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Li X, McPherson M, Hager M, Fang Y, Bartke A, Miller RA. Transient early life growth hormone exposure permanently alters brain, muscle, liver, macrophage, and adipocyte status in long-lived Ames dwarf mice. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22394. [PMID: 35704312 PMCID: PMC9250136 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200143r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The exceptional longevity of Ames dwarf (DF) mice can be abrogated by a brief course of growth hormone (GH) injections started at 2 weeks of age. This transient GH exposure also prevents the increase in cellular stress resistance and decline in hypothalamic inflammation characteristic of DF mice. Here, we show that transient early-life GH treatment leads to permanent alteration of pertinent changes in adipocytes, fat-associated macrophages, liver, muscle, and brain that are seen in DF mice. Ames DF mice, like Snell dwarf and GHRKO mice, show elevation of glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase D1 in liver, neurogenesis in brain as indicated by BDNF and DCX proteins, muscle production of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (a precursor of irisin), uncoupling protein 1 as an index of thermogenic capacity in brown and white fat, and increase in fat-associated anti-inflammatory macrophages. In each case, transient exposure to GH early in life reverts the DF mice to the levels of each protein seen in littermate control animals, in animals evaluated at 15-18 months of age. Thus, many of the traits seen in long-lived mutant mice, pertinent to age-related changes in inflammation, neurogenesis, and metabolic control, are permanently set by early-life GH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinna Li
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Michigan School of MedicineAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Madaline McPherson
- College of Literature, Sciences, & the ArtsUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Mary Hager
- College of Literature, Sciences, & the ArtsUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Yimin Fang
- Department of Internal MedicineSouthern Illinois University School of MedicineSpringfieldIllinoisUSA
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal MedicineSouthern Illinois University School of MedicineSpringfieldIllinoisUSA
| | - Richard A. Miller
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Michigan School of MedicineAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- University of Michigan Geriatrics CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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2
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Rader EP, Naimo MA, Ensey J, Baker BA. Improved impedance to maladaptation and enhanced VCAM-1 upregulation with resistance-type training in the long-lived Snell dwarf ( Pit1dw/dw) mouse. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:1157-1185. [PMID: 35113807 PMCID: PMC8876912 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Snell dwarf mice with the Pit1dw/dw mutation are deficient in growth hormone, prolactin, and thyroid stimulating hormone and exhibit >40% lifespan extension. This longevity is accompanied by compromised muscular performance. However, research regarding young (3-month-old) Snell dwarf mice demonstrate exceptional responsivity to resistance-type training especially in terms of a shifted fiber type distribution and increased protein levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), a possible mediator of such remodeling. In the present study, we investigated whether this responsiveness persists at 12 months of age. Unlike 12-month-old control mice, age-matched Snell dwarf mice remained resistant to training-induced maladaptive decreases in performance and muscle mass. This was accompanied by retainment of the remodeling capacity in muscles of Snell dwarf mice to increase VCAM-1 protein levels and a shift in myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform distribution with training. Even decreasing training frequency for control mice, an alteration which protected muscles from maladaptation at 12 months of age, did not result in the overt remodeling observed for Snell dwarf mice. The results demonstrate a distinct remodeling response to resistance-type exercise operative in the context of the Pit1dw/dw mutation of long-lived Snell dwarf mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik P. Rader
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Marshall A. Naimo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
- West Virginia School of Medicine, Division of Exercise Physiology, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - James Ensey
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Brent A. Baker
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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3
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Qian Y, Berryman DE, Basu R, List EO, Okada S, Young JA, Jensen EA, Bell SRC, Kulkarni P, Duran-Ortiz S, Mora-Criollo P, Mathes SC, Brittain AL, Buchman M, Davis E, Funk KR, Bogart J, Ibarra D, Mendez-Gibson I, Slyby J, Terry J, Kopchick JJ. Mice with gene alterations in the GH and IGF family. Pituitary 2022; 25:1-51. [PMID: 34797529 PMCID: PMC8603657 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-021-01191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Much of our understanding of GH's action stems from animal models and the generation and characterization of genetically altered or modified mice. Manipulation of genes in the GH/IGF1 family in animals started in 1982 when the first GH transgenic mice were produced. Since then, multiple laboratories have altered mouse DNA to globally disrupt Gh, Ghr, and other genes upstream or downstream of GH or its receptor. The ability to stay current with the various genetically manipulated mouse lines within the realm of GH/IGF1 research has been daunting. As such, this review attempts to consolidate and summarize the literature related to the initial characterization of many of the known gene-manipulated mice relating to the actions of GH, PRL and IGF1. We have organized the mouse lines by modifications made to constituents of the GH/IGF1 family either upstream or downstream of GHR or to the GHR itself. Available data on the effect of altered gene expression on growth, GH/IGF1 levels, body composition, reproduction, diabetes, metabolism, cancer, and aging are summarized. For the ease of finding this information, key words are highlighted in bold throughout the main text for each mouse line and this information is summarized in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4. Most importantly, the collective data derived from and reported for these mice have enhanced our understanding of GH action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan A Young
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Jensen
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Stephen R C Bell
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Prateek Kulkarni
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | - Patricia Mora-Criollo
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Samuel C Mathes
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Alison L Brittain
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Mat Buchman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Emily Davis
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Kevin R Funk
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jolie Bogart
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Diego Ibarra
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Isaac Mendez-Gibson
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Julie Slyby
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Terry
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
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4
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Zhu Y, Fang Y, Medina D, Bartke A, Yuan R. Metformin treatment of juvenile mice alters aging-related developmental and metabolic phenotypes. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 201:111597. [PMID: 34780856 PMCID: PMC8755607 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the influence on developmental traits might have long-term effects on aging and health later in life. Metformin is a widely used drug for treating type 2 diabetes and is also used for delaying sexual maturation in girls with precocious puberty. The current report focuses on investigating the effects of metformin on development and metabolic traits. Heterogeneous mice (UM-HET3) were treated with i.p. metformin between the ages of 15 and 56 days. Our results show that body weight and food consumption were increased in both sexes, and sexual maturation was delayed in females. Tail length and circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels were significantly increased in both sexes. No significant difference was found in insulin tolerance test, but glucose tolerance was significantly reduced in the males. Circulating adiponectin and insulin levels were altered by metformin treatment in a sex-specific manner. Analysis of quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) suggests that metformin treatment increased insulin sensitivity in female pups, but had opposite effect in male pups. This study revealed that early life metformin treatment alters development and metabolism of mice in both sex-specific and non-specific manners. These effects of metformin may have long-term impacts on aging-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhu
- Deparment of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, 801 N. Rutledge, P. O. Box 19628, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9628, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 801 N. Rutledge, P. O. Box 19628, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9628, USA
| | - Yimin Fang
- Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 801 N. Rutledge, P. O. Box 19628, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9628, USA
| | - David Medina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 801 N. Rutledge, P. O. Box 19628, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9628, USA
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 801 N. Rutledge, P. O. Box 19628, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9628, USA
| | - Rong Yuan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 801 N. Rutledge, P. O. Box 19628, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9628, USA
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5
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Garratt M, Erturk I, Alonzo R, Zufall F, Leinders-Zufall T, Pletcher SD, Miller RA. Lifespan extension in female mice by early, transient exposure to adult female olfactory cues. eLife 2022; 11:84060. [PMID: 36525360 PMCID: PMC9904757 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several previous lines of research have suggested, indirectly, that mouse lifespan is particularly susceptible to endocrine or nutritional signals in the first few weeks of life, as tested by manipulations of litter size, growth hormone levels, or mutations with effects specifically on early-life growth rate. The pace of early development in mice can also be influenced by exposure of nursing and weanling mice to olfactory cues. In particular, odors of same-sex adult mice can in some circumstances delay maturation. We hypothesized that olfactory information might also have a sex-specific effect on lifespan, and we show here that the lifespan of female mice can be increased significantly by odors from adult females administered transiently, that is from 3 days until 60 days of age. Female lifespan was not modified by male odors, nor was male lifespan susceptible to odors from adults of either sex. Conditional deletion of the G protein Gαo in the olfactory system, which leads to impaired accessory olfactory system function and blunted reproductive priming responses to male odors in females, did not modify the effect of female odors on female lifespan. Our data provide support for the idea that very young mice are susceptible to influences that can have long-lasting effects on health maintenance in later life, and provide a potential example of lifespan extension by olfactory cues in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Garratt
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Ilkim Erturk
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Roxann Alonzo
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Frank Zufall
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland UniversityHomburgGermany
| | - Trese Leinders-Zufall
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland UniversityHomburgGermany
| | - Scott D Pletcher
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Richard A Miller
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
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6
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Matzkin ME, Calandra RS, Rossi SP, Bartke A, Frungieri MB. Hallmarks of Testicular Aging: The Challenge of Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Therapies Using Natural and/or Pharmacological Compounds to Improve the Physiopathological Status of the Aged Male Gonad. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113114. [PMID: 34831334 PMCID: PMC8619877 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary theory of aging supports a trade-off relationship between reproduction and aging. Aging of the male reproductive system primarily affects the testes, leading to a decrease in the levels of sexual hormones, alterations in sperm quality and production, and a decline in fertility that does not necessarily involve a complete cessation of spermatogenesis. Inflammation, oxidation, and apoptosis are events considered as predictors of pathogenesis and the development of age-related diseases that are frequently observed in aged testes. Although the molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood, accumulating evidence points toward pro-inflammatory molecules and reactive oxygen species as primary contributing factors for testicular aging. However, the real impact of aging-related testicular alterations on fertility, reproductive health, and life span is far from being fully revealed. This work discusses the current knowledge on the impact of aging in the testis, particularly of aging-related dysregulated inflammation and oxidative damage on the functioning of its different cell populations. More interestingly, this review covers the potential benefits of anti-aging interventions and therapies using either pharmacological compounds (such as non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication) or more natural alternatives (such as various nutraceuticals or even probiotics) that exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties. Some of these are currently being investigated or are already in clinical use to delay or prevent testicular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Matzkin
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina; (R.S.C.); (S.P.R.); (M.B.F.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Cátedra I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-114783-2869 (ext. 1209)
| | - Ricardo Saúl Calandra
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina; (R.S.C.); (S.P.R.); (M.B.F.)
| | - Soledad Paola Rossi
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina; (R.S.C.); (S.P.R.); (M.B.F.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Cátedra I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Geriatrics Research, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL 62794, USA;
| | - Mónica Beatriz Frungieri
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina; (R.S.C.); (S.P.R.); (M.B.F.)
