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Fung HH. Aging in culture revisited. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 56:101777. [PMID: 38134525 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In this article, I reviewed the literature on cross-cultural aging that was published in the last 10 years. It is intended to be an update of my prior review on aging in culture published in 2013. In that 2013 review, I proposed that aging processes differed across cultures when (1) individuals in the cultures concerned defined different goals as emotionally meaningful and (2) they increasingly pursued these different goals with age. Findings in the recent 10 years are generally consistent with this model, but they also suggest nuances and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene H Fung
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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2
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Lu T, Liang D, Hong M. Time Matters: Time Perspectives Predict Intertemporal Prosocial Preferences. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:590. [PMID: 37504037 PMCID: PMC10376203 DOI: 10.3390/bs13070590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The study utilizes the Chinese version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI-C) and a novelty intertemporal prosocial discounting paradigm to explore the preferences of individuals with the Present Impulsive Time Perspective (PITP) and the Future Time Perspective (FTP) in intertemporal prosocial choices, and uncovers the cognitive mechanisms underpinning intertemporal altruism from the personality traits. The findings revealed: (1) The donation behaviors of both groups decreased as time delay rose, aligning with the hyperbolic model. (2) PITP individuals had significantly higher discount rates than those with FTP, and the scores of FTP individuals on the "Future" dimension of the ZTPI-C were positively correlated with the amount of money they were willing to forgo. These results suggest that time perspective, as a stable personality trait, can predict individuals' intertemporal prosocial preferences. Our research enriches the theory of intertemporal choices and extends the Perceived-time-based model (PTBM) to the domain of intertemporal social preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Lu
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 Xidazhi Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Dapeng Liang
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 Xidazhi Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Mei Hong
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 Xidazhi Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
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3
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Ng R, Indran N. Granfluencers on TikTok: Factors linked to positive self-portrayals of older adults on social media. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280281. [PMID: 36749797 PMCID: PMC9904471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lately, there have been news reports on the rise of older content creators on various social media outlets. However, while journalists have picked up on this topic, scholars have been slow to accord it any attention. Our study delves into this topic and looks at how older TikTokers' self-perceptions of aging are expressed in their videos. Specifically, we analyze the valence of the content of these videos and factors associated with older adults' self-presentations. TikTok has only gone from strength to strength since its global launch in 2017. Even as stay-at-home orders and safe distancing protocols amid the COVID-19 pandemic have led to a dramatic increase in the consumption of media across various platforms, TikTok stands out among its rivals in terms of growth and user activity. Given its wide reach, content on TikTok has the potential to influence public opinion. We collated 1,382 videos created by TikTokers aged 60 and above with at least 100,000 followers. These videos amassed over 3.5 billion views. Following previous studies, three raters coded each video for valence (negative-neutral-positive). We found that women created twice as many videos as men. The middle-old group (ages 75-84) created more videos than the young-old and oldest-old groups. Positive videos outnumbered negative ones by 10 times. As hypothesized, themes linked to positive self-portrayals were 'physical functioning' (p < .001) and 'social interaction' (p < .001). Conversely, 'cognitive functioning' (p < .001) evidenced a negative association, controlling for age and gender of the user. This is one of the first studies on older adults' self-portrayals of aging on TikTok. Our findings suggest that older adults tend to portray themselves positively across various domains on the application. If used purposefully, TikTok may serve as a promising platform for improving public perceptions of old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Ng
- Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Lloyd's Register Foundation Institute for the Public Understanding of Risk, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicole Indran
- Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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4
