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Sirotiak Z, Thomas EBK, Wade NG, Brellenthin AG. Associations between forgiveness and physical and mental health in the context of long COVID. J Psychosom Res 2024; 178:111612. [PMID: 38367371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.111612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Forgiveness has been positively associated with health in those with functional disorders. This cross-sectional study examined the relationships among dimensions of forgiveness and physical and mental health in individuals with and without long COVID. METHODS Adults (N = 4316) in the United States took part in an online survey study detailing long COVID presence, physical and mental health, and trait forgiveness. T-tests were performed to assess differences in types of trait forgiveness between individuals with and without long COVID. Linear regression models assessed the contribution of demographic covariates and forgiveness subscales to the physical and mental health of individuals with and without long COVID. RESULTS Of 4316 participants, 379 (8.8%) reported current long COVID. Participants were an average age of 43.7, and most identified as female (51.9%), white (87.8%), and non-Hispanic/Latino (86.6%). Individuals with long COVID reported significantly less forgiveness of self (p < 0.001, d = 0.33), forgiveness of others (p = 0.004, d = 0.16), and forgiveness of situations (p < 0.001, d = 0.34) than those without long COVID. Among the long COVID sample, forgiveness of self and situations were positively associated with mental health (p < 0.05), but not physical health (p > 0.05). Forgiveness of others was negatively associated with both physical and mental health (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Forgiveness may be an important consideration in understanding health among individuals with long COVID, emphasizing the importance of developing a multifaceted understanding of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Sirotiak
- Iowa State University, Department of Kinesiology, USA; University of Iowa, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, USA
| | - Emily B K Thomas
- University of Iowa, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, USA
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2
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The Reflections on Forgiveness Framework: A Framework to Understand Older Adults’ Forgiveness Development over the Life Course. JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10804-022-09400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Upenieks L. Through Him and With Him? A Longitudinal Study of How God-Mediated Control Beliefs Shape the Relationship between Divine Forgiveness and Physical Health in Later Life. J Aging Health 2021; 33:504-517. [PMID: 33787383 DOI: 10.1177/0898264321996567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: While there has been a recent surge in research on forgiveness and health, much less is known about the relationship between divine forgiveness and health. Methods: Using longitudinal data from the 2001-2004 Religion, Aging, and Health Survey from the United States, the current study assesses how changes in beliefs in God-mediated control, a perceived collaborative relationship with a divine power, affect the association between divine forgiveness and physical health among Christian older adults. Results: Older adults with consistently high beliefs in God-mediated control over the study period received stronger health benefits of divine forgiveness. Forgiveness by God also had a stronger relationship with health compared to forgiveness of self and others. Discussion: The findings underscore the importance of subjective beliefs about God. Future research directions are proposed to advance the study of religion and health in later life by conceiving of a more salient role for divine forgiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Upenieks
- Department of Sociology, 14643Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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4
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Measuring adolescent forgiveness: validity of the Tendency to Forgive Scale in Chinese adolescents. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract. In the field of forgiveness interventions, little research has been done on the comparative effects of learning-oriented versus action-oriented routes in managing unresolved interpersonal transgressions. In this study, 73 older adults ( M = 68.8 years) were randomized to either a learning-oriented group intervention condition that emphasized learning factors by helping older adults to understand the transgression in a more adaptive way; or to an action-oriented group intervention condition that emphasized action factors by helping older adults to practice new behaviors and skills to manage the transgression. The findings indicated that both conditions resulted in decreases in revenge, transgression-related thoughts and feelings, negative affect, and psychological distress as well as increases in life satisfaction. We were able to demonstrate that both routes are equally effective in reducing negative states and producing positive states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Allemand
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program “Dynamics of Healthy Aging”, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Cowden RG, Worthington EL, Nonterah CW, Cairo AH, Griffin BJ, Hook JN. Development of the Collectivist-Sensitive Trait Forgivingness Scale. Scand J Psychol 2019; 60:169-180. [DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard G. Cowden
- University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban South Africa
- Middle Tennessee State University; Murfreesboro USA
- University of the Free State; Bloemfontein South Africa
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Vogel N, Ram N, Goebel J, Wagner GG, Gerstorf D. How does availability of county-level healthcare services shape terminal decline in well-being? Eur J Ageing 2018; 15:111-122. [PMID: 29867296 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-017-0425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Both lifespan psychology and life course sociology highlight that contextual factors influence individual functioning and development. In the current study, we operationalize context as county-level care services in inpatient and outpatient facilities (e.g., number of care facilities, privacy in facilities) and investigate how the care context shapes well-being in the last years of life. To do so, we combine 29 waves of individual-level longitudinal data on life satisfaction from now deceased participants in the nationwide German Socio-Economic Panel Study (N = 4557; age at death: M = 73.35, SD = 14.20; 47% women) with county-level data from the Federal Statistical Office. Results from three-level growth models revealed that having more inpatient care facilities, more employees per resident, and more staff in administration are each uniquely associated with higher late-life well-being, independent of key individual (age at death, gender, education, disability) and county (affluence, demographic composition) characteristics. Number of employees in physical care, residential comfort, and flexibility and care indicators in outpatient institutions were not found to be associated with levels or change in well-being. We take our results to provide empirical evidence that some contextual factors shape well-being in the last years of life and discuss possible routes how local care services might alleviate terminal decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vogel
- 1German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Mohrenstraße 58, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- 2Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
- Present Address: The German Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nilam Ram
