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Hu Y, Metsä-Simola N, Malmberg S, Martikainen P. Trajectories of antidepressant use before and after union dissolution and re-partnering in later life: a prospective total population register-based cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2024; 78:277-283. [PMID: 38320855 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2023-221529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grey divorce and later remarriage have become increasingly common in high-income countries, but previous evidence on their impacts on mental health is scarce. Even less is known about the effects of non-marital separation and re-partnering in later life. METHODS Using Finnish registry data from 1996 to 2018 on 228 644 individuals aged 50-70 in 2000-2014, trajectories of antidepressant (AD) use 4 years before and 4 years after divorce, non-marital separation, bereavement and subsequent re-partnering were examined using individual fixed-effects (FE) linear probability models. RESULTS In adjusted FE models, for both genders AD use increased during the 4 years before divorce (men: 5.00 percentage points (95% CI 4.50 to 5.50); women: 6.96 (95% CI 6.34 to 7.59)), non-marital separation (men: 3.20 (95% CI 2.72 to 3.69); women: 5.98 (95% CI 5.30 to 6.66)) and bereavement (men: 4.53 (95% CI 3.97 to 5.09); women: 5.64 (95% CI 5.25 to 6.04)), with the increase accelerating immediately before the event. AD use gradually declined after union dissolution, after which it stabilised on a persistently higher level compared with pre-dissolution. Re-partnering was only associated with a small and transitory reduction in AD use (0.1-1.5 percentage points). The increases in AD use associated with union dissolution were larger in women than in men, whereas the small reductions in AD use associated with re-partnering were particularly short-lived among women. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that union dissolution in later life is associated with large and persistent increases in AD use, whereas the reductions associated with re-partnering are limited both in magnitude and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyue Hu
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Niina Metsä-Simola
- Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Malmberg
- Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
- Max Planck - University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Viña SM. Diminished psychedelic returns on distress: Marital status and household size. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293675. [PMID: 38451885 PMCID: PMC10919602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the use of psychedelics to impact health has seen growth, little research has tested the effects of culture conditions on the relationship. More specifically, how does marital status and family size affect the relationship between psychedelics and health? This study tests the relationship between Lifetime Classic Psychedelic Use (LCPU), marital status, and household size (number of people living in a household) on levels of psychological distress in the past 30 days. This project uses pooled data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) (2010 to 2018) (N = 674,521). The Final sample size is determined by the dependent variable, psychological distress in the past month (n = 158,633). The analysis includes a series of nested logistic regression models conducted in Stata 17. Results indicate that LCPU is independently associated with better health, but the association between LCPU and health varies across levels of household size. Larger households are associated with higher levels of distress, which are then exacerbated among psychedelics users. Furthermore, three-way interactions reveal that the negative association between household size and distress gets larger among psychedelic users who are married, divorced, and widowed. Overall, results suggest that household size negatively impacts the association between LCPU and health, with those who are married, divorced, and widowed experiencing the worst outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Viña
- Department of Sociology, The University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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3
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Kulu H, Mikolai J, Franke S. Partnership Status, Health, and Mortality: Selection or Protection? Demography 2024; 61:189-207. [PMID: 38226410 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11147861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Married individuals have better health and lower mortality than nonmarried people. Studies show that when cohabitants are distinguished from other nonmarried groups, health differences between partnered and nonpartnered individuals become even more pronounced. Some researchers have argued that partnered individuals have better health and lower mortality because a partnership offers protective effects (protection); others have posited that partnered people have better health and lower mortality because healthy persons are more likely to form a union and less likely to dissolve it (selection). This study contributes to this debate by investigating health and mortality by partnership status in England and Wales and analyzing the causes of mortality differences. We use combined data from the British Household Panel Survey and the UK Household Longitudinal Study and apply a simultaneous-equations hazard model to control for observed and unobserved selection into partnerships. We develop a novel approach to identify frailty based on self-rated health. Our analysis shows that partnered individuals have significantly lower mortality than nonpartnered people. We observe some selection into and out of unions on unobserved health characteristics, but the mortality differences by partnership status persist. The study offers strong support for the marital protection hypothesis and extends it to nonmarital partnerships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hill Kulu
- Centre for Population Change, and School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Júlia Mikolai
- Centre for Population Change, and School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Sebastian Franke
- Institut für Qualitätssicherung und Transparenz im Gesundheitswesen, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Christiansen SG, Kravdal Ø. Union Status and Disability Pension. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION = REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE 2023; 39:21. [PMID: 37401991 PMCID: PMC10319698 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-023-09670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
A lot is known about the association between marital status and mortality, and some of these studies have included data on cohabitation. Studies on the association with health problems, rather than mortality, are often based on self-reported health outcomes, and results from these studies are mixed. As cohabitation is now widespread, more studies that include data on cohabitation are needed. We use Norwegian register data that include detailed information about union status and all cases of disability pensioning from 2005 to 2016. We employ Cox regression analysis and a within-family design in order to control for hard to measure childhood characteristics. Compared to the married, the cohabiting have a somewhat higher risk of receiving disability pension due to mental disorders, and for men also due to physical disorders. Receipt of disability pension is most common among the never married, especially for men. The association between union status and disability pensioning is stronger for mental than for physical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Glestad Christiansen
- Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, 0213, Skøyen, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Øystein Kravdal
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Thomeer MB. Relationship Status-Based Health Disparities during the COVID-19 Pandemic. SOCIAL CURRENTS 2023; 10:17-40. [PMID: 37379448 PMCID: PMC9111917 DOI: 10.1177/23294965221099185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous research finds that marriage is a privileged family form with health benefits. These health advantages may have shifted during the pandemic, as more time was spent at home and resources strained. This study compares differences in three health outcomes across relationship statuses between April and December 2020 using a nationally-representative US survey, the Household Pulse Survey (N = 1,422,733). As the pandemic progressed, larger differences emerged when comparing married and never married respondents' probabilities of fair or poor health, depression, and anxiety as never married people had the steepest decline in health, even adjusting for pandemic-related stressors (e.g., food insufficiency). Yet, widowed and divorced/separated respondents' greater probabilities of these three health outcomes compared to married respondents' narrowed over this same period. During the pandemic, relationship status and self-rated health patterns were similar for men and women, but for mental health there was evidence that the growing advantage of marriage relative to never being married was more pronounced for men, whereas the shrinking advantage of marriage relative to being previously married was more pronounced for women. This study identifies the unique health needs for never married adults during the pandemic, demonstrating that social conditions around the pandemic likely exacerbated health disparities by relationship status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Beth Thomeer
- Department of Sociology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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6
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Yu YL. Current Marital Status and Epigenetic Clocks Among Older Adults in the United States: Evidence From the Health and Retirement Study. J Aging Health 2023; 35:71-82. [PMID: 35609241 DOI: 10.1177/08982643221104928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: This study examines how current marital status is associated with epigenetic aging. Methods: Data from the 2016 Health and Retirement Study were used to examine marital status differences in the four epigenetic clocks, that is, GrimAge, DunedinPoAm, PhenoAge, and Zhang (N = 3765). Weighted ordinary least square regression models were estimated separately for men and women. Results: Remarried, cohabiting, divorced/separated and widowed older adults showed greater epigenetic aging than the continuously married similarly among men and women. Distinct sex difference was observed among the never married. While never-married women exhibited greater epigenetic aging than their continuously married counterparts, older men in lifelong singlehood showed comparable epigenetic aging to their continuously married peers. Discussion: The findings speak to the importance of marital context for epigenetic aging in later life and the biological risk associated with lifelong singlehood for older women in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Liang Yu