- Cátedra de Química, Ciclo Básico Común, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1405CAE, Argentina
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7
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Liu Y, Masternak MM, Schneider A, Zhi X. Dwarf mice as models for reproductive ageing research. Reprod Biomed Online 2021; 44:5-13. [PMID: 34794884 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dwarf mice are characterized by extremely long lifespan, delayed ovarian ageing, altered metabolism, lower age-related oxidative damage and cancer incidence rate. Snell dwarf, Ames dwarf and growth hormone receptor knockout mice are three commonly used models. Despite studies focusing on ageing and metabolism, the reproductive features of female dwarf mice have also attracted interest over the last decade. Female Snell and Ames dwarf mice have regular oestrous cycles and ovulation rates, as in normal mice, but with a larger ovarian reserve and delayed ovarian ageing. The primordial follicle reserve in dwarf mice is greater than in normal littermates. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentration is seven times higher in Ames dwarf mice than in their normal siblings, and ovarian transcriptomic profiling showed distinctive patterns in older Ames dwarf mice, especially enriched in inflammatory and immune response-related pathways. In addition, microRNA profiles also showed distinctive differences in Ames dwarf mice compared with normal control littermates. This review aims to summarize research progress on dwarf mice as models in the reproductive ageing field. Investigations focusing on the mechanisms of their reserved reproductive ability are much needed and are expected to provide additional molecular biological bases for the clinical practice of reproductive medicine in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital Beijing, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology Beijing, PR China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Peking University, Ministry of Education Beijing, PR China
| | - Michal M Masternak
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando FL, USA; Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Augusto Schneider
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Xu Zhi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital Beijing, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology Beijing, PR China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Peking University, Ministry of Education Beijing, PR China.
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8
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Bartke A. Benefits of Living Without Growth Hormone. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:1769-1774. [PMID: 34036341 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, USA
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9
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Frungieri MB, Calandra RS, Bartke A, Matzkin ME. Male and female gonadal ageing: its impact on health span and life span. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 197:111519. [PMID: 34139215 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is linked to changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and a progressive decline in gonadal function. While women become infertile when they enter menopause, fertility decline in ageing men does not necessarily involve a complete cessation of spermatogenesis. Gonadal dysfunction in elderly people is characterized by morphological, endocrine and metabolic alterations affecting the reproductive function and quality of life. With advancing age, sexuality turns into a critical emotional and physical factor actually defining the number of years that ageing people live a healthy life. Gonadal ageing correlates with comorbidities and an increased risk of age-related diseases including diabetes, kidney problems, cardiovascular failures and cancer. This article briefly summarizes the current state of knowledge on ovarian and testicular senescence, explores the experimental models used in the study of gonadal ageing, and describes the local pro-inflammatory, oxidative and apoptotic events and the associated signalling pathways that take place in the gonads while people get older. Overall, literature reports that ageing exacerbates a mutual crosstalk among oxidative stress, apoptosis and the inflammatory response in the gonads leading to detrimental effects on fertility. Data also highlight the clinical implications of novel therapeutic interventions using antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory drugs on health span and life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica B Frungieri
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina; Cátedra de Química, Ciclo Básico Común, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1405CAE, Argentina.
| | - Ricardo S Calandra
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Division of Geriatrics Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
| | - María E Matzkin
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina; Cátedra de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina
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10
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Eriau E, Paillet J, Kroemer G, Pol JG. Metabolic Reprogramming by Reduced Calorie Intake or Pharmacological Caloric Restriction Mimetics for Improved Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061260. [PMID: 33809187 PMCID: PMC7999281 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction and fasting have been known for a long time for their health- and life-span promoting effects, with coherent observations in multiple model organisms as well as epidemiological and clinical studies. This holds particularly true for cancer. The health-promoting effects of caloric restriction and fasting are mediated at least partly through their cellular effects-chiefly autophagy induction-rather than reduced calorie intake per se. Interestingly, caloric restriction has a differential impact on cancer and healthy cells, due to the atypical metabolic profile of malignant tumors. Caloric restriction mimetics are non-toxic compounds able to mimic the biochemical and physiological effects of caloric restriction including autophagy induction. Caloric restriction and its mimetics induce autophagy to improve the efficacy of some cancer treatments that induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), a type of cellular demise that eventually elicits adaptive antitumor immunity. Caloric restriction and its mimetics also enhance the therapeutic efficacy of chemo-immunotherapies combining ICD-inducing agents with immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1. Collectively, preclinical data encourage the application of caloric restriction and its mimetics as an adjuvant to immunotherapies. This recommendation is subject to confirmation in additional experimental settings and in clinical trials. In this work, we review the preclinical and clinical evidence in favor of such therapeutic interventions before listing ongoing clinical trials that will shed some light on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Eriau
- Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, UMR Inserm 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; or
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69342 Lyon, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France or (J.P.); (G.K.)
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Juliette Paillet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France or (J.P.); (G.K.)
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, 94800 Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France or (J.P.); (G.K.)
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, 94800 Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75015 Paris, France
- Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan G. Pol
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France or (J.P.); (G.K.)
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, 94800 Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +33-1-44-27-76-66
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Bartke A, Hascup E, Hascup K, Masternak MM. Growth Hormone and Aging: New Findings. World J Mens Health 2021; 39:454-465. [PMID: 33663025 PMCID: PMC8255405 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex relationships between growth hormone (GH) signaling and mammalian aging continue to attract attention of many investigators. Recent results include evidence that the impact of GH on genome maintenance (DNA damage and repair) is drastically different in normal as compared to cancer cells, consistent with GH promoting aging and cancer progression. Impact of GH on DNA methylation was studied as a possible mechanism linking actions of GH during early life to the trajectory of aging. Animals with reduced or enhanced GH signaling and novel animals with adipocyte-specific deletion of GH receptors were used to elucidate the effects of GH on white and brown adipose tissue, including the impact of this hormone on lipolysis, fibrosis, and thermogenesis. Effects of GH on adipose tissue related to lipid and energy metabolism emerge as mechanistic links between GH, healthspan, and lifespan. Treatment of healthy men with a combination of GH, dehydroepiandrosterone, and metformin was reported to restore thymus function and reduce epigenetic age. Studies of human subjects with deficiency of GH or GH receptors and studies of mice with the same endocrine syndromes identified several phenotypic changes related (positively or negatively) to the previously reported predisposition to healthy aging. Results of these and other recent studies advance present understanding of the mechanisms by which GH influences aging and longevity and of the trade-offs involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.
