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Tan MM, Chan CKY, Reidpath DD. Does the social gradient remain in the dietary habits of a health-conscious population? A study of Seventh-Day Adventists in West Malaysia. J Public Health (Oxf) 2017; 39:e179-e185. [PMID: 27738128 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdw109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Socioeconomic status (SES) is a strong predictor of health, and individuals with higher SES generally have better health than those with lower SES. One of the pathways that SES influences health is through health behaviors, such as dietary intake, and a higher SES has been associated with a better diet. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a social gradient in dietary habits among the Seventh-Day Adventists, a group of conservative Christians, where healthy eating is part of the doctrinal teaching. Methods Data from a survey of 574 Adventists residing in West Malaysia, aged 18-80 years, were analyzed. Dietary habits were measured using the Nutrition subscale of Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II. Results Education and income were significantly associated with dietary habits before and after controlling for demographics. There was a gradient of association; a higher level of education and higher income were associated with better dietary habits. However, only education remained significantly associated with dietary habits when the other two socioeconomic variables were included. Employment was not significantly associated with dietary habits before or after controlling for demographic variables and the other two sociodemographic variables. Conclusions This study showed that education is the strongest predictor of healthy diet, and a social gradient in dietary habits still exists even among health-conscious population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Min Tan
- Global Public Health, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46510 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Carina K Y Chan
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Banyo QLD 4014, Australia
| | - Daniel D Reidpath
- Global Public Health, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46510 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Martins MCT, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Orlich M, Fan J, Mashchak A, Fraser GE. A New Approach to Assess Lifetime Dietary Patterns Finds Lower Consumption of Animal Foods with Aging in a Longitudinal Analysis of a Health-Oriented Adventist Population. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1118. [PMID: 29027960 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-course diet patterns may impact risk of disease, but little is known about dietary trends with aging. In a retrospective longitudinal analysis we estimated lifetime intake of animal products and adherence to vegetarian dietary patterns among 51,082 Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) subjects using data from a reliable life-course dietary (meats, dairy, eggs) questionnaire. Results showed a marked tendency to consume fewer animal products (in total) in older years and to reduce consumption of meat, poultry and fish, but not eggs or dairy. Among the 29% of elderly subjects who during their lifetime kept the same dietary pattern (LTS) were: LTS-vegans (1.1%), LTS-lacto-ovo vegetarians (31.2%), LTS-pesco vegetarians (0.49%), LTS-semi vegetarians (3.7%), and LTS-non-vegetarians (63.5%). Among the 71% of switchers were “Converters” (59.7%) who moved towards and “Reverters” (9.1%) who moved away from vegetarian diets, and Multiverters (31.2%), who had moved in both directions. LTS-non-vegetarians, and also reverters, were more overweight and showed a less healthy lifestyle than others. We conclude that the dietary patterns are dynamic with strong trends to reduce animal foods and to adopt more vegetarian patterns with aging. The disease experience of subjects with different lifetime dietary patterns can be compared.
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Gharibvand L, Lawrence Beeson W, Shavlik D, Knutsen R, Ghamsary M, Soret S, Knutsen SF. The association between ambient fine particulate matter and incident adenocarcinoma subtype of lung cancer. Environ Health 2017; 16:71. [PMID: 28646928 PMCID: PMC5483320 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenocarcinoma (AC) is the most common lung cancer among non-smokers, but few studies have assessed the effect of PM2.5 on AC among never smokers. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between ambient PM2.5 and incident lung AC in the Adventist Health and Smog Study-2 (AHSMOG-2), a cohort of 80,044 non-smokers (81% never smokers) followed for 7.5 years (597,177 person-years) (2002-2011). METHODS Incident lung AC was identified through linkage with U.S. state cancer registries. Ambient PM2.5 levels at subjects' residences were estimated for the years 2000 and 2001, immediately prior to study start. RESULTS A total of 164 incident lung AC occurred during follow-up. Each 10 μg/m3 increment in PM2.5 was associated with an increase in the hazard rate of lung AC [HR = 1.31 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87-1.97)] in the single-pollutant model. Excluding those with prevalent non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) strengthened the association with lung AC (HR = 1.62 (95% CI, 1.11-2.36) for each 10 μg/m3 PM2.5 increment. Also, limiting the analyses to subjects who spent more than 1 h/day outdoors, increased the estimate (HR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.30). CONCLUSIONS Increased risk of AC was observed for each 10 μg/m3 increment in ambient PM2.5 concentrations. The risk was higher among those without prevalent NMSC and those who spent more than 1 h/day outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Gharibvand