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Liu J, Derrington E, Bénistant J, Corgnet B, Van der Henst JB, Tang Z, Qu C, Dreher JC. Cross-cultural study of kinship premium and social discounting of generosity. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1087979. [PMID: 36910816 PMCID: PMC10000291 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1087979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Social discounting predicts that one's concern for others decreases with increasing social distance. Cultural dimensions may influence this social behavior. Here, we used a dictator game, in which the participants and real members of their social entourage profited from the partition of the endowments determined by the participant, to compare how Chinese and French university students shared endowments with people at different social distances. We tested two hypotheses based on the concepts of kinship premium and cultural collectivism. Stronger ties between close family members were expected among Chinese. This may predict a larger "kinship premium," i.e., increased generosity to family members at close social distances, in Chinese relative to French participants. Similarly, because collectivism is thought to be stronger in Asian than western societies, greater generosity at larger social distances might also be expected among Chinese participants. The results showed that Chinese were more generous than French at close social distances but discounted more as social distance increased. This difference between French and Chinese was confined to family members and no significant difference in generosity was observed between French and Chinese for non-family members at any social distance. Our findings evidence a stronger kinship premium among Chinese than French students, and no significant effect of cultural collectivism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liu
- Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Neuroeconomics, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS, Lyon, France.,UFR Biosciences, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Edmund Derrington
- Laboratory of Neuroeconomics, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS, Lyon, France.,UFR Biosciences, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Bénistant
- Laboratory of Neuroeconomics, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS, Lyon, France.,UFR Biosciences, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Jean-Baptiste Van der Henst
- Laboratory of Neuroeconomics, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS, Lyon, France.,UFR Biosciences, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Zixuan Tang
- Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Neuroeconomics, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS, Lyon, France.,UFR Biosciences, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Chen Qu
- Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Neuroeconomics, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Claude Dreher
- Laboratory of Neuroeconomics, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS, Lyon, France.,UFR Biosciences, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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5
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Singh Solorzano C, Panasiti MS, Di Pucchio A, Grano C. The Impact of Positivity and Parochial Altruism on Protective Behaviours during the First COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10153. [PMID: 36011788 PMCID: PMC9408185 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Implementation of COVID-19 protective behaviours, such as social distancing or frequent hand washing during the lockdown, was critical to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the effect of positivity and parochial altruism on implementing COVID-19 health-protective behaviours during the Italian lockdown. A sample of 460 participants completed an online questionnaire that included demographic measures, Positivity Scale and COVID-19 measures of health-protective behaviours. To measure parochial altruism, we used a hypothetical dictator game played with others who could vary in their social distance from the participants. Results showed that participants in the hypothetical game gave more money to parents and siblings than to best friends, cousins, neighbours, and strangers. Furthermore, both positivity and parochial altruism (more altruism toward close vs. distant people) were positively associated with implementing hygiene behaviours but not with social distancing. Finally, mediation analysis showed that increases in parochial altruism mediated the effect of positivity on hygiene behaviour. These findings extend knowledge about the factors beyond the implementation of COVID-19 health-protective behaviours during a lockdown situation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Serena Panasiti
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCSS, Santa Lucia Foundation, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Grano
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
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6
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Zak PJ, Curry B, Owen T, Barraza JA. Oxytocin Release Increases With Age and Is Associated With Life Satisfaction and Prosocial Behaviors. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:846234. [PMID: 35530727 PMCID: PMC9069134 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.846234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Helping behaviors and life satisfaction generally increase after middle-age. Identifying the neural substrates of prosocial behaviors in older adults may offer additional insights into these changes over the lifespan. The present study examines the endogenous release of the neuromodulator oxytocin (OT) in participants aged 18-99 and its relationship to prosocial behaviors. OT has been shown to influence trust, altruism, charity, and generosity, yet the effect of age on OT release has not been well-established. Blood samples before and after a video stimulus were obtained from 103 participants in order to examine the impact of OT on prosocial behaviors. We found that OT release following a social prime increased with age (r = 0.49, p = 0.001) and that OT moderated the relationship between age and donations to charity. We tested for robustness by examining three additional prosocial behaviors, money and goods donated to charity during the past year and social-sector volunteering. OT moderated the impact of age on all three prosocial behaviors (ps < 0.05). The analysis also showed that participants' change in OT was positively associated with satisfaction with life (p = 0.04), empathic concern (p = 0.015), dispositional gratitude (p = 0.019), and religious commitment (p = 0.001). Our findings indicate that the neural chemistry that helps sustain social relationships and live a fulfilled life appear to strengthen with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Zak