| | - Erin Hascup
- Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Kevin Hascup
- Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Michal M Masternak
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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List EO, Basu R, Duran-Ortiz S, Krejsa J, Jensen EA. Mouse models of growth hormone deficiency. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:3-16. [PMID: 33033978 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nearly one century of research using growth hormone deficient (GHD) mouse lines has contributed greatly toward our knowledge of growth hormone (GH), a pituitary-derived hormone that binds and signals through the GH receptor and affects many metabolic processes throughout life. Although delayed sexual maturation, decreased fertility, reduced muscle mass, increased adiposity, small body size, and glucose intolerance appear to be among the negative characteristics of these GHD mouse lines, these mice still consistently outlive their normal sized littermates. Furthermore, the absence of GH action in these mouse lines leads to enhanced insulin sensitivity (likely due to the lack of GH's diabetogenic actions), delayed onset for a number of age-associated physiological declines (including cognition, cancer, and neuromusculoskeletal frailty), reduced cellular senescence, and ultimately, extended lifespan. In this review, we provide details about history, availability, growth, physiology, and aging of five commonly used GHD mouse lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O List
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, 172 Water Tower Drive, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
| | - Reetobrata Basu
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, 172 Water Tower Drive, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, 172 Water Tower Drive, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Jackson Krejsa
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, 172 Water Tower Drive, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Jensen
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, 172 Water Tower Drive, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
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13
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Zutinic A, Pijl H, Ballieux BE, Roelfsema F, Westendorp RGJ, Blauw GJ, van Heemst D. Familial Longevity is Associated with an Attenuated Thyroidal Response to Recombinant Human Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5821498. [PMID: 32303766 PMCID: PMC7239378 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Longevity is associated with higher circulating levels of TSH in the absence of differences in circulating thyroid hormones (TH), as previously observed in F2 members of long-lived families (F2-LLS) and their partners (F2-Con). The mechanism underlying this observed difference remains unknown. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that the thyroid gland of members from long-lived families are less responsive to TSH stimulation, thereby requiring higher circulating TSH levels to maintain adequate TH levels. METHODS We performed a case-control intervention study with a single intramuscular (gluteal) injection with 0.1 mg recombinant human TSH in a subgroup of 14 F2-LLS and 15 similarly aged F2-Con. They were followed for 4 days. No serious adverse events were reported. For analyses, we compared time trajectories of TSH and TH, and the ratio of TH to TSH using area under the curve (AUC) calculations. RESULTS The AUC free T4/AUC TSH ratio was significantly lower in F2-LLS than in F2-Con (estimated mean [95% confidence interval] 1.6 [1.2-1.9] and 2.2 [1.9-2.6], respectively, P = 0.01). The AUC thyroglobulin/AUC TSH ratio was also lower in F2-LLS than in F2-Con (median [interquartile range] 2.1 [1.4-3.6] and 3.2 [2.7-7.4], respectively, P = 0.04). We observed the same trend with the AUC free T3/AUC TSH ratio, although the difference was not statistically significant (estimated mean [95% confidence interval] 0.6 [0.4-0.7] and 0.7 [0.6-0.8], respectively, P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS The present findings show that members of long-living families have a lower thyroid responsivity to TSH compared with their partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zutinic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Ana Zutinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands. E-mail:
| | - Hanno Pijl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bart E Ballieux
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi G J Westendorp
- Public Health and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerard J Blauw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Valencak TG, Spenlingwimmer T, Nimphy R, Reinisch I, Hoffman JM, Prokesch A. Challenging a "Cushy" Life: Potential Roles of Thermogenesis and Adipose Tissue Adaptations in Delayed Aging of Ames and Snell Dwarf Mice. Metabolites 2020; 10:E176. [PMID: 32365727 PMCID: PMC7281452 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10050176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Laboratory mouse models with genetically altered growth hormone (GH) signaling and subsequent endocrine disruptions, have longer lifespans than control littermates. As such, these mice are commonly examined to determine the role of the somatotropic axis as it relates to healthspan and longevity in mammals. The two most prominent mouse mutants in this context are the genetically dwarf Ames and Snell models which have been studied extensively for over two decades. However, it has only been proposed recently that both white and brown adipose tissue depots may contribute to their delayed aging. Here we review the current state of the field and supplement it with recent data from our labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa G. Valencak
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria; (T.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Tanja Spenlingwimmer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria; (T.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Ricarda Nimphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria; (T.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Isabel Reinisch
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Jessica M. Hoffman
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., CH464, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Andreas Prokesch
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.R.); (A.P.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
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15
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Colon G, Saccon T, Schneider A, Cavalcante MB, Huffman DM, Berryman D, List E, Ikeno Y, Musi N, Bartke A, Kopchick J, Kirkland JL, Tchkonia T, Masternak MM. The enigmatic role of growth hormone in age-related diseases, cognition, and longevity. GeroScience 2019; 41:759-774. [PMID: 31485887 PMCID: PMC6925094 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00096-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and regulates various metabolic processes throughout the body. GH and IGF-1 levels are markedly reduced in older humans, leading some to hypothesize GH supplementation could be a viable "anti-aging" therapy. However, there is still much debate over the benefits and risks of GH administration. While an early study of GH administration reported reduced adiposity and lipid levels and increased bone mineral density, subsequent studies failed to show significant benefits. Conversely, other studies found positive effects of GH deficiency including extended life span, improved cognitive function, resistance to diseases such as cancer and diabetes, and improved insulin sensitivity despite a higher fat percentage. Thus, the roles of GH in aging and cognition remain unclear, and there is currently not enough evidence to support use of GH as an anti-aging or cognitive impairment therapy. Additional robust and longer-duration studies of efficacy and safety of GH administration are needed to determine if modulating GH levels could be a successful strategy for treating aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Colon
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32304, USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Tatiana Saccon
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Augusto Schneider
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo B Cavalcante
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Derek M Huffman
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, Medicine, and the Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Darlene Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Ed List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Yuji Ikeno
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Nicolas Musi
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - John Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - James L Kirkland
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Tamara Tchkonia
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Michal M Masternak
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL, 32827, USA.
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16
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Aguiar-Oliveira MH, Bartke A. Growth Hormone Deficiency: Health and Longevity. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:575-601. [PMID: 30576428 PMCID: PMC6416709 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The important role of GH in the control of mammalian longevity was first deduced from extended longevity of mice with genetic GH deficiency (GHD) or GH resistance. Mice with isolated GHD (IGHD) due to GHRH or GHRH receptor mutations, combined deficiency of GH, prolactin, and TSH, or global deletion of GH receptors live longer than do their normal siblings. They also exhibit multiple features of delayed and/or slower aging, accompanied by extension of healthspan. The unexpected, remarkable longevity benefit of severe endocrine defects in these animals presumably represents evolutionarily conserved trade-offs among aging, growth, maturation, fecundity, and the underlying anabolic processes. Importantly, the negative association of GH signaling with longevity extends to other mammalian species, apparently including humans. Data obtained in humans with IGHD type 1B, owing to a mutation of the GHRH receptor gene, in the Itabaianinha County, Brazil, provide a unique opportunity to study the impact of severe reduction in GH signaling on age-related characteristics, health, and functionality. Individuals with IGHD are characterized by proportional short stature, doll facies, high-pitched voices, and central obesity. They have delayed puberty but are fertile and generally healthy. Moreover, these IGHD individuals are partially protected from cancer and some of the common effects of aging and can attain extreme longevity, 103 years of age in one case. We think that low, but detectable, residual GH secretion combined with life-long reduction of circulating IGF-1 and with some tissue levels of IGF-1 and/or IGF-2 preserved may account for the normal longevity and apparent extension of healthspan in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
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17
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Hu Z, Ai N, Chen W, Wong QWL, Ge W. Loss of Growth Hormone Gene (gh1) in Zebrafish Arrests Folliculogenesis in Females and Delays Spermatogenesis in Males. Endocrinology 2019; 160:568-586. [PMID: 30668682 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As a master hormone controlling growth and metabolism, GH is also known to regulate reproduction. Studies in mammals have shown that mutations in GH or its receptor (GHR) not only result in retardation in body growth but also reproductive dysfunctions in both sexes. However, the roles of GH in reproduction of other vertebrates are poorly defined. In this study, we created two zebrafish GH (gh1) mutant lines using CRISPR/Cas9. The mutant developed normally up to 14 days postfertilization (dpf); however, a high rate of mortality was observed afterward in both lines, and only a small number of mutant fish could survive to adult stage. The body growth of the mutants was significantly retarded in both sexes in a gene dose-dependent manner compared with their wild-type siblings. A severe dysfunction of gonadal development was observed in survived mutant females, with ovarian folliculogenesis being arrested completely at primary growth stage until 100 dpf. Interestingly, the folliculogenesis in the mutant resumed after months of delay with a certain number of follicles entering vitellogenic growth. As for male reproduction, although the spermatogenesis in mutant males seemed normal in adults, the GH-insufficient heterozygote showed an obvious delay of spermatogenesis (puberty onset) at early developmental stages. The adult mutant males could not breed with wild-type females through natural spawning; however, the sperm isolated from the mutant testes could fertilize eggs through artificial fertilization. This study provides further genetic evidence for the dependence of puberty onset on somatic growth, but not age, in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Hu
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Nana Ai
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Weiting Chen
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Queenie Wing-Lei Wong
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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18
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Both overt hypothyroidism as well as minor elevations of serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels associated with thyroid hormones within their respective reference ranges (termed subclinical hypothyroidism) are relatively common in older individuals. There is growing evidence that treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism may not be beneficial, particularly in an older person. These findings are relevant at a time when treatment with thyroid hormones is increasing and more than 10-15% of people aged over 80 years are prescribed levothyroxine replacement therapy. MAIN BODY The prevalence of hypothyroidism increases with age. However, the reference range for TSH also rises with age, as the population distribution of TSH concentration progressively rises with age. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that minor TSH elevations are not associated with important outcomes such as impaired quality of life, symptoms, cognition, cardiovascular events and mortality in older individuals. There is also evidence that treatment of mild subclinical hypothyroidism may not benefit quality of life and/or symptoms in older people. It is unknown whether treatment targets should be reset depending on the age of the patient. It is likely that some older patients with non-specific symptoms and incidental mild subclinical hypothyroidism may be treated with thyroid hormones and could potentially be harmed as a result. This article reviews the current literature pertaining to hypothyroidism with a special emphasis on the older individual and assesses the risk/benefit impact of contemporary management on outcomes in this age group. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence suggests that threshold for treating mild subclinical hypothyroidism in older people should be high. It is reasonable to aim for a higher TSH target in treated older hypothyroid patients as their thyroid hormone requirements may be lower. In addition, age-appropriate TSH reference ranges should be considered in the diagnostic pathway of identifying individuals at risk of developing hypothyroidism. Appropriately designed and powered randomised controlled trials are required to confirm risk/benefit of treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism in older people. Until the results of such RCTs are available to guide clinical management international guidelines should be followed that advocate a conservative policy in the management of mild subclinical hypothyroidism in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owain Leng
- Department of Endocrinology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP UK
| | - Salman Razvi
- Department of Endocrinology, Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, Gateshead, NE9 6SX UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
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19
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Plausible Links Between Metabolic Networks, Stem Cells, and Longevity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1201:355-388. [PMID: 31898793 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31206-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable consequence of life, and all multicellular organisms undergo a decline in tissue and organ functions as they age. Several well-known risk factors, such as obesity, diabetes, and lack of physical activity that lead to the cardiovascular system, decline and impede the function of vital organs, ultimately limit overall life span. Over recent years, aging research has experienced an unparalleled growth, particularly with the discovery and recognition of genetic pathways and biochemical processes that control to some extent the rate of aging.In this chapter, we focus on several aspects of stem cell biology and aging, beginning with major cellular hallmarks of aging, endocrine regulation of aging and its impact on stem cell compartment, and mechanisms of increased longevity. We then discuss the role of epigenetic modifications associated with aging and provide an overview on a most recent search of antiaging modalities.