- School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA USA
| | - W. Lawrence Beeson
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA USA
- Adventist Health Study-2, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA USA
| | - David Shavlik
- Center for Community Resilience, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA USA
| | - Raymond Knutsen
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA USA
- Adventist Health Study-2, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA USA
| | - Mark Ghamsary
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA USA
| | - Samuel Soret
- Center for Community Resilience, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA USA
| | - Synnove F. Knutsen
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA USA
- Adventist Health Study-2, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA USA
- Loma Linda University School of Public Health, 24951 North Circle Drive, Nichol Hall 2005, Loma Linda, CA 92350 USA
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Penniecook-Sawyers JA, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Fan J, Beeson L, Knutsen S, Herring P, Fraser GE. Vegetarian dietary patterns and the risk of breast cancer in a low-risk population. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1790-7. [PMID: 26987270 DOI: 10.1017/S0007114516000751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Among cancers in American women, breast cancer (BC) has the second highest incidence and mortality. The association of BC with diet has been inconsistent. Studies that evaluate associations with dietary patterns are less common and reflect an individual's whole diet. We associated dietary patterns with the risk of BC in American women of the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2), a prospective cohort of 96 001 subjects recruited between 2002 and 2007. Answers to a previously validated FFQ were used to classify subjects to vegan, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian, semi-vegetarian and non-vegetarian dietary patterns. Incident BC were identified by matching AHS-2 subjects to data from forty-eight state cancer registries. Statistical analyses used proportional hazard regression analyses with covariates that were chosen a priori. From 50 404 female participants (26 193 vegetarians), we identified 892 incident BC cases, with 478 cases among vegetarians. As compared with non-vegetarians, all vegetarians combined did not have a significantly lower risk (hazard ratio (HR) 0·97; CI 0·84, 1·11; P=0·64). However, vegans showed consistently lower (but non-significant) point estimates when compared with non-vegetarians (all cases: HR 0·78; CI 0·58, 1·05; P=0·09). In summary, participants in this cohort who follow a vegetarian dietary pattern did not experience a lower risk of BC as compared with non-vegetarians, although lower risk in vegans is possible. These findings add to the very limited literature associating vegetarian diets with BC risk and can assist nutritionists when evaluating the impact of these diets. The findings will also motivate further evaluation of vegan diets and their special characteristics.
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Reinert KG, Campbell JC, Bandeen-Roche K, Sharps P, Lee J. Gender and Race Variations in the Intersection of Religious Involvement, Early Trauma, and Adult Health. J Nurs Scholarsh 2015; 47:318-27. [PMID: 26077834 PMCID: PMC4486635 DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine gender and race variations in regards to the influence of religious involvement (RI) as a moderator of the effects of early traumatic stress (ETS) on health-related quality of life among adult survivors of child abuse. DESIGN A cross-sectional predictive design was used to study Seventh-day Adventist adults in North America (N = 10,283). METHODS A secondary analysis of data collected via questionnaires was done using multiple regression. RESULTS Data revealed that women had a significantly higher prevalence of any or all ETS subtypes, except for physical abuse prevalence, which was the same for both genders. Blacks reported a significantly higher prevalence of at least one ETS subtype than did Whites, except for neglect, where Whites had a higher prevalence. Exposure to at least one ETS subtype was associated with worse negative effect on mental health (B = -2.08, p < .0001 vs. B = -1.54, p < .0001) and physical health (B = -2.01, p < .0001 vs. B = -1.11, p < .0001) for women compared to men. Among those exposed to all ETS subtypes (n = 447), Whites had significant worse physical health, with White women having almost two times the negative effect on physical health (B = -4.50, p < .0001) than White men (B = -2.87, p < .05). As for RI moderation, based on tests of three-way interactions of race-RI-ETS, there were no associated differences. However, tests of three-way interactions of gender-RI-ETS showed a significant buffering effect. Among those with high levels of negative religious coping (RC), women exposed to ETS had significantly worse physical health (B = -1.28) than men. CONCLUSIONS Results give evidence of gender and racial differences on the magnitude of the ETS-health effect, as well as gender differences in ETS-health buffering by RC. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings suggest gender and racial differences must be considered when devising holistic nursing interventions for improving health outcomes of early trauma survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia G Reinert