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, 8369Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
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7
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Ralston M, Jennings E, Schatz E. Who is at Risk? Social Support, Relationship Dissolution, and Illness in a Rural Context. SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2022; 92:1053-1082. [PMID: 36059856 PMCID: PMC9436001 DOI: 10.1111/soin.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on a cohort of adults (40-plus) in rural South Africa to unpack associations between physical health and receipt of social support, and the extent to which these associations were moderated by marital status. We use logistic regression to estimate the odds of having received emotional, physical, or financial support separately for men (N = 2247) and women (N = 2609). Our results suggest having an Activity of Daily Living (ADL) limitation or having at least one chronic condition was not significantly associated with social support receipt for women, but having an ADL limitation was associated with reduced odds of receiving financial support among men. Although marital status was strongly and significantly associated with receipt of social support for both men and women, marital status moderated the relationship between health indicators and social support receipt only for men. Our findings suggest that when men, but not women, experience a marital dissolution and are suffering from a disability or a chronic condition, their networks respond by providing needed social support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Enid Schatz
- University of Missouri; University of the Witwatersand
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8
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DeMaris A, Oates G. The Trajectory of Subjective Well-Being: A Partial Explanation of the Marriage Advantage. JOURNAL OF FAMILY ISSUES 2022; 43:1650-1668. [PMID: 35755972 PMCID: PMC9230772 DOI: 10.1177/0192513x211030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although several studies have documented a distinct marriage advantage in well-being, it is still unclear what it is about marriage that renders this benefit. We hypothesize that it is due to factors theorized to accrue to matrimony, such as elevated financial status and specific social psychological supports. We examine the trajectory of subjective well-being for 1,135 respondents from the three-wave 2010 GSS panel survey utilizing linear mixed-effects modeling. We find that about two-fifths of the marriage advantage in subjective well-being is accounted for by a mixture of control variables, finances, and emotional factors, with most of this due to elements that are associated with the marital context. Higher annual income, enhanced interpersonal trust, greater sociability, and less of a sense of loneliness and isolation appear to be responsible for a substantial component of the marital advantage. We further find that the marriage advantage is invariant to both race and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred DeMaris
- Emeritus Professor of Sociology, Bowling Green State University
| | - Gary Oates
- Associate Professor of Sociology, Bowling Green State University
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9
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Livingston WS, Fargo JD, Blais RK. Depression symptoms as a potential mediator of the association between disordered eating symptoms and sexual function in women service members and veterans. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2022.2052661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rebecca K. Blais
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
- Psychology Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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10
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Upenieks L, Uecker JE, Schafer MH. Couple Religiosity and Well-Being Among Older Adults in the United States. J Aging Health 2021; 34:266-282. [PMID: 34510947 DOI: 10.1177/08982643211042159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: This article evaluates whether couples' religious similarity is consequential for the health of older married men and women. Alternatively, we examine whether women's religiosity alone is health-protective to their husbands. Methods: Using dyadic data from the US National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, a representative sample of 913 individuals ages 62-91 plus their marital partners, we perform latent-class analysis to separate older couples into classes based on religious characteristics. Ordered logistic regression models are then used to assess whether different combinations of religious (dis)similarity are associated with married men and women's well-being. Results: We find that older women in highly religious, homogamous marriages report better mental and physical health relative to women in heterogamous and secular (non-religious) marriages. No significant associations were observed for men. Discussion: Our results emphasize that religiosity is not only an individual trait-dis/similarities within a couple have important implications for older women's well-being.
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11
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Grundström J, Konttinen H, Berg N, Kiviruusu O. Associations between relationship status and mental well-being in different life phases from young to middle adulthood. SSM Popul Health 2021; 14:100774. [PMID: 33869721 PMCID: PMC8040327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the associations between relationship status and mental well-being in four different phases during the life course, and to identify whether relationship quality moderated these associations. We used a broader concept of relationship status (instead of marital status) and also included the positive dimension of mental health. Participants in a Finnish cohort study were followed up at ages 22 (N = 1,656), 32 (N = 1,471), 42 (N = 1,334), and 52 (N = 1,159). Measures in all study panels covered relationship status (marriage, cohabitation, dating, single and divorced/widowed), Short Beck Depression Inventory (S-BDI), self-esteem (seven items) and relationship quality (six items). Analyses were carried out using linear regression. Compared to marriage, being single or being divorced/widowed were associated with depressive symptoms at every age in men. For women, in turn, being single – but not being divorced/widowed – was associated with depressive symptoms. Among men, being single or being divorced/widowed were also associated with lower self-esteem at age 32, 42 and 52, but in women, only one association between lower self-esteem and being single was found at age 32. Of the age stages, the age 32 is highlighted in men, at which point all relationship statuses were risk factors compared to marriage. There were only few indications of the moderating role of the relationship quality. Compared to marriage, being single or being divorced/widowed were quite consistently associated with poorer mental well-being during the life course, especially among men. For dating and cohabiting the associations were more fragmented depending on age and gender; particularly among women, these relationship statuses tended not to differ from marriage in terms of mental well-being. These observations on mental well-being across five relationship statuses are important in our contemporary society, where the number of marriages is decreasing, and other forms of relationships are becoming more common. Associations of relationship status showed more consistency than variation by age. Singles and divorcees experienced poorer mental well-being, especially in men. Presence of partner may be more important than the institution of marriage. Results were clearer and stronger in relation to depressive symptoms than self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Grundström
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Social Sciences, P.O. Box 18, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Konttinen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, P.O. Box 18, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noora Berg
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 564, 751 22, Uppsala, Sweden.,Helsinki Institute of Life Science, P.O. Box 20, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Kiviruusu
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Giannelis A, Palmos A, Hagenaars SP, Breen G, Lewis CM, Mutz J. Examining the association between family status and depression in the UK Biobank. J Affect Disord 2021; 279:585-598. [PMID: 33189065 PMCID: PMC7780845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined associations between family status (living with a spouse or partner and number of children) and lifetime depression. METHODS We used data from the UK Biobank, a large prospective study of middle-aged and older adults. Lifetime depression was assessed as part of a follow-up mental health questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to estimate associations between family status and depression. We included extensive adjustment for social, demographic and other potential confounders, including depression polygenic risk scores. RESULTS 52,078 participants (mean age = 63.6, SD = 7.6; 52% female) were included in our analyses. Living with a spouse or partner was associated with substantially lower odds of lifetime depression (OR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.62-0.74). Compared to individuals without children, we found higher odds of lifetime depression for parents of one child (OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.07-1.27) and parents of three (OR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.03-1.20) or four or more children (OR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.14-1.42). Amongst those not cohabiting, having any number of children was associated with higher odds of lifetime depression. Our results were consistent across age groups, the sexes, neighbourhood deprivation and genetic risk for depression. Exploratory Mendelian randomisation analyses suggested a causal effect of number of children on lifetime depression. LIMITATIONS Our data did not allow distinguishing between non-marital and marital cohabitation. Results may not generalise to all ages or populations. CONCLUSIONS Living with a spouse or partner was strongly associated with reduced odds of depression. Having one or three or more children was associated with increased odds of depression, especially in individuals not living with a spouse or partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Giannelis