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20
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Rader EP, Naimo MA, Ensey J, Baker BA. VCAM-1 upregulation accompanies muscle remodeling following resistance-type exercise in Snell dwarf (Pit1 dw/dw ) mice. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12816. [PMID: 29992743 PMCID: PMC6156491 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Snell dwarf mice (Pit1dw/dw ) exhibit deficiencies in growth hormone, prolactin, and thyroid stimulating hormone. Besides being an experimental model of hypopituitarism, these mice are long-lived (>40% lifespan extension) and utilized as a model of slowed/delayed aging. Whether this longevity is accompanied by a compromised quality of life in terms of muscular performance has not yet been characterized. In this study, we investigated nontrained and trained muscles 1 month following a general validated resistance-type exercise protocol in 3-month-old Snell dwarf mice and control littermates. Nontrained Snell dwarf gastrocnemius muscles exhibited a 1.3-fold greater muscle mass to body weight ratio than control values although muscle quality, maximum isometric torque normalized to muscle mass, and fatigue recovery were compromised. For control mice, training increased isometric torque (17%) without altering muscle mass. For Snell dwarf mice, isometric torque was unaltered by training despite decreased muscle mass that rendered muscle mass to body weight ratio comparable to control values. Muscle quality and fatigue recovery improved twofold and threefold, respectively, for Snell dwarf mice. This accompanied a fourfold increase in levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), a mediator of progenitor cell recruitment, and muscle remodeling in the form of increased number of central nuclei, additional muscle fibers per unit area, and altered fiber type distribution. These results reveal a trade-off between muscle quality and longevity in the context of anterior pituitary hormone deficiency and that resistance-type training can diminish this trade-off by improving muscle quality concomitant with VCAM-1 upregulation and muscle remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik P. Rader
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Marshall A. Naimo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Morgantown West Virginia
- Division of Exercise Physiology; West Virginia School of Medicine; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - James Ensey
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Brent A. Baker
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Morgantown West Virginia
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21
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Basu R, Qian Y, Kopchick JJ. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Lessons from growth hormone receptor gene-disrupted mice: are there benefits of endocrine defects? Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 178:R155-R181. [PMID: 29459441 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is produced primarily by anterior pituitary somatotroph cells. Numerous acute human (h) GH treatment and long-term follow-up studies and extensive use of animal models of GH action have shaped the body of GH research over the past 70 years. Work on the GH receptor (R)-knockout (GHRKO) mice and results of studies on GH-resistant Laron Syndrome (LS) patients have helped define many physiological actions of GH including those dealing with metabolism, obesity, cancer, diabetes, cognition and aging/longevity. In this review, we have discussed several issues dealing with these biological effects of GH and attempt to answer the question of whether decreased GH action may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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22
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Bano A, Chaker L, Schoufour J, Ikram MA, Kavousi M, Franco OH, Peeters RP, Mattace-Raso FUS. High Circulating Free Thyroxine Levels May Increase the Risk of Frailty: The Rotterdam Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:328-335. [PMID: 29126162 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid hormones affect metabolism in various tissues, organs, and systems. However, the overall impact of thyroid function on an individual's vulnerability to adverse outcomes remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the cross-sectional and prospective association of thyroid function with the frailty index, a well-established measure of overall health. DESIGN AND SETTING The Rotterdam Study, a population-based, prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Participants with baseline measurements of thyroid function and the frailty index were eligible. The frailty index was measured at baseline and after a median follow-up time of 10.1 years (interquartile range, 5.7 to 10.8 years). A higher frailty index indicated a worse health state. We assessed the association of thyroid function with frailty at baseline, frailty at follow-up, and frailty changes over time, adjusting for age, sex, cohort, smoking, alcohol, and education. RESULTS We included 9640 participants (mean age, 64.9 years). There was a U-shaped association of thyrotropin (TSH; P < 0.0003) and free thyroxine (FT4; P < 0.0001) with frailty at baseline. There was no association of TSH, but a positive association of FT4 with frailty at follow-up and frailty changes over time (β, 1.22; confidence interval, 0.73 to 1.72 per 1 unit FT4). CONCLUSION In this population-based study, participants with low and high thyroid function were more likely to be frail than participants with normal thyroid function. However, only those with higher FT4 levels had an increased risk of becoming more frail over time. The identification of FT4 as a potential marker of health deterioration could have future implications regarding the prediction and prevention of frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjola Bano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Layal Chaker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Josje Schoufour
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Francesco U S Mattace-Raso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Section of Geriatric Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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23
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Garratt M, Nakagawa S, Simons MJP. Life-span Extension With Reduced Somatotrophic Signaling: Moderation of Aging Effect by Signal Type, Sex, and Experimental Cohort. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:1620-1626. [PMID: 28207064 PMCID: PMC5861954 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced somatotrophic signaling through the growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor pathways (IGF1) can delay aging, although the degree of life-extension varies markedly across studies. By collating data from previous studies and using meta-analysis, we tested whether factors including sex, hormonal manipulation, body weight change and control baseline mortality quantitatively predict relative life-extension. Manipulations of GH signaling (including pituitary and direct GH deficiencies) generate significantly greater extension in median life span than IGF1 manipulations (including IGF1 production, reception, and bioactivity), producing a consistent shift in mortality risk of mutant mice. Reduced Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) expression produces more similar life-extension to reduced GH, although effects are more heterogeneous and appear to influence the demography of mortality differently. Life-extension with reduced IGF1 signaling, but neither GH nor IRS signaling, increases life span significantly more in females than males, and in cohorts where control survival is short. Our results thus suggest that reduced GH signaling has physiological benefits to survival outside of its actions on circulating IGF1. In addition to these biological moderators, we found an overrepresentation of small sample sized studies that report large improvements in survival, indicating potential publication bias. We discuss how this could potentially confound current conclusions from published work, and how this warrants further study replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Garratt
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution and Ecology Research Group and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mirre J P Simons
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK
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24
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Somatic growth, aging, and longevity. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2017; 3:14. [PMID: 28970944 PMCID: PMC5622030 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-017-0014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although larger species of animals typically live longer than smaller species, the relationship of body size to longevity within a species is generally opposite. The longevity advantage of smaller individuals can be considerable and is best documented in laboratory mice and in domestic dogs. Importantly, it appears to apply broadly, including humans. It is not known whether theses associations represent causal links between various developmental and physiological mechanisms affecting growth and/or aging. However, variations in growth hormone (GH) signaling are likely involved because GH is a key stimulator of somatic growth, and apparently also exerts various “pro-aging” effects. Mechanisms linking GH, somatic growth, adult body size, aging, and lifespan likely involve target of rapamycin (TOR), particularly one of its signaling complexes, mTORC1, as well as various adjustments in mitochondrial function, energy metabolism, thermogenesis, inflammation, and insulin signaling. Somatic growth, aging, and longevity are also influenced by a variety of hormonal and nutritional signals, and much work will be needed to answer the question of why smaller individuals may be likely to live longer.