- Kappa, Johns Hopkins University, School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacquelyn C Campbell
- Anna D. Wolf Chair and Professor, Johns Hopkins University, School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen Bandeen-Roche
- Chair of the Dept. Biostatistics and Professor, Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Phyllis Sharps
- Associate Dean for Community and Global Programs and Professor, Johns Hopkins University, School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jerry Lee
- Professor, Loma Linda School of Public Health, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Teixeira Martins MC, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Fan J, Singh P, Fraser GE. Short- and long-term reliability of adult recall of vegetarian dietary patterns in the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2). J Nutr Sci 2015; 4:e11. [PMID: 26097699 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Past dietary patterns may be more important than recent dietary patterns in the aetiology of chronic diseases because of the long latency in their development. We developed an instrument to recall vegetarian dietary patterns during the lifetime and examined its reliability of recall over 5·3 and 32·6 years on average. The short-term/5-year recall ability study (5-RAS) was done using 24 690 participants from the cohort of the Adventist Health Study-2 (mean age 62·2 years). The long-term/33-year recall ability study (33-RAS) included an overlap population of 1721 individuals who joined the Adventist Health Study-1 and Adventist Health Study-2 (mean age 72·5 years). Spearman correlation coefficients for recall of vegetarian status were 0·78 and 0·72 for the 5-RAS and 33-RAS, respectively, when compared with 'reference' data. For both time periods sensitivity and positive predictive values were highest for the lacto-ovo-vegetarian and non-vegetarian patterns (vegans, lacto-ovo-vegetarians, pesco-vegetarians, semi-vegetarians and non-vegetarians). In the 5-RAS analyses, male, non-black, younger, and more educated participants, lifetime Adventists, and those with more stability of consumption of animal products generally showed higher recall ability. Somewhat similar tendencies were shown for the 33-RAS analyses. Our findings show that the instrument has higher reliability for recalled lacto-ovo-vegetarian and non-vegetarian than for vegan, semi- and pesco-vegetarian dietary patterns in both short- and long-term recalls. This is in part because these last dietary patterns were greatly contaminated by recalls that correctly would have belonged in the adjoining category that consumed more animal products.
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Fraser G, Katuli S, Anousheh R, Knutsen S, Herring P, Fan J. Vegetarian diets and cardiovascular risk factors in black members of the Adventist Health Study-2. Public Health Nutr 2015; 18:537-45. [PMID: 24636393 DOI: 10.1017/S1368980014000263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare cardiovascular risk factors between vegetarians and non-vegetarians in black individuals living in the USA. DESIGN A cross-sectional analysis of a sub-set of 592 black women and men enrolled in the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) cohort of Seventh-day Adventists. SETTING Members of the AHS-2 cohort, who lived in all states of the USA and provinces of Canada. SUBJECTS Black/African-American members of two sub-studies of AHS-2 where blood and physiological measurements were obtained. RESULTS Of these women and men, 25% were either vegan or lacto-ovo-vegetarians (labelled 'vegetarian/vegans'), 13% were pesco-vegetarian and 62% were non-vegetarian. Compared with non-vegetarians, the vegetarian/vegans had odds ratios for hypertension, diabetes, high blood total cholesterol and high blood LDL-cholesterol of 0·56 (95% CI 0·36, 0·87), 0·48 (95% CI 0·24, 0·98), 0·42 (95% CI 0·27, 0·65) and 0·54 (95% CI 0·33, 0·89), respectively, when adjusted for age, gender, education, physical activity and sub-study. Corresponding odds ratios for obesity in vegetarian/vegans and pesco-vegetarians, compared with non-vegetarians, were 0·43 (95% CI 0·28, 0·67) and 0·47 (95% CI 0·27, 0·81), respectively; and for abdominal obesity 0·54 (95% CI 0·36, 0·82) and 0·50 (95% CI 0·29, 0·84), respectively. Results for pesco-vegetarians did not differ significantly from those of non-vegetarians for other variables. Further adjustment for BMI suggested that BMI acts as an intermediary variable between diet and both hypertension and diabetes. CONCLUSIONS As with non-blacks, these results suggest that there are sizeable advantages to a vegetarian diet in black individuals also, although a cross-sectional analysis cannot conclusively establish cause.
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Pribis P, Pencak RC, Grajales T. Beliefs and attitudes toward vegetarian lifestyle across generations. Nutrients 2010; 2:523-31. [PMID: 22254039 DOI: 10.3390/nu2050523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to examine whether reasons to adopt vegetarian lifestyle differ significantly among generations. Using a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), we identified that 4% of the participants were vegans, 25% lacto-ovo-vegetarians, 4% pesco-vegetarians and 67% non-vegetarian. Younger people significantly agreed more with the moral reason and with the environmental reason. People ages 41–60 significantly agreed more with the health reason. There are significant differences across generations as to why people choose to live a vegetarian lifestyle.
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