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alish Palmos
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia P Hagenaars
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Mutz
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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13
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Liu H, Zhang Z, Choi SW, Langa KM. Marital Status and Dementia: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:1783-1795. [PMID: 31251349 PMCID: PMC7489107 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbz087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We provide one of the first population-based studies of variation in dementia by marital status in the United States. METHOD We analyzed data from the Health and Retirement Study (2000-2014). The sample included 15,379 respondents (6,650 men and 8,729 women) aged 52 years and older in 2000 who showed no evidence of dementia at the baseline survey. Dementia was assessed using either the modified version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS) or the proxy's assessment. Discrete-time hazard regression models were estimated to predict odds of dementia. RESULTS All unmarried groups, including the cohabiting, divorced/separated, widowed, and never married, had significantly higher odds of developing dementia over the study period than their married counterparts; economic resources and, to a lesser degree, health-related factors accounted for only part of the marital status variation in dementia. For divorced/separated and widowed respondents, the differences in the odds of dementia relative to married respondents were greater among men than among women. DISCUSSION These findings will be helpful for health policy makers and practitioners who seek to better identify vulnerable subpopulations and to design effective intervention strategies to reduce dementia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Sociology, Michigan State University, East Lansing
| | - Zhenmei Zhang
- Department of Sociology, Michigan State University, East Lansing
| | - Seung-won Choi
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, Texas Tech University, Lubbock
| | - Kenneth M Langa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Social Research and VA Center for Clinical Management Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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14
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Smock PJ, Schwartz CR. The Demography of Families: A Review of Patterns and Change. JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 2020; 82:9-34. [PMID: 32612304 PMCID: PMC7329188 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The authors review demographic trends and research on families in the United States, with a special focus on the past decade. They consider the following several topics: (a) marriage and remarriage, (b) divorce, (c) cohabitation, (d) fertility, (e) same-gender unions, (f) immigrant families, and (g) children's living arrangements. Throughout, the authors review both overall trends and patterns as well as those by social class and race-ethnicity. The authors discuss major strands of recent research, emphasizing emerging themes and promising directions. They close with a summary of central patterns and trends and conclude that recent trends are not as uniform as they tended to be in earlier decades, making the description of family change increasingly complex.
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15
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Ruark A, Green EC, Nunn A, Kennedy C, Adams A, Dlamini-Simelane T, Surkan P. Navigating intimate sexual partnerships in an era of HIV: dimensions of couple relationship quality and satisfaction among adults in Eswatini and linkages to HIV risk. SAHARA J 2019; 16:10-24. [PMID: 30987536 PMCID: PMC6484492 DOI: 10.1080/17290376.2019.1604254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Couple relationship functioning impacts individual health and well-being, including HIV risk, but scant research has focused on emic understandings of relationship quality in African populations. We explored relationship quality and satisfaction in Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) using data from 148 in-depth interviews (117 life-course interviews with 28 adults and 31 interviews with 29 marriage counselors and their clients) and 4 focus group discussions. Love, respect, honesty, trust, communication, sexual satisfaction, and sexual faithfulness emerged as the most salient characteristics of good relationships, with both men and women emphasising love and respect as being most important. Participants desired relationships characterised by such qualities but reported relationship threats in the areas of trust, honesty, and sexual faithfulness. The dimensions of relationship quality identified by this study are consistent with research from other contexts, suggesting cross-cultural similarities in conceptions of a good relationship. Some relationship constructs, particularly respect, may be more salient in a Swazi context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Ruark
- Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Edward C. Green
- Anthropology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amy Nunn
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
- Rhode Island Public Health Institute, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Caitlin Kennedy
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, International Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alfred Adams
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Pamela Surkan
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, International Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Cabrera N, Karberg E, Fagan J. Family structure change among Latinos: Variation by ecologic risk. JOURNAL OF FAMILY ISSUES 2019; 40:2123-2145. [PMID: 34295010 PMCID: PMC8294080 DOI: 10.1177/0192513x19849636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We examined differences in family structure change in an urban sample of mothers (N= 1,314) from their child's birth to age 5 and whether ecological risk moderated this association. We found that compared to U.S.-born Latino mothers, foreign-born Latino mothers were 62% less likely to break up and 75% less likely to repartner than remain stably resident. Across nativity status, Latina mothers with fewer children, more economic stress, less income, and less frequently reported father involvement were more likely to break up and repartner than remain stably resident. We found no moderation effects of ecological risk.
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17
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Chokkanathan S, Natarajan A. Perceived Quality of Life following Elder Mistreatment in Rural India. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 73:e69-e80. [PMID: 28449084 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Using resilience theory, we examined multiple risks (individual, familial, and mistreatment characteristics) and promotive factors (mastery and social support) associated with perceived quality of life following mistreatment and tested two competing models, compensatory and protective models, to explain the role of promotive factors in the mistreatment-wellbeing linkage. Method Face-to-face interviews were conducted by administering standardized instruments to 897 randomly selected older adults in rural Tamil Nadu, India. Information from 187 older adults, who, in the interview had reported mistreatment in the past 1 year formed the analysis. Quality of life following mistreatment was measured using the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Mistreatment was measured by an adapted version of the Conflict Tactics Scale. Results Being single, hailing from a low income family, experiencing high levels of relationship strain, and experiencing more than one type of mistreatment were associated with decreased quality of life. High levels of mastery and social support were associated with high levels of quality of life following mistreatment. There was support for both compensatory and protective-reactive models of resilience. Some of the resources that counteract the negative effects of adversities and mistreatment appear to be effective only at lower levels of mistreatment. Discussion Quality of life following mistreatment was influenced by multiple risk and promotive factors, results that are consistent with resilience theory. Concerted efforts must be undertaken to bolster protective factors and minimize risk factors to enhance quality of life following mistreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aravindhan Natarajan
- Department of Criminal Justice, Social Work and Legal Specialties, College of Social Justice and Human Service, Health and Human Services Building, University of Toledo, Ohio
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Abstract
We analyze Dutch panel data to investigate whether partnership has a causal effect on subjective well-being. As in previous studies, we find that, on average, being in a partnership improves well-being. Well-being gains of marriage are larger than those of cohabitation. The well-being effects of partnership formation and disruption are symmetric. We also find that marriage improves well-being for both younger and older cohorts, whereas cohabitation benefits only the younger cohort. Our main contribution to the literature is on well-being effects of same-sex partnerships. We find that these effects are homogeneous to sexual orientation. Gender differences exist in the well-being effects of same-sex partnerships: females are happier cohabiting, whereas marriage has a stronger well-being effect on males.
