains as well as additional motifs that contribute to DNA binding and to interactions with other proteins. Members of one such family, the Six family, form a transcriptional complex with Eya and Dach proteins, and together these proteins make up part of the retinal determination network first identified in Drosophila. This network is highly conserved in both invertebrate and vertebrate species, where it influences the development of numerous organs in addition to the eye, primarily through regulation of cell proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion. Mutations in Six, Eya, and Dach genes have been identified in a variety of human genetic disorders, demonstrating their critical role in human development. In addition, aberrant expression of Six, Eya, and Dach occurs in numerous human tumors, and Six1, in particular, plays a causal role both in tumor initiation and in metastasis. Emerging evidence for the importance of Six family members and their cofactors in numerous human tumors suggests that targeting of this complex may be a novel and powerful means to inhibit both tumor growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Christensen
- Program in Molecular Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA
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27
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Musharraf A, Markschies N, Teichmann K, Pankratz S, Landgraf K, Englert C, Imhof D. Eyes Absent Proteins: Characterization of Substrate Specificity and Phosphatase Activity of Mutants Associated with Branchial, Otic and Renal Anomalies. Chembiochem 2008; 9:2285-94. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Drosophila nemo promotes eye specification directed by the retinal determination gene network. Genetics 2008; 180:283-99. [PMID: 18757943 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.108.092155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila nemo (nmo) is the founding member of the Nemo-like kinase (Nlk) family of serine-threonine kinases. Previous work has characterized nmo's role in planar cell polarity during ommatidial patterning. Here we examine an earlier role for nmo in eye formation through interactions with the retinal determination gene network (RDGN). nmo is dynamically expressed in second and third instar eye imaginal discs, suggesting additional roles in patterning of the eyes, ocelli, and antennae. We utilized genetic approaches to investigate Nmo's role in determining eye fate. nmo genetically interacts with the retinal determination factors Eyeless (Ey), Eyes Absent (Eya), and Dachshund (Dac). Loss of nmo rescues ey and eya mutant phenotypes, and heterozygosity for eya modifies the nmo eye phenotype. Reducing nmo also rescues small-eye defects induced by misexpression of ey and eya in early eye development. nmo can potentiate RDGN-mediated eye formation in ectopic eye induction assays. Moreover, elevated Nmo alone can respecify presumptive head cells to an eye fate by inducing ectopic expression of dac and eya. Together, our genetic analyses reveal that nmo promotes normal and ectopic eye development directed by the RDGN.
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29
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Orten DJ, Fischer SM, Sorensen JL, Radhakrishna U, Cremers CW, Marres HA, Van Camp G, Welch KO, Smith RJ, Kimberling WJ. Branchio-oto-renal syndrome (BOR): novel mutations in theEYA1gene, and a review of the mutational genetics of BOR. Hum Mutat 2008; 29:537-44. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.20691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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30
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Jemc J, Rebay I. The eyes absent family of phosphotyrosine phosphatases: properties and roles in developmental regulation of transcription. Annu Rev Biochem 2007; 76:513-38. [PMID: 17341163 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.76.052705.164916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Integration of multiple signaling pathways at the level of their transcriptional effectors provides an important strategy for fine-tuning gene expression and ensuring a proper program of development. Posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation, play important roles in modulating transcription factor activity. The discovery that the transcription factor Eyes absent (Eya) possesses protein phosphatase activity provides an interesting new paradigm. Eya may regulate the phosphorylation state of either itself or its transcriptional cofactors, thereby directly affecting transcriptional output. The identification of a growing number of transcription factors with enzymic activity suggests that such dual-function proteins exert greater control of signaling events than previously imagined. Given the conservation of both its phosphatase and transcription factor activity across mammalian species, Eya provides an excellent model for studying how a single protein integrates these two functions under the influence of multiple signaling pathways to promote development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Jemc
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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31