- Center for Neuroeconomics Studies, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Ben Curry
- TripActions, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Tyler Owen
- Center for Neuroeconomics Studies, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Jorge A. Barraza
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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7
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Li T, Siu PM. Socioeconomic Status Moderates Age Differences in Empathic Concern. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 76:507-517. [PMID: 31155671 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbz079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Older age has been found to relate to a higher level of empathic concern and prosocial tendencies in many studies, but there are also studies that found contradictory results. To fully understand the phenomenon, we propose that socioeconomic status (SES) is an important factor to consider when examining differences in empathic concern and prosocial tendencies. METHOD Two studies with Hong Kong Chinese participants were conducted to test the moderating effect of SES on the relationship between age and empathic concern. Both studies assessed participants' age, SES, empathic concern, and background information, while Study 2 also examined different indicators of prosocial tendencies. RESULTS SES consistently moderated age differences in empathic concern in the two studies. The positive association between age and empathic concern was only significant for individuals with low SES, but not for those with high SES. Study 2 further revealed that the positive indirect effects from age to prosocial tendencies through a higher level of empathic concern were only significant for individuals with low SES as well. DISCUSSION The results highlighted the importance to consider contextual factors when studying age-related differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Li
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Psychosocial Health, Education University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Pok-Man Siu
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Psychosocial Health, Education University of Hong Kong, China
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8
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Zheng X, Su Q, Jing C, Zhang YY. They Are Not Little Emperors: Only Children Are Just as Altruistic as Non-Only Children. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506211038190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Negative stereotypes about only children (OC) have caused widespread concern. However, relatively little is known about the accuracy of these stereotypes, especially regarding altruistic behaviors. In Study 1 ( N = 337), participants rated the altruism of OC and non-only children (NOC) on three measurements on the basis of the participants’ perceptions. Results revealed that participants rated OC as less altruistic, and the stereotype primarily came from NOC raters. Results of Study 2 ( N = 391) did not reveal any difference between OC and NOC in altruism. In Study 3 ( N = 99), a social discounting task was applied to further investigate whether OC and NOC displayed different degrees of altruistic behavior toward various social distances. No differences were found among individuals at close or distant social distances. Ultimately, this research indicates that the negative stereotype regarding the altruistic behavior of OC is an incorrect prejudice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuegang Zheng
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qianru Su
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Changyu Jing
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yang-Yang Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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9
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Osiński JT, Karbowski A, Rusek J, Reinholz A. Social discounting: The effects of manipulating construal level and distance to socially closer person. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Rusek
- Faculty of Psychology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - Anna Reinholz
- Faculty of Psychology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
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10