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Martínez LM, Estrada D, Prada SI. Mental health, interpersonal trust and subjective well-being in a high violence context. SSM Popul Health 2019; 8:100423. [PMID: 31321278 PMCID: PMC6612929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper assesses whether two factors of wellbeing, social capital (interpersonal trust and social networks) and subjective well-being are associated with frequent mental distress and if there are any mediating effects by gender in a city of high urban violence. This paper relies on data that comes from a sample of over 1300 people representative by gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic breakdown of the city of Cali in Colombia, which was collected in 2017 through face-to-face surveys. Our study uses logistic regression with fixed-effects at the district level to control for unobserved time-invariant factors. At the individual level, our analyses account for social and demographic context variables. The dependent variable is mental distress, defined as having 14 or more days feeling mentally ill in the previous 30-day period. Independent variables of interest are "interpersonal trust in unknown people" measured in a scale 0-10 and, social networks measured using the number of family members and close friends and subjective well-being through a question about life satisfaction in a scale 0-10. We find risk factors for mental health distress were low trust in unknown people, low life satisfaction, high levels of depression, living in cohabitation, being female, not having children, and living in middle socio-economic status. The odds of feeling mentally ill decreased as trust in unknown people increased by each unit in the trust scale (OR: 0.92). There were gender differences, with women's mental health being less likely to be affected by lack of interpersonal trust (OR: 0.94) than men (OR: 0.76). Our study suggests that actions aimed at fostering interpersonal trust in unknown people could positively affect mental health distress for both males and females. In the context of high urban violence, our study shows that men are more likely to benefit from such actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina María Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas y Económicas, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.,Observatorio de Políticas Públicas (POLIS), Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Daniela Estrada
- Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas y Económicas, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Sergio I Prada
- Centro de Investigaciones Clínicas, Fundación Valle del Lili, Carrera 98 18-49, Cali, 760032, Colombia.,Centro de Estudios en Protección Social y Economía de la Salud (PROESA), Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
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Jacob L, Haro JM, Koyanagi A. Relationship between living alone and common mental disorders in the 1993, 2000 and 2007 National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215182. [PMID: 31042720 PMCID: PMC6493731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the high prevalence of common mental disorders (CMDs) and individuals living alone in the United Kingdom, the goal of this study using English nationally representative data was to examine the association between living alone and CMDs, and to identify potential mediating factors of this association. The data were drawn from the 1993, 2000 and 2007 National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys. CMDs were assessed using the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R), a questionnaire focusing on past week neurotic symptoms. The presence of CMDs was defined as a CIS-R total score of 12 and above. Multivariable logistic regression and mediation analyses were conducted to analyze the association between living alone and CMDs, and to identify mediators in this association. The prevalence of CMDs was higher in individuals living alone than in those not living alone in all survey years. Multivariable analysis showed a positive association between living alone and CMDs in all survey years (1993: odds ratio [OR] = 1.69; 2000: OR = 1.63; and 2007: OR = 1.88). Overall, loneliness explained 84% of the living alone-CMD association. Living alone was positively associated with CMDs. Interventions addressing loneliness among individuals living alone may be particularly important for the mental wellbeing of this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Jacob
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
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Hung M, Voss MW, Bounsanga J, Graff T, Birmingham WC. Assessing spousal support and health in an aging population: support and strain amidst changing social dynamics. SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH CARE 2019; 58:345-367. [PMID: 30676295 DOI: 10.1080/00981389.2019.1569577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the role of relationship quality on physical and psychological health among older adults. It included 2,298 adults aged 50 and older who participated in the Midlife in the US national longitudinal study of health and well-being. We assessed the effect of spousal support and strain on psychological and physical health, controlling for age, education, income, depression levels and prior health. Results indicated that spousal support and strain affected psychological health but not physical health. Despite prior research showing an association between marital quality and physical health, this study did not support the conceptualization that relationship quality measured by spousal support or strain has a direct effect on long-term health in this sample of older adults. This study does not preclude the presence of a mediated or moderated association between relationship quality and physical health. Higher levels of spousal support are associated with positive psychological health among adults over age 50 while spousal strain is associated with negative psychological health. This study supports the premise that relationship quality has an ongoing impact on the psychological health of mature adults, bolstering arguments to include psychological health screening and couples relationship education among health services provided to older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Hung
- a Roseman University of Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine , South Jordan, Utah , USA
- b University of Utah, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Operations , Salt Lake City, Utah , USA
- c Utah Center for Clinical & Translational Science , Salt Lake City, Utah , USA
- d University of Utah, Division of Public Health , Salt Lake City, Utah , USA
- e Huntsman Institute , Salt Lake City, Utah , USA
| | - Maren Wright Voss
- b University of Utah, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Operations , Salt Lake City, Utah , USA
- f Utah State University, Professional Practice Extension , Provo, Utah , USA
| | - Jerry Bounsanga
- b University of Utah, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Operations , Salt Lake City, Utah , USA
- g Utah Systems of Higher Education , Salt Lake City, Utah , USA
| | - Tyler Graff
- h Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah , USA
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22
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Hou L, Leung P, Cheung M, Xu Y. Religion Affiliation and Depression Risk: Factory Workers Working in Hi-Tech Companies in Shanghai, China. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2019; 58:490-505. [PMID: 30879208 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-019-00790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examines factors contributing to depression among migrant factory workers in Shanghai. A survey was designed with mental health questions under a framework explaining: (1) social capital, (2) migratory stress, and (3) mental health consequences. With a return rate of 98.3%, 1966 individuals completed the survey. Only 11.1% of the respondents indicated having a religious affiliation. The findings are not surprising about the relationship between trust, economic condition, and depression. However, it is surprising to find that not having a religious affiliation is significantly connected to better mental health. The effect of religious beliefs should be examined as a trust factor to remove the barrier of perceiving religion as an added stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Hou
- School of Social Work and Public Administration, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Patrick Leung
- Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-4013, USA
| | - Monit Cheung
- Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-4013, USA.