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25
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Sun LY, Fang Y, Patki A, Koopman JJ, Allison DB, Hill CM, Masternak MM, Darcy J, Wang J, McFadden S, Bartke A. Longevity is impacted by growth hormone action during early postnatal period. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28675141 PMCID: PMC5515575 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-long lack of growth hormone (GH) action can produce remarkable extension of longevity in mice. Here we report that GH treatment limited to a few weeks during development influences the lifespan of long-lived Ames dwarf and normal littermate control mice in a genotype and sex-specific manner. Studies in a separate cohort of Ames dwarf mice show that this short period of the GH exposure during early development produces persistent phenotypic, metabolic and molecular changes that are evident in late adult life. These effects may represent mechanisms responsible for reduced longevity of dwarf mice exposed to GH treatment early in life. Our data suggest that developmental programming of aging importantly contributes to (and perhaps explains) the well documented developmental origins of adult disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liou Y Sun
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Yimin Fang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Springfield, United States
| | - Amit Patki
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Jacob Je Koopman
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - David B Allison
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States.,Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Cristal M Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Springfield, United States
| | - Michal M Masternak
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, United States.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Justin Darcy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Springfield, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Samuel McFadden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Springfield, United States
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Springfield, United States
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26
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Thyroid hormones in extreme longevity. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 165:98-106. [PMID: 28286215 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present review was to summarize knowledge about thyroid hormones (THs) and longevity. Longevity is a complex multifactorial phenomenon on which specific biological pathways, including hormonal networks involved in the regulation of homeostasis and survival, exert a strong impact. THs are the key responsible for growth, metabolism rate and energy expenditure, and help in maintaining cognition, bone and cardiovascular health. THs production and metabolism are fine tuned, and may help the organism to cope with a variety of environmental challenges. Experimental evidence suggests that hypothyroid state may favor longevity by reducing metabolism rate, oxidative stress and cell senescence. Data from human studies involving healthy subjects and centenarians seem to confirm this view, but THs changes observed in older patients affected by chronic diseases cannot be always interpreted as a protective adaptive mechanism aimed at reducing catabolism and prolonging survival. Medications, selected chronic diseases and multi-morbidity can interfere with thyroid function, and their impact is still to be elucidated.
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27
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Podlutsky A, Valcarcel-Ares MN, Yancey K, Podlutskaya V, Nagykaldi E, Gautam T, Miller RA, Sonntag WE, Csiszar A, Ungvari Z. The GH/IGF-1 axis in a critical period early in life determines cellular DNA repair capacity by altering transcriptional regulation of DNA repair-related genes: implications for the developmental origins of cancer. GeroScience 2017; 39:147-160. [PMID: 28233247 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-017-9966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental, clinical, and epidemiological findings support the concept of developmental origins of health and disease (DOHAD), suggesting that early-life hormonal influences during a sensitive period around adolescence have a powerful impact on cancer morbidity later in life. The endocrine changes that occur during puberty are highly conserved across mammalian species and include dramatic increases in circulating GH and IGF-1 levels. Importantly, patients with developmental IGF-1 deficiency due to GH insensitivity (Laron syndrome) do not develop cancer during aging. Rodents with developmental GH/IGF-1 deficiency also exhibit significantly decreased cancer incidence at old age, marked resistance to chemically induced carcinogenesis, and cellular resistance to genotoxic stressors. Early-life treatment of GH/IGF-1-deficient mice and rats with GH reverses the cancer resistance phenotype; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that developmental GH/IGF-1 status impacts cellular DNA repair mechanisms. To achieve that goal, we assessed repair of γ-irradiation-induced DNA damage (single-cell gel electrophoresis/comet assay) and basal and post-irradiation expression of DNA repair-related genes (qPCR) in primary fibroblasts derived from control rats, Lewis dwarf rats (a model of developmental GH/IGF-1 deficiency), and GH-replete dwarf rats (GH administered beginning at 5 weeks of age, for 30 days). We found that developmental GH/IGF-1 deficiency resulted in persisting increases in cellular DNA repair capacity and upregulation of several DNA repair-related genes (e.g., Gadd45a, Bbc3). Peripubertal GH treatment reversed the radiation resistance phenotype. Fibroblasts of GH/IGF-1-deficient Snell dwarf mice also exhibited improved DNA repair capacity, showing that the persisting influence of peripubertal GH/IGF-1 status is not species-dependent. Collectively, GH/IGF-1 levels during a critical period during early life determine cellular DNA repair capacity in rodents, presumably by transcriptional control of genes involved in DNA repair. Because lifestyle factors (e.g., nutrition and childhood obesity) cause huge variation in peripubertal GH/IGF-1 levels in children, further studies are warranted to determine their persisting influence on cellular cancer resistance pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Podlutsky
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N. E. 10th Street-BRC 1303, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 902 N. Koyukuk, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Marta Noa Valcarcel-Ares
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N. E. 10th Street-BRC 1303, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Krysta Yancey
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 902 N. Koyukuk, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Viktorija Podlutskaya
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 902 N. Koyukuk, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Eszter Nagykaldi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N. E. 10th Street-BRC 1303, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Tripti Gautam
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N. E. 10th Street-BRC 1303, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Richard A Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan Geriatrics Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William E Sonntag
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N. E. 10th Street-BRC 1303, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N. E. 10th Street-BRC 1303, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N. E. 10th Street-BRC 1303, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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28
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Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) replacement in GH deficient (GHD) children secures normal linear growth, while in GHD adults it improves metabolic status, body composition and quality of life. Safety of GH treatment is an important issue in particular concerning the controversy of potential cancer risk. Unlike in congenital IGF-1 deficiency, there is no complete protection against cancer in GHD patients. Important modifiable risk factors in GHD patients are obesity, insulin resistance, sedentary behavior, circadian rhythm disruption, chronic low grade inflammation and concomitant sex hormone replacement. Age, family history, hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes or cranial irradiation may present non-modifiable risk factors. Quantifying the risk of cancer in relation to GH therapy in adult GHD patients is complex. There is evidence that links GH to cancer occurrence or promotion, but the evidence is progressively weaker when moving from in vitro studies to in vivo animal studies to epidemiological studies and finally to studies on GH treated patients. GH-IGF inhibition in experimental animals leads to decreased cancer incidence and progression. Epidemiological studies suggest an association of high normal circulating IGF-1 or GH to cancer incidence in general population. Data regarding cancer incidence in acromegaly are inconsistent but thyroid and colorectal neoplasias are the main source of concern. Replacement therapy with rhGH for GHD is generally safe. Overall the rate of de novo cancers was not increased in studies of GH-treated GHD patients. Additional caution is mandated in patients with history of cancer, strong family history of cancer and with advancing age. Childhood cancer survivors may be at increased risk for secondary neoplasms compared with general population. In this subgroup GH therapy should be used cautiously and with respect to other risk factors (cranial irradiation etc). We believe that the benefits of GH therapy against the morbidity of untreated GH deficiency outweigh the theoretical cancer risk. Proper monitoring of GH treatment with diligent cancer surveillance remains essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pekic
- University of Belgrade, School of Medicine, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Stojanovic
- University of Belgrade, School of Medicine, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vera Popovic
- University of Belgrade, School of Medicine, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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29
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Bartke A, Sun L, Fang Y, Hill C. Growth hormone actions during development influence adult phenotype and longevity. Exp Gerontol 2016; 86:22-27. [PMID: 26752217 PMCID: PMC4930735 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence that exposure to undernutrition, overnutrition, stress or endocrine disruptors during fetal development can increase the probability of obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and other problems in adult life. In contrast to these findings, reducing early postnatal growth by altering maternal diet or number of pups in a litter can increase longevity. In hypopituitary Ames dwarf mice, which are remarkably long lived, a brief period of growth hormone therapy starting at 1 or 2weeks of age reduces longevity and normalizes ("rescues") multiple aging-related traits. Collectively, these findings indicate that nutritional and hormonal signals during development can have profound impact on the trajectory of aging. We suspect that altered "programming" of aging during development may represent one of the mechanisms of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) and the detrimental effects of "catch-up" growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States.
| | - L Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
| | - Y Fang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
| | - C Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
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30
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Jimenez AG. Physiological underpinnings in life-history trade-offs in man’s most popular selection experiment: the dog. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 186:813-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Darcy J, Fang Y, Hill CM, McFadden S, Sun LY, Bartke A. Original Research: Metabolic alterations from early life thyroxine replacement therapy in male Ames dwarf mice are transient. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1764-71. [PMID: 27190246 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216650292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ames dwarf mice are exceptionally long-lived due to a Prop1 loss of function mutation resulting in deficiency of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin. Deficiency in thyroid-stimulating hormone and growth hormone leads to greatly reduced levels of circulating thyroid hormones and insulin-like growth factor 1, as well as a reduction in insulin secretion. Early life growth hormone replacement therapy in Ames dwarf mice significantly shortens their longevity, while early life thyroxine (T4) replacement therapy does not. Possible mechanisms by which early life growth hormone replacement therapy shortens longevity include deleterious effects on glucose homeostasis and energy metabolism, which are long lasting. A mechanism explaining why early life T4 replacement therapy does not shorten longevity remains elusive. Here, we look for a possible explanation as to why early life T4 replacement therapy does not impact longevity of Ames dwarf mice. We found that early life T4 replacement therapy increased body weight and advanced the age of sexual maturation. We also find that early life T4 replacement therapy does not impact glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity, and any deleterious effects on oxygen consumption, respiratory quotient and heat production are transient. Lastly, we find that early life T4 replacement therapy has long-lasting effects on bone mineral density and bone mineral content. We suggest that the transient effects on energy metabolism and lack of effects on glucose homeostasis are the reasons why there is no shortening of longevity after early life T4 replacement therapy in Ames dwarf mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Darcy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794, USA Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794, USA
| | - Yimin Fang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794, USA
| | - Cristal M Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794, USA Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794, USA
| | - Sam McFadden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794, USA
| | - Liou Y Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794, USA
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794, USA
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32
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Davis K, Chamseddine D, Harper JM. Nutritional limitation in early postnatal life and its effect on aging and longevity in rodents. Exp Gerontol 2016; 86:84-89. [PMID: 27167581 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient limitation in the form of chronic dietary restriction (DR), or more specifically a life-long reduction of total daily nutritional intake, was first shown to extend longevity in rats more than eight decades ago and is one of the most robust anti-aging interventions known. More recently, it has become apparent that dietary restriction limited to only the first few weeks of life in rodents is also capable of significantly impacting aging and longevity. The imposition of nutrient limitation is often achieved via the manipulation of litter size or the modulation of maternal nutrient intake during the lactational period. Not surprisingly, nutrient limited pups are smaller at weaning, and remain so throughout their life, while exhibiting signs of slowed aging. In this review, we discuss potential mechanisms that account for the anti-aging effects of postnatal undernutrition with an emphasis on those pathways that parallel changes seen with chronic DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallie Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA
| | - Douja Chamseddine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA
| | - James M Harper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA.