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Jemc J, Rebay I. Identification of transcriptional targets of the dual-function transcription factor/phosphatase eyes absent. Dev Biol 2007; 310:416-29. [PMID: 17714699 PMCID: PMC2075104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila eye specification and development relies on a collection of transcription factors termed the retinal determination gene network (RDGN). Two members of this network, Eyes absent (EYA) and Sine oculis (SO), form a transcriptional complex in which EYA provides the transactivation function while SO provides the DNA binding activity. EYA also functions as a protein tyrosine phosphatase, raising the question of whether transcriptional output is dependent or independent of phosphatase activity. To explore this, we used microarrays together with binding site analysis, quantitative real-time PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation, genetics and in vivo expression analysis to identify new EYA-SO targets. In parallel, we examined the expression profiles of tissue expressing phosphatase mutant eya and found that reducing phosphatase activity did not globally impair transcriptional output. Among the targets identified by our analysis was the cell cycle regulatory gene, string (stg), suggesting that EYA and SO may influence cell proliferation through transcriptional regulation of stg. Future investigation into the regulation of stg and other EYA-SO targets identified in this study will help elucidate the transcriptional circuitries whereby output from the RDGN integrates with other signaling inputs to coordinate retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Jemc
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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32
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Yang DK, Choi BY, Lee YH, Kim YG, Cho MC, Hong SE, Kim DH, Hajjar RJ, Park WJ. Gene profiling during regression of pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Physiol Genomics 2007; 30:1-7. [PMID: 17327491 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00246.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regression of cardiac hypertrophy and improvement of the functional capacity of failing hearts have reportedly been achieved by mechanical unloading in cardiac work. In this study, cardiac hypertrophy was first induced in rats by transverse aortic constriction and then mechanically unloaded by relieving the constriction after significant cardiac hypertrophy had developed. Hypertrophy was significantly regressed at the cellular and molecular levels at day 1, 3, and 7 after constriction relief. Gene profiling analysis revealed that 52 genes out of 9,911 genes probed on a gene array were specifically upregulated during the early regression period. Among these regression-induced genes, Eyes absent 2 (eya2) was of particular interest because it is a transcriptional cofactor involved in mammalian organogenesis as well as Drosophila eye development. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of eya2 in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes completely abrogated phenylephrine-induced development of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy as determined by cell size, sarcomere rearrangement and fetal gene re-expression. Our data strongly suggest that transcriptional programs distinct from those mediating cardiac hypertrophy may be operating during the regression of hypertrophy, and eya2 may be a key regulator of one of these programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kwon Yang
- Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
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33
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Friedrich M. Ancient mechanisms of visual sense organ development based on comparison of the gene networks controlling larval eye, ocellus, and compound eye specification in Drosophila. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2006; 35:357-378. [PMID: 18089081 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Key mechanisms of development are strongly constrained, and hence often shared in the formation of highly diversified homologous organs. This diagnostic is applied to uncovering ancient gene activities in the control of visual sense organ development by comparing the gene networks, which regulate larval eye, ocellus and compound eye specification in Drosophila. The comparison reveals a suite of shared aspects that are likely to predate the diversification of arthropod visual sense organs and, consistent with this, have notable similarities in the developing vertebrate visual system: (I) Pax-6 genes participate in the patterning of primordia of complex visual organs. (II) Primordium determination and differentiation depends on formation of a transcription factor complex that contains the products of the selector genes Eyes absent and Sine oculis. (III) The TGF-beta signaling factor Decapentaplegic exerts transcriptional activation of eyes absent and sine oculis. (IV) Canonical Wnt signaling contributes to primordium patterning by repression of eyes absent and sine oculis. (V) Initiation of determination and differentiation is controlled by hedgehog signaling. (VI) Egfr signaling drives retinal cell fate specification. (VII) The proneural transcription factor atonal regulates photoreceptor specification. (VII) The zinc finger gene glass regulates photoreceptor specification and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 5047 Gullen Mall, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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34