| | - Yongxiang Xu
- School of Social Work and Public Administration, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
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23
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Du Bois SN, Legate N, Kendall AD. Examining Partnership-Health Associations Among Lesbian Women and Gay Men Using Population-Level Data. LGBT Health 2019; 6:23-33. [PMID: 30650053 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2018.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim was to provide the first broad assessment of partnership-health associations across partnership statuses among lesbian and gay individuals. METHODS Using population-level data from the 2016 U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, specifically the 26 states/territories that assessed sexual orientation and gender identity, we ran analyses of covariance and logistic regressions to compare lesbian and gay individuals (N = 2963) of different partnership statuses in general health, physical health and health conditions, mental health, health behaviors, and health care access/utilization domains. RESULTS All omnibus and logistic regression models were significant (p < 0.001). Follow-up pairwise comparisons of mean differences across partnership groups revealed that in at least one variable in the general health, mental health, health behaviors, and health care access/utilization domains, married lesbian and gay individuals reported the best health, followed by partnered, single, and then divorced, separated, and widowed lesbian and gay individuals (p < 0.001). Exceptions included variables in the physical health and health conditions domain, the health behaviors of smoking and heavy drinking, and ever having an HIV test. When stratifying by sex, for both gay men and lesbian women being married or partnered related to the best health in at least one variable in each health domain, and in the majority of all outcome variables. CONCLUSION This article provides the first evidence for partnership-health associations among gay and lesbian individuals based on a large-scale, multidomain test of population-level data. Future research could examine temporal links between same-sex marriage legislation and health outcomes among sexual minority individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve N Du Bois
- 1 Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nicole Legate
- 1 Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ashley D Kendall
- 2 Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Ermer AE, Proulx CM. Associations Between Social Connectedness, Emotional Well-Being, and Self-Rated Health Among Older Adults: Difference by Relationship Status. Res Aging 2018; 41:336-361. [PMID: 30486747 DOI: 10.1177/0164027518815260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the association between social connectedness (i.e., social network characteristics, family and friend support, and social ties with neighbors), emotional well-being, and self-rated health and whether these associations differ based on respondents' relationship status among adults aged 62 and older. A series of multigroup generalized structural equation models (GSEMs) were conducted using data from the National Social, Health, and Aging Project. Social connectedness items were mostly positively associated with emotional well-being and self-rated health, and several of these associations are stronger for older adults who are unpartnered versus those who are cohabiting or married. Cohabiting and married individuals do not appear to have the same associations between social network size, friend support, and emotional well-being compared to unpartnered older adults. The present study lends support for how a variety of social supports are vital for older adults and their well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Ermer
- 1 Department of Family Science and Human Development, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | - Christine M Proulx
- 2 Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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25
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Nguyen AW, Hamler TC, Cobb RJ. Discrimination and Chronic Kidney Disease among Caribbean Blacks: The Effects of Immigration and Social Status. RACE AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS 2018; 10:248-258. [PMID: 31191734 PMCID: PMC6561491 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-018-9234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the association between discrimination and chronic kidney disease (CKD) among Caribbean blacks and how this association varies by marital status, educational attainment, and length of U.S. residency within the frameworks for the stress buffering hypothesis and stress process model. The analysis was based on the Caribbean black subsample of the National Survey of American Life (N = 1551). Logistic regression models were conducted to test the aims of this study. The findings indicate that the association between discrimination and CKD varied by length of U.S. residency, marital status, and education. Overall, the findings demonstrate the importance of considering immigration and sociodemographic context when investigating the relation between discrimination and CKD in immigrant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann W. Nguyen
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 11235 Bellflower Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - Ryon J. Cobb
- University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, USA
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Fettro MN, Nomaguchi K. Spousal Problems and Family-to-Work Conflict Among Employed US Adults. JOURNAL OF FAMILY AND ECONOMIC ISSUES 2018; 39:277-296. [PMID: 30555218 PMCID: PMC6289534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Using data from the 2011 National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States Refreshed Sample (N = 980), this paper examines how three types of spousal problems-poor physical health, poor mental health, and behavioral disorders-are related to respondents' family-to-work conflict (FWC) among employed adults aged 25-61. Results suggest that all three types of their spouses' problems were related to respondents' higher FWC, with their spouses' poor mental health having the strongest association. These associations were not significant after controlling for respondents' role overload, financial strain, and relationship strain. There were few variations by respondents' gender and parental status in these associations. Relationship strain played the primary role as a mediator, which was stronger for men than women. These findings support the idea of stress proliferation, suggesting that one's problems can be linked to a series of other stressors including one's spouse's FWC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshal Neal Fettro
- Department of Sociology & Center for Family and Demographic Research, Bowling Green State University, Williams Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43043, USA
| | - Kei Nomaguchi
- Department of Sociology & Center for Family and Demographic Research, Bowling Green State University, Williams Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43043, USA
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Parvan K, Shahbazi S, Ebrahimi H, Valizadeh S, Rahmani A, Jabbarzadeh Tabrizi F, Esmaili F. Nurses' Lived Experience of Working with Nursing Students in Clinical Wards: a Phenomenological Study. J Caring Sci 2018; 7:41-45. [PMID: 29637056 PMCID: PMC5889797 DOI: 10.15171/jcs.2018.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Despite being aware of
the importance of nurses’ role in providing clinical training to nursing
students, studies show that sufficient research has not yet been conducted on
the experience of clinical nurses who are engaged in training nursing
students outside their normal working hours. The present study aim to
describe the experience of these nurses who are training outside their
routine working hours.
Methods: This study was conducted
using descriptive-phenomenology method. Twelve nurses was participated in
this research. Data were collected using purposive sampling method and face
to face interviews based on nurses’ real life experience of students’
learning in clinical settings through answering open-ended questions. Spiegel
burg analysis method was used to analyze the data.
Results: The result of data
analysis was the derivation of four themes and eight sub-themes. Themes
included "nurses as teaching sources", "changes in the balance
of doing routine tasks", "professional enthusiasm", and
"nurses as students' professional socialization source of
inspiration". Sub-themes included "efficient education",
"poor education", "support", "interference in the
role," "self-efficacy development", "inner
satisfaction", "positive imaging" and "being a
model".
Conclusion: It is necessary that
academic centers plan for teaching nurses working on a contractual basis in
the field of the evaluation method and various methods of teaching. The
findings also suggested the development of individual self-efficacy in
clinical nurses who train students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Parvan
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahla Shahbazi
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Ebrahimi
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Susan Valizadeh
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Azad Rahmani
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faranak Jabbarzadeh Tabrizi
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fariba Esmaili
- Information Technology, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Darabinia M, Heidari Gorji AM, Hosseini Karnami H. Examining Social Health and Its Related Factors among Iranian Medical students. J Caring Sci 2018; 7:47-51. [PMID: 29637057 PMCID: PMC5889798 DOI: 10.15171/jcs.2018.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Given the importance of providing social
health for students, this study was conducted to investigate the social
health and its related factors among Iranian students of medical sciences.
Methods: This descriptive and
cross-sectional study was carried out in 2016. The population of the study
included students of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (Sari, Iran).