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Xiao Y, Wong K, Cheng Q, Yip PSF. Understanding the Better Than Average Effect on Altruism. Front Psychol 2021; 11:562846. [PMID: 33488442 PMCID: PMC7817701 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.562846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research suggests that most people perceive themselves to be more altruistic than the average population, an observation known as the better-than-average (BTA) effect. Understanding the BTA effect carries significant public health implications, as self-perceived altruism is closely related to altruistic behaviors, which plays a significant role in individual and societal well-being. However, little is known about whether subpopulations with specific sociodemographic profiles are more likely to hold BTA altruistic self-perceptions, making it difficult to design targeted programs based on multiple sociodemographic characteristics to promote altruistic behaviors. This study addresses this gap by identifying the sociodemographic profiles of populations who are more likely to exhibit BTA effects on trait altruism. Data were derived from a representative sample of Hong Kong citizens (n = 1,185) in the 2017 Hong Kong Altruism Survey. A latent class analysis was performed using four domains of sociodemographic characteristics: sex, age, religion, and socioeconomic status. Multivariate multinomial logistic regressions were conducted to examine associations between class membership, BTA effect, and altruistic behaviors. The results yielded four classes of sociodemographic profiles. Middle-aged, Christian/Catholic, highly educated, and high-income individuals (Class 4, 17.8%) were most likely to exhibit BTA effects and behave altruistically; Class 3 (14.0%) were older, male, no/other religious belief, low education, and least likely to exhibit BTA effects and behave altruistically. Findings improve the understanding of the sociodemographic profiles of people showing BTA effects and facilitate targeted policy development to effectively promote altruism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyu Xiao
- School of Social Work, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,School of Social Work, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Kelly Wong
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Qijin Cheng
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Paul S F Yip
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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11
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Borrat-Besson C, Vilpert S, Borasio GD, Maurer J. Views on a "Good Death": End-of-Life Preferences and Their Association With Socio-Demographic Characteristics in a Representative Sample of Older Adults in Switzerland. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2020; 85:409-428. [PMID: 32727297 DOI: 10.1177/0030222820945071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The current study explores the end-of-life (EOL) preferences of a national representative sample of adults aged 55 and older in Switzerland and shows how these preferences vary by respondents' sociodemographic characteristics and the linguistic region in which they live. Many of the presented EOL attributes are considered as (very) important by a large majority of the older population in Switzerland with significant variations across sociodemographic groups. Specifically, gender is related to psychosocial aspects of EOL, age to the importance attached to avoiding being a burden on the society, and education levels to preferences regarding overtreatment and advance care planning. The results highlight the importance of a personalized, holistic and interdisciplinary approach to EOL and EOL care, since social, psychological, organizational and physical aspects of EOL are rated as (very) important with significant differences in EOL preferences across sociodemographic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Borrat-Besson
- Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences (FORS), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Vilpert
- Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences (FORS), University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gian Domenico Borasio
- Palliative and Supportive Care Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland.,University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Maurer
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics (HEC), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Archambault C, Kalenscher T, Laat J. Generosity and livelihoods: Dictator game evidence on the multidimensional nature of sharing among the Kenyan Maasai. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Kalenscher
- Comparative PsychologyInstitute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Joost Laat
- Law, Economics and Governance, School of EconomicsUtrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
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13
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Abstract
The many tools that social and behavioral scientists use to gather data from their fellow humans have, in most cases, been honed on a rarefied subset of humanity: highly educated participants with unique capacities, experiences, motivations, and social expectations. Through this honing process, researchers have developed protocols that extract information from these participants with great efficiency. However, as researchers reach out to broader populations, it is unclear whether these highly refined protocols are robust to cultural differences in skills, motivations, and expected modes of social interaction. In this paper, we illustrate the kinds of mismatches that can arise when using these highly refined protocols with nontypical populations by describing our experience translating an apparently simple social discounting protocol to work in rural Bangladesh. Multiple rounds of piloting and revision revealed a number of tacit assumptions about how participants should perceive, understand, and respond to key elements of the protocol. These included facility with numbers, letters, abstract number lines, and 2D geometric shapes, and the treatment of decisions as a series of isolated events. Through on-the-ground observation and a collaborative refinement process, we developed a protocol that worked both in Bangladesh and among US college students. More systematic study of the process of adapting common protocols to new contexts will provide valuable information about the range of skills, motivations, and modes of interaction that participants bring to studies as we develop a more diverse and inclusive social and behavioral science.