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Spruijt L, Hoefsloot LH, van Schaijk GHWH, van Waardenburg D, Kremer B, Brackel HJL, de Die-Smulders CEM. Identification of a novel EYA1 mutation presenting in a newborn with laryngomalacia, glossoptosis, retrognathia, and pectus excavatum. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:1343-5. [PMID: 16691597 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Spruijt
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, University Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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35
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Nica G, Herzog W, Sonntag C, Nowak M, Schwarz H, Zapata AG, Hammerschmidt M. Eya1 is required for lineage-specific differentiation, but not for cell survival in the zebrafish adenohypophysis. Dev Biol 2006; 292:189-204. [PMID: 16458879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factor Six1 and its modulator, the protein phosphatase Eya1, cooperate to promote cell differentiation and survival during mouse organ development. Here, we studied the effects caused by loss of eya1 and six1 function on pituitary development in zebrafish. eya1 and six1 are co-expressed in all adenohypophyseal cells. Nevertheless, eya1 (aal, dog) mutants show lineage-specific defects, defining corticotropes, melanotropes, and gonadotropes as an Eya1-dependent lineage, which is complementary to the Pit1 lineage. Furthermore, eya1 is required for maintenance of pit1 expression, leading to subsequent loss of cognate hormone gene expression in thyrotropes and somatotropes of mutant embryos, whereas prolactin expression in lactotropes persists. In contrast to other organs, adenohypophyseal cells of eya1 mutants do not become apoptotic, and the adenohypophysis remains at rather normal size. Also, cells do not trans-differentiate, as in the case of pit1 mutants, but display morphological features characteristic for nonsecretory cells. Some of the adenohypophyseal defects of eya1 mutants are moderately enhanced in combination with antisense-mediated loss of Six1 function, which per se does not affect pituitary cell differentiation. In conclusion, this is the first report of an essential role of Eya1 during pituitary development in vertebrates. Eya1 is required for lineage-specific differentiation of adenohypophyseal cells, but not for their survival, thereby uncoupling the differentiation-promoting and anti-apoptotic effects of Eya proteins seen in other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Nica
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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36
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Pauli T, Seimiya M, Blanco J, Gehring WJ. Identification of functional sine oculis motifs in the autoregulatory element of its own gene, in the eyeless enhancer and in the signalling gene hedgehog. Development 2005; 132:2771-82. [PMID: 15901665 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In Drosophila, the sine oculis (so) gene is important for the development of the entire visual system, including Bolwig's organ, compound eyes and ocelli. Together with twin of eyeless, eyeless, eyes absent and dachshund, so belongs to a network of genes that by complex interactions initiate eye development. Although much is known about the genetic interactions of the genes belonging to this retinal determination network, only a few such regulatory interactions have been analysed down to the level of DNA-protein interactions. Previous work in our laboratory identified an eye/ocellus specific enhancer of the sine oculis gene that is directly regulated by eyeless and twin of eyeless. We further characterized this regulatory element and identified a minimal enhancer fragment of so that sets up an autoregulatory feedback loop crucial for proper ocelli development. By systematic analysis of the DNA-binding specificity of so we identified the most important nucleotides for this interaction. Using the emerging consensus sequence for SO-DNA binding we performed a genome-wide search and have thereby been able to identify eyeless as well as the signalling gene hedgehog as putative targets of so. Our results strengthen the general assumption that feedback loops among the genes of the retinal determination network are crucial for proper development of eyes and ocelli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Pauli
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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37