Using random sampling, we selected 352 students. Eligible students for the
study were those who (i) consented to participate, (ii) agreed to participate
fully, and (iii) had no physical illnesses. Exclusion from the study was due
to any event that prevented them from participating in the study (e.g., the
death of a family member). Then, standardized questionnaire of "Keyes's
Social Well-being" and demographic questionnaire were used in this study to
collect data. The data were tabulated and analyzed by means of SPSS 13.0 for
Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), which was used to calculate
descriptive and inferential (Two-way ANOVA) indices.
Results: In this study, 202
women and 150 men participated with the mean age of 23.14 (2.41). The mean
score of social health of students was average 92.99 (7.54). About 75.4% of
participants had average levels of social health. Maximum and minimum levels
of social health were related to contribution 20.64 (3.65) and social
coherence 15.86 (2.12) respectively. There were no differences in the overall
social health score of the students in terms of gender; however, regarding
marital status, place of residence, father's education, and mother's
education, there was a significant difference among students.
Conclusion: Given the importance of social health, it
is necessary to have proper planning such as providing for the requirements
of stable marriages for students, good place of residence to improve the
quality of life and enhance their satisfaction with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Darabinia
- Departement of Islamic Education, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Hosseini Karnami
- Departement of Islamic Education, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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van Hedel K, Martikainen P, Moustgaard H, Myrskylä M. Cohabitation and mental health: Is psychotropic medication use more common in cohabitation than marriage? SSM Popul Health 2018; 4:244-253. [PMID: 29854908 PMCID: PMC5976833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Marriage is associated with better mental health. While research on the mental health of cohabiting individuals has increased in recent years, it has yielded mixed results thus far. We assessed whether the mental health of cohabiters is comparable to that of married individuals or those living alone using longitudinal data on psychotropic medication purchases. Panel data from an 11% random sample of the population residing in Finland for the years 1995 to 2007, with annual measurements of all covariates, were used. Ordinary least squares (OLS) models were applied to disentangle the relation between cohabitation and psychotropic medication purchases while controlling for relevant time-varying factors (age, education, economic activity, and number of children), and individual fixed effects (FE) models to further account for unobserved time-invariant individual factors. Our sample consisted of 63,077 men and 61,101 women aged 25 to 39 years in 1995. Descriptive results and the OLS model indicated that the likelihood of purchasing psychotropic medication was lowest for married individuals, higher for cohabiters, and highest for individuals living alone. This difference between cohabiting and married individuals disappeared after controlling for time-varying covariates (percent difference [% diff] for men: 0.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.0, 0.6; % diff for women: -0.2, 95% CI: -0.6, 0.2). Further controlling for unobserved confounders in the FE models did not change this non-significant difference between cohabiting and married individuals. The excess purchases of psychotropic medication among individuals living alone compared to those cohabiting decreased to 1.2 (95% CI: 1.0, 1.4) and 1.4 (95% CI: 1.1, 1.6) percentage-points in the fully-adjusted FE model for men and women, respectively. Similar results were found for all subcategories of psychotropic medication. In summary, these findings suggested that the mental health difference between cohabiting and married individuals, but not the difference between cohabiting individuals and those living alone, was largely due to selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen van Hedel
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
- Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heta Moustgaard
- Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Myrskylä
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
- Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
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Verdery AM, Margolis R. Projections of white and black older adults without living kin in the United States, 2015 to 2060. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11109-11114. [PMID: 28973934 PMCID: PMC5651770 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710341114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Close kin provide many important functions as adults age, affecting health, financial well-being, and happiness. Those without kin report higher rates of loneliness and experience elevated risks of chronic illness and nursing facility placement. Historical racial differences and recent shifts in core demographic rates suggest that white and black older adults in the United States may have unequal availability of close kin and that this gap in availability will widen in the coming decades. Whereas prior work explores the changing composition and size of the childless population or those without spouses, here we consider the kinless population of older adults with no living close family members and how this burden is changing for different race and sex groups. Using demographic microsimulation and the United States Census Bureau's recent national projections of core demographic rates by race, we examine two definitions of kinlessness: those without a partner or living children, and those without a partner, children, siblings, or parents. Our results suggest dramatic growth in the size of the kinless population as well as increasing racial disparities in percentages kinless. These conclusions are driven by declines in marriage and are robust to different assumptions about the future trajectory of divorce rates or growth in nonmarital partnerships. Our findings draw attention to the potential expansion of older adult loneliness, which is increasingly considered a threat to population health, and the unequal burden kinlessness may place on black Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashton M Verdery
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;
| | - Rachel Margolis
- Department of Sociology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada
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DeMaris A. Marriage Advantage in Subjective Well-Being: Causal Effect or Unmeasured Heterogeneity? MARRIAGE & FAMILY REVIEW 2017; 54:335-350. [PMID: 32382201 PMCID: PMC7205226 DOI: 10.1080/01494929.2017.1359812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
I investigate whether the marriage advantage in subjective well-being is a true protective effect vs. being attributable to self-selection into (or out of) marriage based on pre-existing mental health. I utilize 1,240 respondents from the GSS panel, a three-wave longitudinal survey collected from 2010-2014. I use a pseudo-treatment approach to informally test for the presence of self-selection. This is followed by a fixed-effect regression analysis to eliminate its influence when estimating the marriage effect. Results support the existence of self-selection: the currently married who in later waves will be exiting marriage are already more distressed than other married respondents in wave 1. And the currently not married who in later waves will be entering marriage are not more distressed in wave 1 than those remaining continuously married. A protective effect is also supported: at any given time, net of self-selection, the currently married are less distressed than the unmarried.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred DeMaris
- Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
Older adults are at the forefront of family change as a declining share experiences lifelong marriage and rates of cohabitation and divorce in later life continue to rise. The goal of this article is to review recent scholarship on marriage, cohabitation, and divorce among older adults and identify directions for future research. The varied family experiences characterizing the later life course demonstrate the importance of moving beyond marital status to capture additional dimensions of the marital biography, including transitions, timing, duration, and sequencing. Cohabitation operates as an alternative to marriage for older adults and is increasingly replacing remarriage following divorce or widowhood. The gray divorce rate has doubled in recent decades as older adults abandon marriage in favor of unmarried partnerships or singlehood. The retreat from marriage among older adults raises important questions about the ramifications of family change for health and well-being as well as access to caregivers given that spouses historically have been the primary source of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Brown
- Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University, Ohio
| | - Matthew R Wright
- Department of Criminology, Sociology, and Geography, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
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Wright MR, Brown SL. Psychological Well-Being among Older Adults: The Role of Partnership Status. JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 2017; 79:833-849. [PMID: 28626245 PMCID: PMC5469370 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Today's older adults are increasingly unmarried. Some are in cohabiting unions, others are dating, and many remain unpartnered. Unmarried older adults are at risk of poorer well-being than the married, but it is unclear whether older cohabitors fare worse than or similar to their married counterparts. Nor have well-being differences among cohabitors, daters, and unpartnered persons been considered. Conceptualizing marital status as a continuum of social attachment, data from Waves I and II of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project are used to examine how older married, cohabiting, dating, and unpartnered individuals differ across multiple indicators of psychological well-being. Among men, cohabitors appear to fare similarly to the married, and better than daters and the unpartnered. In contrast, there are few differences in psychological well-being by partnership status for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Wright
- Department of Sociology, 222 Williams Hall, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403-0222,
| | - Susan L Brown
- Department of Sociology, 239 Williams Hall, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403-0222,
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Han SH, Kim K, Burr JA. Friendship and Depression Among Couples in Later Life: The Moderating Effects of Marital Quality. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2017; 74:222-231. [DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sae Hwang Han
- Department of Gerontology, University of Massachusetts Boston
| | - Kyungmin Kim
- Department of Gerontology, University of Massachusetts Boston
| | - Jeffrey A Burr
- Department of Gerontology, University of Massachusetts Boston
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Abstract
Increasing numbers of older couples entering late-life remarriage will face dementia and spousal caregiving. This qualitative study, informed by grounded theory methods, is a first to explore spousal caregiving in the late-life remarried context. Interviews with nine late-life remarried wife caregivers identified complex intergenerational stepfamily dynamics that appear to amplify isolation and stress for this group of caregivers. Most women reported experiencing rejection of remarriage by adult children, minimal family involvement in caregiving, and intergenerational conflict regarding decision making. Nonetheless, caregivers described proactive, strategic approaches toward caregiving. This study examines the construct of boundary ambiguity as it relates to late-life remarriage and dementia caregiving, thus merging the unique challenges of caregiver and stepfamily dynamics. Findings are discussed in light of the potential risks highlighted for remarried couples facing chronic health issues. Future dementia research that accounts for diverse marital and family histories is suggested.