- 1German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Mohrenstraße 58, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- 3Pennsylvania State University, HDFS, 417 BBH Building, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Jan Goebel
- 1German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Mohrenstraße 58, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gert G Wagner
- 1German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Mohrenstraße 58, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- 4Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denis Gerstorf
- 1German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Mohrenstraße 58, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- 2Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
- 3Pennsylvania State University, HDFS, 417 BBH Building, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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Antonucci TC, Ajrouch KJ, Webster NJ, Birditt KS. Social Networks and Forgiveness: The Role of Trust and Efficacy. RESEARCH IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2017.1415093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Reinert KG, Campbell JC, Bandeen-Roche K, Sharps P, Lee J. Gender and Race Variations in the Intersection of Religious Involvement, Early Trauma, and Adult Health. J Nurs Scholarsh 2015; 47:318-27. [PMID: 26077834 PMCID: PMC4486635 DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine gender and race variations in regards to the influence of religious involvement (RI) as a moderator of the effects of early traumatic stress (ETS) on health-related quality of life among adult survivors of child abuse. DESIGN A cross-sectional predictive design was used to study Seventh-day Adventist adults in North America (N = 10,283). METHODS A secondary analysis of data collected via questionnaires was done using multiple regression. RESULTS Data revealed that women had a significantly higher prevalence of any or all ETS subtypes, except for physical abuse prevalence, which was the same for both genders. Blacks reported a significantly higher prevalence of at least one ETS subtype than did Whites, except for neglect, where Whites had a higher prevalence. Exposure to at least one ETS subtype was associated with worse negative effect on mental health (B = -2.08, p < .0001 vs. B = -1.54, p < .0001) and physical health (B = -2.01, p < .0001 vs. B = -1.11, p < .0001) for women compared to men. Among those exposed to all ETS subtypes (n = 447), Whites had significant worse physical health, with White women having almost two times the negative effect on physical health (B = -4.50, p < .0001) than White men (B = -2.87, p < .05). As for RI moderation, based on tests of three-way interactions of race-RI-ETS, there were no associated differences. However, tests of three-way interactions of gender-RI-ETS showed a significant buffering effect. Among those with high levels of negative religious coping (RC), women exposed to ETS had significantly worse physical health (B = -1.28) than men. CONCLUSIONS Results give evidence of gender and racial differences on the magnitude of the ETS-health effect, as well as gender differences in ETS-health buffering by RC. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings suggest gender and racial differences must be considered when devising holistic nursing interventions for improving health outcomes of early trauma survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia G Reinert
- Kappa, Johns Hopkins University, School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacquelyn C Campbell
- Anna D. Wolf Chair and Professor, Johns Hopkins University, School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen Bandeen-Roche
- Chair of the Dept. Biostatistics and Professor, Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Phyllis Sharps
- Associate Dean for Community and Global Programs and Professor, Johns Hopkins University, School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jerry Lee
- Professor, Loma Linda School of Public Health, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Lewis TT, Cogburn CD, Williams DR. Self-reported experiences of discrimination and health: scientific advances, ongoing controversies, and emerging issues. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2015; 11:407-40. [PMID: 25581238 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, research examining the impact of self-reported experiences of discrimination on mental and physical health has increased dramatically. Studies have found consistent associations between exposure to discrimination and a wide range of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-diagnosed mental disorders as well as objective physical health outcomes. Associations are seen in cross-sectional as well as longitudinal studies and persist even after adjustment for confounding variables, including personality characteristics and other threats to validity. However, controversies remain, particularly around the best approach to measuring experiences of discrimination, the significance of racial/ethnic discrimination versus overall mistreatment, the need to account for "intersectionalities," and the importance of comprehensive assessments. These issues are discussed in detail, along with emerging areas of emphasis including cyber discrimination, anticipatory stress or vigilance around discrimination, and interventions with potential to reduce the negative effects of discrimination on health. We also discuss priorities for future research and implications for interventions and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tené T Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322;
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Dezutter J, Toussaint L, Leijssen M. Forgiveness, Ego-Integrity, and Depressive Symptoms in Community-Dwelling and Residential Elderly Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2014; 71:786-97. [DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbu146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Seawell AH, Toussaint LL, Cheadle ACD. Prospective associations between unforgiveness and physical health and positive mediating mechanisms in a nationally representative sample of older adults. Psychol Health 2013; 29:375-89. [PMID: 24266673 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2013.856434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the prospective association between unforgiveness and self-reported physical health and potential positive psychological mediators of this association. DESIGN Participants were a national sample of 1024 USA's adults of ages 66 years and older. Data were collected at two time points separated by three years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Measures of trait unforgiveness, self-rated physical health, socio-demographics, health behaviours and positive psychological traits (e.g. life satisfaction, self-esteem) were included in a comprehensive survey known as the 'Religion, Aging, and Health Survey.' RESULTS The results indicated that unforgiveness was prospectively associated with declines in self-reported physical health three years later, and poor initial self-reported health status did not predict increases in unforgiveness across time. Furthermore, the prospective association of unforgiveness with self-reported health was mediated by a latent positive psychological traits variable. CONCLUSION These results confirm cross-sectional findings suggesting that unforgiveness is related to health. The present study also suggests that unforgiveness has a prospective, but not reciprocal, association with self-reported physical health. Unforgiveness may have its association with self-reported physical health through its interruption of other positive traits that typically confer health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asani H Seawell
- a Department of Psychology , Grinnell College , Grinnell , IA , USA
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