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Schönberger J, Wang L, Shin JT, Kim SD, Depreux FFS, Zhu H, Zon L, Pizard A, Kim JB, Macrae CA, Mungall AJ, Seidman JG, Seidman CE. Mutation in the transcriptional coactivator EYA4 causes dilated cardiomyopathy and sensorineural hearing loss. Nat Genet 2005; 37:418-22. [PMID: 15735644 DOI: 10.1038/ng1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We identified a human mutation that causes dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure preceded by sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Unlike previously described mutations causing dilated cardiomyopathy that affect structural proteins, this mutation deletes 4,846 bp of the human transcriptional coactivator gene EYA4. To elucidate the roles of eya4 in heart function, we studied zebrafish embryos injected with antisense morpholino oligonucleotides. Attenuated eya4 transcript levels produced morphologic and hemodynamic features of heart failure. To determine why previously described mutated EYA4 alleles cause SNHL without heart disease, we examined biochemical interactions of mutant Eya4 peptides. Eya4 peptides associated with SNHL, but not the shortened 193-amino acid peptide associated with dilated cardiomyopathy and SNHL, bound wild-type Eya4 and associated with Six proteins. These data define unrecognized and crucial roles for Eya4-Six-mediated transcriptional regulation in normal heart function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost Schönberger
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Genetics, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Mutsuddi M, Chaffee B, Cassidy J, Silver SJ, Tootle TL, Rebay I. Using Drosophila to decipher how mutations associated with human branchio-oto-renal syndrome and optical defects compromise the protein tyrosine phosphatase and transcriptional functions of eyes absent. Genetics 2005; 170:687-95. [PMID: 15802522 PMCID: PMC1450419 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.104.039156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eyes absent (EYA) proteins are defined by a conserved C-terminal EYA domain (ED) that both contributes to its function as a transcriptional coactivator by mediating protein-protein interactions and possesses intrinsic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity. Mutations in human EYA1 result in an autosomal dominant disorder called branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome as well as congenital cataracts and ocular defects (OD). Both BOR- and OD-associated missense mutations alter residues in the conserved ED as do three missense mutations identified from Drosophila eya alleles. To investigate the molecular mechanisms whereby these mutations disrupt EYA function, we tested their activity in a series of assays that measured in vivo function, phosphatase activity, transcriptional capability, and protein-protein interactions. We find that the OD-associated mutations retain significant in vivo activity whereas those derived from BOR patients show a striking decrease or loss of in vivo functionality. Protein-protein interactions, either with its partner transcription factor Sine oculis or with EYA itself, were not significantly compromised. Finally, the results of the biochemical assays suggest that both loss of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity and reduced transcriptional capability contribute to the impaired EYA function associated with BOR/OD syndrome, thus shedding new light into the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Mutsuddi
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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39
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Zhang L, Yang N, Huang J, Buckanovich RJ, Liang S, Barchetti A, Vezzani C, O'Brien-Jenkins A, Wang J, Ward MR, Courreges MC, Fracchioli S, Medina A, Katsaros D, Weber BL, Coukos G. Transcriptional Coactivator Drosophila Eyes Absent Homologue 2 Is Up-Regulated in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer and Promotes Tumor Growth. Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.925.65.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most frequent cause of gynecologic malignancy-related mortality in women. To identify genes up-regulated in ovarian cancer, PCR-select cDNA subtraction was done and Drosophila Eyes Absent Homologue 2 (EYA2) was isolated as a promising candidate. The transcriptional coactivator eya controls essential cellular functions during organogenesis of Drosophila. EYA2 mRNA was found to be up-regulated in ovarian cancer by real-time reverse transcription–PCR, whereas its protein product was detected in 93.6% of ovarian cancer specimens by immunohistochemistry (n = 140). EYA2 was amplified in 14.8% of ovarian carcinomas, as detected by array-based comparative genomic hybridization (n = 88). Most importantly, EYA2 overexpression was significantly associated with short overall survival in advanced ovarian cancer (n = 99, P = 0.0361). EYA2 was found to function as transcriptional activator in ovarian cancer cells by Gal4 assay and to promote tumor growth in vivo in xenograft models. Therefore, this study suggests an important role of EYA2 in ovarian cancer and its potential application as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- 1Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute,
- 2Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health,
| | - Nuo Yang
- 4Department of Genetics and Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and
| | - Jia Huang
- 1Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute,
| | | | - Shun Liang
- 2Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health,
| | | | | | | | - Jennifer Wang
- 2Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - George Coukos
- 1Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute,
- 2Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health,
- 3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and
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40