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33
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Visser WE, Bombardieri CR, Zevenbergen C, Barnhoorn S, Ottaviani A, van der Pluijm I, Brandt R, Kaptein E, van Heerebeek R, van Toor H, Garinis GA, Peeters RP, Medici M, van Ham W, Vermeij WP, de Waard MC, de Krijger RR, Boelen A, Kwakkel J, Kopchick JJ, List EO, Melis JPM, Darras VM, Dollé MET, van der Horst GTJ, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Visser TJ. Tissue-Specific Suppression of Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Various Mouse Models of Aging. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149941. [PMID: 26953569 PMCID: PMC4783069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage contributes to the process of aging, as underscored by premature aging syndromes caused by defective DNA repair. Thyroid state changes during aging, but underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Since thyroid hormone (TH) is a key regulator of metabolism, changes in TH signaling have widespread effects. Here, we reveal a significant common transcriptomic signature in livers from hypothyroid mice, DNA repair-deficient mice with severe (Csbm/m/Xpa-/-) or intermediate (Ercc1-/Δ-7) progeria and naturally aged mice. A strong induction of TH-inactivating deiodinase D3 and decrease of TH-activating D1 activities are observed in Csbm/m/Xpa-/- livers. Similar findings are noticed in Ercc1-/Δ-7, in naturally aged animals and in wild-type mice exposed to a chronic subtoxic dose of DNA-damaging agents. In contrast, TH signaling in muscle, heart and brain appears unaltered. These data show a strong suppression of TH signaling in specific peripheral organs in premature and normal aging, probably lowering metabolism, while other tissues appear to preserve metabolism. D3-mediated TH inactivation is unexpected, given its expression mainly in fetal tissues. Our studies highlight the importance of DNA damage as the underlying mechanism of changes in thyroid state. Tissue-specific regulation of deiodinase activities, ensuring diminished TH signaling, may contribute importantly to the protective metabolic response in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Edward Visser
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Cíntia R. Bombardieri
- MGC Dept of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Zevenbergen
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Barnhoorn
- MGC Dept of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Ottaviani
- MGC Dept of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), UMR 7284 CNRS U1081 INSERM UNS, 28 avenue de Valombrose Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Ingrid van der Pluijm
- MGC Dept of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renata Brandt
- MGC Dept of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Kaptein
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans van Toor
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - George A. Garinis
- MGC Dept of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin P. Peeters
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Medici
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willy van Ham
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Biology Department, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wilbert P. Vermeij
- MGC Dept of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique C. de Waard
- MGC Dept of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anita Boelen
- Dept of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joan Kwakkel
- Dept of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John J. Kopchick
- Dept of Biomedical Sciences, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Edward O. List
- Dept of Biomedical Sciences, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Joost P. M. Melis
- Dept of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle M. Darras
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Biology Department, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martijn E. T. Dollé
- Centre for Health Protection Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan H. J. Hoeijmakers
- MGC Dept of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J. Visser
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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34
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Bartke A. Healthspan and longevity can be extended by suppression of growth hormone signaling. Mamm Genome 2016; 27:289-99. [PMID: 26909495 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-016-9621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Average and maximal lifespan are important biological characteristics of every species, but can be modified by mutations and by a variety of genetic, dietary, environmental, and pharmacological interventions. Mutations or disruption of genes required for biosynthesis or action of growth hormone (GH) produce remarkable extension of longevity in laboratory mice. Importantly, the long-lived GH-related mutants exhibit many symptoms of delayed and/or slower aging, including preservation of physical and cognitive functions and resistance to stress and age-related disease. These characteristics could be collectively described as "healthy aging" or extension of the healthspan. Extension of both the healthspan and lifespan in GH-deficient and GH-resistant mice appears to be due to multiple interrelated mechanisms. Some of these mechanisms have been linked to healthy aging and genetic predisposition to extended longevity in humans. Enhanced insulin sensitivity combined with reduced insulin levels, reduced adipose tissue, central nervous system inflammation, and increased levels of adiponectin represent such mechanisms. Further progress in elucidation of mechanisms that link reduced GH action to delayed and healthy aging should identify targets for lifestyle and pharmacological interventions that could benefit individuals as well as society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.
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35
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Abstract
Biomedicine has made enormous progress in the last half century in treating common diseases. However, we are becoming victims of our own success. Causes of death strongly associated with biological aging, such as heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke-cluster within individuals as they grow older. These conditions increase frailty and limit the benefits of continued, disease-specific improvements. Here, we show that a "delayed-aging" scenario, modeled on the biological benefits observed in the most promising animal models, could solve this problem of competing risks. The economic value of delayed aging is estimated to be $7.1 trillion over 50 years. Total government costs, including Social Security, rise substantially with delayed aging--mainly caused by longevity increases--but we show that these can be offset by modest policy changes. Expanded biomedical research to delay aging appears to be a highly efficient way to forestall disease and extend healthy life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Goldman
- USC Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
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36
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Brown-Borg HM. Reduced growth hormone signaling and methionine restriction: interventions that improve metabolic health and extend life span. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1363:40-9. [PMID: 26645136 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interventions that improve health are often associated with longevity. Reduced growth hormone signaling has been shown to increase life span in mice by over 50%. Similarly, reductions in dietary intake of methionine, in rats and mice, result in life-span extension. Many factors affect metabolic health, mitochondrial function, and resistance to stressors, each of which influence aging and life span. This paper presents a comparison of these two interventions, as well as the results of a study combining these interventions, to understand potential mechanisms underlying their effectiveness in enhancing healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Brown-Borg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota
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Sadagurski M, Landeryou T, Cady G, Kopchick JJ, List EO, Berryman DE, Bartke A, Miller RA. Growth hormone modulates hypothalamic inflammation in long-lived pituitary dwarf mice. Aging Cell 2015; 14:1045-54. [PMID: 26268661 PMCID: PMC4693470 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice in which the genes for growth hormone (GH) or GH receptor (GHR(-/-) ) are disrupted from conception are dwarfs, possess low levels of IGF-1 and insulin, have low rates of cancer and diabetes, and are extremely long-lived. Median longevity is also increased in mice with deletion of hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone (GHRH), which leads to isolated GH deficiency. The remarkable extension of longevity in hypopituitary Ames dwarf mice can be reversed by a 6-week course of GH injections started at the age of 2 weeks. Here, we demonstrate that mutations that interfere with GH production or response, in the Snell dwarf, Ames dwarf, or GHR(-/-) mice lead to reduced formation of both orexigenic agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) projections to the main hypothalamic projection areas: the arcuate nucleus (ARH), paraventricular nucleus (PVH), and dorsomedial nucleus (DMH). These mutations also reduce hypothalamic inflammation in 18-month-old mice. GH injections, between 2 and 8 weeks of age, reversed both effects in Ames dwarf mice. Disruption of GHR specifically in liver (LiGHRKO), a mutation that reduces circulating IGF-1 but does not lead to lifespan extension, had no effect on hypothalamic projections or inflammation, suggesting an effect of GH, rather than peripheral IGF-1, on hypothalamic development. Hypothalamic leptin signaling, as monitored by induction of pStat3, is not impaired by GHR deficiency. Together, these results suggest that early-life disruption of GH signaling produces long-term hypothalamic changes that may contribute to the longevity of GH-deficient and GH-resistant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Sadagurski
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Taylor Landeryou
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Gillian Cady
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | | | - Edward O. List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute Ohio University Athens OH USA
| | | | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine–Geriatrics Research Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Springfield IL USA
| | - Richard A. Miller
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
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Abstract
The somatotropic signaling pathway has been implicated in aging and longevity studies in mice and other species. The physiology and lifespans of a variety of mutant mice, both spontaneous and genetically engineered, have contributed to our current understanding of the role of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I on aging-related processes. Several other mice discovered to live longer than their wild-type control counterparts also exhibit differences in growth factor levels; however, the complex nature of the phenotypic changes in these animals may also impact lifespan. The somatotropic axis impacts several pathways that dictate insulin sensitivity, nutrient sensing, mitochondrial function, and stress resistance as well as others that are thought to be involved in lifespan regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Brown-Borg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota