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14
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Mienaltowski A, Wichman AL. Older and younger adults' interactions with friends and strangers in an iterated prisoner's dilemma. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2019; 27:153-172. [PMID: 30975031 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1598537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined age-related differences in behavioral reactions to interpersonal conflict within an iterated prisoner's dilemma (PD). Participants completed an iterated PD game alone and with a partner, either a stranger or a friend who accompanied them to the session. The partner, however, was actually a program that occasionally behaved selfishly or always reciprocated. Afterwards, participants formed trait impressions of their partner's morality and competence. Participants cooperated more with friends than strangers and more with reciprocating partners than selfish ones. Older adults cooperated more with selfish partners and offered more favorable impressions than did younger adults. Overall, perceived partner trait morality was positively associated with cooperative behavior. Relative to younger adults, older adults were more passive during conflict but grew less so as selfishness continued. This passivity co-occurred with more favorable partner impressions and better objective performance, suggesting a degree of calibration not shown by younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Mienaltowski
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA.,School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aaron L Wichman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA
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15
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Tiokhin L, Hackman J, Munira S, Jesmin K, Hruschka D. Generalizability is not optional: insights from a cross-cultural study of social discounting. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181386. [PMID: 30891268 PMCID: PMC6408392 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Current scientific reforms focus more on solutions to the problem of reliability (e.g. direct replications) than generalizability. Here, we use a cross-cultural study of social discounting to illustrate the utility of a complementary focus on generalizability across diverse human populations. Social discounting is the tendency to sacrifice more for socially close individuals-a phenomenon replicated across countries and laboratories. Yet, when adapting a typical protocol to low-literacy, resource-scarce settings in Bangladesh and Indonesia, we find no independent effect of social distance on generosity, despite still documenting this effect among US participants. Several reliability and validity checks suggest that methodological issues alone cannot explain this finding. These results illustrate why we must complement replication efforts with investment in strong checks on generalizability. By failing to do so, we risk developing theories of human nature that reliably explain behaviour among only a thin slice of humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Tiokhin
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Human Technology Interaction Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, IPO 1.24, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph Hackman
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Shirajum Munira
- LAMB Project for Integrated Health and Development, Parbatipur 5250, Bangladesh
| | - Khaleda Jesmin
- LAMB Project for Integrated Health and Development, Parbatipur 5250, Bangladesh
| | - Daniel Hruschka
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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16
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Ngugi AK, Nyaga LW, Lakhani A, Agoi F, Hanselman M, Lugogo G, Mehta KM. Prevalence, incidence and predictors of volunteer community health worker attrition in Kwale County, Kenya. BMJ Glob Health 2018; 3:e000750. [PMID: 30105093 PMCID: PMC6074629 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In underserved populations, the contribution of community health workers (CHWs) is vital to the healthcare systems. Attrition of these workers causes critical breakdowns in the delivery of essential services to these populations. Literature on reasons for attrition is limited, although some have been identified in studies on sustainability of CHW programmes. These factors are, however, likely to be influenced by context. We measured CHW attrition and its predictors in a rural area in Kenya. Methods We conducted a nested case–control study and focus group discussions among CHWs involved in a maternal and child health project. A training register of 1005 CHWs was used to sample and follow CHWs for attrition. Incidence of CHW attrition was calculated using a Poisson model. Separately, we used logistic regression to determine predictors of CHW attrition. Results Of the 1005 CHWs, 498 (49.6%) had left the project by the time of the study. The incidence of attrition was 46.8/1000 person-years (95% CI 38.7 to 56.5). In the case–control study, lack of interest in peer organisation membership (OR 5.3; 95% CI 1.3 to 20.6) was associated with attrition. Absence of refresher training (OR 4.0; 95% CI 2.2 to 7.1) and receiving no feedback from supervisors (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.0 to 3.9) were also associated with attrition. Discordance in expectations and perceived heavy workload were also identified as key reasons for attrition in the qualitative study. Conclusion This study estimates high prevalence and incidence of CHW attrition in Kwale County, Kenya. Ongoing training, feedback and peer support are also important in enhancing retention of CHWs. Additionally, expectations regarding the roles and benefits of involvement in CHW work should be communicated clearly, and workload should be kept reasonable or negotiated with the CHWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony K Ngugi
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aga Khan University (EA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lucy W Nyaga
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aga Khan University (EA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Amyn Lakhani
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aga Khan University (EA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Felix Agoi
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aga Khan University (EA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Margrette Hanselman
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aga Khan University (EA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George Lugogo
- Lungalunga Sub-county Public Health Office, Lungalunga Sub-county, Kwale County, Kenya
| | - Kala M Mehta
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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