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Miguel-Aliaga I, Allan DW, Thor S. Independent roles of the dachshund and eyes absent genes in BMP signaling, axon pathfinding and neuronal specification. Development 2004; 131:5837-48. [PMID: 15525669 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the Drosophila nerve cord, a subset of neurons expresses the neuropeptide FMRFamide related (Fmrf). Fmrf expression is controlled by a combinatorial code of intrinsic factors and an extrinsic BMP signal. However, this previously identified code does not fully explain the regulation of Fmrf. We have found that the Dachshund (Dac) and Eyes Absent (Eya) transcription co-factors participate in this combinatorial code. Previous studies have revealed an intimate link between Dac and Eya during eye development. Here, by analyzing their function in neurons with multiple phenotypic markers, we demonstrate that they play independent roles in neuronal specification, even within single cells. dac is required for high-level Fmrf expression, and acts potently together with apterous and BMP signaling to trigger Fmrf expression ectopically, even in motoneurons. By contrast, eya regulates Fmrf expression by controlling both axon pathfinding and BMP signaling, but cannot trigger Fmrf ectopically. Thus, we show that dac and eya perform entirely different functions in a single cell type to ultimately regulate a single phenotypic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Miguel-Aliaga
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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41
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Tavsanli BC, Ostrin EJ, Burgess HK, Middlebrooks BW, Pham TA, Mardon G. Structure–function analysis of the Drosophila retinal determination protein Dachshund. Dev Biol 2004; 272:231-47. [PMID: 15242803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2004] [Accepted: 05/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dachshund (Dac) is a highly conserved nuclear protein that is distantly related to the Ski/Sno family of corepressor proteins. In Drosophila, Dac is necessary and sufficient for eye development and, along with Eyeless (Ey), Sine oculis (So), and Eyes absent (Eya), forms the core of the retinal determination (RD) network. In vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that members of the RD network function together in one or more complexes to regulate the expression of downstream targets. For example, Dac and Eya synergize in vivo to induce ectopic eye formation and they physically interact through conserved domains. Dac contains two highly conserved domains, named DD1 and DD2, but no function has been assigned to either of them in an in vivo context. We performed structure-function studies to understand the relationship between the conserved domains of Dac and the rest of the protein and to determine the function of each domain during development. We show that only DD1 is essential for Dac function and while DD2 facilitates DD1, it is not absolutely essential in spite of more than 500 million years of conservation. Moreover, the physical interaction between Eya and DD2 is not required for the genetic synergy between the two proteins. Finally, we show that DD1 also plays a central role for nuclear localization of Dac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beril C Tavsanli
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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42
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Rayapureddi JP, Kattamuri C, Steinmetz BD, Frankfort BJ, Ostrin EJ, Mardon G, Hegde RS. Eyes absent represents a class of protein tyrosine phosphatases. Nature 2003; 426:295-8. [PMID: 14628052 DOI: 10.1038/nature02093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2003] [Accepted: 09/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Eyes absent proteins are members of a conserved regulatory network implicated in the development of the eye, muscle, kidney and ear. Mutations in the Eyes absent genes have been associated with several congenital disorders including the multi-organ disease bronchio-oto-renal syndrome, congenital cataracts and late-onset deafness. On the basis of previous analyses it has been shown that Eyes absent is a nuclear transcription factor, acting through interaction with homeodomain-containing Sine oculis (also known as Six) proteins. Here we show that Eyes absent is also a protein tyrosine phosphatase. It does not resemble the classical tyrosine phosphatases that use cysteine as a nucleophile and proceed by means of a thiol-phosphate intermediate. Rather, Eyes absent is the prototype for a class of protein tyrosine phosphatases that use a nucleophilic aspartic acid in a metal-dependent reaction. Furthermore, the phosphatase activity of Eyes absent contributes to its ability to induce eye formation in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanagendra P Rayapureddi
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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43