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Drake JC, Bruns DR, Peelor FF, Biela LM, Miller RA, Miller BF, Hamilton KL. Long-lived Snell dwarf mice display increased proteostatic mechanisms that are not dependent on decreased mTORC1 activity. Aging Cell 2015; 14:474-82. [PMID: 25720574 PMCID: PMC4406676 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining proteostasis is thought to be a key factor in slowed aging. In several growth-restricted models of long-life, we have shown evidence of increased proteostatic mechanisms, suggesting that proteostasis may be a shared characteristic of slowed aging. The Snell dwarf mouse is generated through the mutation of the Pit-1 locus causing reductions in multiple hormonal growth factors and mTORC1 signaling. Snell dwarfs are one of the longest lived rodent models of slowed aging. We hypothesized that proteostatic mechanisms would be increased in Snell compared to control (Con) as in other models of slowed aging. Using D2O, we simultaneously assessed protein synthesis in multiple subcellular fractions along with DNA synthesis in skeletal muscle, heart, and liver over 2 weeks in both sexes. We also assessed mTORC1-substrate phosphorylation. Skeletal muscle protein synthesis was decreased in all protein fractions of Snell compared to Con, varied by fraction in heart, and was not different between groups in liver. DNA synthesis was lower in Snell skeletal muscle and heart but not in liver when compared to Con. The new protein to new DNA synthesis ratio was increased threefold in Snell skeletal muscle and heart compared to Con. Snell mTORC1-substrate phosphorylation was decreased only in heart and liver. No effect of sex was seen in this study. Together with our previous investigations in long-lived models, we provide evidence further supporting proteostasis as a shared characteristic of slowed aging and show that increased proteostatic mechanisms may not necessarily require a decrease in mTORC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Drake
- Health and Exercise Science Department Colorado State University 220 Moby B ComplexFort Collins CO 80523‐1582USA
| | - Danielle R. Bruns
- Health and Exercise Science Department Colorado State University 220 Moby B ComplexFort Collins CO 80523‐1582USA
| | - Frederick F. Peelor
- Health and Exercise Science Department Colorado State University 220 Moby B ComplexFort Collins CO 80523‐1582USA
| | - Laurie M. Biela
- Health and Exercise Science Department Colorado State University 220 Moby B ComplexFort Collins CO 80523‐1582USA
| | - Richard A. Miller
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center University of Michigan 109 Zina Pitcher PlaceAnn Arbor MI 48109‐2200USA
| | - Benjamin F. Miller
- Health and Exercise Science Department Colorado State University 220 Moby B ComplexFort Collins CO 80523‐1582USA
| | - Karyn L. Hamilton
- Health and Exercise Science Department Colorado State University 220 Moby B ComplexFort Collins CO 80523‐1582USA
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Dominick G, Berryman DE, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Li X, Miller RA, Garcia GG. Regulation of mTOR activity in Snell dwarf and GH receptor gene-disrupted mice. Endocrinology 2015; 156:565-75. [PMID: 25456069 PMCID: PMC4298324 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in lifespan control in invertebrates, calorie-restricted rodents, and extension of mouse lifespan by rapamycin have prompted speculation that diminished mTOR function may contribute to mammalian longevity in several settings. We show here that mTOR complex-1 (mTORC1) activity is indeed lower in liver, muscle, heart, and kidney tissue of Snell dwarf and global GH receptor (GHR) gene-disrupted mice (GHR-/-), consistent with previous studies. Surprisingly, activity of mTORC2 is higher in fasted Snell and GHR-/- than in littermate controls in all 4 tissues tested. Resupply of food enhanced mTORC1 activity in both controls and long-lived mutant mice but diminished mTORC2 activity only in the long-lived mice. Mice in which GHR has been disrupted only in the liver do not show extended lifespan and also fail to show the decline in mTORC1 and increase in mTORC2 seen in mice with global loss of GHR. The data suggest that the antiaging effects in the Snell dwarf and GHR-/- mice are accompanied by both a decline in mTORC1 in multiple organs and an increase in fasting levels of mTORC2. Neither the lifespan nor mTOR effects appear to be mediated by direct GH effects on liver or by the decline in plasma IGF-I, a shared trait in both global and liver-specific GHR-/- mice. Our data suggest that a more complex pattern of hormonal effects and intertissue interactions may be responsible for regulating both lifespan and mTORC2 function in these mouse models of delayed aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Dominick
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (G.D.), University of Michigan College of Literature, Science and the Arts, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Edison Biotechnology Institute (D.E.B., E.O.L., J.J.K.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701; Department of Pathology (X.L., R.A.M., G.G.G.), University of Michigan School of Medicine Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and University of Michigan Geriatrics Center (R.A.M.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Hull KL, Harvey S. Growth hormone and reproduction: a review of endocrine and autocrine/paracrine interactions. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:234014. [PMID: 25580121 PMCID: PMC4279787 DOI: 10.1155/2014/234014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The somatotropic axis, consisting of growth hormone (GH), hepatic insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and assorted releasing factors, regulates growth and body composition. Axiomatically, since optimal body composition enhances reproductive function, general somatic actions of GH modulate reproductive function. A growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that GH also modulates reproduction directly, exerting both gonadotropin-dependent and gonadotropin-independent actions in both males and females. Moreover, recent studies indicate GH produced within reproductive tissues differs from pituitary GH in terms of secretion and action. Accordingly, GH is increasingly used as a fertility adjunct in males and females, both humans and nonhumans. This review reconsiders reproductive actions of GH in vertebrates in respect to these new conceptual developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L Hull
- Department of Biology, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 1Z7 ; Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-Le Bel, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Steve Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2R3
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Henning Y, Vole C, Begall S, Bens M, Broecker-Preuss M, Sahm A, Szafranski K, Burda H, Dammann P. Unusual ratio between free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine in a long-lived mole-rat species with bimodal ageing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113698. [PMID: 25409169 PMCID: PMC4237498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ansell's mole-rats (Fukomys anselli) are subterranean, long-lived rodents, which live in eusocial families, where the maximum lifespan of breeders is twice as long as that of non-breeders. Their metabolic rate is significantly lower than expected based on allometry, and their retinae show a high density of S-cone opsins. Both features may indicate naturally low thyroid hormone levels. In the present study, we sequenced several major components of the thyroid hormone pathways and analyzed free and total thyroxine and triiodothyronine in serum samples of breeding and non-breeding F. anselli to examine whether a) their thyroid hormone system shows any peculiarities on the genetic level, b) these animals have lower hormone levels compared to euthyroid rodents (rats and guinea pigs), and c) reproductive status, lifespan and free hormone levels are correlated. Genetic analyses confirmed that Ansell's mole-rats have a conserved thyroid hormone system as known from other mammalian species. Interspecific comparisons revealed that free thyroxine levels of F. anselli were about ten times lower than of guinea pigs and rats, whereas the free triiodothyronine levels, the main biologically active form, did not differ significantly amongst species. The resulting fT4:fT3 ratio is unusual for a mammal and potentially represents a case of natural hypothyroxinemia. Comparisons with total thyroxine levels suggest that mole-rats seem to possess two distinct mechanisms that work hand in hand to downregulate fT4 levels reliably. We could not find any correlation between free hormone levels and reproductive status, gender or weight. Free thyroxine may slightly increase with age, based on sub-significant evidence. Hence, thyroid hormones do not seem to explain the different ageing rates of breeders and non-breeders. Further research is required to investigate the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the unusual proportion of free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Henning
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Christiane Vole
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sabine Begall
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Bens
- Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Martina Broecker-Preuss
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Division of Laboratory Research, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Arne Sahm
- Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Karol Szafranski
- Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Hynek Burda
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Philip Dammann
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Central Animal Laboratory, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Goldman DP, Cutler D, Rowe JW, Michaud PC, Sullivan J, Peneva D, Olshansky SJ. Substantial health and economic returns from delayed aging may warrant a new focus for medical research. Health Aff (Millwood) 2014; 32:1698-705. [PMID: 24101058 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent scientific advances suggest that slowing the aging process (senescence) is now a realistic goal. Yet most medical research remains focused on combating individual diseases. Using the Future Elderly Model--a microsimulation of the future health and spending of older Americans--we compared optimistic "disease specific" scenarios with a hypothetical "delayed aging" scenario in terms of the scenarios' impact on longevity, disability, and major entitlement program costs. Delayed aging could increase life expectancy by an additional 2.2 years, most of which would be spent in good health. The economic value of delayed aging is estimated to be $7.1 trillion over fifty years. In contrast, addressing heart disease and cancer separately would yield diminishing improvements in health and longevity by 2060--mainly due to competing risks. Delayed aging would greatly increase entitlement outlays, especially for Social Security. However, these changes could be offset by increasing the Medicare eligibility age and the normal retirement age for Social Security. Overall, greater investment in research to delay aging appears to be a highly efficient way to forestall disease, extend healthy life, and improve public health.