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Ploubidis GB, Silverwood RJ, DeStavola B, Grundy E. Life-Course Partnership Status and Biomarkers in Midlife: Evidence From the 1958 British Birth Cohort. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:1596-603. [PMID: 26066911 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2015.302644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the association between trajectories of partnership status over the life course and objectively measured health indicators in midlife. METHODS We used data from 4 waves (1981, 1991, 2000, and 2002-2004) of the British National Child Development Study (NCDS), a prospective cohort study that includes all people born in Britain during 1 week in March 1958 (n = 18 558). RESULTS After controlling for selection attributable to early-life and early-adulthood characteristics, we found that life-course trajectories of partnership status were associated with hemostatic and inflammatory markers, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and respiratory function in midlife. Never marrying or cohabiting was negatively associated with health in midlife for both genders, but the effect was more pronounced in men. Women who had married in their late 20s or early 30s and remained married had the best health in midlife. Men and women in cohabiting unions had midlife health outcomes similar to those in formal marriages. CONCLUSIONS Partnership status over the life course has a cumulative effect on a wide range of objectively measured health indicators in midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- George B Ploubidis
- George B. Ploubidis is with the Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL - Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK. Richard J. Silverwood and Bianca DeStavola are with the Centre for Statistical Methodology, Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London. Emily Grundy is with the Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London
| | - Richard J Silverwood
- George B. Ploubidis is with the Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL - Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK. Richard J. Silverwood and Bianca DeStavola are with the Centre for Statistical Methodology, Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London. Emily Grundy is with the Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London
| | - Bianca DeStavola
- George B. Ploubidis is with the Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL - Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK. Richard J. Silverwood and Bianca DeStavola are with the Centre for Statistical Methodology, Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London. Emily Grundy is with the Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London
| | - Emily Grundy
- George B. Ploubidis is with the Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL - Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK. Richard J. Silverwood and Bianca DeStavola are with the Centre for Statistical Methodology, Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London. Emily Grundy is with the Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London
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Park M, Unützer J. Hundred forty eight more days with depression: the association between marital conflict and depression-free days. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; 29:1271-7. [PMID: 24700495 PMCID: PMC5772878 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although collaborative care programs are effective in improving late-life depression, only about half of treated patients achieve clinically meaningful improvement. Thus, we need to examine what characteristics may predict poor late-life depression course. Despite the robust evidence for the negative association between the quality of couple relationships and depression outcomes, few studies have examined these associations in the context of long-term late-life depression course. AIM The objective of this study is to examine the relations between the severity of couple conflict, receiving collaborative depression care program, and 24-months depression outcomes. METHODS Study sample comprised 840 depressed older adults subsample from the improving mood, promoting access to collaborative treatment for late-life depression trial (IMPACT). Depression and couple conflict were assessed at baseline, 12-month, and 24-month follow-up. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analyses were performed to examine mean 24-month depression-free days (DFD) and the marginal effects of receiving IMAPCT program over usual care among participants with varying degrees of 24-month couple conflict. RESULTS Compared with those who never endorsed frequent couple conflict over the three observation points, those who did twice had 63 fewer DFD (p = 0.01), and those who did three times experienced 148 fewer DFD (p < 0.001). Although the marginal effects of receiving IMPACT program over usual care was greater in overall sample, it was not statistically significant among those who endorsed frequent conflict at two or three times. CONCLUSION Frequent couple conflict is associated with worse long-term late-life depression outcomes among the patients in primary care clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijung Park
- University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Department of Health and Community Systems Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Jürgen Unützer
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Seattle, WA USA
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The effects of marriage and separation on the psychotropic medication use of non-married cohabiters: A register-based longitudinal study among adult Finns. Soc Sci Med 2014; 121:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
ABSTRACTAlthough mobility in and out of intimate relationships has become more common in later life, it has been a neglected issue in social gerontology. In this article, we ask what characterises the formation of new intimate relationships in later life, and whether there are any specific conditions that separate these from relationships in earlier stages of the lifecourse. On the basis of qualitative interviews with 28 persons aged 63–91 who have established a new intimate heterosexual relationship after the age of 60 or who are dating singles, we argue that time constitutes such a central structuring condition. We discuss and theorise two aspects of time – post-(re)productive free time and remaining time – which have an important formative power on new late-in-life relationships. We argue that together these aspects form a central existential structure of ageing in many Western societies – the paradoxical condition of having lots of available free time but little time left in life – which, besides influencing new late-in-life relationships, might also be relevant to other aspects of and choices in later life.