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Tootle TL, Silver SJ, Davies EL, Newman V, Latek RR, Mills IA, Selengut JD, Parlikar BEW, Rebay I. The transcription factor Eyes absent is a protein tyrosine phosphatase. Nature 2003; 426:299-302. [PMID: 14628053 DOI: 10.1038/nature02097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2003] [Accepted: 09/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications provide sensitive and flexible mechanisms to dynamically modulate protein function in response to specific signalling inputs. In the case of transcription factors, changes in phosphorylation state can influence protein stability, conformation, subcellular localization, cofactor interactions, transactivation potential and transcriptional output. Here we show that the evolutionarily conserved transcription factor Eyes absent (Eya) belongs to the phosphatase subgroup of the haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) superfamily, and propose a function for it as a non-thiol-based protein tyrosine phosphatase. Experiments performed in cultured Drosophila cells and in vitro indicate that Eyes absent has intrinsic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity and can autocatalytically dephosphorylate itself. Confirming the biological significance of this function, mutations that disrupt the phosphatase active site severely compromise the ability of Eyes absent to promote eye specification and development in Drosophila. Given the functional importance of phosphorylation-dependent modulation of transcription factor activity, this evidence for a nuclear transcriptional coactivator with intrinsic phosphatase activity suggests an unanticipated method of fine-tuning transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L Tootle
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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44
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Silver SJ, Davies EL, Doyon L, Rebay I. Functional dissection of eyes absent reveals new modes of regulation within the retinal determination gene network. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:5989-99. [PMID: 12917324 PMCID: PMC180989 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.17.5989-5999.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal determination (RD) gene network encodes a group of transcription factors and cofactors necessary for eye development. Transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of RD family members is achieved through interactions within the network and with extracellular signaling pathways, including epidermal growth factor receptor/RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), transforming growth factor beta/DPP, Wingless, Hedgehog, and Notch. Here we present the results of structure-function analyses that reveal novel aspects of Eyes absent (EYA) function and regulation. We find that the conserved C-terminal EYA domain negatively regulates EYA transactivation potential, and that GROUCHO-SINE OCULIS (SO) interactions provide another mechanism for negative regulation of EYA-SO target genes. We have mapped the transactivation potential of EYA to an internal proline-, serine-, and threonine-rich region that includes the EYA domain 2 (ED2) and two MAPK phosphorylation consensus sites and demonstrate that activation of the RAS/MAPK pathway potentiates transcriptional output of EYA and the EYA-SO complex in certain contexts. Drosophila S2 cell two-hybrid assays were used to describe a novel homotypic interaction that is mediated by EYA's N terminus. Our data suggest that EYA requires homo- and heterotypic interactions and RAS/MAPK signaling responsiveness to ensure context-appropriate RD gene network activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena J Silver
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research. MIT Department of Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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45
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Ikeda K, Watanabe Y, Ohto H, Kawakami K. Molecular interaction and synergistic activation of a promoter by Six, Eya, and Dach proteins mediated through CREB binding protein. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:6759-66. [PMID: 12215533 PMCID: PMC134036 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.19.6759-6766.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila sine oculis, eyes absent, and dachshund are essential for compound eye formation and form a gene network with direct protein interaction and genetic regulation. The vertebrate homologues of these genes, Six, Eya, and Dach, also form a similar genetic network during muscle formation. To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the network among Six, Eya, and Dach, we examined the molecular interactions among the encoded proteins. Eya interacted directly with Six but never with Dach. Dach transactivated a multimerized GAL4 reporter gene by coproduction of GAL4-Eya fusion proteins. Transactivation by Eya and Dach was repressed by overexpression of VP16 or E1A but not by E1A mutation, which is defective for CREB binding protein (CBP) binding. Recruitment of CBP to the immobilized chromatin DNA template was dependent on FLAG-Dach and GAL4-Eya3. These results indicate that CBP is a mediator of the interaction between Eya and Dach. Contrary to our expectations, Dach binds to chromatin DNA by itself, not being tethered by GAL4-Eya3. Dach also binds to naked DNA with lower affinity. The conserved DD1 domain is responsible for binding to DNA. Transactivation was also observed by coproduction of GAL4-Six, Eya, and Dach, indicating that Eya and Dach synergy is relevant when Eya is tethered to DNA through Six protein. Our results demonstrated that synergy is mediated through direct interaction of Six-Eya and through the interaction of Eya-Dach with CBP and explain the molecular basis for the genetic interactions among Six, Eya, and Dach. This work provides fundamental information on the role and the mechanism of action of this gene cassette in tissue differentiation and organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Ikeda