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Sadagurski M, Landeryou T, Blandino-Rosano M, Cady G, Elghazi L, Meister D, See L, Bartke A, Bernal-Mizrachi E, Miller RA. Long-lived crowded-litter mice exhibit lasting effects on insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E1305-14. [PMID: 24735888 PMCID: PMC4042097 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00031.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The action of nutrients on early postnatal growth can influence mammalian aging and longevity. Recent work has demonstrated that limiting nutrient availability in the first 3 wk of life [by increasing the number of pups in the crowded-litter (CL) model] leads to extension of mean and maximal lifespan in genetically normal mice. In this study, we aimed to characterize the impact of early-life nutrient intervention on glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis in CL mice. In our study, we used mice from litters supplemented to 12 or 15 pups and compared those to control litters limited to eight pups. At weaning and then throughout adult life, CL mice are significantly leaner and consume more oxygen relative to control mice. At 6 mo of age, CL mice had low fasting leptin concentrations, and low-dose leptin injections reduced body weight and food intake more in CL female mice than in controls. At 22 mo, CL female mice also have smaller adipocytes compared with controls. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests show an increase in insulin sensitivity in 6 mo old CL male mice, and females become more insulin sensitive later in life. Furthermore, β-cell mass was significantly reduced in the CL male mice and was associated with reduction in β-cell proliferation rate in these mice. Together, these data show that early-life nutrient intervention has a significant lifelong effect on metabolic characteristics that may contribute to the increased lifespan of CL mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Sadagurski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
| | - Taylor Landeryou
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Manuel Blandino-Rosano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gillian Cady
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lynda Elghazi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel Meister
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lauren See
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois; and
| | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Endocrinology Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Richard A Miller
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Li W, Miller RA. Elevated ATF4 function in fibroblasts and liver of slow-aging mutant mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 70:263-72. [PMID: 24691093 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Work in yeast has shown that longevity extension induced by nutrient deprivation, altered ribosomal function, or diminished target of rapamycin action requires the activity of GCN4. We hypothesized that increased activity of ATF4, the mammalian equivalent of yeast GCN4, might be characteristic of mutations that extend mouse life span. Fibroblasts from the skin of two such mutants (Snell dwarf and PAPP-A knockout) were found to have higher levels of ATF4 protein and expression of several ATF4 target genes in responses to amino acid withdrawal, cadmium, hydrogen peroxide, and tunicamycin. ATF4 pathways were also elevated in liver of both kinds of long-lived mutant mice. Thus, a connection between ATF4 pathways and longevity may have deep evolutionary roots, and further studies of ATF4 mechanisms may provide insights into the links between cellular stress resistance, protein translation control, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard A Miller
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Sun LY, Spong A, Swindell WR, Fang Y, Hill C, Huber JA, Boehm JD, Westbrook R, Salvatori R, Bartke A. Growth hormone-releasing hormone disruption extends lifespan and regulates response to caloric restriction in mice. eLife 2013; 2:e01098. [PMID: 24175087 PMCID: PMC3810783 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the impact of targeted disruption of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) in mice on longevity and the putative mechanisms of delayed aging. GHRH knockout mice are remarkably long-lived, exhibiting major shifts in the expression of genes related to xenobiotic detoxification, stress resistance, and insulin signaling. These mutant mice also have increased adiponectin levels and alterations in glucose homeostasis consistent with the removal of the counter-insulin effects of growth hormone. While these effects overlap with those of caloric restriction, we show that the effects of caloric restriction (CR) and the GHRH mutation are additive, with lifespan of GHRH-KO mutants further increased by CR. We conclude that GHRH-KO mice feature perturbations in a network of signaling pathways related to stress resistance, metabolic control and inflammation, and therefore provide a new model that can be used to explore links between GHRH repression, downregulation of the somatotropic axis, and extended longevity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01098.001 There is increasing evidence that the hormonal systems involved in growth, the metabolism of glucose, and the processes that balance energy intake and expenditure might also be involved in the aging process. In rodents, mutations in genes involved in these hormone-signaling pathways can substantially increase lifespan, as can a diet that is low in calories but which avoids malnutrition. As well as living longer, such mice also show reductions in age-related conditions such as diabetes, memory loss and cancer. Many of these effects appear to involve the actions of growth hormone. Mice with mutations that disrupt the development of the pituitary gland, which produces growth hormone, show increased longevity, as do mice that lack the receptor for growth hormone. However, these animals also show changes in a number of other hormones, making it difficult to be sure that the reduction in growth hormone signaling is responsible for their increased lifespan. Now, Sun et al. have studied mutant mice that lack a gene called GHRH, which promotes the release of growth hormone. These mice, which have normal levels of all other pituitary hormones, lived for up to 50% longer than their wild-type littermates. They were more active than normal mice and had more body fat, and showed greatly increased sensitivity to insulin. Some of the changes in these mutant mice resembled those seen in animals with a restricted calorie intake, suggesting that the same mechanisms may be implicated in both. However, Sun et al. found that caloric restriction further increased the lifespans of their GHRH knockout mice, indicating that at least some of the effects of caloric restriction are independent of disrupted growth hormone signaling. The results of this study are an important step forward for understanding how growth hormone signaling and caloric restriction regulate aging, both individually and in combination. The GHRH knockout mice are likely to become an important model system for studying these processes and for understanding the complex interactions between diet and hormonal pathways. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01098.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Liou Y Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine , Southern Illinois University School of Medicine , Springfield , United States
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Abstract
Calorie Restriction (CR) without malnutrition slows aging and increases average and maximal lifespan in simple model organisms and rodents. In rhesus monkeys long-term CR reduces the incidence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer, and protects against age-associated sarcopenia and neurodegeneration. However, so far CR significantly increased average lifespan only in the Wisconsin, but not in the NIA monkey study. Differences in diet composition and study design between the 2 on-going trials may explain the discrepancies in survival and disease. Nevertheless, many of the metabolic and hormonal adaptations that are typical of the long-lived CR rodents did not occur in either the NIA or WNPRC CR monkeys. Whether or not CR will extend lifespan in humans is not yet known, but accumulating data indicate that moderate CR with adequate nutrition has a powerful protective effect against obesity, type 2 diabetes, inflammation, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and reduces metabolic risk factors associated with cancer. Moreover, CR in human beings improves markers of cardiovascular aging, and rejuvenates the skeletal muscle transcriptional profile. More studies are needed to understand the interactions between CR, diet composition, exercise, and other environmental and psychological factors on metabolic and molecular pathways that regulate health and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edda Cava
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science and Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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48
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Schaible R, Sussman M. FOXO in aging: did evolutionary diversification of FOXO function distract it from prolonging life? Bioessays 2013; 35:1101-10. [PMID: 24142536 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we contrast the simple role of FOXO in the seemingly non-aging Hydra with its more diversified function in multicellular eukaryotes that manifest aging and limited life spans. From this comparison we develop the concept that, whilst once devoted to life-prolonging cell-renewal (in Hydra), evolutionary accumulation of coupled functionality in FOXO has since 'distracted' it from this role. Seen in this light, aging may not be the direct cost of competing functions, such as reproduction or growth, but the result of a shift in emphasis in a protein, which is accompanied by advantages such as greater organismal complexity and adaptability, but also disadvantages such as reduced regeneration capacity. Studying the role of FOXO in non-aging organisms might, therefore, illuminate the path to extend life span in aging organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Schaible
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
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49
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Anisimov VN, Bartke A. The key role of growth hormone-insulin-IGF-1 signaling in aging and cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 87:201-23. [PMID: 23434537 PMCID: PMC4095988 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in mammals have led to the suggestion that hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia are important factors in aging. GH/Insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling molecules that have been linked to longevity include daf-2 and InR and their homologues in mammals, and inactivation of the corresponding genes increases lifespan in nematodes, fruit flies and mice. The life-prolonging effects of caloric restriction are likely related to decreasing IGF-1 levels. Evidence has emerged that antidiabetic drugs are promising candidates for both lifespan extension and prevention of cancer. Thus, antidiabetic drugs postpone spontaneous carcinogenesis in mice and rats, as well as chemical and radiation carcinogenesis in mice, rats and hamsters. Furthermore, metformin seems to decrease the risk for cancer in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Anisimov
- Department of Carcinogenesis and Oncogerontology, N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Maruta H. Herbal therapeutics that block the oncogenic kinase PAK1: a practical approach towards PAK1-dependent diseases and longevity. Phytother Res 2013; 28:656-72. [PMID: 23943274 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over 35 years research on PAKs, RAC/CDC42(p21)-activated kinases, comes of age, and in particular PAK1 has been well known to be responsible for a variety of diseases such as cancer (mainly solid tumors), Alzheimer's disease, acquired immune deficiency syndrome and other viral/bacterial infections, inflammatory diseases (asthma and arthritis), diabetes (type 2), neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, epilepsy, depression, schizophrenia, learning disability, autism, etc. Although several distinct synthetic PAK1-blockers have been recently developed, no FDA-approved PAK1 blockers are available on the market as yet. Thus, patients suffering from these PAK1-dependent diseases have to rely on solely a variety of herbal therapeutics such as propolis and curcumin that block PAK1 without affecting normal cell growth. Furthermore, several recent studies revealed that some of these herbal therapeutics significantly extend the lifespan of nematodes (C. elegans) and fruit flies (Drosophila), and PAK1-deficient worm lives longer than the wild type. Here, I outline mainly pathological phenotypes of hyper-activated PAK1 and a list of herbal therapeutics that block PAK1, but cause no side (harmful) effect on healthy people or animals.
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