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DeMaris A. Combating unmeasured confounding in cross-sectional studies: evaluating instrumental-variable and Heckman selection models. Psychol Methods 2014; 19:380-97. [PMID: 25110904 DOI: 10.1037/a0037416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Unmeasured confounding is the principal threat to unbiased estimation of treatment "effects" (i.e., regression parameters for binary regressors) in nonexperimental research. It refers to unmeasured characteristics of individuals that lead them both to be in a particular "treatment" category and to register higher or lower values than others on a response variable. In this article, I introduce readers to 2 econometric techniques designed to control the problem, with a particular emphasis on the Heckman selection model (HSM). Both techniques can be used with only cross-sectional data. Using a Monte Carlo experiment, I compare the performance of instrumental-variable regression (IVR) and HSM to that of ordinary least squares (OLS) under conditions with treatment and unmeasured confounding both present and absent. I find HSM generally to outperform IVR with respect to mean-square-error of treatment estimates, as well as power for detecting either a treatment effect or unobserved confounding. However, both HSM and IVR require a large sample to be fully effective. The use of HSM and IVR in tandem with OLS to untangle unobserved confounding bias in cross-sectional data is further demonstrated with an empirical application. Using data from the 2006-2010 General Social Survey (National Opinion Research Center, 2014), I examine the association between being married and subjective well-being.
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Family Status and Mental Health: Recent Advances and Future Directions. HANDBOOKS OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Brown SL, Bulanda JR, Lee GR. Transitions Into and Out of Cohabitation in Later Life. JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 2012; 74:774-793. [PMID: 23226875 PMCID: PMC3516860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cohabitation among adults over age 50 is rising rapidly, more than doubling from 1.2 million in 2000 to 2.75 million in 2010. A small literature provides a descriptive portrait of older cohabitors, but no study has investigated transitions into and out of cohabitation during later life. Drawing on demographic and life course perspectives, the authors developed a framework for conceptualizing later life union behaviors. Using data from the 1998 - 2006 Health and Retirement Study, they estimated discrete -time event-history models predicting union formation (i.e., cohabitation or marriage) among older unmarried individuals (N = 3,736) as well as transitions to either marriage or separation among older cohabitors (N = 377). Those who formed a union were as likely to be in a cohabiting relationship as a marriage. Older adult cohabiting unions were quite stable and unlikely to culminate in either marriage or separation. During later life, cohabitation appears to operate as a long-term alternative to marriage.
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Vespa J. Union Formation in Later Life: Economic Determinants of Cohabitation and Remarriage Among Older Adults. Demography 2012; 49:1103-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s13524-012-0102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study builds on Becker’s and Oppenheimer’s theories of union formation to examine the economic determinants of marriage and cohabitation during older adulthood. Based on the 1998–2006 Health and Retirement Study and a sample of previously married Americans who are at least 50 years old, results show that wealthier older adults, regardless of gender, are more likely to repartner than stay single. Wealth has no discernable effect on the likelihood of remarrying versus cohabiting. Among the oldest men, the positive associations between wealth and repartnering are entirely due to housing assets. Results suggest that Oppenheimer’s theory of marriage timing may be more applicable to later-life union formation than Becker’s independence hypothesis. Further, economic disadvantage does not appear to characterize later-life cohabitation, unlike cohabitation during young adulthood. These findings help illuminate the union formation process during older adulthood and are timely considering demographic changes reshaping the American population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Vespa
- The Ohio State University, 238 Townshend Hall, 1885 Neil Avenue Mall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Stavrova O, Fetchenhauer D, Schlösser T. Cohabitation, Gender, and Happiness. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022111419030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research commonly finds married people to be slightly happier than unmarried cohabitors—the phenomenon referred to as the cohabitation gap. In this article, we examine several relationships. First, we consider whether there are gender differences in the cohabitation gap; second, whether these gender differences are the same in different countries; and third, whether national differences in the gender role norms and gender equity in economic empowerment can explain these cross-national variations. Relying on the psychological theories of social norms, we differentiate between societal and personal gender role norms. We found that in societies with more liberal societal gender role norms, the cohabitation gap for women but not for men is substantially reduced. This effect was independent from women’s personal gender role norms as well as a country’s gender equity in economic empowerment. The findings are discussed in relation to the theories of social norms and gender conformity.
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Noël-Miller CM. Partner caregiving in older cohabiting couples. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2011; 66:341-53. [PMID: 21482588 PMCID: PMC3078761 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbr027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the rapidly increasing prevalence of cohabitation among older adults, the caregiving literature has exclusively focused on formally married individuals. Extending prior work on intra-couple care, this study contrasts frail cohabitors' patterns of care receipt from a partner to that of frail spouses. METHODS Using nationally representative panel data from the Health and Retirement Study (2000, 2002, 2004, and 2006), we estimate random effects cross-sectional times series models predicting frail cohabitors' likelihood of receiving partner care compared with their married counterparts'. Conditional on the receipt of intra-couple care, we also examine differences in marital and nonmarital partners' caregiving hours and caregiving involvement relative to other helpers. RESULTS Net of sociodemographic, disability, and comorbidity factors, we find that cohabitors are less likely to receive partner care than married individuals. However, caregiving nonmarital partners provide as many hours of care as spouses while providing a substantially larger share of disabled respondents' care than marital partners. DISCUSSION Cohabitation and marriage have distinct implications for older adults' patterns of partner care receipt. This study adds weight to a growing body of research emphasizing the importance of accounting for older adults' nontraditional union forms and of examining the ramifications of cohabitation for older adults' well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Noël-Miller
- Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Evaluation of a Best-Practice Worksite Wellness Program in a Small-Employer Setting Using Selected Well-being Indices. J Occup Environ Med 2011; 53:448-54. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3182143ed0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Artazcoz L, Cortès I, Borrell C, Escribà-Agüir V, Cascant L. Social inequalities in the association between partner/marital status and health among workers in Spain. Soc Sci Med 2011; 72:600-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
As cohabitation has risen dramatically in the past few decades among adults of all ages, it is possible that middle-and older-aged parents are “learning” cohabitation from their young adult children. The present study uses this theory as a guiding framework to determine if parents are more likely to cohabit themselves following the start of a young adult child’s cohabitation. Using three waves of the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 275), results show that union formation patterns are influenced by young adult children among parents who are single at their child’s 18th birthday. Parents are less likely to marry than remain single and are much more likely to cohabit than marry if they have a young adult child who cohabits. These results show support for the hypotheses.
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Manning WD, Brown SL. The Demography of Unions Among Older Americans, 1980–Present: A Family Change Approach. HANDBOOK OF SOCIOLOGY OF AGING 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7374-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Silverstein M, Giarrusso R. Aging and Family Life: A Decade Review. JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 2010; 72:1039-1058. [PMID: 22930600 PMCID: PMC3427733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00749.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize and critically evaluate the major empirical, conceptual, and theoretical directions that studies of aging families have taken during the first decade of the 21st century. The field has benefited from an expanded perspective based on four overarching themes: (a) complexity in emotional relations, (b) diversity in family structures and households, (c) interdependence of family roles and functions, and (d) patterns and outcomes of caregiving. Although research on aging families has advanced theory and applied innovative statistical techniques, the literature has fallen short in fully representing diverse populations and in applying the broadest set of methodological tools available. We discuss these and other frontier areas of scholarship in light of the aging of baby boomers and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merril Silverstein
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0191 ()
| | - Roseann Giarrusso
- *Department of Sociology, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Dr., Los Angeles, CA, 90032 ()
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