- Department of Biology, Jichi Medical School, Yakushiji, Minamikawachi, Kawachi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
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46
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Pfister M, Tóth T, Thiele H, Haack B, Blin N, Zenner HP, Sziklai I, Nürnberg P, Kupka S. A 4bp-Insertion in the eya-Homologous Region (eyaHR) of EYA4 Causes Hearing Impairment in a Hungarian Family Linked to DFNA10. Mol Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03402171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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47
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Kim SS, Zhang RG, Braunstein SE, Joachimiak A, Cvekl A, Hegde RS. Structure of the retinal determination protein Dachshund reveals a DNA binding motif. Structure 2002; 10:787-95. [PMID: 12057194 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(02)00769-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Dachshund proteins are essential components of a regulatory network controlling cell fate determination. They have been implicated in eye, limb, brain, and muscle development. These proteins cannot be assigned to any recognizable structural or functional class based on amino acid sequence analysis. The 1.65 A crystal structure of the most conserved domain of human DACHSHUND is reported here. The protein forms an alpha/beta structure containing a DNA binding motif similar to that found in the winged helix/forkhead subgroup of the helix-turn-helix family. This unexpected finding alters the previously proposed molecular models for the role of Dachshund in the eye determination pathway. Furthermore, it provides a rational framework for future mechanistic analyses of the Dachshund proteins in several developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Sup Kim
- Structural Biology Program, Skirball Institute, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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48
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Bonini NM, Fortini ME. Applications of the Drosophila retina to human disease modeling. Results Probl Cell Differ 2002; 37:257-75. [PMID: 25707079 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-45398-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Bonini
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 415 S. University Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6018, USA
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49
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Abstract
The Drosophila compound eye is specified by the simultaneous and interdependent activity of transcriptional regulatory genes from four families: PAX6 (eyeless, twin of eyeless, eyegone), EYA (eyes absent), SIX (sine oculis, Optix) and DACH (dachshund). Mammals have homologues of all these genes, and many of them are expressed in the embryonic or adult eye, but the functional relationships between them are currently much less clear than in Drosophila. Nevertheless, mutations in the mammalian genes highlight their requirement both within and outside the eye in embryos and adults, and emphasize that they can be deployed in many different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Hanson
- Medical Genetics Section, Department of Medical Sciences, Edinburgh University, Molecular Medicine Centre, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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50
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Hsiao FC, Williams A, Davies EL, Rebay I. Eyes absent mediates cross-talk between retinal determination genes and the receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway. Dev Cell 2001; 1:51-61. [PMID: 11703923 DOI: 10.1016/s1534-5807(01)00011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Eyes absent (eya) encodes a member of a network of nuclear transcription factors that promotes eye development in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Despite extensive studies, the molecular mechanisms whereby cell-cell signaling pathways coordinate the function of this retinal determination gene network remain unknown. Here, we report that Drosophila Eya function is positively regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated phosphorylation and that this regulation extends to developmental contexts independent of eye determination. In vivo genetic analyses, together with in vitro kinase assay results, demonstrate that Eya is a substrate for extracellular signal-regulated kinase, the MAPK acting downstream in the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathway. Thus, phosphorylation of Eya appears to provide a direct regulatory link between the RTK/Ras/MAPK signaling cascade and the retinal determination gene network.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Hsiao
- Whitehead Institute and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02142, USA
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